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Italy. Florence - Firenze.
Orsanmichele (or "Kitchen Garden of St. Michael", from the contraction in Tuscan dialect of the Italian word orto) is a church in the Italian city of Florence. The building was constructed on the site of the kitchen garden of the monastery of San Michele, which is now gone.
Located on the Via Calzaiuoli in Florence, the church was originally built as a grain market in 1337 by Francesco Talenti, Neri di Fioravante, and Benci di Cione. Between 1380 and 1404 it was converted into a church used as the chapel of Florence's powerful craft and trade guilds. On the ground floor of the square building are the 13th-century arches that originally formed the loggia of the grain market. The second floor was devoted to offices, while the third housed one of the city's municipal grain storehouses, maintained to withstand famine or siege. Late in the 14th century, the guilds were charged by the city to commission statues of their patron saints to embellish the facades of the church. The facades held 14 architecturally designed external niches, which were filled from 1399 to around 1430. The three richest guilds opted to make their figures in the far more costly bronze, which cost approximately ten times the amount of the stone figures.
The sculptures seen today are copies, the originals having been removed to museums
The Shinnecock are believed to have spoken an Algonquian Y-dialect, similar to their neighbors the Montaukett on Long Island, and the Narragansett and Niantic across the Sound. Their western neighbors were Lenape people who most likely spoke an R-dialect of Munsee. The languages became extinct sometime in the mid-19th century, as numbers of native speakers were drastically reduced. A few words have survived to the modern day.
They were culturally affiliated with, as well as politically subject to, the Pequot and Narragansett, the more powerful tribes of southern New England across Long Island Sound.
Like the other Native peoples of Long Island, the Shinnecock make wampompeag (wampum), shell beads strung onto threads that were used as currency, record-keeping, and for aesthetic purposes. These shell beads have been found at inhabited sites as far west as the Rocky Mountains, showing their value in trade. Although other New England tribes produced wampompeag, the Indians of Long Island are reputed to have made the best. The tribe was subject to raids by the Pequot and other New England tribes to control this valuable trade commodity. The Europeans quickly learned the value of the Shinnecock wampompeag in trade with other tribes.
Indian populations declined due mostly to new infectious diseases carried by European colonists. In addition, their communities were disrupted by land encroachment by Dutch, and later English colonists. Many Shinnecock joined the Brothertown Indians in New York and lost their distrinct community identity. Others intermarried with local colonists.
In 1703, a leasehold was established for tribal members in Southampton. In 1792, the state of New York passed a law reorganized the Shinnecock Indian Tribe as a trusteeship. The law also established annual elections for three tribal trustees, which have continued from 1792 to the present. For over two centuries, the trustees have managed the tribe's land and resources.[1]
At the start of the 20th century, the Shinnecock were described as "daring seamen," and "furnishin[ing] efficient recruits to the United States Life Saving Service."[6] In December 1876, ten Shinnecock men died while trying to save a ship stranded off East Hampton.[7] The tribe is famous in local lore for their heroic efforts. Through the 19th century, Shinnecock men were fishermen and sailors on whaling sh
Chulachomklao of Siam Pāḷi Tipiṭaka, B.E.2436 (1893)
The errata
"Pāḷi" is an old Indian dialect of the mass, spoken in the Indian Subcontinent over 3,000 years ago. During the lifetime of the Buddha, Pāḷi was the Dhamma-language of the Buddhist teaching and thus finally became the written medium of Buddhist scripture, the Tipiṭaka.
During an early period, Pāḷi Tipiṭaka was committed to memory and was propagated by Theravāda Buddhist monks orally from generation to generation. It was first written on palm leave some 400 years after the demise of Buddha or in the first century BC.
The first written Pāḷi Tipiṭaka took place in old Sri Lanka when the entire Tipiṭaka was inscribed on palm leaves --in Sinhalese script-- for the first time. Consequently, the Tipiṭaka on palm leave was the conventional depository of the Buddhist Theravāda scripture for over 2000 years.
In 1893, King Chulalongkorn Chulalongkorn of Siam revolutionised the traditional Buddhist depository convention --the King published the Tipiṭaka in Book-form for the first time. In stead of inscribing the sacred Pāḷi texts by hand in old Khmer script, the King ordered a new edition, totaling 39 volumes, to be printed in modern-typeface of the Siam script.
With the efficiency of printing technology of the day, such as, Western printing machinery and local book-binding in Bangkok, these newly edited Siam-script Tipiṭakas were sent as royal gifts to 260 institutes across five continents in 1896.
in 2007 Dhamma Society completed the digital preservation project of this historic set and published the digital preservation edition in 40 volumes, entitled Chulachomklao Pāḷi Tipiṭaka : A Digital Preservation Edition 2008. A version with English introduction will appear in 2009. See detail at : www.tipitakahall.net
Digital Archives from the Dhamma Society's World Tipiṭaka Project in Roman Script, 1999-2007.
Tipitaka International Council B.E.2500 (1956)
World Tipitaka Edition in Roman Scrip 1956-2005
Tipitaka Studies Reference 2007
พระไตรปิฎกปาฬิ "ฉบับจุลจอมเกล้าบรมธัมมิกมหาราช ร.ศ.112 อักษรสยาม" ชุด 39 เล่ม จัดพิมพ์โดยพระบาทสมเด็จพระจุลจอมเกล้าเจ้าอยู่หัว ในปี พ.ศ. 2436 โดยใช้เวลาดำเนินการปริวรรตจากอักษรขอมและเปลี่ยนเป็นการจัดพิมพ์ด้วยเครื่องพิมพ์บทกระดาษ เป็นฉบับพิมพ์ชุดแรกของโลก
พระไตรปิฎก จปร. อักษรสยาม ได้มีการพระราชทานไปทั่วกรุงสยามและในประเทศต่างๆ ใน 5 ทวีป ทั่วโลก นับเป็นพระธัมมทานที่สำคัญยิ่งในประวัติศาสตร์พระพุทธศาสนาเถรวาท ดังเช่นที่พระเจ้าอโศกบรมธัมมิกมหาราชได้ทรงทำการสังคายานาพระไตรปิฎกในชมพูทวีปและได้ส่งพระธัมมทูตไปเผยแผ่จำนวน 9 สายในอดีต
Italy. Florence - Firenze.
Orsanmichele (or "Kitchen Garden of St. Michael", from the contraction in Tuscan dialect of the Italian word orto) is a church in the Italian city of Florence. The building was constructed on the site of the kitchen garden of the monastery of San Michele, which is now gone.
Located on the Via Calzaiuoli in Florence, the church was originally built as a grain market in 1337 by Francesco Talenti, Neri di Fioravante, and Benci di Cione. Between 1380 and 1404 it was converted into a church used as the chapel of Florence's powerful craft and trade guilds. On the ground floor of the square building are the 13th-century arches that originally formed the loggia of the grain market. The second floor was devoted to offices, while the third housed one of the city's municipal grain storehouses, maintained to withstand famine or siege. Late in the 14th century, the guilds were charged by the city to commission statues of their patron saints to embellish the facades of the church. The sculptures seen today are copies, the originals having been removed to museums
De Teut
De Teut is een natuurgebied in de Belgische gemeente Zonhoven. Het natuurgebied ligt ten zuiden van de E314 en vormt een eenheid met het natuurgebied Tenhaagdoornheide in Houthalen-Helchteren dat ten noorden van de snelweg ligt. Samen vormen ze een heidegebied van ongeveer 2000 hectare, het grootste in Midden-Limburg. Ook de Molenheide behoort sinds 2006 tot de Teut.
De naam van het natuurgebied is afgeleid van het Zonhovense dialectwoord toot wat "punt, spits toelopend uiteinde of uitstekend gedeelte" betekent. De Teut vormde immers tot aan de grenscorrectie met Houthalen in 1977 een spits toelopend terrein op de gemeentegrens. Bovendien steekt de Teutheuvel boven het omringende landschap uit. De naam Teut verwijst in geen geval naar de Teuten, de rondtrekkende handelaars van weleer.
De Teut toont de heidevelden zoals ze in het eerste deel van de 20e eeuw een groot deel van Belgisch-Limburg bedekten.
Door het kappen van het oerbos in het verleden en het gebrek aan meststoffen veranderde het terrein. Het begroeide met heide dat eeuwenlang deel uitmaakte van het landbouwsysteem. Het vee, vooral schapen, graasde er overdag. De heide was toen gemeenschappelijke grond.
In de Limburgse Kempen begon de heide te verdwijnen met de komst van kunstmest en de mechanisering van de landbouw. Het grootste deel werd omgezet in akkers en weilanden. Na de ontdekking van steenkool in het Kempens Bekken in 1901 en de inplanting van de Kempense mijnzetels verdwenen nog meer grote stukken heidegrond. Naaldbomen werden aangeplant voor de mijnbouw. Het huidig fietspad op de Teut loopt over het traject van een oud kolenspoor.
Het gebied werd opgericht en beschermd in 1976 met een uitbreiding in 1979, en wordt gevormd door de valleien van de Roosterbeek en de Laambeek, met ertussen de meest westelijke uitloper van het Kempens Plateau (geodetisch merkpunt 75,57 meter boven de zeespiegel). Men vindt er vennen, vijvers aangelegd voor de viskweek, heide en dennenbossen met een typische plantengroei en talrijke broedvogels. De wandelpaden zijn vrij toegankelijk en er zijn verschillende wandelroutes uitgestippeld.
De zonnedauw en de beenbreek komen hier voor en vogels zoals de nachtzwaluw, boompieper en boomleeuwerik. Het is ook de biotoop voor libellen, loopkevers, spinnen en veldkrekels, samen met de gladde slang, de levendbarende hagedis, de heikikker en de rugstreeppad.
De Teut is a nature reserve in the Belgian municipality of Zonhoven. The nature reserve lies south of the E314 and forms a unity with the Tenhaagdoornheide nature reserve in Houthalen-Helchteren, which lies to the north of the motorway. Together they form a heathland area of approximately 2000 hectares, the largest in Central Limburg. The Molenheide has also been part of the Teut since 2006.
The name of the nature area is derived from the Zonhoven dialect word toot which means "point, pointed end or excellent part". After all, the Teut formed a rushing terrain at the municipal border until the border correction with Houthalen in 1977. Moreover, the Teutheuvel protrudes above the surrounding landscape. The name Teut in no way refers to the Teuten, the itinerant traders of yesteryear.
De Teut shows the moors as they covered a large part of Belgian Limburg in the first part of the 20th century.
By cutting down the primeval forest in the past and the lack of fertilizers, the site changed. It overgrown with heather that was part of the agricultural system for centuries. The cattle, especially sheep, grazed during the day. The moor was then common ground.
In the Limburg Kempen, the heathland began to disappear with the arrival of artificial fertilizer and the mechanization of agriculture. The largest part was converted into fields and meadows. After the discovery of coal in the Kempens Basin in 1901 and the location of the Kempense mining sites, even more large areas of heath land disappeared. Coniferous trees were planted for mining. The current bike path on the Teut runs along the route of an old coal track.
The area was established and protected in 1976 with an extension in 1979, and is formed by the valleys of the Roosterbeek and the Laambeek, with in between the westernmost spur of the Kempens Plateau (geodetic mark 75.57 meters above sea level). Fans, ponds for fish farming, heath and pine forests with typical vegetation and numerous breeding birds are found here. The hiking trails are freely accessible and various hiking routes have been mapped out.
The sundew and the leg break occur here and birds such as the nightjar, tree pipit and skylark. It is also the biotope for dragonflies, ground beetles, spiders and field crickets, together with the smooth snake, the viviparous lizard, the moor frog and the natterjack toad.
2019/05/30 Dabadaba
ABC DIALECT
Antolatzailea: Dabadaba
Laguntzaileak:Donostia Kultura
Argazkilaria: Josu De La Calle
Italy. Florence - Firenze.
Orsanmichele (or "Kitchen Garden of St. Michael", from the contraction in Tuscan dialect of the Italian word orto) is a church in the Italian city of Florence. The building was constructed on the site of the kitchen garden of the monastery of San Michele, which is now gone.
Located on the Via Calzaiuoli in Florence, the church was originally built as a grain market in 1337 by Francesco Talenti, Neri di Fioravante, and Benci di Cione. Between 1380 and 1404 it was converted into a church used as the chapel of Florence's powerful craft and trade guilds. On the ground floor of the square building are the 13th-century arches that originally formed the loggia of the grain market. The second floor was devoted to offices, while the third housed one of the city's municipal grain storehouses, maintained to withstand famine or siege. Late in the 14th century, the guilds were charged by the city to commission statues of their patron saints to embellish the facades of the church. The sculptures seen today are copies, the originals having been removed to museums
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orsanmichele
Included bronze sculptors. Only began electing a Prior (representative to the Signoria) after 1283
Western Yugur women wear their traditional clothing in the village of Huangnibao about 20 kilometres from Jiuquan. These Yugur, who live in close proximity with Han Chinese, can no longer speak their native Turkic dialect. Only a couple thousand Western Turkic speakers survive today, and their linguistic outlook does not look good.
For more info, check out my book, "The Horse That Leaps Through Clouds: A Tale of Espionage, the Silk Road and the Rise of Modern China" or visit www.horsethatleaps.com.
From ookpgavemesight:
The people of the SOUTH West of England, have a very strong dialect, and often begin words with a "Z" or a "V". For example for Summer they would say "Zummer" and for Flies (insects) they would say Vlies! There are quite a few traditional celebrations in Devon & Cornwall, many to do with the making of cider, for which they are famous. As they dance thr'o the streets, this one of the songs and dances often played.
The Turmut Hoe'rs (Turnip)
Oh! I be a turmut hoer, from Zummerzetshire (Somersetshire) I came.
My parents is hard working volks, Giles Webster be my name.
'Twas on a zummer's mornin', e'en at the break of day,
When I took my hoe and off did go, zum fifty miles away.
Chorus :-And zum delights in hay makin' and a vew be vond of mowin',
But of all the jobs that I like best, gi'e ae the turmut hoeing.
For the vlies, the vlies, the vlies be on the turmut, (turnip)
And 'tis all no use for ae to try to keep them off the turmuts.
O I be a tidy sort of chap and soon got I a place.
I went to work like any Turk and I took it by the piece;
And so I hoed on cheerfully and good Varmer (farmer) Glower,
Who vowed and swore and said I wore (was) a ripping turmut hoer.
chorus-And zum delights, &c.
In winter I drives oxen about the vields a-ploughin',
To keep the vurrow (furrow) straight and clear all ready for turmut zowin'. (Sowing)
And when the vrost (frost) bars up the wheels, out on the land we're goin',
For without manure, 'tis zertain zure, no turmuts won't be growin'.
Chorus- And zum delights, &c.
In on work about the varm (farm) yard until time brings me mowin',
For I like half of it none so well, as I do my turmut hoein'.
And when the harvest now begins and the nut-brown ale a-vlowin',
So I merely bids them all goodbye and I'm off to turmut hoein'.
chorus-And zum delights, &c.
This is the tune, but to be honest nothing sounds quite the same as the village "Waits" playing it in the traditional way.
www.mudcat.org/midi/midifiles/turmut_hoeing.mid
Illustrator unknown: “The Bolenius Readers, Fifth Reader” by Emma Miller Bolenius. Illustrated by Mabel B. Hill and Edith F. Butler. Revised edition by Houghton Mifflin Company, 1919, 1926, and 1929.
Schaan is a municipality and village in the Oberland of the Principality of Liechtenstein . Schaan has four exclaves - making it a municipality divided into five - as well as two enclaves , each of which belongs to Vaduz and Planken . With 6,038 inhabitants (2019), it is the most populous municipality in the principality and represents an important transport hub and industrial location in the country. The name Schaa is pronounced in the Liechtenstein dialect .
Schaan is the northernmost municipality of the Liechtenstein Oberland . The two old parts of the village near the chapel of St. Peter and the parish church of St. Laurentius (St. Lorenz) are located on a Rüfeschubt hill of the Three Sisters massif that runs west into the Rhine plain . Schaan borders the capital Vaduz in the south , Planken and Triesenberg in the east , and the communities of Eschen and Gamprin in the north . In the west the Rhine forms the natural border with Switzerland, in the east the town is dominated by the Three Sisters mountain range.
Schaan has four exclaves. Brunnenegg and the Plankner Neugrütt are two steep forest plots on Oberplanken and, to the east, above Planken. The two exclaves Gritsch and Guschg/ Valorsch are used for alpine farming . The Wes enclave belongs to the municipality of Planken, the Forst enclave belongs to Vaduz.
The Alp Gritsch is located in the southern Samina Valley , east above the Triesner Alp Valüna . Gritsch is the highest Alp in Liechtenstein and extends to the Naafkopf at 2570 m above sea level. M. _ It was probably acquired by the parish of Schaan-Vaduz in the 14th century . An arbitration letter from 1503 divided the use of the Gritsch and Guschg Alps between the two Schaan village parts. Gritsch was assigned to the St. Lorenz part of the village and Guschg to the St. Peter part of the village. In 1935 the Pfälzerhütte
was built on the Alp Gritsch area . In 1940 one was found on Gritsch in the 3rd or 2nd century BC. Lance tip made in the 1st century BC. Until the 20th century, the Gritsch and Guschg cooperatives had their own dairy in Schaan . Since 1960, only cattle have been summered on Gritsch.
The Kuhalp Guschg is located at the eastern foot of the Schönberg and originally belonged to the parish of Frastanz . In 1361 the parish of Schaan-Vaduz acquired the alp from several owners, including: came from Frastanz, Planken and Rankweil . The alp was probably used by the residents of the St. Peter part of the village before 1503. In 1922, the Guschg Alpine Cooperative bought a hunting lodge on Sass
from Prince Franz Josef II . Together with Alp Guschg, it belongs to the Sass high hunting area, which is leased to private individuals.
Valorsch borders Guschg with the Vorder-, Mittler- and Hintervalorsch Alps. Because of a dispute between Vaduz and Schaan, Hintervalorsch was separated in 1643. Since then, Vorder- and Mittlervalorsch have belonged to Schaan, Hintervalorsch to Vaduz.
Archaeological finds have shown that Schaan has been inhabited for over 6,000 years.
In the year 15 B.C. In the 4th century BC, the Romans under Augustus conquered the territory of today's Principality of Liechtenstein and established the Roman province of Raetia . In the 1st century AD, the military road from Milan to Bregenz was built, which ran over the Luzisteig along the right bank of the Rhine, so that Roman buildings were also built in Schaan. Also from the 1st century AD are two Roman legionnaires' helmets that were found in 1887 during excavation work above Dux and were probably votive offerings from the two Roman legionaries Publius Cavidius Felix and Numerius Pomponius, whose names are carved on the helmets. were buried here. They are now in the museums of Bregenz and Zurich. The most important Roman building on municipal land is a fort in the valley floor, which was built to protect against the increasingly frequent Alemannic invasions. Remains of its foundation walls and gate tower are visible again at St. Peter's Church ( 756969 / 225689 ). A baptistery from the 5th century, which was found during excavations inside this church, suggests early Christianization . Furthermore, “Auf Krüppel” was built above Schaan, on the mountain slope of the Three Sisters chain, on a rocky spur with a small plateau (60 × 30 meters), a fortified late Roman hilltop settlement ( 758890 / 225730 ). During excavations , older traces of settlement from prehistoric times were also found there .
The Alemannic settlement is documented by numerous grave finds. At that time, Schaan consisted of two separate parts: the Romanized Rhaetians had their center at St. Peter, while the Alemannic population settled in the Specki area. This division is still evident today in the existence of two alpine cooperatives, the northern Alemannic cooperative Gritsch and the southern Romansh cooperative Guschg.
“Scana” was first mentioned in a document in the middle of the 9th century in a compilation of imperial goods. In 965, Schaan was donated by Otto the Great to the Säckingen women's monastery in compensation for the renunciation of the island of Ufenau .
The parish church of St. Laurentius was inaugurated in 1893. The church tower reaches a height of 81 meters and has had a total of six church bells since 1968. Around half of the church was financed by the then Prince Johann II , in whose honor a monument was erected on the west side of the church. The church was extensively renovated between 2003 and 2005.
Roman fort : In the 1st century AD, the military road from Milan to Bregenz was laid out, which also ran through today's municipality of Schaan. A Roman fort built in the 4th century to secure the borders of the Roman Empire is a witness to this. The fort had a square floor plan with a side length of around 60 meters and, in addition to four corner towers, also had a central tower on the south side and a gate tower in the north. Parts of the foundation walls and remains of the gate tower are still preserved today.
Chapel of St. Peter : Based on the excavations in 1958, two previous buildings can be described: A hall church with an attached baptistery . This building was probably built immediately after the fort was abandoned using some of the fort's walls. A burial site was also excavated in the baptistery. In the 9th/10th In the 19th century, the church hall was expanded by reducing the size of the baptismal chapel and a sacristy extension was added south of the choir. The church was first mentioned in 1298. Today's church is of late Gothic origin and used to be the parish church of the community.
The chapel of St. Mary of Consolation on Dux (Dux Chapel) with a baroque Marian altar was built on the foundations of an earlier chapel in 1716. It was later supplemented with a tower and vestibule and completely restored in 1997/1998.
The St. Elisabeth Monastery was built in 1934/1935. From 1942 to 1946 the sister monastery ran a girls' high school and from 1946 to 1976 a secondary school for girls. A secondary school has been located in the monastery's premises since 1976.
The construction history of the old parish church of St. Laurentius has not yet been clarified. The tower, which is the only part of the building still standing today, was probably built in the 12th century. In 1900, after the new parish church was inaugurated, the church was demolished except for the tower.
The St. Johannes cemetery chapel is a blessing hall in the Schaan cemetery, which was built in 1934 according to plans by the architect Erwin Hinderer. There is also a memorial plaque for those killed and missing in the First World War.
The town hall of the municipality of Schaan is located in a former school. The building was built between 1844 and 1846 and served as a school building until 1975. Since then, the building has housed the municipal administration and the municipal museum. The gymnasium extension was used as a town hall hall for many years; when the SAL was created (see below), it was integrated into it as a small hall .
The TAK Theater Liechtenstein (TAK or formerly TaK stands for Theater am Kirchplatz , the previous name of the theater) offers a wide range of cultural events: plays, concerts, ballet, dance theater, pantomime, jazz, chanson, cabaret, puppet shows, children's and youth theater
The village museum (domus) is a museum and gallery of the municipality of Schaan in the town hall, which shows artistic works from the region and the history of Schaan in temporary exhibitions.
The hall at Lindaplatz (SAL) was opened in 2010 and offers around 2,200 square meters of space for various events. On the one hand, events are organized by the community itself, on the other hand, it can be rented by third parties for their own events.
The tower on Dux is a lookout tower currently under construction. When completed, the tower will reach 35 meters.
Personalities
Karl Wilhelm Schlegel (1828–1900), doctor and politician
Tobias Jehle (1885–1978), building contractor and politician
Adolf Buck (1896–1952), photographer
Alexander Frick (1910–1991), politician
Rosa Wachter (1911–1972), active in state welfare
Adolf Schreiber (1913–1983), cyclist
Toni Hilti (1914–2006), entrepreneur
Gustav Kaufmann (1918–2015), sports shooter
Alfred Hilbe (1928–2011), politician
Klaus Wanger (* 1941), politician
Gerta Keller (* 1945), geologist
Gilbert Kaiser (* 1949), sports shooter
Willi Frommelt (* 1952), ski racer
Roman Hermann (* 1953), cyclist
Paul Frommelt (* 1957), ski racer
Sigmund Hermann (1959–2014), cyclist
Doris Frick (* 1963), ambassador in Bern
Peter Hermann (* 1963), cyclist
Sabine Dünser (1977–2006), singer and musician
Ivan Quintans (* 1989), football player
David Hasler (* 1990), football player
Zürich (/ˈzjʊərɪk/ ZURE-ik, German: [ˈtsyːrɪç;) is the largest city in Switzerland and the capital of the canton of Zürich. It is located in north-central Switzerland, at the northwestern tip of Lake Zürich. As of January 2023 the municipality had 443,037 inhabitants, the urban area 1.315 million (2009), and the Zürich metropolitan area 1.83 million (2011). Zürich is a hub for railways, roads, and air traffic. Both Zurich Airport and Zürich's main railway station are the largest and busiest in the country.
Permanently settled for over 2,000 years, Zürich was founded by the Romans, who called it Turicum. However, early settlements have been found dating back more than 6,400 years (although this only indicates human presence in the area and not the presence of a town that early). During the Middle Ages, Zürich gained the independent and privileged status of imperial immediacy and, in 1519, became a primary centre of the Protestant Reformation in Europe under the leadership of Huldrych Zwingli.
The official language of Zürich is German,[a] but the main spoken language is Zürich German, the local variant of the Alemannic Swiss German dialect.
Many museums and art galleries can be found in the city, including the Swiss National Museum and Kunsthaus. Schauspielhaus Zürich is generally considered to be one of the most important theatres in the German-speaking world.
As one of Switzerland's primary financial centres, Zürich is home to many financial institutions and banking companies.
History
Early history
Settlements of the Neolithic and Bronze Age were found around Lake Zürich. Traces of pre-Roman Celtic, La Tène settlements were discovered near the Lindenhof, a morainic hill dominating the SE - NW waterway constituted by Lake Zurich and the river Limmat. In Roman times, during the conquest of the alpine region in 15 BC, the Romans built a castellum on the Lindenhof. Later here was erected Turicum (a toponym of clear Celtic origin), a tax-collecting point for goods trafficked on the Limmat, which constituted part of the border between Gallia Belgica (from AD 90 Germania Superior) and Raetia: this customs point developed later into a vicus. After Emperor Constantine's reforms in AD 318, the border between Gaul and Italy (two of the four praetorian prefectures of the Roman Empire) was located east of Turicum, crossing the river Linth between Lake Walen and Lake Zürich, where a castle and garrison looked over Turicum's safety. The earliest written record of the town dates from the 2nd century, with a tombstone referring to it as the Statio Turicensis Quadragesima Galliarum ("Zürich post for collecting the 2.5% value tax of the Galliae"), discovered at the Lindenhof.
In the 5th century, the Germanic Alemanni tribe settled in the Swiss Plateau. The Roman castle remained standing until the 7th century. A Carolingian castle, built on the site of the Roman castle by the grandson of Charlemagne, Louis the German, is mentioned in 835 (in Castro Turicino iuxta fluvium Lindemaci). Louis also founded the Fraumünster abbey in 853 for his daughter Hildegard. He endowed the Benedictine convent with the lands of Zürich, Uri, and the Albis forest, and granted the convent immunity, placing it under his direct authority. In 1045, King Henry III granted the convent the right to hold markets, collect tolls, and mint coins, and thus effectively made the abbess the ruler of the city.
Zürich gained Imperial immediacy (Reichsunmittelbar, becoming an Imperial free city) in 1218 with the extinction of the main line of the Zähringer family and attained a status comparable to statehood. During the 1230s, a city wall was built, enclosing 38 hectares, when the earliest stone houses on the Rennweg were built as well. The Carolingian castle was used as a quarry, as it had started to fall into ruin.
Emperor Frederick II promoted the abbess of the Fraumünster to the rank of a duchess in 1234. The abbess nominated the mayor, and she frequently delegated the minting of coins to citizens of the city. The political power of the convent slowly waned in the 14th century, beginning with the establishment of the Zunftordnung (guild laws) in 1336 by Rudolf Brun, who also became the first independent mayor, i.e. not nominated by the abbess.
An important event in the early 14th century was the completion of the Manesse Codex, a key source of medieval German poetry. The famous illuminated manuscript – described as "the most beautifully illumined German manuscript in centuries;" – was commissioned by the Manesse family of Zürich, copied and illustrated in the city at some time between 1304 and 1340. Producing such a work was a highly expensive prestige project, requiring several years of work by highly skilled scribes and miniature painters, and it testifies to the increasing wealth and pride of Zürich citizens in this period. The work contains 6 songs by Süsskind von Trimberg, who may have been a Jew, since the work itself contains reflections on medieval Jewish life, though little is known about him.
The first mention of Jews in Zürich was in 1273. Sources show that there was a synagogue in Zürich in the 13th century, implying the existence of a Jewish community. With the rise of the Black Death in 1349, Zürich, like most other Swiss cities, responded by persecuting and burning the local Jews, marking the end of the first Jewish community there. The second Jewish community of Zürich formed towards the end of the 14th century, was short-lived, and Jews were expulsed and banned from the city from 1423 until the 19th century.
Archaeological findings
A woman who died in about 200 BC was found buried in a carved tree trunk during a construction project at the Kern school complex in March 2017 in Aussersihl. Archaeologists revealed that she was approximately 40 years old when she died and likely carried out little physical labor when she was alive. A sheepskin coat, a belt chain, a fancy wool dress, a scarf, and a pendant made of glass and amber beads were also discovered with the woman.
Old Swiss Confederacy
On 1 May 1351, the citizens of Zürich had to swear allegiance before representatives of the cantons of Lucerne, Schwyz, Uri and Unterwalden, the other members of the Swiss Confederacy. Thus, Zürich became the fifth member of the Confederacy, which was at that time a loose confederation of de facto independent states. Zürich was the presiding canton of the Diet from 1468 to 1519. This authority was the executive council and lawmaking body of the confederacy, from the Middle Ages until the establishment of the Swiss federal state in 1848. Zürich was temporarily expelled from the confederacy in 1440 due to a war with the other member states over the territory of Toggenburg (the Old Zürich War). Neither side had attained significant victory when peace was agreed upon in 1446, and Zürich was readmitted to the confederation in 1450.
Zwingli started the Swiss Reformation at the time when he was the main preacher at the Grossmünster in 1519. The Zürich Bible was printed by Christoph Froschauer in 1531. The Reformation resulted in major changes in state matters and civil life in Zürich, spreading also to several other cantons. Several cantons remained Catholic and became the basis of serious conflicts that eventually led to the outbreak of the Wars of Kappel.
During the 16th and 17th centuries, the Council of Zürich adopted an isolationist attitude, resulting in a second ring of imposing fortifications built in 1624. The Thirty Years' War which raged across Europe motivated the city to build these walls. The fortifications required a lot of resources, which were taken from subject territories without reaching any agreement. The following revolts were crushed brutally. In 1648, Zürich proclaimed itself a republic, shedding its former status of a free imperial city. In this time the political system of Zürich was an oligarchy (Patriziat): the dominant families of the city were the following ones: Bonstetten, Brun, Bürkli, Escher vom Glas, Escher vom Luchs, Hirzel, Jori (or von Jori), Kilchsperger, Landenberg, Manesse, Meiss, Meyer von Knonau, Mülner, von Orelli.
The Helvetic Revolution of 1798 saw the fall of the Ancien Régime. Zürich lost control of the land and its economic privileges, and the city and the canton separated their possessions between 1803 and 1805. In 1839, the city had to yield to the demands of its urban subjects, following the Züriputsch of 6 September. Most of the ramparts built in the 17th century were torn down, without ever having been besieged, to allay rural concerns over the city's hegemony. The Treaty of Zürich between Austria, France, and Sardinia was signed in 1859.
Modern history
Zürich was the Federal capital for 1839–40, and consequently, the victory of the Conservative party there in 1839 caused a great stir throughout Switzerland. But when in 1845 the Radicals regained power at Zürich, which was again the Federal capital for 1845–46, Zürich took the lead in opposing the Sonderbund cantons. Following the Sonderbund War and the formation of the Swiss Federal State, Zürich voted in favor of the Federal constitutions of 1848 and 1874. The enormous immigration from the country districts into the town from the 1830s onwards created an industrial class which, though "settled" in the town, did not possess the privileges of burghership, and consequently had no share in the municipal government. First of all in 1860 the town schools, hitherto open to "settlers" only on paying high fees, were made accessible to all, next in 1875 ten years' residence ipso facto conferred the right of burghership, and in 1893 the eleven outlying districts were incorporated within the town proper.
When Jews began to settle in Zürich following their equality in 1862, the Israelitische Cultusgemeinde Zürich was founded.
Extensive developments took place during the 19th century. From 1847, the Spanisch-Brötli-Bahn, the first railway on Swiss territory, connected Zürich with Baden, putting the Zürich Hauptbahnhof at the origin of the Swiss rail network. The present building of the Hauptbahnhof (the main railway station) dates to 1871. Zürich's Bahnhofstrasse (Station Street) was laid out in 1867, and the Zürich Stock Exchange was founded in 1877. Industrialisation led to migration into the cities and to rapid population growth, particularly in the suburbs of Zürich.
The Quaianlagen are an important milestone in the development of the modern city of Zürich, as the construction of the new lakefront transformed Zürich from a small medieval town on the rivers Limmat and Sihl to a modern city on the Zürichsee shore, under the guidance of the city engineer Arnold Bürkli.
In 1893, the twelve outlying districts were incorporated into Zürich, including Aussersihl, the workman's quarter on the left bank of the Sihl, and additional land was reclaimed from Lake Zürich.
In 1934, eight additional districts in the north and west of Zürich were incorporated.
Zürich was accidentally bombed during World War II. As persecuted Jews sought refuge in Switzerland, the SIG (Schweizerischer Israelitischer Gemeindebund, Israelite Community of Switzerland) raised financial resources. The Central Committee for Refugee Aid, created in 1933, was located in Zürich.
The canton of Zürich did not recognize the Jewish religious communities as legal entities (and therefore as equal to national churches) until 2005.
Geography
Zürich is situated at 408 m (1,339 ft) above sea level on the lower (northern) end of Lake Zürich (Zürichsee) about 30 km (19 mi) north of the Alps, nestling between the wooded hills on the west and east side. The Old Town stretches on both sides of the Limmat, which flows from the lake, running northwards at first and then gradually turning into a curve to the west. The geographic (and historic) centre of the city is the Lindenhof, a small natural hill on the west bank of the Limmat, about 700 m (2,300 ft) north of where the river issues from Lake Zürich. Today the incorporated city stretches somewhat beyond the natural confines of the hills and includes some districts to the northeast in the Glatt Valley (Glattal) and to the north in the Limmat Valley (Limmattal). The boundaries of the older city are easy to recognize by the Schanzengraben canal. This artificial watercourse has been used for the construction of the third fortress in the 17th and 18th centuries.
Quality of living
Zürich often performs very well in international rankings, some of which are mentioned below:
Monocle's 2012 "Quality of Life Survey" ranked Zürich first on a list of the top 25 cities in the world "to make a base within". In 2019 Zürich was ranked among the ten most liveable cities in the world by Mercer together with Geneva and Basel.
In fDi Magazine's "Global Cities of the Future 2021/22" report, Zürich placed 16th in the overall rankings (all categories). In the category "Mid-sized and small cities", Zürich was 2nd overall, behind Wroclaw, having also placed 2nd in the subcategory "Human capital and lifestyle" and 3rd under "Business friendliness". In the category "FDI strategy, overall" (relating to foreign direct investment), Zürich ranked 9th, behind such cities as New York, Montreal (1st and 2nd) and Dubai (at number 8).
Main sites
Most of Zürich's sites are located within the area on either side of the Limmat, between the Main railway station and Lake Zürich. The churches and houses of the old town are clustered here, as are the most expensive shops along the famous Bahnhofstrasse. The Lindenhof in the old town is the historical site of the Roman castle, and the later Carolingian Imperial Palace.
(Wikpedia)
Zürich (zürichdeutsch Züri [ˈt͡sʏ̞rɪ, ˈt͡sʏrɪ, ˈt͡sy̞rɪ],[6] französisch Zurich [zyʁik], italienisch Zurigo [tsuˈriːɡo, dzu-], Rumantsch Grischun Turitg) ist eine schweizerische Stadt, politische Gemeinde sowie Hauptort des gleichnamigen Kantons.
Die Stadt Zürich ist mit 427'721 Einwohnern (Stand 31. Dezember 2022) die grösste Stadt der Schweiz und weist eine Bevölkerungsdichte von 4655 Einwohnern pro Quadratkilometer auf. Das Umland ist dicht besiedelt, so dass in der Agglomeration Zürich etwa 1,3 Millionen und in der Metropolitanregion Zürich etwa 1,83 Millionen Menschen leben. Der Bezirk Zürich ist mit dem Stadtgebiet identisch.
Die Stadt liegt im östlichen Schweizer Mittelland, an der Limmat am Ausfluss des Zürichsees. Ihre Einwohner werden Zürcher genannt (bzw. Stadtzürcher zur Differenzierung von den übrigen Einwohnern des Kantons).
Das aus der römischen Siedlung Turicum entstandene Zürich wurde 1262 freie Reichsstadt und 1351 Mitglied der Eidgenossenschaft. Die Stadt des Reformators Huldrych Zwingli wurde 1519 zum zweitwichtigsten (nach Wittenberg) Zentrum der Reformation. Bis heute gilt sie als Ausgangspunkt der weltweiten reformierten Kirche und der Täufer. Die Stadt erlebte im Industriezeitalter ihren Aufstieg zur heutigen Wirtschaftsmetropole der Schweiz.
Mit ihrem Hauptbahnhof, dem grössten Bahnhof der Schweiz, und dem Flughafen (auf dem Gebiet der Gemeinde Kloten) ist die Stadt Zürich ein kontinentaler Verkehrsknotenpunkt. Aufgrund der ansässigen Grossbanken (u. a. UBS, der Zürcher Kantonalbank und Credit Suisse) und Versicherungen (Zurich Insurance Group und Swiss Re) ist sie ein internationaler Finanzplatz und der grösste Finanzplatz der Schweiz, gefolgt von Genf und Lugano. Daneben beherbergt die Stadt mit der Eidgenössischen Technischen Hochschule Zürich und der Universität Zürich die zwei grössten universitären Hochschulen der Schweiz. Trotz der vergleichsweise geringen Einwohnerzahl wird Zürich zu den Weltstädten gezählt. Zürich ist das wichtigste Zentrum der Schweizer Medien- und Kreativbranche. Mit seiner Lage am Zürichsee, seiner gut erhaltenen mittelalterlichen Altstadt und einem vielseitigen Kulturangebot und Nachtleben ist es zudem ein Zentrum des Tourismus.
Seit Jahren wird Zürich neben Basel und Genf als eine der Städte mit der weltweit höchsten Lebensqualität und zugleich neben Genf mit den höchsten Lebenshaltungskosten weltweit gelistet. Zürich ist nach Monaco und Genf die Stadt mit der dritthöchsten Millionärsdichte weltweit.
Geografie
Zürich liegt auf 408 m ü. M. am unteren (nördlichen) Ende des Zürichsees im Tal der Limmat und im unteren Tal der Sihl, eingebettet zwischen den Höhen von Uetliberg im Westen und Zürichberg im Osten. Die Limmat entspringt dem See, während die westlich des Sees fliessende Sihl nördlich der Zürcher Altstadt beim Platzspitz in die Limmat mündet. Die Altstadt erstreckt sich beidseits der Limmat, die zunächst nordwärts fliesst und dann in einem Bogen allmählich nach Westen abbiegt.
Die einstige Stadt reichte nicht bis zur Sihl, sondern hatte als westliche Abgrenzung den im 17. und 18. Jahrhundert angelegten Schanzengraben. Damals wurde Wasser aus dem See abgeleitet und in einem Graben ausserhalb der Bastionen und Bollwerke zur Limmat geführt. Noch früher erstreckte sich die Stadt im Westen nur bis zum Fröschengraben, der ungefähr parallel zur Limmat verlief. Dieser Graben wurde 1864 zugeschüttet, um Raum für den Bau der Bahnhofstrasse zu schaffen, die vom heutigen Paradeplatz bis zum Rennweg dem Verlauf des einstigen Grabens folgt.
Geschichte
Frühgeschichte, Mittelalter und ältere Neuzeit
Im Unterschied zu den meisten anderen Schweizer Grossstädten stieg Zürich im Frühmittelalter in den Rang einer Stadt auf. In Turīcum gab es zwar bereits zur Römerzeit eine Zollstation, ein hadrianisches Heiligtum auf dem Grossen Hafner im untersten Seebecken beim Ausfluss der Limmat und ein Kastell, die zugehörige Siedlung kann aber noch nicht als Stadt bezeichnet werden. Das frühmittelalterliche, alemannische Zürich war eng verbunden mit dem Herzogtum Schwaben und zwei bedeutenden geistlichen Stiftungen der deutschen Könige, dem Grossmünster und dem Fraumünster, die dem Kult um die Stadtpatrone Felix und Regula geweiht waren. Nach dem Zerfall der zentralen Gewalt im Herzogtum Schwaben und dem Aussterben der Zähringer 1218 konnte sich Zürich den Status der Reichsunmittelbarkeit sichern; 1262 wurde auch die Reichsfreiheit der Bürgerschaft ausdrücklich bestätigt. Der Titel einer Reichsstadt bedeutete de facto die Unabhängigkeit der Stadt. De jure löste sich Zürich jedoch erst 1648 von der Oberhoheit des Kaisers des Heiligen Römischen Reiches.
Im Spätmittelalter erwarb und eroberte Zürich in seinem Umland bedeutende Territorien, die der Stadt bis 1798 politisch untergeordnet waren (siehe Territoriale Entwicklung Zürichs). Im Innern wurden die Geschicke Zürichs seit der Zunftrevolution durch Bürgermeister Rudolf Brun im Jahr 1336 durch den Stadtadel und die Handwerkervereinigungen (Zünfte) gemeinsam geleitet (Brunsche Zunftverfassung). Brun war auch verantwortlich für den Überfall von Rapperswil. 1351 schloss sich Zürich zur Sicherung seiner Unabhängigkeit gegen das aufstrebende süddeutsche Adelsgeschlecht der Habsburger der schweizerischen Eidgenossenschaft an und wurde zusammen mit Bern zum Vorort dieses Staatenbundes.
Der wohl bis heute wichtigste Beitrag Zürichs zur Weltgeschichte war die Reformation von Huldrych Zwingli. Unter seiner geistigen Führung wurde seit 1519 Zürich zum reformierten Rom an der Limmat. Die Zürcher Bibel, eine der ersten deutschen Bibelübersetzungen, entstand in der Prophezei unter Zwingli, Leo Jud und weiteren Mitarbeitern 1524 bis 1525 und wurde vom Zürcher Buchdrucker Christoph Froschauer zuerst in Teilen und später als ganze Bibel herausgegeben.
Die Täuferbewegung nahm ihren Ausgangspunkt ab 1523 in Zürich unter Führung von Konrad Grebel, Felix Manz, Jörg Blaurock, Balthasar Hubmaier und weiteren Personen, die sich von Zwingli trennten und kurz darauf verfolgt und gefangen genommen wurden. Im Januar 1527 wurde Felix Manz in der Limmat ertränkt, viele Täufer flüchteten nach Schaffhausen oder ins Zürcher Oberland.
Heinrich Bullinger 1531–1575 und Rudolf Gwalther 1575–1586 konsolidierten als Antistes und Nachfolger von Zwingli die Reformation in Zürich und pflegten zahlreiche Kontakte europaweit. Während ihrer Zeit wurden viele evangelische Flüchtlinge aus dem Tessin, Italien, Frankreich und England aufgenommen. Diese trugen in der Folge durch Handwerk, Produktion noch unbekannter Textilien und Handel wesentlich zum wirtschaftlichen Gedeihen Zürichs bei.[38][39][40]
Zur Zeit der Hexenverfolgungen wurden in Zürich von 1487 bis 1701 Hexenprozesse gegen 79 Personen geführt. Im Hexenprozess 1701 wurden acht Menschen aus Wasterkingen wegen angeblicher Hexerei verurteilt. Regierungspräsident Markus Notter und Kirchenratspräsident Ruedi Reich verurteilten 2001 diese Justizmorde.
18. und 19. Jahrhundert
Das Zürich des 18. Jahrhunderts galt als «das grösste Rätsel deutscher Geistesgeschichte». Trotz relativ geringer Bevölkerungszahl entwickelte sich rund um Johann Jakob Bodmer neben dem wissenschaftlichen auch ein literarisches Zürich mit entscheidenden Beiträgen zur deutschen Literaturgeschichte.
Mit dem Untergang der freien Republik der Stadt Zürich nach dem Einmarsch der Franzosen in die Schweiz ging die Stadt zusammen mit dem ehemaligen Untertanenland im neuen Kanton Zürich auf, dessen Hauptort sie wurde. Im beginnenden 19. Jahrhundert kam es zwar zu einer Restauration der städtischen Vorherrschaft im Kanton, die jedoch von kurzer Dauer war.
Der Aufstieg Zürichs zum wirtschaftlichen Zentrum der Schweiz begann bereits mit der Textilindustrie im 18. und 19. Jahrhundert. Unter der politischen und wirtschaftlichen Führung der Liberalen, insbesondere von Alfred Escher, wurde die führende Rolle Zürichs ab 1846 durch die Gründung von zahlreichen Banken und Versicherungen auch auf den Finanz- und Dienstleistungssektor ausgedehnt. Seit dem Niedergang der Zürcher Industrie in der Nachkriegszeit hat die Bedeutung dieses Sektors noch zugenommen.
In den Jahren 1855 und 1867 starben in der Stadt Zürich in Folge prekärer hygienischer Verhältnisse in vielen Wohnungen ca. 500 Menschen an Cholera. 1867 wurde mit dem Bau einer Kanalisation begonnen. 1884 brach Typhus aus.
In der zweiten Hälfte des 19. Jahrhunderts begann ein bis in die 1970er Jahre andauernder Bauboom, der Zürich von einer Kleinstadt zur Grossstadt mit all ihren Problemen wachsen liess. Das stürmische Wachstum beschränkte sich zuerst auf einen Um- und Neubau des Zentrums und erfasste zunehmend die umliegenden ländlichen Gemeinden. In zwei Eingemeindungswellen wurden 1893 und 1934 20 Landgemeinden mit der alten Stadtgemeinde zusammengefasst. Die Errichtung eines «Millionenzürich» scheiterte jedoch bis heute. Während nämlich ursprünglich die Finanzstärke der Stadt bzw. die leeren Kassen der Vororte Motor der freiwilligen Stadterweiterungen waren, sind heute die verbleibenden Vororte finanziell eher besser gestellt als die Stadt. Dies schlägt sich insbesondere in den Steuersätzen nieder.
Zwei ausgeprägte Wachstumswellen in den Jahren 1888–1910 sowie 1950–1970 entstanden durch Zuzüger aus dem Ausland. Im Jahr 1912 waren die Bewohner Zürichs zu einem Drittel Ausländer, und Zürich war wie ein grosser Teil der Deutschschweiz im Vorfeld des Ersten Weltkriegs deutschfreundlich, wobei Hochdeutsch zu sprechen in gehobenen Kreisen zum guten Ton gehörte.
20. Jahrhundert
In der ersten Hälfte des 20. Jahrhunderts stand Zürich politisch im Bann der Arbeiterbewegung. Schon vor dem Landesstreik 1918 war in Zürich die Konfrontation zwischen Bürgertum und Arbeiterschaft besonders heftig ausgefallen, da Zürich grosse Industriebetriebe mit tausenden von Arbeitern aufwies und zugleich eine Hochburg des Grossbürgertums war. Als 1928 die Sozialdemokratische Partei unter der Führung von David Farbstein erstmals eine absolute Mehrheit in Stadtrat (Exekutive) und Gemeinderat (Legislative) erlangte, wurde in der Zwischenkriegszeit das Rote Zürich zu einem Aushängeschild für die Regierungsfähigkeit der Sozialdemokratie. Trotzdem wurde gerade in Zürich 1939 die als Landi bekannt gewordene Landesausstellung zu einem Symbol für den Zusammenhalt und den Widerstandswillen der Schweiz im Zeichen der Geistigen Landesverteidigung gegen Hitlerdeutschland. Schliesslich wurde 1943 der Zürcher Stadtpräsident Ernst Nobs als erster Sozialdemokrat in den Bundesrat gewählt. In der Nachkriegszeit blieb Zürich Sammelbecken und Bühne für Protestbewegungen, wie 1968 anlässlich der Globus-Krawalle und 1980 für die Jugendunruhen. Noch heute ist der 1. Mai in Zürich jährlich von Auseinandersetzungen des autonomen «Schwarzen Blockes» mit der Polizei gekennzeichnet.
Ein Problem der Stadt war lange auch die offene Drogenszene. In der Mitte der 1980er Jahre wurde der Platzspitz weltweit als Needlepark bekannt. Er wurde am 5. Februar 1992 zwangsgeräumt und abgeriegelt, daraufhin verschob sich die Drogenszene an den stillgelegten Bahnhof Letten.
Das Areal des stillgelegten Bahnhofs Letten bot ab 1992 die Kulisse für die grösste offene Drogenszene Europas. Mehrere tausend Drogenabhängige aus dem In- und Ausland lebten hier oder besorgten sich ihren Stoff. Hundertschaften von Polizisten nahmen des Öfteren in der Anwesenheit von Kamerateams Razzien vor und versuchten so den Markt auszutrocknen. Diese Versuche blieben erfolglos und so wurde der Letten am 14. Februar 1995 polizeilich geräumt. Auswärtige Drogenabhängige wurden grösstenteils an ihre Herkunftsgemeinden respektive Wohnortgemeinden zurückgeführt, ausländische Abhängige zwangsausgeschafft. Die Reste der Drogenszene verlagerten sich zunehmend ins Gebiet entlang der Langstrasse. Zur Entschärfung der Situation trug dabei sehr stark der Versuch der staatlichen Heroinabgabe bei, so dass sich nicht umgehend eine neue Szene bildete. Heute ist die staatliche, ärztlich kontrollierte Drogenabgabe gesetzlich verankert und vom Volk per Referendum abgesegnet.
Die Langstrasse ist ein Zentrum des Zürcher Nachtlebens. Seit der Auflösung der offenen Drogenszenen wurde das Viertel zur Jahrtausendwende hin zum Zentrum des Drogenhandels. Die Kriminalitätsrate im Langstrassenquartier ist zwar weiterhin verhältnismässig hoch, jedoch verbesserte sich die Situation aufgrund verschiedener Projekte der öffentlichen Hand. Heute hat sich die Situation stabilisiert und der Stadtteil ist zu einer festen Grösse im Kultur- und Nachtleben Zürichs geworden. Nach wie vor ist die Stadt Anziehungspunkt für Drogenkonsumenten aus den benachbarten Kantonen.
Gegenwart
In den 1980er Jahren war Zürich in einem Teufelskreis zwischen der Nachfrage nach mehr Bürofläche in der Innenstadt, der Stadtflucht und der drohenden Verslumung ganzer Stadtkreise wegen der Drogenprobleme gefangen. Massnahmen zur Attraktivitätssteigerung der Innenstadt wie die Verkehrsbefreiung des Niederdorfs konnten nicht verhindern, dass die Innenstadt Zürichs immer unattraktiver wurde. Veränderungen schienen unmöglich – 1986 brachte die damalige Baudirektorin Ursula Koch mit ihrem berühmtgewordenen Satz «Zürich ist gebaut» die Perspektivlosigkeit der Politik in Bezug auf die weitere Zukunft Zürichs zum Ausdruck. Erst Mitte der 1990er Jahre konnte die Blockade überwunden werden, zuerst durch eine neue Bau- und Zonenordnung 1996 und die Liberalisierung des Gastgewerbegesetzes 1997. Besonders letzteres wirkte enorm belebend auf das Nachtleben Zürichs und liess innerhalb kürzester Zeit unzählige neue und innovative Restaurants, Bars und Diskotheken aus dem Boden schiessen. 1998 konnte unter dem neuen Baudirektor Elmar Ledergerber (von 2002 bis April 2009 Stadtpräsident) die jahrelang nur langsam vorankommende Neugestaltung der Industriebrachen in Zürich-West und in Oerlikon beschleunigt werden, so dass sich bis heute an beiden Standorten trendige und moderne neue Stadtquartiere entwickeln konnten. Bis 2020 entsteht westlich des Hauptbahnhofs das neue Quartier Europaallee.
Im Tourismusbereich trat Zürich in den 2000er Jahren (bis 2011) mit dem Zusatz «Downtown Switzerland» auf.
Wirtschaft
Zürich gilt als das Wirtschaftszentrum der Schweiz. Der gesamte Wirtschaftsraum in und um Zürich wird auch als Greater Zurich Area bezeichnet. International zeichnet er sich insbesondere durch tiefe Steuersätze und eine hohe Lebensqualität aus, weshalb einige internationale Konzerne einen Sitz in Zürich haben. 2018 waren 5,4 % der Bevölkerung Millionäre (gerechnet in US-Dollar). Zürich ist damit, hinter Monaco und Genf, die Stadt mit der dritthöchsten Millionärsdichte weltweit. Aufgrund ihrer internationalen wirtschaftlichen Bedeutung wird die Stadt Zürich oft zu den Global- bzw. Weltstädten gezählt.
Die Wirtschaft ist sehr stark auf den Dienstleistungssektor ausgerichtet, in dem knapp 90 % der Zürcher Beschäftigten tätig sind. Im Industriesektor sind rund 10 % tätig und in der Landwirtschaft sind es heute weniger als 1 %. Bei einer erwerbstätigen Wohnbevölkerung von 200'110 (Stand: Volkszählung 2000) weist die Stadt 318'543 Arbeitsplätze vor. Die Mehrheit der Beschäftigten (56 %) waren Pendler aus anderen Gemeinden. Neben den rund 178'000 Zupendelnden gibt es rund 39'000 aus der Stadt Wegpendelnde.
Der wichtigste Wirtschaftszweig in Zürich ist der Finanzdienstleistungssektor, der am Paradeplatz sein Zentrum hat. Die beiden bis 2023 selbständigen Grossbanken UBS, die weltweit grösste Vermögensverwalterin, und Credit Suisse, die Schweizerische Nationalbank, die Zürcher Kantonalbank, die traditionsreiche Privatbank Julius Bär sowie etliche kleinere Bankinstitute haben ihren Sitz in der Stadt. Auch über 100 Auslandbanken sind in Zürich vertreten. Auf dem Bankenplatz Zürich sind rund 45'000 Personen beschäftigt, knapp die Hälfte aller Bankangestellten der Schweiz. Eine grosse Bedeutung hat das Privatkundengeschäft, da über 25 % der weltweit grenzüberschreitend angelegten Vermögenswerte in Zürich verwaltet werden (schweizweit sind es rund ein Drittel). Die schweizerische Post betrieb von 1920 bis 1996 in Zürich ein Rohrpostsystem, zu deren diskreten Kunden auch die Banken zählten. Auch die Börse SIX Swiss Exchange spielt international eine wesentliche Rolle und verstärkt die Bedeutung des Finanzplatzes Zürich. Sie gehört zu den technologisch führenden Börsen der Welt. Im Weiteren repräsentiert Zürich weltweit den drittgrössten Versicherungsmarkt. Swiss Re, eine der weltweit grössten Rückversicherungen, und Swiss Life, der grösste Lebensversicherungskonzern der Schweiz, haben ihre Hauptsitze in Zürich. Eine weitere Versicherungsgesellschaft von internationaler Bedeutung ist die Zurich Insurance Group. Der gesamte Finanzdienstleistungssektor generiert nahezu 50 % der Steuereinnahmen der Stadt Zürich.
Als zweitwichtigster Wirtschaftszweig folgen die unternehmensbezogenen Dienstleistungen wie Rechts- und Unternehmensberatung, Informatik oder Immobilienverwaltung. Zu erwähnen ist etwa das Unternehmen IBM Schweiz, das in Rüschlikon ein bedeutendes Forschungslabor betreibt. Seit 2004 betreibt zudem Google in Zürich das europäische Forschungszentrum. Auf dem ehemaligen Areal der Hürlimann AG wurde der zweitgrösste Standort des Unternehmens nach Mountain View eingerichtet.
Infolge des Strukturwandels hat die Bedeutung der produzierenden Industrie und der Bauwirtschaft abgenommen. Allerdings haben immer noch bedeutende Industriefirmen Niederlassungen in der Stadt Zürich, so zum Beispiel Siemens. Der Elektrotechnikkonzern ABB hat zudem seinen Hauptsitz in Zürich.
Aus den übrigen Wirtschaftszweigen sind insbesondere zu erwähnen: der grösste Schweizer Detailhandelskonzern Migros, der weltgrösste Schokoladenproduzent Barry Callebaut, die beiden grössten Automobilhändler AMAG-Gruppe und Emil Frey Gruppe, sowie der grösste Schweizer Reisekonzern Kuoni.
Nicht zuletzt dank der kulturellen Vielfalt in Zürich ist auch der Tourismus in den letzten Jahren ein bedeutender Wirtschaftsfaktor geworden. Jedes Jahr empfängt die Stadt Zürich rund neun Millionen Tagestouristen sowie zwei Millionen Übernachtungsgäste, von denen sich eine Mehrheit auch geschäftlich in Zürich aufhält.
Lebensqualität
Zürich galt bis zum Jahr 2008 siebenmal in Folge als Stadt mit der höchsten Lebensqualität weltweit. In der Studie «Worldwide Quality of Living Survey» («Studie zur weltweiten Lebensqualität») untersuchte die renommierte Beratungsfirma Mercer 215 Grossstädte anhand von 39 Kriterien, darunter Freizeit, Erholung, Sicherheit, Sauberkeit, politische und ökonomische Stabilität, sowie medizinische Versorgung. Seit 2009 rangiert Zürich neu an zweiter Stelle hinter Wien. Zudem wird Zürich als eine der Städte mit den weltweit höchsten Lebenshaltungskosten gelistet.
In einer Studie der Globalization and World Cities Research Group an der britischen Universität Loughborough landete Zürich in der Kategorie der Beta-Weltstädte auf dem ersten Rang, zusammen mit San Francisco, Sydney und Toronto.
Zürich besitzt die Auszeichnung Energiestadt Gold für eine nachhaltige Energiepolitik. Die offiziellen Gebäude im Eigentum der Stadt Zürich werden in der Regel nach Minergie gebaut.
Um die Lebensqualität für Geringverdiener im Hinblick auf den Wohnungsmarkt zu verbessern, hat die Stadt Zürich die Stiftungen Wohnungen für kinderreiche Familien und Alterswohnungen der Stadt Zürich gegründet.
Kunst, Kultur und Tourismus
Allgemeine Sehenswürdigkeiten
Die meisten Sehenswürdigkeiten Zürichs sind in und um die Altstadt gruppiert und deswegen am einfachsten zu Fuss oder mit kurzen Fahrten in Tram oder Bus erreichbar. Neben Gebäuden und Denkmälern ist auch die Lage Zürichs am Zürichsee einen Blick wert. Am Bellevue oder am Bürkliplatz bietet sich bei gutem Wetter ein schöner Blick auf den See und die Alpen. Beide Seeufer mit ihren Promenaden und Parkanlagen sind dann jeweils Anziehungspunkte für viele Einheimische und Touristen.
Der Zürcher Hausberg Uetliberg ist mit der Sihltal-Zürich-Uetliberg-Bahn (SZU) zu erreichen, die ab dem Hauptbahnhof verkehrt.
(Wikipedia)
Anti-united Italy graffiti - note that the Italian for this would be Sardegna non è Italia. I shot this in Pisa this weekend - the paint looked very fresh.
In the commentariat aftermath of Kossovo declaring its independence a number of folks asked what was stopping North Ossetia, Scotland, the Basques...? As soon as one starts questioning the standing nation states, what claim does Italy have to Sardigna? Sicily?
And the results are spot-on, as that deep red spot is western Connecticut, where I grew up. Though come on folks, couldn't you have at least provided a Connecticut city on there? Providence? Bleh.
El Manneken Pis (en dialecto bruselense Menneke Pis, ‘niño que orina’) es una estatua de bronce de unos cincuenta centímetros situada en el centro histórico de Bruselas (Bélgica) que representa a un niño pequeño desnudo orinando dentro del cuenco de la fuente.
Había ya una estatua parecida de piedra a mediados del siglo XV, quizás ya desde 1388 (fecha de la primera mención hallada en los archivos de la catedral de Santa Gúdula), que fue robada en varias ocasiones. En 1619 fue reemplazada por una estatuilla de bronce hecha por el escultor barroco franco-flamenco Jérôme Duquesnoy el Viejo, que se situó sobre una columna de seis pies tallada por Daniel Raessens, que fue sustituida por el actual nicho en estilo rococó, en 1770. Los bruselenses protegieron la estatuilla durante el asedio y bombardeo de la ciudad por los franceses en 1695. Una sentencia fue escrita bajo la estatua después del asalto francés: In petra exaltavit me, et nunc exaltavi caput meum super inimicos meos (El Señor me levantó sobre una roca, y ahora elevo mi cabeza sobre mis enemigos). La estatua actual es una réplica, pues la original que fue robada en los años 1960, y recuperada posteriormente, se encuentra junto a una copia en bronce dorado del siglo XVII, en el Musée de la Ville de Bruselas.
The indigenous Kaqchikel people here, in central Guatemala, speak the Kaqchikel (Kachiquel) dialect.
IMG_8489 R1
Translated from local Inkaneep native dialect, Osoyoos means, where the water narrows, or sand bar across. The dry, sunny climate and long growing season make the South Okanagan the fruit basket of Canada, with Osoyoos as its capital city. Cherries, plums, apricots, peaches, apples, grapes... even bananas!
Cannon EOS 5D Mark II + EF100-400mm f/4.5-5.6L IS USM @ 190 mm, ISO 200
Chulachomklao of Siam Pāḷi Tipiṭaka, B.E.2436 (1893)
The errata
"Pāḷi" is an old Indian dialect of the mass, spoken in the Indian Subcontinent over 3,000 years ago. During the lifetime of the Buddha, Pāḷi was the Dhamma-language of the Buddhist teaching and thus finally became the written medium of Buddhist scripture, the Tipiṭaka.
During an early period, Pāḷi Tipiṭaka was committed to memory and was propagated by Theravāda Buddhist monks orally from generation to generation. It was first written on palm leave some 400 years after the demise of Buddha or in the first century BC.
The first written Pāḷi Tipiṭaka took place in old Sri Lanka when the entire Tipiṭaka was inscribed on palm leaves --in Sinhalese script-- for the first time. Consequently, the Tipiṭaka on palm leave was the conventional depository of the Buddhist Theravāda scripture for over 2000 years.
In 1893, King Chulalongkorn Chulalongkorn of Siam revolutionised the traditional Buddhist depository convention --the King published the Tipiṭaka in Book-form for the first time. In stead of inscribing the sacred Pāḷi texts by hand in old Khmer script, the King ordered a new edition, totaling 39 volumes, to be printed in modern-typeface of the Siam script.
With the efficiency of printing technology of the day, such as, Western printing machinery and local book-binding in Bangkok, these newly edited Siam-script Tipiṭakas were sent as royal gifts to 260 institutes across five continents in 1896.
in 2007 Dhamma Society completed the digital preservation project of this historic set and published the digital preservation edition in 40 volumes, entitled Chulachomklao Pāḷi Tipiṭaka : A Digital Preservation Edition 2008. A version with English introduction will appear in 2009. See detail at : www.tipitakahall.net
Digital Archives from the Dhamma Society's World Tipiṭaka Project in Roman Script, 1999-2007.
Tipitaka International Council B.E.2500 (1956)
World Tipitaka Edition in Roman Scrip 1956-2005
Tipitaka Studies Reference 2007
พระไตรปิฎกปาฬิ "ฉบับจุลจอมเกล้าบรมธัมมิกมหาราช ร.ศ.112 อักษรสยาม" ชุด 39 เล่ม จัดพิมพ์โดยพระบาทสมเด็จพระจุลจอมเกล้าเจ้าอยู่หัว ในปี พ.ศ. 2436 โดยใช้เวลาดำเนินการปริวรรตจากอักษรขอมและเปลี่ยนเป็นการจัดพิมพ์ด้วยเครื่องพิมพ์บทกระดาษ เป็นฉบับพิมพ์ชุดแรกของโลก
พระไตรปิฎก จปร. อักษรสยาม ได้มีการพระราชทานไปทั่วกรุงสยามและในประเทศต่างๆ ใน 5 ทวีป ทั่วโลก นับเป็นพระธัมมทานที่สำคัญยิ่งในประวัติศาสตร์พระพุทธศาสนาเถรวาท ดังเช่นที่พระเจ้าอโศกบรมธัมมิกมหาราชได้ทรงทำการสังคายานาพระไตรปิฎกในชมพูทวีปและได้ส่งพระธัมมทูตไปเผยแผ่จำนวน 9 สายในอดีต
The idea of raising a memorial to honour the memory of local dialect writers had been raised in the press on a number of occasions but the suggestions were not taken up until 1896. It was then that the subject was taken up in a more formal way. The scheme for a memorial found support. Extracts from the subscription book show that apart from a small number of £5 donations, the majority were small under £1. The Rochdale architect, Edward Sykes was commissioned to produce the memorial.He presented his design to the memorial committee in July 1899. The memorial was made by MESSRS RAWSON, monumental masons of Bury. The memorial was placed in a central position on The Slopes, a recently landscaped area of Broadfield Park, overlooking the Esplanade and opposite the town’s library. It was unveiled in 1900 by Archdeacon Wilson.
En dialecto Cumanagoto “Chakau” significa “Arena”, y hace referencia al suelo del fértil valle que era dominado por el cacique.
Chacao tiene como punto de partida la vida del cacique Chacao: valiente jefe indígena de origen Caribe, temido y respetado por los conquistadores españoles, que controlaba amplias zonas del centro y este de lo que hoy conocemos como el valle de Caracas.
Según cuenta la tradición, Chacao entregó su vida durante un ataque a un campamento de soldados españoles, al rescatar a dos niños indígenas que fueron secuestrados por los conquistadores para provocar la confrontación con el jefe indígena. Durante la batalla, Chacao logra liberar a los pequeños pero cae herido de muerte, acabando así con el último bastión de resistencia indígena en Caracas.
Al fundar la ciudad de Caracas, el 25 de julio de 1567, el conquistador Diego de Losada incluyó en su jurisdicción a esa fértil llanura, que muchos visitantes, como el barón Alejandro Von Humboldt, llegaron a considerar como sitio ideal para la conformación de una ciudad.
El primer asentamiento criollo en la zona se fundó casi un siglo después, debido a la inmigración de damnificados del terremoto de San Bernabé, que dejó a Caracas en ruinas el 11 de junio de 1641.
Con la entrada en vigencia de la reforma de la Ley Orgánica de Régimen Municipal del 15 de junio de 1989, la figura del Distrito Sucre desaparece, naciendo el Municipio Sucre actual, el cual es desmembrado de su parte occidental, creándose así tres nuevos municipios foráneos: Baruta, El Hatillo y Chacao.
"Cape Matapan (Greek: Κάβο Ματαπάς, or Ματαπά in the Maniot dialect), also named as Cape Tainaron (Greek: Ακρωτήριον Ταίναρον), or Cape Tenaro, is situated at the end of the Mani Peninsula, Greece. Cape Matapan is the southernmost point of mainland Greece, and the second southernmost point in mainland Europe. It separates the Messenian Gulf in the west from the Laconian Gulf in the east.
"Cape Matapan has been an important place for thousands of years. The tip of Cape Matapan was the site of the ancient town Tenarus, near which there was (and still is) a cave that Greek legends claim was the home of Hades, the god of the dead. The ancient Spartans built several temples there, dedicated to various gods. On the hill situated above the cave, lie the remnants of an ancient temple dedicated to the sea god Poseidon (Νεκρομαντεῖον Ποσειδῶνος). Under the Byzantine Empire, the temple was converted into a Christian church, and Christian rites are conducted there to this day. Cape Matapan was once the place where mercenaries waited to be employed.
"At Cape Matapan, the Titanic's would-be rescue ship, the SS Californian, was torpedoed and sunk by German forces on 9 November 1915. In March 1941, a major naval battle, the Battle of Cape Matapan, occurred off the coast of Cape Matapan, between the Royal Navy and the Italian Regia Marina, in which the British emerged victorious in a one-sided encounter. The encounter's main result was to drastically reduce future Italian naval activity in the Eastern Mediterranean.
"More recently a lighthouse was constructed, but it is now in disuse."
Source: Wikipedia
2019/05/30 Dabadaba
ABC DIALECT
Antolatzailea: Dabadaba
Laguntzaileak:Donostia Kultura
Argazkilaria: Josu De La Calle
Perth Bridge (also known as Smeaton's Bridge, locally, the Old Bridge and in the local dialect of Scots, "the Auld Brig") is a bridge in the city of Perth, Scotland. It spans the River Tay, connecting Perth, on the western side of the river, to Bridgend, on its eastern side, carrying both automotive and pedestrian traffic of West Bridge Street (the A85). It is a Category A listed structure.
The bridge was completed in October 1771, which places it in the Georgian era; however, its plaque states the year in which construction began 1766. The engineer of its construction was John Smeaton, after whom the bridge is named.
Funded by Thomas Hay, 9th Earl of Kinnoull, the government, and public subscription, the bridge was put to the test three years after its completion. In February 1774, during a quick thaw, broken ice became wedged under the arches and created a natural dam. Large sections of Perth, including both of its Inches, were flooded. The bridge, however, stood firm. It has survived many subsequent floods, and marks documenting these levels are visible on one of its piers.
An increase in traffic resulted in the bridge being widened in 1869 by A.D. Stewart. Its stone parapets were removed, and footpaths projected over iron brackets
Italy. Florence - Firenze.
Orsanmichele (or "Kitchen Garden of St. Michael", from the contraction in Tuscan dialect of the Italian word orto) is a church in the Italian city of Florence. The building was constructed on the site of the kitchen garden of the monastery of San Michele, which is now gone.
Located on the Via Calzaiuoli in Florence, the church was originally built as a grain market in 1337 by Francesco Talenti, Neri di Fioravante, and Benci di Cione. Between 1380 and 1404 it was converted into a church used as the chapel of Florence's powerful craft and trade guilds. On the ground floor of the square building are the 13th-century arches that originally formed the loggia of the grain market. The second floor was devoted to offices, while the third housed one of the city's municipal grain storehouses, maintained to withstand famine or siege. Late in the 14th century, the guilds were charged by the city to commission statues of their patron saints to embellish the facades of the church. The sculptures seen today are copies, the originals having been removed to museums
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orsanmichele
Lots of fresco work and fragments, mostly of Saints and worthies on columns and in the quadrants of the six domes, all by Jacopo dal Casentino.
Took my Mam (Geordie - Northern England Dialect) to the Isle of Skye for her 60th birthday - this is the view from the famous (infamous) Quiraing, while we sat and ate a picnic - I will remember this day (and view) for the rest of my life, as although my Mam hates heights, she persevered along a very narrow treacherous track to ensure she saw this in her lifetime.... this is a magical awe-inspiring place, that I would recommend to anyone who is capable of the (pretty scary and challenging) path to see.
2019/05/30 Dabadaba
HOMESHAKE
Antolatzailea: Dabadaba
Laguntzaileak:Donostia Kultura
Argazkilaria: Josu De La Calle
Vlnenik, from the local dialect word for wool, vlna (standard vuna) A woven and densely pleated wool back apron work as part of the festive summer costume in Timok region of Eastern Serbia. Village Vratarnica near Zaječar. Fell out of use at the turn of the 20th century, so this is late 19th very early 20th century.
Aberdeen Wild Dolphins 2014. One of my faves with some of the local words we like using round these parts!
The Japanese word Gyōza (ギョーザ, ギョウザ) was derived from the reading of 餃子 in the Shandong Chinese dialect (giaozi) and is written using the same Chinese characters.
The most prominent differences of Japanese-style gyōza from Chinese style jiaozi are the rich garlic flavor, which is less noticeable in the Chinese version, and the fact that Japanese gyōza are very lightly flavored with salt, soy, and that the gyōza wrappers are much thinner. They are usually served with soy-based tare sauce seasoned with rice vinegar and/or Rāyu (known as chili oil in English, làyóu (辣油) in China). The most common recipe found is a mixture of minced pork, cabbage, and Nira (Chinese chives), and sesame oil, and/or garlic, and/or ginger, which is then wrapped into thinly-rolled dough skins. In essence, gyōza are a cross between pierogi and egg rolls.
Gyōza can be found in supermarkets and restaurants throughout Japan. Pan-fried Gyōza are sold as a side dish in almost all ramen and Chinese restaurants.
The most popular preparation method is the pan-fried style called Yaki-gyōza (焼き餃子), in which the dumpling is first fried on one flat side, creating a crispy skin. Then, water is added and the pan sealed with a lid, until the upper part of the gyōza is steamed. Other popular methods include boiled Sui-gyōza (水餃子) and deep fried Age-gyōza (揚げ餃子).
Store bought frozen dumplings are often prepared at home by first placing them in a pot of water which is brought to a boil, and then transferring them to a pan with oil to fry the skin.
The Trinkie, (Dialect word for trench.) A tidal swimming pool just south of Wick in Caithness Scotland. This is the open day.
The famous Dorset poet wrote in his native dialect. He stands proud in stone outside this fine church in Dorchester. Camera: Contax G2.
Italy. Florence - Firenze.
Orsanmichele (or "Kitchen Garden of St. Michael", from the contraction in Tuscan dialect of the Italian word orto) is a church in the Italian city of Florence. The building was constructed on the site of the kitchen garden of the monastery of San Michele, which is now gone.
Located on the Via Calzaiuoli in Florence, the church was originally built as a grain market in 1337 by Francesco Talenti, Neri di Fioravante, and Benci di Cione. Between 1380 and 1404 it was converted into a church used as the chapel of Florence's powerful craft and trade guilds. On the ground floor of the square building are the 13th-century arches that originally formed the loggia of the grain market. The second floor was devoted to offices, while the third housed one of the city's municipal grain storehouses, maintained to withstand famine or siege. Late in the 14th century, the guilds were charged by the city to commission statues of their patron saints to embellish the facades of the church. The sculptures seen today are copies, the originals having been removed to museums
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orsanmichele
Lots of fresco work and fragments, mostly of Saints and worthies on columns and in the quadrants of the six domes, all by Jacopo dal Casentino.
Italy. Florence - Firenze.
Orsanmichele (or "Kitchen Garden of St. Michael", from the contraction in Tuscan dialect of the Italian word orto) is a church in the Italian city of Florence. The building was constructed on the site of the kitchen garden of the monastery of San Michele, which is now gone.
Located on the Via Calzaiuoli in Florence, the church was originally built as a grain market in 1337 by Francesco Talenti, Neri di Fioravante, and Benci di Cione. Between 1380 and 1404 it was converted into a church used as the chapel of Florence's powerful craft and trade guilds. On the ground floor of the square building are the 13th-century arches that originally formed the loggia of the grain market. The second floor was devoted to offices, while the third housed one of the city's municipal grain storehouses, maintained to withstand famine or siege. Late in the 14th century, the guilds were charged by the city to commission statues of their patron saints to embellish the facades of the church. The sculptures seen today are copies, the originals having been removed to museums
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orsanmichele
The Società Dantesca Italiana officially came into existence in Florence on July 31st. 1888 in the "Sala di Leone X" in Palazzo Vecchio, where its founding statute was approved and where Pietro Torrigiani, the mayor of Florence, was nominated provisional (and subsequently honorary) President.
In 1904, came the purchase of the Palagio dell’Arte della Lana, a building which is architecturally linked to the national monument of Orsanmichele. In the Palagio the public and scholarly activities of the Society have taken place and they still do so.
Chulachomklao of Siam Pāḷi Tipiṭaka, B.E.2436 (1893)
The errata
"Pāḷi" is an old Indian dialect of the mass, spoken in the Indian Subcontinent over 3,000 years ago. During the lifetime of the Buddha, Pāḷi was the Dhamma-language of the Buddhist teaching and thus finally became the written medium of Buddhist scripture, the Tipiṭaka.
During an early period, Pāḷi Tipiṭaka was committed to memory and was propagated by Theravāda Buddhist monks orally from generation to generation. It was first written on palm leave some 400 years after the demise of Buddha or in the first century BC.
The first written Pāḷi Tipiṭaka took place in old Sri Lanka when the entire Tipiṭaka was inscribed on palm leaves --in Sinhalese script-- for the first time. Consequently, the Tipiṭaka on palm leave was the conventional depository of the Buddhist Theravāda scripture for over 2000 years.
In 1893, King Chulalongkorn Chulalongkorn of Siam revolutionised the traditional Buddhist depository convention --the King published the Tipiṭaka in Book-form for the first time. In stead of inscribing the sacred Pāḷi texts by hand in old Khmer script, the King ordered a new edition, totaling 39 volumes, to be printed in modern-typeface of the Siam script.
With the efficiency of printing technology of the day, such as, Western printing machinery and local book-binding in Bangkok, these newly edited Siam-script Tipiṭakas were sent as royal gifts to 260 institutes across five continents in 1896.
in 2007 Dhamma Society completed the digital preservation project of this historic set and published the digital preservation edition in 40 volumes, entitled Chulachomklao Pāḷi Tipiṭaka : A Digital Preservation Edition 2008. A version with English introduction will appear in 2009. See detail at : www.tipitakahall.net
Digital Archives from the Dhamma Society's World Tipiṭaka Project in Roman Script, 1999-2007.
Tipitaka International Council B.E.2500 (1956)
World Tipitaka Edition in Roman Scrip 1956-2005
Tipitaka Studies Reference 2007
พระไตรปิฎกปาฬิ "ฉบับจุลจอมเกล้าบรมธัมมิกมหาราช ร.ศ.112 อักษรสยาม" ชุด 39 เล่ม จัดพิมพ์โดยพระบาทสมเด็จพระจุลจอมเกล้าเจ้าอยู่หัว ในปี พ.ศ. 2436 โดยใช้เวลาดำเนินการปริวรรตจากอักษรขอมและเปลี่ยนเป็นการจัดพิมพ์ด้วยเครื่องพิมพ์บทกระดาษ เป็นฉบับพิมพ์ชุดแรกของโลก
พระไตรปิฎก จปร. อักษรสยาม ได้มีการพระราชทานไปทั่วกรุงสยามและในประเทศต่างๆ ใน 5 ทวีป ทั่วโลก นับเป็นพระธัมมทานที่สำคัญยิ่งในประวัติศาสตร์พระพุทธศาสนาเถรวาท ดังเช่นที่พระเจ้าอโศกบรมธัมมิกมหาราชได้ทรงทำการสังคายานาพระไตรปิฎกในชมพูทวีปและได้ส่งพระธัมมทูตไปเผยแผ่จำนวน 9 สายในอดีต
Arles, Bouches-du-Rhône (France).
CASTELLANO
El río Ródano (en francés Rhône; en occitano: Ròse; Roine; en arpitano: Rôno; en alemán dialectal: Rotten) es un río de Suiza y Francia, que nace en el macizo de Furkapass (2.108 m) en los Alpes Lepontinos, (Suiza). En su curso alto corre entre los Alpes berneses al norte y los Alpes valesanos al sur, con dirección NE a SE-E y penetra en el lago Lemán. Después de salir del lago, comienza su curso medio recorriendo las estribaciones occidentales de los Alpes, gira su rumbo al confluir con el Saona, su principal afluente, y toma dirección sur pasando finalmente a través de la llanura de Languedoc y desemboca en el mar Mediterráneo en el golfo del Leon (en francés Golfe du Lion), donde forma un extenso delta.
En su curso se encuentran las ciudades de Ginebra, Lyon, Valence, Aviñón y Arlés.
Más info: es.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%B3dano
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ENGLISH
The Rhone (French: Rhône, IPA: [ʁon]; German: Rhone; Walliser German: Rotten; Italian: Rodano; Arpitan: Rôno; Occitan: Ròse) is one of the major rivers of Europe, rising in Switzerland and running from there through southeastern France. At Arles, near its mouth on the Mediterranean Sea, the river divides into two branches, known as the Great Rhone (French: Grand Rhône) and the Little Rhone (Petit Rhône). The resulting delta constitutes the Camargue region.
In French, the adjective derived from the river is rhodanien, as in le sillon rhodanien (literally "the furrow of the Rhone"), which is the name of the long, straight Saône and Rhone river valleys, a deep cleft running due south to the Mediterranean and separating the Alps from the Massif Central.
More info: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhone
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La reflexión: www.santimb.com/2011/12/le-rhone.html
Blaj (Romanian pronunciation: [blaʒ]; archaically spelled as Blaş, Hungarian: Balázsfalva; German: Blasendorf; Transylvanian Saxon dialect: Blußendref) is a city in Alba County, Transylvania. It has a population of 20,758 inhabitants.
Blaj is first mentioned in 1271 as Villa Herbordi, after the deed of a Count Herbod. In 1313, the domain passed to Herbod's son Blasius Cserei. Started as a hamlet for the twenty families of servants of the noble's court, it was awarded town status on May 19, 1737.
Blaj is the principal religious and cultural center of Greek Catholics in Transylvania. The Greek Catholic Church originates from the 17th century, when Transylvania was conquered by the Habsburgs.
The first public school in Romanian language was established in Blaj in 1754. Blaj was the first place to have Romanian written with Latin alphabet instead of Cyrillic in which it had traditionally been written. Blaj was also a center for the Romanian Age of Enlightenment, being the founding site of the “Şcoala Ardeleană” society that promoted the Roman cultural heritage of the Romanians. Thus Blaj gained the nickname "The Little Rome".
The “Field of Liberty” (Romanian: Câmpia Libertǎţii) in Blaj is the symbol of Romanians’ fight for national rights. It was the place where two national assemblies of the Romanian inhabitants of Transylvania where held during the 1848 Revolution.
During the communist reign, the Greek Catholic Church was banned while priests and believers were subject to persecutions.
The “0” Kilometer Milestone is a symbol of Blaj as craddle of history.
Sources/Read More:
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanian_Church_United_with_Rome,_G...
"Cape Matapan (Greek: Κάβο Ματαπάς, or Ματαπά in the Maniot dialect), also named as Cape Tainaron (Greek: Ακρωτήριον Ταίναρον), or Cape Tenaro, is situated at the end of the Mani Peninsula, Greece. Cape Matapan is the southernmost point of mainland Greece, and the second southernmost point in mainland Europe. It separates the Messenian Gulf in the west from the Laconian Gulf in the east.
"Cape Matapan has been an important place for thousands of years. The tip of Cape Matapan was the site of the ancient town Tenarus, near which there was (and still is) a cave that Greek legends claim was the home of Hades, the god of the dead. The ancient Spartans built several temples there, dedicated to various gods. On the hill situated above the cave, lie the remnants of an ancient temple dedicated to the sea god Poseidon (Νεκρομαντεῖον Ποσειδῶνος). Under the Byzantine Empire, the temple was converted into a Christian church, and Christian rites are conducted there to this day. Cape Matapan was once the place where mercenaries waited to be employed.
"At Cape Matapan, the Titanic's would-be rescue ship, the SS Californian, was torpedoed and sunk by German forces on 9 November 1915. In March 1941, a major naval battle, the Battle of Cape Matapan, occurred off the coast of Cape Matapan, between the Royal Navy and the Italian Regia Marina, in which the British emerged victorious in a one-sided encounter. The encounter's main result was to drastically reduce future Italian naval activity in the Eastern Mediterranean.
"More recently a lighthouse was constructed, but it is now in disuse."
Source: Wikipedia
The dialect name for pineapple sounds like 'fortune comes'. These are ornamental pineapples. Only a fraction of the size of supermarket variety. My mother has a few pots in her balcony.
Laveno-Mombello ( Lavén Mumbèl in Varese dialect) is an Italian municipality of 8,405 inhabitants in the province of Varese in Lombardy . The municipality, located on the shores of Lake Maggiore , was born in 1927 from the merger of the municipalities of Laveno, Mombello on Lake Maggiore, Cerro on Lake Maggiore .
It borders to the north-east with Castelveccana , to the east with Cittiglio , to the south-east with Caravate , to the south with Leggiuno and Sangiano , and to the west with Lake Maggiore and therefore Piedmont .
It is one of the largest ports of call on the lake: in addition to the tourist port, there is a landing stage from which ferries carrying cars leave all year round for Verbania - Intra .
The center of the town is located in a large natural inlet, facing Verbania-Intra. At the northern and southern ends of the gulf there are two forts. On the north hill is Garibaldi's fort, surrounded by a park.
To the east, just above the town, is the imposing Sasso del Ferro mountain . By means of a basket lift you reach the top of the mountain, from which you can enjoy a panorama that sweeps over the lake and the pre-Alps, up to Milan .
History
In the municipality there are traces of historical settlements dating back to antiquity: in Mombello , in fact, there are traces of stilt houses dating back to 3000 BC
The name Laveno derives from that of the Roman commander Titus Labieno , who had his camp here and who had a clash with the Gauls on the Mombello hill ; from here also comes the name Mombello, "hill of battle", in Latin mons belli .
In medieval times it was a village inhabited by fishermen. The most important noble families linked to Laveno were the Visconti and the Borromeo , to whom the territory was enfeoffed, the Tinelli di Gorla, the Guilizzoni counts and the Sessa de Ceresolo , masters of the Ceresolo in Cerro hamlet. From the nineteenth century onwards it hosted the famous ceramic factories, among the largest in Europe. The factories, now closed, have nevertheless given rise to a ceramic museum, one of the most interesting museums in the city.
The municipality of Laveno-Mombello was created in 1927 by the merger of the municipalities of Cerro Lago Maggiore , Laveno and Mombello Lago Maggiore.
Symbols
The coat of arms and banner were granted by royal decree of 22 May 1933.
« Truncated : at the first in gold, at the eagle in black, with lowered flight, crowned with the same, resting on a capital, holding a bundle of lightning in its claws, loaded in the heart with a silver shield, with a crown of old-fashioned gold and surmounted by a silver star (Laveno); to the second in red, to the golden eagle, crowned with the same (Mombello). External ornaments from the Municipality.»
The banner is a blue cloth richly decorated with silver embroidery and bearing the municipal coat of arms with the inscription centered in silver: "MUNICIPALITY OF LAVENO MOMBELLO".
Monuments and places of interest
Religious architecture
The church of S. Maria in Ca' Deserta in Laveno: of remote origin, it is mentioned in a document from 1081 in which it appears to have been donated to the monastery of Cluny, together with some land. In ancient times it was dedicated, in addition to Santa Maria, also to Saints Michael and Peter. It was erected as a parish , detaching itself from the Pieve di Leggiuno , perhaps already between the 12th and 13th centuries, but in any case by the 15th century. Following the transfer of the parish title, in the 17th century, to the more central church of San Giacomo, it was progressively abandoned. Completely rebuilt in 1756 based on a design by the architect Gioachino Besozzi , it was flanked in the 19th century by the municipal cemetery. On the facade, on the sides of the entrance, there are two frescoed lunettes: the one on the right dates back to the seventeenth century and depicts Saint John the Evangelist; the one on the left, representing the Virgin, is of fourteenth-fifteenth century style and could probably belong to the ancient Romanesque church. The interior, with a single nave, stands out for the beauty and refinement of the decorations. The main altar preserves the statue of the Assumption, to which the church is dedicated; the side altars are dedicated respectively to Saint John the Baptist and the Holy Crucifix. In the churchyard in front of the church there are the aedicules of the Via Crucis which house ceramic tiles by the artist Oreste Quattrini (1990). The church serves exclusively as a cemetery.
The provost church of Saints Philip and James in Laveno (Old Church): the first information about the parish church of Laveno dates back to 1315. Originally dedicated to Saint James and, perhaps, to Saint John, it was initially a simple chapel . For convenience, as it was central to the village, it was erected as a parish at the behest of San Carlo Borromeo, but in fact there is no precise information regarding the transfer of the parish title from the church of Santa Maria to San Giacomo. The parish title appears for the first time only in 1671. The current building, dedicated to the Holy Apostles Philip and James, is the result of a series of expansions, the most important carried out in 1832 with the addition of the side nave dedicated to the Sacred Heart , on the site of the ancient oratory of the confraternity of the Blessed Sacrament. The church therefore has an asymmetrical plan, with two naves in sober neoclassical style. Inside, the organ created by the Varese native Eugenio Biroldi in 1825 and restored by the Mascioni organ house in 1986 is of great value. It is often valorised through concerts, including those of an international level, having been included for three consecutive years in the prestigious review of the Settimane Musicali of Stresa and Lake Maggiore . The church also preserves a seventeenth-century wooden statue dedicated to the Madonna del Transito and the vault frescoes created in 1907. The main altar has a beautiful wooden frontal at the base and the imposing neoclassical temple with columns with the statue of Saint John the Baptist at the top . She was elevated to the rank of provost in 1969. The ancient exposed stone bell tower, symbol of Laveno, raised in 1898 and equipped with a neo-Romanesque style belfry and conical spire, is about thirty meters high. The remarkable concert of five bells in low C was cast in 1954 by the Capanni foundry in Castelnovo ne' Monti (RE) after the removal for war reasons of the old nineteenth-century bronzes from the Mazzola foundry in Valduggia , in Valsesia .
The church of Sant'Ambrogio a Laveno (Chiesa Nuova): with its imposing size, it characterizes the panorama of the lakeside town. It was built between 1933 and 1940 based on a design by the architect Paolo Mezzanotte , but was actually completed in the sixties . Consecrated by Cardinal Ildefonso Schuster on 6 June 1940, it has a grandiose Greek cross interior with a central dome. The frescoes are by Innocente Salvini (1961), the external terracotta sculptures by Egidio Casarotti (1962).
The church of the Immaculate Conception : located near the parish church of Laveno, it dates back to 1728 and was commissioned by the noble Ferdinando Tinelli. Restored in 1980, it has a small centrally planned interior. The main altar is made of masonry, with an eighteenth-century frontal. The wooden altarpiece, shaped like a drape, contains an eighteenth-century canvas with the image of the Virgin. A crucifix is placed on the triumphal arch. Above the entrance there is a choir without an organ .
The oratory of S. Rocco : located in the historic center of Laveno, next to Villa Tinelli, it constitutes the private chapel. Dating back to the 18th century, it is a small building with an unusual octagonal plan.
The parish church of Santa Maria Ausiliatrice in the Ponte di Laveno hamlet, dating back to 1930.
The parish church of the Invention of Santo Stefano in Mombello: the church is of Romanesque origin, as attested by the descriptions of the pastoral visits of San Carlo and the stones at the base of the bell tower. It was a building with three naves of the basilica type with three frescoed apses , wider than long, in whose left nave was inserted the shaft of the current bell tower, significantly modified later. The church was rebuilt with a single nave in 1600 as attested by a plaque inside it, when it detached itself from the Leggiuno matrix and became a parish church. In 1913 it was extended towards the square and equipped with its current imposing façade , the work of Paolo Besozzi. The spacious interior preserves a splendid apse entirely frescoed in around 1612 by Giovanni Battista De Advocatis , the same one who created the frescoes in the sanctuary of Santa Caterina del Sasso. Also noteworthy is the seventeenth-century golden wooden altar, renovated at the beginning of the twentieth century. Other notable works are the Rosary Chapel, with a very spectacular baroque apparatus, the 1874 organ by the Varese brothers Pietro and Lorenzo Bernasconi and the ceramic tiles of the baptistery created by the Mombellese artist Albino Reggiori in 2003. The bell tower is equipped of five bells in E flat, cast in 1948 by the Bianchi foundry in Varese .
The oratory of Santa Maria di Corte in Mombello: mentioned in the 13th century, it is a small church dedicated to the Purification of the Virgin Mary, set in a very interesting urban context. Inside, completely restored, there is a 16th century fresco.
The oratory of San Michele : small building located at the highest point of Mombello, near the Rocca hamlet. It was rebuilt in the eighteenth century on the area of an older oratory in a state of abandonment.
The church of Saints Nazario, Celso and Defendente in Ceresolo: this is probably the oldest religious site in the municipality, certainly before 1000. The small church, formerly the parish church of Cerro and Ceresolo, was rebuilt around the 16th century. The beautiful Romanesque stone bell tower with mullioned windows survives.
The church of the Beata Vergine del Pianto in Cerro : the current parish church is the backdrop to the small square of the small lakeside village with its simple facade and the slender bell tower with the particular brick belfry. Renovated in the mid-nineteenth century, it has a small nave decorated with twentieth-century stuccoes and frescoes by the painter Orlando Tommasi .
Other places of interest
the Villa De Angeli-Frua : nestled in the eighteenth-century urban fabric of Laveno, overlooking the Gulf, is the current municipal headquarters.
The Ex Palazzo Comunale : imposing corner building right in front of the lake, located in Piazza Italia. It was built in 1878 based on designs by the architect Marco Porta , expanding the old Austrian arsenal. Today it houses some municipal offices and commercial activities under its arcades.
The Palazzo del Bostano in Mombello: it is a sixteenth-century former convent that belonged to the humiliated . It was later also used as a brewery.
The Guilizzoni-Perabò Palace in Cerro : the imposing frontispiece of the palace dominates the Cerro lakefront. The internal courtyard is surrounded by the beautiful loggia. It is home to the International Museum of Ceramic Design (MIDC).
Poggio Sant'Elsa : is a town located behind Laveno, on the slopes of Monte Sasso del Ferro , at an altitude of 974 m above sea level. It can be reached via a cableway and from the arrival terrace of the cable car you can enjoy a wide panorama of Lake Maggiore, Monte Rosa and the Alps, up to the plain.
Villa Fumagalli , in via Labiena, built in 1935 by Piero Portaluppi
Villa Bassani , an early twentieth century work by the architect Giuseppe Sommaruga .
San Michele barracks , part of the system of Austrian fortifications built in 1854 to defend the border with the Savoy state. It was the headquarters of the Italian Ceramics Society until 1898, then again a barracks (1915-1918) and a sailing centre. It is currently the headquarters of the Italian Naval League .
Headquarters of the Italian Ceramics Society , Via Buozzi 1, designed by Piero Portaluppi (1925), currently awaiting redevelopment.
Natural areas
The Sentiero del Verbano begins from Laveno , which constitutes the first realization of the Vie Verdi dei Laghi project and led to the definition of a path that links the municipalities of Sesto Calende and Laveno-Mombello passing through Taino , Angera , Ranco , Ispra , Brebbia , Besozzo , Monvalle and Leggiuno . This path is identified with the acronym VB on all vertical signs. The Verbano path has a total length of 49.6 km. Already from the first meters of the path, on the lakeside near the pier, it is possible to admire a spectacular panorama facing the opposite shore of the lake: clearly visible are Mottarone, Piancavallo and the Monte Rosa group. Leaving the town centre, the path climbs up Mount Brianza from which it is possible to appreciate a view from above of Laveno-Mombello which, as demonstrated by the morphology of its coasts, constitutes a natural port of rare beauty. After crossing the hamlet of Chiso you enter a wooded area where you can see, in addition to centuries-old chestnut trees, also sections of old dry stone walls, evidence of a certain symbiosis between the local inhabitants of the past and their territory. The path continues towards Cerro, a small town once linked to fishing activities on the lake. At Palazzo Perabò it is possible to visit the Civic Earthenware Collection. It is a museum dedicated to ceramics, one of the oldest and most characteristic manufacturing productions of Laveno-Mombello. Moving away from the coast, just outside the town centre, we enter what is one of the most naturalistically interesting areas of the entire Laveno area: the peat bog.
Furthermore, the Santa Caterina ring extends from Laveno, in the coastal strip between Laveno and Monvalle, involving what can be considered the historical-architectural jewel of the province of Varese: the Hermitage of Santa Caterina del Sasso located in the municipality of Leggiuno . In addition to it you have the opportunity to admire the small nucleus of Cerro with its panoramic lakefront and the Ceramics Museum. All the sites of great interest interspersed with panoramic windows among the most beautiful in the whole of Verbano. The path can be closed in a loop along part of the Verbano Ridge which leads back to Laveno-Mombello.
Culture
Library
Housed in the Villa De Angeli-Frua, with its over 50,000 volumes it is one of the largest in the province of Varese .
MIDeC – International Ceramic Design Museum
Property of the Municipality of Laveno Mombello, it was founded in 1971 and is open to the public in the sixteenth-century Palazzo Perabò in Cerro di Laveno. It collects the production of the Società Ceramica Italiana factory since its foundation.
Anthropic geography
According to the municipal statute , the territory of Laveno-Mombello includes the hamlets of Laveno, Mombello , Cerro and Ponte.
Economy
Laveno was a famous center for the production of ceramics in the 19th and 20th centuries , since 1856, when Carnelli, Caspani and Revelli, former employees of the Richard ceramic factory in Milan, founded the CCR ceramic company which later became known as Società Ceramica Italiana , in the sheds of a former glass factory, in the San Michele area. Merged into the Richard-Ginori group , the major factories closed their business in the nineties. There is a museum on the history of ceramics located on the lakeside, in the hamlet of Cerro.
Currently the Laveno industry has developed in the field of paper mills.
The industrial area of Laveno today hosts several small and medium-sized companies in the manufacturing and metalworking sectors. The economy is based heavily on tourist activities, especially in the summer season; Every year, the Lavenese Ferragosto attracts several thousand people to the Lungo Lago who come to watch the fireworks display.
Infrastructure and transport
Roads
The municipality is crossed by the following roads:
State road 394 of Eastern Verbano .
SP ex SS 394 towards Eastern Verbano: Cittiglio - Laveno-Mombello
SP 32 of the Two Parishes (Laveno-Mombello - Travedona Monate)
SP 69 of Santa Caterina (Sesto Calende - Luino)
Urban mobility
Interurban transport in Laveno-Mombello is carried out with scheduled bus services guaranteed by Autolinee Varesine on behalf of the Insubria Public Transport Consortium .
Railways
In Laveno there are two railway stations:
Laveno-Mombello FS : managed by RFI .
Laveno-Mombello FN : managed by Ferrovienord , it is the terminus of the line to Saronno .
Lake navigation
Near the station managed by Ferrovienord, there is the landing stage where the navigation lines of Lake Maggiore land .
Administration
The municipality is part of the Regio Insubrica working community, a cross-border cooperation body that federates some provinces of Lombardy and Piedmont and the Swiss Canton of Ticino [
Lake Maggiore or Verbano ( Lagh Magior in Lombard and Piedmontese ) is a pre-Alpine lake of fluvioglacial origin in the Italian geographical region . Its shores are shared between Switzerland ( Canton Ticino ) and Italy (provinces of Verbano-Cusio-Ossola and Novara , in Piedmont , and Varese , in Lombardy ).
The name Maggiore derives from the fact that it is the largest of the lakes in the area, but among the Italian lakes it is the second in surface area after Lake Garda (as well as the second in depth after Lake Como ). In the past it was joined to Lake Mergozzo , from which it was separated due to the formation of the Fondotoce Plain .
Lake Maggiore is located at a height of approximately 193 meters above sea level . Its surface area is 212 km² , most of which, approximately 80%, is in Italian territory. It has a perimeter of 170 km and a length of 64.37 km (the largest among Italian lakes); the maximum width is 10 km and the average width is 3.9 km. The volume of water contained is equal to 37.5 billion m³ with a theoretical replacement time of approximately 4 years. The hydrographic basin is approximately 6,598 km² of which 3,229 are in Italian territory and 3,369 in Swiss territory (the ratio between the surface area of the basin and that of the lake is 31.1). The maximum altitude of the catchment basin is Punta Dufour in the Monte Rosa massif (4,633 m above sea level), while the average altitude is 1,270 m above sea level. The basin is characterized by the existence of around thirty artificial reservoirs with a collection of approximately 600 million of m³ of water which, if released simultaneously, would raise the lake level by approximately 2.5 m. The maximum depth is approximately 370 m (in the cryptodepression between Ghiffa and Porto Valtravaglia ) which is therefore 177 m below sea level.
The major tributaries are the Ticino , the Maggia , the Toce (which receives the waters of the Strona torrent and therefore of Lake Orta ) and the Tresa (in turn an emissary of Lake Lugano and fed by the Margorabbia ). The major tributaries have a different flow pattern, while Ticino and Toce, which have a catchment basin at high altitudes, reach a maximum flow in the period between May and October coinciding with the melting of snow and glaciers ; the other tributaries have a trend strongly influenced by rainfall . Minor tributaries are the Verzasca , Cannobino , San Bernardino , San Giovanni , Giona and Boesio streams . The only emissary is the Ticino which flows from the lake to Sesto Calende .
Envoys
Bardello
Boesio
Mergozzo Canal
Cannobino
Erno
Fraud of Caldè
Fraud of Porto Valtravaglia
Jonah
Maggia
Molinera
Monvallina
Riale Corto
Riale del Molino
Riale del Roddo
Riale di Casere
Rio Ballona
Rio Colmegnino (or Rio di Colmegna)
Rio Colorio
Rio dell'Asino
Rio Molinetto
Rio Valmara
Rone
San Bernardino
Saint John
San Giovanni di Bedero
Thick Forest
Stronetta
Tiasca
Ticino
Toce
Aquanegra stream
Tresa
Trigo
Versella or Varesella
Verzasca
Vevera
Geology
The origin of Lake Maggiore is partly glacial, as evidenced by the layout of the hills formed by moraine deposits of a glacial nature, but it is ascertained that the glacial excavation took place on a pre-existing river valley, the profile of the lake in fact has the typical V shape of river valleys.
Baveno pink granite was widely used as a building material in the past . Furthermore, the ancient construction uses of Angera stone are known (used for example in classical antiquity and in the medieval period), while the Caldè limestone quarries provided for many centuries the raw material for the lime with which high-rise buildings were built. Lombardy and Piedmont: thanks to the ease of transport by boat, first on the lake, then on the Milanese canals
Lake Maggiore is characterized by cold winters, but milder than inland, and moderately snowy (with average accumulations of 10 cm for each snowfall and sometimes even higher than 30 cm up to a maximum of 50 cm), summers are moderately hot, humid and stormy, the average temperature in January is around 2 degrees centigrade, with peaks of 3 degrees on the northern side of the Borromean Gulf (due to the extensive exposure to the sun), night temperatures can drop below 0, up to -10, but very rarely go below this value. In summer the average temperatures are around 22 degrees centigrade, with daytime peaks rarely exceeding 32 degrees. Proceeding towards the internal valleys the temperatures gradually become more rigid. The area is very rainy and sometimes, especially in intermediate seasons, floods can occur. The temperature of the surface waters (up to 2 meters deep) of the lake reach winter peaks of 5-6 degrees, while in summer they reach an average of 22-24 degrees.
Some statistics on Lake Maggiore . It should be noted that during lean periods the water level between Locarno and Sesto Calende can vary by 1 cm, while during floods up to 30 cm
Like all pre-Alpine lakes, Lake Maggiore is crossed, especially in the summer, by two types of prevailing winds, one which blows in the morning from the mountains towards the plain (called moscendrino as it comes from the Monte Ceneri Pass , sometimes tramontana ) and a small breeze that blows from the plain to the mountains especially during the afternoon (called inverna ). These constant winds make the pre-Alpine lakes an excellent field for practicing sports that use the wind, such as sailing and windsurfing . Lake Maggiore has some particular points, especially in the upper part, where the mountains squeeze together to form a narrow valley in which these winds blow very strongly.
Then there are other winds typical of this lake such as the winter wind , which blows from the south-west and generally brings storms, the major one , which comes from the north-east and is very dangerous as it agitates the lake a lot, the valmaggine which blows slightly from the valleys behind Locarno , the mergozzo , which blows especially at night, from the north-west
In Lake Maggiore there are many large, small or tiny islands , divided between 8 in Piedmont, 2 in Switzerland and 2 in Lombardy, for a total of 12.
Borromean Islands
Beautiful island
Isola Madre
Isola dei Pescatori (or Isola Superiore or Isola Superiore dei Pescatori)
Islet of San Giovanni
Malghera islet (or rock).
Brissago Islands
San Pancrazio Island (or Big Island)
Island of Sant'Apollinare (or Isolino)
Castles of Cannero
Isolino Partegora
Sasso Galletto
Between Stresa and Verbania there is the Borromean archipelago: Isola Madre (the largest in the lake basin), Isola Bella and Isola Superiore dei Pescatori (also known more simply as Isola dei Pescatori or Isola Superiore)
Opposite the Swiss town of Ronco sopra Ascona are the two islands of Brissago, the larger of which hosts a botanical garden.
In front of the coast of Cannero Riviera there are the three emerged rocks called Castelli di Cannero: the major rock, totally occupied today by the Vitaliana war artefact, a fortress commissioned by Count Ludovico Borromeo starting from 1518, the minor rock, on which the ruins of the so-called "prisons" stand, but in fact a small advanced tower with a falconette gunboat garrisoning the southern canal port, and finally the little rock (towards Maccagno ) of the "Melgonaro", on which only a stunted but tenacious plant grows fascinated poets and engravers such as Piero Chiara , Marco Costantini , Carlo Rapp .
Finally, we must mention the small island of San Giovanni in front of Verbania (famous because it was the residence of the orchestra director Arturo Toscanini in the seventeenth-century Palazzo Borromeo for many years ), the small island of La Malghera also known as Isola delle Bambole , among 'Isola Bella and that of the Fishermen and therefore the Isolino Partegora in the small gulf of Angera .
History:
The finds and evidence found tell us that following the actual creation of the lake, with the complete retreat of the ice, the surrounding area was inhabited by nomadic groups , who used the territory mainly as a place for hunting and supplies.
In the Chalcolithic historical period, the first residential areas were built in the immediate vicinity of the lake and from that moment there was a slow consolidation of sedentary groups .
On the shores of the lake, the Golasecca culture developed between the 9th and 4th centuries BC , a Celtic -speaking Iron Age civilization . The Golasecchians advanced as far as some areas of present-day Lombardy , only to be pushed back again to their western borders by the descent of the Celts into the Italian peninsula , probably the population of the Taurine Gauls .
The Gauls therefore had supremacy over the lake territory until the advance of the Romans who turned the Piedmont and Lombard areas back into provinces of the empire . The " Verbanus Lacus " (name given to it by the Romans, from which the nomenclature Lake Verbano will probably derive ) or " Lacus Maximus " (another name even attributed to it by Virgil ) will remain firmly in the hands of the Roman Empire . In Roman times, navigation along the lake experienced particular development, so much so that ships could descend the Ticino and thus reach Pavia , from where they could reach, thanks to the Po , as far as the Adriatic Sea . It is no coincidence that the excavations of the Angera settlement have brought to light finds that show strong connections between the lake and the upper Adriatic. This shipping line experienced particular development during the early Middle Ages , when Pavia was the capital of the Lombard kingdom first and then of the kingdom of Italy.
To arrive at a period of rebirth of the cities on the lake we had to wait until the Middle Ages , which led to the creation of villages, castles and in general a very different example of the physiognomy of inhabited places.
In this period the area around the lake, as well as numerous territories in the surroundings of Milan , passed into the hands of various families such as the Della Torre , the Visconti , the ruling house of the Habsburgs from 1713 and in particular the Borromeo family , which had enormous influence for many years on Lake Maggiore, starting from the acquisition of the fiefdom of Arona in 1445. Another very illustrious lineage that had a great influence in the medieval era is that of the Marquises Morigi or Moriggia, who received numerous territories from the Viscontis such as the degagne of San Maurizio and San Martino, the Valtravaglia which were nicknamed "Morigie lands". Over the centuries the families of Borromeo and Morigi fought bitterly for hegemony over these lands. The Borromeo themselves also had, between 1523 and 1524, actual armed clashes against Francesco II Sforza who on several occasions sent troops and armed ships against the Borromeo fortresses located on the islands of Cannero . Other noble families linked to the territory since the Middle Ages were the Besozzi , the Sessa , the Luini and the Capitanei of Locarno.
Starting from the 14th century, navigation along the lake was also exploited to transport the heavy blocks of marble coming from Candoglia and other quarries located in the surroundings of the lake towards the two main Lombard construction sites of the Middle Ages and the Renaissance: the cathedral of Milan and the Charterhouse of Pavia
Galinoporni (Greek: Γαληνόπορνη; Turkish: Kaleburnu) is a village in Cyprus, located on the southern side of the Karpas Peninsula. Galinoporni is under the de facto control of Northern Cyprus. As of 2011, it had a population of 333.
The village has always been exclusively populated by Turkish Cypriots. It has a permanent population but is also inhabited in the summer months by villagers who emigrated to the United Kingdom as a result of the Cyprus Dispute.Cypriot Turkish is the most commonly spoken dialect, though most elderly inhabitants can speak and understand both Turkish and Greek, with some speaking Greek as a first language.
The surroundings of the village host two Bronze Age sites: in Kraltepe the remains of a palace have been excavated, whose dwellers had trade contacts with the eastern coast of the Mediterranean sea around 1200 BC.[5] In Nitovikla there is a fortress dating back to 1500 BC, whose citadel has been erected in the style of the Hittitian fortress of Hattusa in Anatolia. Moreover, in Avtepe there is an important group of caves.
Northern Cyprus, officially the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus (TRNC), is a de facto state that comprises the northeastern portion of the island of Cyprus. It is recognised only by Turkey, and its territory is considered by all other states to be part of the Republic of Cyprus.
Northern Cyprus extends from the tip of the Karpass Peninsula in the northeast to Morphou Bay, Cape Kormakitis and its westernmost point, the Kokkina exclave in the west. Its southernmost point is the village of Louroujina. A buffer zone under the control of the United Nations stretches between Northern Cyprus and the rest of the island and divides Nicosia, the island's largest city and capital of both sides.
A coup d'état in 1974, performed as part of an attempt to annex the island to Greece, prompted the Turkish invasion of Cyprus. This resulted in the eviction of much of the north's Greek Cypriot population, the flight of Turkish Cypriots from the south, and the partitioning of the island, leading to a unilateral declaration of independence by the north in 1983. Due to its lack of recognition, Northern Cyprus is heavily dependent on Turkey for economic, political and military support.
Attempts to reach a solution to the Cyprus dispute have been unsuccessful. The Turkish Army maintains a large force in Northern Cyprus with the support and approval of the TRNC government, while the Republic of Cyprus, the European Union as a whole, and the international community regard it as an occupation force. This military presence has been denounced in several United Nations Security Council resolutions.
Northern Cyprus is a semi-presidential, democratic republic with a cultural heritage incorporating various influences and an economy that is dominated by the services sector. The economy has seen growth through the 2000s and 2010s, with the GNP per capita more than tripling in the 2000s, but is held back by an international embargo due to the official closure of the ports in Northern Cyprus by the Republic of Cyprus. The official language is Turkish, with a distinct local dialect being spoken. The vast majority of the population consists of Sunni Muslims, while religious attitudes are mostly moderate and secular. Northern Cyprus is an observer state of ECO and OIC under the name "Turkish Cypriot State", PACE under the name "Turkish Cypriot Community", and Organization of Turkic States with its own name.
Several distinct periods of Cypriot intercommunal violence involving the two main ethnic communities, Greek Cypriots and Turkish Cypriots, marked mid-20th century Cyprus. These included the Cyprus Emergency of 1955–59 during British rule, the post-independence Cyprus crisis of 1963–64, and the Cyprus crisis of 1967. Hostilities culminated in the 1974 de facto division of the island along the Green Line following the Turkish invasion of Cyprus. The region has been relatively peaceful since then, but the Cyprus dispute has continued, with various attempts to solve it diplomatically having been generally unsuccessful.
Cyprus, an island lying in the eastern Mediterranean, hosted a population of Greeks and Turks (four-fifths and one-fifth, respectively), who lived under British rule in the late nineteenth-century and the first half of the twentieth-century. Christian Orthodox Church of Cyprus played a prominent political role among the Greek Cypriot community, a privilege that it acquired during the Ottoman Empire with the employment of the millet system, which gave the archbishop an unofficial ethnarch status.
The repeated rejections by the British of Greek Cypriot demands for enosis, union with Greece, led to armed resistance, organised by the National Organization of Cypriot Struggle, or EOKA. EOKA, led by the Greek-Cypriot commander George Grivas, systematically targeted British colonial authorities. One of the effects of EOKA's campaign was to alter the Turkish position from demanding full reincorporation into Turkey to a demand for taksim (partition). EOKA's mission and activities caused a "Cretan syndrome" (see Turkish Resistance Organisation) within the Turkish Cypriot community, as its members feared that they would be forced to leave the island in such a case as had been the case with Cretan Turks. As such, they preferred the continuation of British colonial rule and then taksim, the division of the island. Due to the Turkish Cypriots' support for the British, EOKA's leader, Georgios Grivas, declared them to be enemies. The fact that the Turks were a minority was, according to Nihat Erim, to be addressed by the transfer of thousands of Turks from mainland Turkey so that Greek Cypriots would cease to be the majority. When Erim visited Cyprus as the Turkish representative, he was advised by Field Marshal Sir John Harding, the then Governor of Cyprus, that Turkey should send educated Turks to settle in Cyprus.
Turkey actively promoted the idea that on the island of Cyprus two distinctive communities existed, and sidestepped its former claim that "the people of Cyprus were all Turkish subjects". In doing so, Turkey's aim to have self-determination of two to-be equal communities in effect led to de jure partition of the island.[citation needed] This could be justified to the international community against the will of the majority Greek population of the island. Dr. Fazil Küçük in 1954 had already proposed Cyprus be divided in two at the 35° parallel.
Lindley Dan, from Notre Dame University, spotted the roots of intercommunal violence to different visions among the two communities of Cyprus (enosis for Greek Cypriots, taksim for Turkish Cypriots). Also, Lindlay wrote that "the merging of church, schools/education, and politics in divisive and nationalistic ways" had played a crucial role in creation of havoc in Cyprus' history. Attalides Michael also pointed to the opposing nationalisms as the cause of the Cyprus problem.
By the mid-1950's, the "Cyprus is Turkish" party, movement, and slogan gained force in both Cyprus and Turkey. In a 1954 editorial, Turkish Cypriot leader Dr. Fazil Kuchuk expressed the sentiment that the Turkish youth had grown up with the idea that "as soon as Great Britain leaves the island, it will be taken over by the Turks", and that "Turkey cannot tolerate otherwise". This perspective contributed to the willingness of Turkish Cypriots to align themselves with the British, who started recruiting Turkish Cypriots into the police force that patrolled Cyprus to fight EOKA, a Greek Cypriot nationalist organisation that sought to rid the island of British rule.
EOKA targeted colonial authorities, including police, but Georgios Grivas, the leader of EOKA, did not initially wish to open up a new front by fighting Turkish Cypriots and reassured them that EOKA would not harm their people. In 1956, some Turkish Cypriot policemen were killed by EOKA members and this provoked some intercommunal violence in the spring and summer, but these attacks on policemen were not motivated by the fact that they were Turkish Cypriots.
However, in January 1957, Grivas changed his policy as his forces in the mountains became increasingly pressured by the British Crown forces. In order to divert the attention of the Crown forces, EOKA members started to target Turkish Cypriot policemen intentionally in the towns, so that Turkish Cypriots would riot against the Greek Cypriots and the security forces would have to be diverted to the towns to restore order. The killing of a Turkish Cypriot policeman on 19 January, when a power station was bombed, and the injury of three others, provoked three days of intercommunal violence in Nicosia. The two communities targeted each other in reprisals, at least one Greek Cypriot was killed and the British Army was deployed in the streets. Greek Cypriot stores were burned and their neighbourhoods attacked. Following the events, the Greek Cypriot leadership spread the propaganda that the riots had merely been an act of Turkish Cypriot aggression. Such events created chaos and drove the communities apart both in Cyprus and in Turkey.
On 22 October 1957 Sir Hugh Mackintosh Foot replaced Sir John Harding as the British Governor of Cyprus. Foot suggested five to seven years of self-government before any final decision. His plan rejected both enosis and taksim. The Turkish Cypriot response to this plan was a series of anti-British demonstrations in Nicosia on 27 and 28 January 1958 rejecting the proposed plan because the plan did not include partition. The British then withdrew the plan.
In 1957, Black Gang, a Turkish Cypriot pro-taksim paramilitary organisation, was formed to patrol a Turkish Cypriot enclave, the Tahtakale district of Nicosia, against activities of EOKA. The organisation later attempted to grow into a national scale, but failed to gain public support.
By 1958, signs of dissatisfaction with the British increased on both sides, with a group of Turkish Cypriots forming Volkan (later renamed to the Turkish Resistance Organisation) paramilitary group to promote partition and the annexation of Cyprus to Turkey as dictated by the Menderes plan. Volkan initially consisted of roughly 100 members, with the stated aim of raising awareness in Turkey of the Cyprus issue and courting military training and support for Turkish Cypriot fighters from the Turkish government.
In June 1958, the British Prime Minister, Harold Macmillan, was expected to propose a plan to resolve the Cyprus issue. In light of the new development, the Turks rioted in Nicosia to promote the idea that Greek and Turkish Cypriots could not live together and therefore any plan that did not include partition would not be viable. This violence was soon followed by bombing, Greek Cypriot deaths and looting of Greek Cypriot-owned shops and houses. Greek and Turkish Cypriots started to flee mixed population villages where they were a minority in search of safety. This was effectively the beginning of the segregation of the two communities. On 7 June 1958, a bomb exploded at the entrance of the Turkish Embassy in Cyprus. Following the bombing, Turkish Cypriots looted Greek Cypriot properties. On 26 June 1984, the Turkish Cypriot leader, Rauf Denktaş, admitted on British channel ITV that the bomb was placed by the Turks themselves in order to create tension. On 9 January 1995, Rauf Denktaş repeated his claim to the famous Turkish newspaper Milliyet in Turkey.
The crisis reached a climax on 12 June 1958, when eight Greeks, out of an armed group of thirty five arrested by soldiers of the Royal Horse Guards on suspicion of preparing an attack on the Turkish quarter of Skylloura, were killed in a suspected attack by Turkish Cypriot locals, near the village of Geunyeli, having been ordered to walk back to their village of Kondemenos.
After the EOKA campaign had begun, the British government successfully began to turn the Cyprus issue from a British colonial problem into a Greek-Turkish issue. British diplomacy exerted backstage influence on the Adnan Menderes government, with the aim of making Turkey active in Cyprus. For the British, the attempt had a twofold objective. The EOKA campaign would be silenced as quickly as possible, and Turkish Cypriots would not side with Greek Cypriots against the British colonial claims over the island, which would thus remain under the British. The Turkish Cypriot leadership visited Menderes to discuss the Cyprus issue. When asked how the Turkish Cypriots should respond to the Greek Cypriot claim of enosis, Menderes replied: "You should go to the British foreign minister and request the status quo be prolonged, Cyprus to remain as a British colony". When the Turkish Cypriots visited the British Foreign Secretary and requested for Cyprus to remain a colony, he replied: "You should not be asking for colonialism at this day and age, you should be asking for Cyprus be returned to Turkey, its former owner".
As Turkish Cypriots began to look to Turkey for protection, Greek Cypriots soon understood that enosis was extremely unlikely. The Greek Cypriot leader, Archbishop Makarios III, now set independence for the island as his objective.
Britain resolved to solve the dispute by creating an independent Cyprus. In 1959, all involved parties signed the Zurich Agreements: Britain, Turkey, Greece, and the Greek and Turkish Cypriot leaders, Makarios and Dr. Fazil Kucuk, respectively. The new constitution drew heavily on the ethnic composition of the island. The President would be a Greek Cypriot, and the Vice-President a Turkish Cypriot with an equal veto. The contribution to the public service would be set at a ratio of 70:30, and the Supreme Court would consist of an equal number of judges from both communities as well as an independent judge who was not Greek, Turkish or British. The Zurich Agreements were supplemented by a number of treaties. The Treaty of Guarantee stated that secession or union with any state was forbidden, and that Greece, Turkey and Britain would be given guarantor status to intervene if that was violated. The Treaty of Alliance allowed for two small Greek and Turkish military contingents to be stationed on the island, and the Treaty of Establishment gave Britain sovereignty over two bases in Akrotiri and Dhekelia.
On 15 August 1960, the Colony of Cyprus became fully independent as the Republic of Cyprus. The new republic remained within the Commonwealth of Nations.
The new constitution brought dissatisfaction to Greek Cypriots, who felt it to be highly unjust for them for historical, demographic and contributional reasons. Although 80% of the island's population were Greek Cypriots and these indigenous people had lived on the island for thousands of years and paid 94% of taxes, the new constitution was giving the 17% of the population that was Turkish Cypriots, who paid 6% of taxes, around 30% of government jobs and 40% of national security jobs.
Within three years tensions between the two communities in administrative affairs began to show. In particular disputes over separate municipalities and taxation created a deadlock in government. A constitutional court ruled in 1963 Makarios had failed to uphold article 173 of the constitution which called for the establishment of separate municipalities for Turkish Cypriots. Makarios subsequently declared his intention to ignore the judgement, resulting in the West German judge resigning from his position. Makarios proposed thirteen amendments to the constitution, which would have had the effect of resolving most of the issues in the Greek Cypriot favour. Under the proposals, the President and Vice-President would lose their veto, the separate municipalities as sought after by the Turkish Cypriots would be abandoned, the need for separate majorities by both communities in passing legislation would be discarded and the civil service contribution would be set at actual population ratios (82:18) instead of the slightly higher figure for Turkish Cypriots.
The intention behind the amendments has long been called into question. The Akritas plan, written in the height of the constitutional dispute by the Greek Cypriot interior minister Polycarpos Georkadjis, called for the removal of undesirable elements of the constitution so as to allow power-sharing to work. The plan envisaged a swift retaliatory attack on Turkish Cypriot strongholds should Turkish Cypriots resort to violence to resist the measures, stating "In the event of a planned or staged Turkish attack, it is imperative to overcome it by force in the shortest possible time, because if we succeed in gaining command of the situation (in one or two days), no outside, intervention would be either justified or possible." Whether Makarios's proposals were part of the Akritas plan is unclear, however it remains that sentiment towards enosis had not completely disappeared with independence. Makarios described independence as "a step on the road to enosis".[31] Preparations for conflict were not entirely absent from Turkish Cypriots either, with right wing elements still believing taksim (partition) the best safeguard against enosis.
Greek Cypriots however believe the amendments were a necessity stemming from a perceived attempt by Turkish Cypriots to frustrate the working of government. Turkish Cypriots saw it as a means to reduce their status within the state from one of co-founder to that of minority, seeing it as a first step towards enosis. The security situation deteriorated rapidly.
Main articles: Bloody Christmas (1963) and Battle of Tillyria
An armed conflict was triggered after December 21, 1963, a period remembered by Turkish Cypriots as Bloody Christmas, when a Greek Cypriot policemen that had been called to help deal with a taxi driver refusing officers already on the scene access to check the identification documents of his customers, took out his gun upon arrival and shot and killed the taxi driver and his partner. Eric Solsten summarised the events as follows: "a Greek Cypriot police patrol, ostensibly checking identification documents, stopped a Turkish Cypriot couple on the edge of the Turkish quarter. A hostile crowd gathered, shots were fired, and two Turkish Cypriots were killed."
In the morning after the shooting, crowds gathered in protest in Northern Nicosia, likely encouraged by the TMT, without incident. On the evening of the 22nd, gunfire broke out, communication lines to the Turkish neighbourhoods were cut, and the Greek Cypriot police occupied the nearby airport. On the 23rd, a ceasefire was negotiated, but did not hold. Fighting, including automatic weapons fire, between Greek and Turkish Cypriots and militias increased in Nicosia and Larnaca. A force of Greek Cypriot irregulars led by Nikos Sampson entered the Nicosia suburb of Omorphita and engaged in heavy firing on armed, as well as by some accounts unarmed, Turkish Cypriots. The Omorphita clash has been described by Turkish Cypriots as a massacre, while this view has generally not been acknowledged by Greek Cypriots.
Further ceasefires were arranged between the two sides, but also failed. By Christmas Eve, the 24th, Britain, Greece, and Turkey had joined talks, with all sides calling for a truce. On Christmas day, Turkish fighter jets overflew Nicosia in a show of support. Finally it was agreed to allow a force of 2,700 British soldiers to help enforce a ceasefire. In the next days, a "buffer zone" was created in Nicosia, and a British officer marked a line on a map with green ink, separating the two sides of the city, which was the beginning of the "Green Line". Fighting continued across the island for the next several weeks.
In total 364 Turkish Cypriots and 174 Greek Cypriots were killed during the violence. 25,000 Turkish Cypriots from 103-109 villages fled and were displaced into enclaves and thousands of Turkish Cypriot houses were ransacked or completely destroyed.
Contemporary newspapers also reported on the forceful exodus of the Turkish Cypriots from their homes. According to The Times in 1964, threats, shootings and attempts of arson were committed against the Turkish Cypriots to force them out of their homes. The Daily Express wrote that "25,000 Turks have already been forced to leave their homes". The Guardian reported a massacre of Turks at Limassol on 16 February 1964.
Turkey had by now readied its fleet and its fighter jets appeared over Nicosia. Turkey was dissuaded from direct involvement by the creation of a United Nations Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus (UNFICYP) in 1964. Despite the negotiated ceasefire in Nicosia, attacks on the Turkish Cypriot persisted, particularly in Limassol. Concerned about the possibility of a Turkish invasion, Makarios undertook the creation of a Greek Cypriot conscript-based army called the "National Guard". A general from Greece took charge of the army, whilst a further 20,000 well-equipped officers and men were smuggled from Greece into Cyprus. Turkey threatened to intervene once more, but was prevented by a strongly worded letter from the American President Lyndon B. Johnson, anxious to avoid a conflict between NATO allies Greece and Turkey at the height of the Cold War.
Turkish Cypriots had by now established an important bridgehead at Kokkina, provided with arms, volunteers and materials from Turkey and abroad. Seeing this incursion of foreign weapons and troops as a major threat, the Cypriot government invited George Grivas to return from Greece as commander of the Greek troops on the island and launch a major attack on the bridgehead. Turkey retaliated by dispatching its fighter jets to bomb Greek positions, causing Makarios to threaten an attack on every Turkish Cypriot village on the island if the bombings did not cease. The conflict had now drawn in Greece and Turkey, with both countries amassing troops on their Thracian borders. Efforts at mediation by Dean Acheson, a former U.S. Secretary of State, and UN-appointed mediator Galo Plaza had failed, all the while the division of the two communities becoming more apparent. Greek Cypriot forces were estimated at some 30,000, including the National Guard and the large contingent from Greece. Defending the Turkish Cypriot enclaves was a force of approximately 5,000 irregulars, led by a Turkish colonel, but lacking the equipment and organisation of the Greek forces.
The Secretary-General of the United Nations in 1964, U Thant, reported the damage during the conflicts:
UNFICYP carried out a detailed survey of all damage to properties throughout the island during the disturbances; it shows that in 109 villages, most of them Turkish-Cypriot or mixed villages, 527 houses have been destroyed while 2,000 others have suffered damage from looting.
The situation worsened in 1967, when a military junta overthrew the democratically elected government of Greece, and began applying pressure on Makarios to achieve enosis. Makarios, not wishing to become part of a military dictatorship or trigger a Turkish invasion, began to distance himself from the goal of enosis. This caused tensions with the junta in Greece as well as George Grivas in Cyprus. Grivas's control over the National Guard and Greek contingent was seen as a threat to Makarios's position, who now feared a possible coup.[citation needed] The National Guard and Cyprus Police began patrolling the Turkish Cypriot enclaves of Ayios Theodoros and Kophinou, and on November 15 engaged in heavy fighting with the Turkish Cypriots.
By the time of his withdrawal 26 Turkish Cypriots had been killed. Turkey replied with an ultimatum demanding that Grivas be removed from the island, that the troops smuggled from Greece in excess of the limits of the Treaty of Alliance be removed, and that the economic blockades on the Turkish Cypriot enclaves be lifted. Grivas was recalled by the Athens Junta and the 12,000 Greek troops were withdrawn. Makarios now attempted to consolidate his position by reducing the number of National Guard troops, and by creating a paramilitary force loyal to Cypriot independence. In 1968, acknowledging that enosis was now all but impossible, Makarios stated, "A solution by necessity must be sought within the limits of what is feasible which does not always coincide with the limits of what is desirable."
After 1967 tensions between the Greek and Turkish Cypriots subsided. Instead, the main source of tension on the island came from factions within the Greek Cypriot community. Although Makarios had effectively abandoned enosis in favour of an 'attainable solution', many others continued to believe that the only legitimate political aspiration for Greek Cypriots was union with Greece.
On his arrival, Grivas began by establishing a nationalist paramilitary group known as the National Organization of Cypriot Fighters (Ethniki Organosis Kyprion Agoniston B or EOKA-B), drawing comparisons with the EOKA struggle for enosis under the British colonial administration of the 1950s.
The military junta in Athens saw Makarios as an obstacle. Makarios's failure to disband the National Guard, whose officer class was dominated by mainland Greeks, had meant the junta had practical control over the Cypriot military establishment, leaving Makarios isolated and a vulnerable target.
During the first Turkish invasion, Turkish troops invaded Cyprus territory on 20 July 1974, invoking its rights under the Treaty of Guarantee. This expansion of Turkish-occupied zone violated International Law as well as the Charter of the United Nations. Turkish troops managed to capture 3% of the island which was accompanied by the burning of the Turkish Cypriot quarter, as well as the raping and killing of women and children. A temporary cease-fire followed which was mitigated by the UN Security Council. Subsequently, the Greek military Junta collapsed on July 23, 1974, and peace talks commenced in which a democratic government was installed. The Resolution 353 was broken after Turkey attacked a second time and managed to get a hold of 37% of Cyprus territory. The Island of Cyprus was appointed a Buffer Zone by the United Nations, which divided the island into two zones through the 'Green Line' and put an end to the Turkish invasion. Although Turkey announced that the occupied areas of Cyprus to be called the Federated Turkish State in 1975, it is not legitimised on a worldwide political scale. The United Nations called for the international recognition of independence for the Republic of Cyprus in the Security Council Resolution 367.
In the years after the Turkish invasion of northern Cyprus one can observe a history of failed talks between the two parties. The 1983 declaration of the independent Turkish Republic of Cyprus resulted in a rise of inter-communal tensions and made it increasingly hard to find mutual understanding. With Cyprus' interest of a possible EU membership and a new UN Secretary-General Kofi Annan in 1997 new hopes arose for a fresh start. International involvement from sides of the US and UK, wanting a solution to the Cyprus dispute prior to the EU accession led to political pressures for new talks. The believe that an accession without a solution would threaten Greek-Turkish relations and acknowledge the partition of the island would direct the coming negotiations.
Over the course of two years a concrete plan, the Annan plan was formulated. In 2004 the fifth version agreed upon from both sides and with the endorsement of Turkey, US, UK and EU then was presented to the public and was given a referendum in both Cypriot communities to assure the legitimisation of the resolution. The Turkish Cypriots voted with 65% for the plan, however the Greek Cypriots voted with a 76% majority against. The Annan plan contained multiple important topics. Firstly it established a confederation of two separate states called the United Cyprus Republic. Both communities would have autonomous states combined under one unified government. The members of parliament would be chosen according to the percentage in population numbers to ensure a just involvement from both communities. The paper proposed a demilitarisation of the island over the next years. Furthermore it agreed upon a number of 45000 Turkish settlers that could remain on the island. These settlers became a very important issue concerning peace talks. Originally the Turkish government encouraged Turks to settle in Cyprus providing transfer and property, to establish a counterpart to the Greek Cypriot population due to their 1 to 5 minority. With the economic situation many Turkish-Cypriot decided to leave the island, however their departure is made up by incoming Turkish settlers leaving the population ratio between Turkish Cypriots and Greek Cypriots stable. However all these points where criticised and as seen in the vote rejected mainly by the Greek Cypriots. These name the dissolution of the „Republic of Cyprus", economic consequences of a reunion and the remaining Turkish settlers as reason. Many claim that the plan was indeed drawing more from Turkish-Cypriot demands then Greek-Cypriot interests. Taking in consideration that the US wanted to keep Turkey as a strategic partner in future Middle Eastern conflicts.
A week after the failed referendum the Republic of Cyprus joined the EU. In multiple instances the EU tried to promote trade with Northern Cyprus but without internationally recognised ports this spiked a grand debate. Both side endure their intention of negotiations, however without the prospect of any new compromises or agreements the UN is unwilling to start the process again. Since 2004 negotiations took place in numbers but without any results, both sides are strongly holding on to their position without an agreeable solution in sight that would suit both parties.
officially the Republic of Iceland, is a Nordic island country situated at the confluence of the North Atlantic and Arctic Oceans, on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. The country has a population of about 320,000 and a total area of 103,000 km2 (40,000 sq mi), which makes it the most sparsely populated country in Europe. The capital and largest city is Reykjavík, with the surrounding areas in the southwestern region of the country being home to two-thirds of the country's population. Reykjavik is the most northern capital in the world. Iceland is volcanically and geologically active. The interior consists mainly of a plateau characterised by sand and lava fields, mountains and glaciers, while many glacial rivers flow to the sea through the lowlands. Iceland is warmed by the Gulf Stream and has a temperate climate despite a high latitude just outside the Arctic Circle.
According to Landnámabók, the settlement of Iceland began in AD 874 when the chieftain Ingólfr Arnarson became the first permanent Norse settler on the island. Others had visited the island earlier and stayed over winter. Over the following centuries, Norsemen settled Iceland, bringing with them thralls of Gaelic origin. From 1262 to 1918, Iceland was part of the Norwegian and later the Danish monarchies. The country became independent in 1918 and a republic was declared in 1944. Until the 20th century, the Icelandic population relied largely on fishing and agriculture, and the country was one of the poorest and least developed in the world. Industrialisation of the fisheries and aid from the Marshall Plan brought prosperity in the years after World War II, and by the 1990s, Iceland became one of the wealthiest and most developed nations in the world. In 1994, Iceland became party to the European Economic Area, which made it possible for the economy to diversify into economic and financial services.
Iceland has a free-market economy with relatively low corporate taxes compared to other OECD countries, while maintaining a Nordic welfare system that provides universal health care and tertiary education for its citizens. In 2013, it was ranked as the 13th most developed country in the world by the United Nations' Human Development Index. In 2008, the nation's entire banking system systemically failed, resulting in substantial political unrest. In the wake of the crisis, Iceland instituted "capital controls" that made it impossible for many foreigners to get their money out of the country. Though designed to be temporary, the controls remain and are among the biggest hurdles for regaining international interest in the Icelandic economy. Iceland ranks high in economic and political stability, though it is still in the process of recovering from the crisis. Gender equality is highly valued in Iceland. In the Global Gender Gap Report 2012, Iceland holds the top spot, closely followed by Finland, Norway and Sweden.
Icelandic culture is founded upon the nation's Norse heritage. Most Icelanders are descendants of Norse and Gaelic settlers. Icelandic, a North Germanic language, is descended from Old Norse and is closely related to Faroese and some West Norwegian dialects. The country's cultural heritage includes traditional Icelandic cuisine, poetry, and the medieval Icelanders' sagas. Among NATO members, Iceland has the smallest population and is the only one with no standing army but a lightly armed Coast Guard in charge of its defences.
Rangiroa (en el dialecto local Ragiroa o Ra'iroa) es un atolón de las Tuamotu, en la Polinesia Francesa. Está situado al noroeste del archipiélago, a 350 km de Tahití. Sus coordenadas son: 15°05′S 147°48′O
Es uno de los atolones más grandes del mundo, con un total de 1640 km²; de superfecie, y una laguna de 78 km de largo con una profundidad entre 20 y 35 m. El escollo está formado por 241 islotes y bancos de arena de un ancho de entre 300 y 600 m. Hay cuatro pasos entre el océano y la laguna. Los dos más importantes están al norte, junto a las villas de Avatoru y Tiputa que concentran la mayor parte de la población. Con 2.145 habitantes (censo de 1996) es el atolón más poblado de las Tuamotu. La población vive del turismo, la pesca y el cultivo de perlas negras.
This is a very old and historic trail about 5.5 km in length, climbing the southeastern flank of the mountain. It starts from the main park office in Amphoe Phu Kradueng, at an elevation of about 300 m. There are many places to rest on the way up. These rest plateaus are called Sam (ซำ). At each there are several vendors selling food and drinks, and some provide toilet facilities and/or medical services as well. There are eight of these on the way up. In order of ascent, they are:
Sam Haek (ซำแฮก) - This rest area is located approximately 1000 metres from the starting point, on an intermediate plateau immediately above a very steep section of the trail. Most Thai visitors believe the word haek (แฮก) means "to be out of breath", "to pant", because of its resemblance to the sound made when out of breath. However, the real meaning is sacred or holy object in the local dialect.
Sam Bon (ซำบอน) - This rest area is approximately 700 metres from Sam Haek.
Sam Kok Kork (ซำกกกอก) - This rest area is approximately 440 metres from Sam Bon.
Sam Ko Sang (ซำกอซาง) - This rest area is approximately 200 metres from Sam Kok Kork.
Sam Kok Wa (ซำกกหว้า) - This rest area is approximately 580 metres from Sam Ko Sang.
Sam Kok Phai (ซำกกไผ่) - This rest area is approximately 460 metres from Sam Kok Wa.
Sam Kok Don (ซำกกโดน) - This rest area is approximately 300 metres from Sam Kok Phai.
Sam Khrae (ซำแคร่) - This rest area is approximately 450 metres from Sam Kok Don.
The last 1300 metres from Sam Khrae to the top is the hardest and steepest part of the hike. There are ladders and ramps at parts where it would otherwise be impossible to walk. Once reaching the highest point of the trail (1288 m elevation) at the edge of the summit plateau, it is still a 3.6 kilometre walk over flat terrain to the Wang Kwang visitor center and campsite, where tents and lodging buildings are available
Tambis purchased in Hong Kong.
This fruit is called Watery Rose Apple or Tambis in Waray or Cebuano dialects in the Philippines (scientific name: Syzygium aqueum). This species brush cherry tree is commonly found in the Visayas region of the Philippines.
Here Are The Benefits That The Rose Apple Fruit Gives To Our Health
Rose apple which is also known as water apple or “tambis” is a watery fruit that is native to Eastern Australia. This bell-shaped fruit has shinny skin that may vary from light pink to red or yellow and green. Its white flesh contains lots of juice and is foamy.
This fruit is actually very rich in fibers, proteins, vitamins and iron. It brings lots of benefits to our health and here are some of them: The risk of breast cancer on women may be reduced by including low-fat foods in the diet and rose apple could be a great food for that.
Store the seeds of rose apple fruit for at least 4 days and grind it into fine powder. Add the powder in a glass of water and give to the person suffering from diarrhea.
The sweet and pleasant smell of rose apple, plus its juice, help reduce the body temperature.
It is rich in Vitamin C which helps reduce the cholesterol in the body.
If you love eating this fruit, you will love it even more after knowing this.
Finally, proof positive that “tambis” and “makopa” for Visayans at least, are distinct yet closely related fruit. It all started out with this first post several years ago, which referred to both of these species as tambis, as I had always done as a child. Then, one of my readers was perturbed by my lack of tambis/makopa knowledge, so I did a follow up post here(worth reading if you are really interested in the difference between the two fruit) to positively identify the scientific names of both fruit. That same reader sent me some photos many months ago but I couldn’t figure out how to get them into a publishable form, so I had to wait until I got my hands on both fruit at the same time (which isn’t so easy as the seasons apprarently barely overlap). Tambis, on the left in the photo above or water apple or syzgium aqueum and makopa, on the right or malay apple or syzgium malacenssis…
You can clearly see from the cross-section cuts that the skin, shape and seed of the fruits differ, and I have to say I am partial to the taste of tambis, with the thin skin and often refreshing and sweetish pulp while the makopa is denser, and at least the ones I tried, less tasty. But I have to add that I saw lots of brilliant looking makopa on a recent trip to Vietnam and Cambodia so maybe those would have tasted better than the ones I have eaten here…
For many folks on the island of Luzon, they would refer to either of these fruits as makopa, and if a perusal of neighborhood trees is a good sample, I think there are more “tambis”trees than “makopa” trees in Manila and the surrounding areas. What’s the big deal anyway? Just one of accuracy… And as I mention in earlier posts, even the venerable Doreen Fernandez and Desmond Tate seem to have missed the subtle distinction between the two fruit… so if they were a bit confused, what about the rest of us?
The Norfolk naturalist who inspired Ted Ellis. His real name was Arthur Patterson but he used 'Knowlittle' as his nom de plume. He was a considerable word-smith. Here is one of his poems which employs the Norfolk dialect:
Another Song of Another Norfolker
Bor, I never cood arn much money,
No matter how 'ard I try'd;
But never wor short o' dumplins
Or a good owd eel well fry'd.
Bor, I ha' found owd Norfolk frindly,
An' I married a Norfolk gal,
An' when I cum off o' the marshes,
I've found her a good owd pal.
Law! I ha' lived wi' monkeys,
And worked where the lions roar,
But I longed tu heer t' owd curlews
"Whaup" front o' th' houseboat door.
So I drifted back tu owd Norfolk,
And heer I intend tu 'bide;
For the bards, an' t' fishes, an' people
Of Norfolk, air all my pride.
When Broadland is left for Jordan,
And Charon cum over th' styx,
Du delve a deep hole in owd Norfolk
Whose sile wi' my ashes shell mix.