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N465PC Pilatus PC-12 Quest Diagnostics by Chennell Productions

Gwinnett County-Briscoe Field 9.11.19

Vintage SUN Motor Tester

"automotive test equipment"

4 2

Diagnostic Black-throated Flowerpiercer, Diglossa brunneiventris, 12 cm. / 5 in. Locally COMMON in ravines with purple-flowering Solanum bushes, in pre-puna shrub zones. Common near towns and settlements where eucalyptus trees provide a secondary nectar source.

Putre, Arica and Parinacota Region, Chile.

©bryanjsmith.

CIERRO LOS OJOS Y YA VEO UNA VENTANA ABIERTA!!!! by Mª Sol Sánchez

18 54

Queridos amigos de Flicker, pues os contaré me dura realidad, después de tirarme aquí durante 20 días con mi gripe y mis lamentaciones, ayer domingo tuve que regresar de nuevo a urgencias, ya que me encontraba mucho peor, me diagnosticaron que mi gripe se me había complicado con una afección pulmonar, ya que me iban a dejar allí ingresada, pero al fin me han dicho que aun soy joven y podría llevar mi nuevo tratamiento de antibióticos en casa, asique así lo decidí, pues tenía a mis amigos de flicker que me estaban esperando para compartir mis fotos, ja,ja,ja, hoy si ya por fin voy notando mi mejoría ya que el caso de que en tres días no lo notara debería de volver de nuevo al hospital, pero ya creo que por fin veo una ventana abierta hacia nuevos horizontes, que tantas ganas tengo de ver, asique le he dado mucha fuerza a mi foto para que todo vuelva a la normalidad, y ya comienzo a hacer de mis experimentos que tanto me gustan. Gracias a todos por vuestros ánimos y vuestros correos de cada día interesándoos por mi salud, con vosotros ha sido mas fácil GRACIAS!!!!! (Os recomiendo ver mi foto en grande y con la música de fondo).

Una canción de Melendi que me gusta, Cierra los Ojos:

www.youtube.com/watch?v=YNatFBc4Q4g&feature=player_em...

HORNSCRE 0791 by Bryan J. Smith

5 2

Diagnostic Horned Screamer, Anhima cornuta, 84 - 91.5 cm. / 33 - 36 in. RARE. Locally in more remote marshy areas, lake margins and on islands in rivers in eastern lowlands. Both sexes have a long, slender "horn" protruding forward from the forehead which can be seen in this image.

La Tembladera Wetlands, near Santa Rosa, El Oro Province, Ecuador.

©bryanjsmith.

Dendrocopos minor by Kaius Artimo

15 8

Lesser Spotted Woodpecker, male showing its diagnostic red crest.

Always on the Dark Side like some Darth Wader, but accidents do happen. Here it stopped for few seconds in a narrow sunbeam. This is the only result of a rather long session trying to capture it. There was two if not three of them present, eagerly displaying to each other but most certainly not to me.

Pikkutikka

Espoo 2015-03-18

ARRMARBAB jardineii 1124 by Bryan J. Smith

3 2

Diagnostic Arrow-marked Babbler, Turdoides jardineii jardineii, 22-25 cm. / 8.66-9.84 cm. COMMON and widespread. Resident of thickets and bush clumps in wooded savanna.

Kruger National Park, South Africa

©bryanjsmith.

OHCRPICU 6662 by Bryan J. Smith

Diagnostic Ochraceous Piculet, Pica-pau-anāo-da-caatinga, Picumnus limae, 10 cm / 3.9 in. Tiny bird. Semi-deciduous forest and nearby tall caatinga (dry woodland with numerous succulents).

Arajara Park, Ceara, Brazil.

©bryanjsmith.

CAPESHOV 0232 by Bryan J. Smith

4 1

Diagnostic Cape Shoveler, Spatula smithii, 48 - 54 cm / 18.9 - 21.3 in. Near-ENDEMIC. COMMON resident and local nomad at freshwater lakes and ponds.

False Bay Nature Preserve, Cape Town, Western Cape Province, South Africa.

©bryanjsmith.

WHICROWHE aegra 0300 by Bryan J. Smith

8 7

Diagnostic White-crowned Wheatear, Oenanthe leucopyga aegra, 14 - 15 cm. / 5.5 - 5.9 in. UNCOMMON. Arid and semi-arid habitat, dry farmland and stony deserts. Handheld Canon 500 mm IS USM and 1.4x. Shot in October 2005.

Morocco, Africa.

©bryanjsmith.

GREAGREB major 0851 by Bryan J. Smith

4 5

Diagnostic Great Grebe, Podiceps major major, 67 - 80 cm. / 26 - 32 in. Diagnostic shot of a VERY RARE grebe for Ecuador, from quite a distance away. Robert Ridgely was our leader and quite enthusiastic about finding this species here. Largest grebe in the world.

La Tembladera Wetlands near Santa Rosa, El Oro Province, Ecuador.

©bryanjsmith.

PAIBILCRA erythrops 0003a by Bryan J. Smith

5 7

Diagnostic Paint-billed Crake, Mustelirallus erythrops erythrops, Neocrex erythrops, 18 - 20 cm. / 7.1 - 7.87 in. SCARCE resident and very secretive. The only one we observed on this trip.

Isla Santa Cruz, Galapagos Islands, Ecuador.

©bryanjsmith.

LEVACIST tinniens 0249 by Bryan J. Smith

8 1

Diagnostic Levaillant's Cisticola, Cisticola tinniens tinniens, 13 - 14 cm. / 5 - 5.5 in. COMMON and widespread in marshy vegetation and areas of long, rank grass in open grassland. Handheld.

Dicken's Pan, Elandsvlei, Gauteng Province, South Africa.

©bryanjsmith.

Landquart - Rail Diagnostic Car P 10175 by Kecko

Diagnostic car for all Swiss meter gauge railways. In operation since February 24, 2021. A consortium of Sersa, iNovitas and Rosenthaler+Partner, supported by RhB. Measuring speed 80 km/h. Switzerland, May 12, 2023.

REDBACSHR 0014 by Bryan J. Smith

12 3

Diagnostic Red-backer Shrike, Lanius collurio, 17 cm. / 6.69 in. COMMON in open cultivated habitats, heaths and pastures with hawthorn, sloe and dog-rose, also on juniper slopes. Photographed handheld in September 2005.

Ottenby, Ooland, Sweden.

©bryanjsmith.

Redwing (Turdus iliacus) TRVP 21-03-2018 . . .VIDEO by Brian Carruthers-Dublin-Eire

6 4

Measurements

spanwidth min.: 33 cm

spanwidth max.: 35 cm

size min.: 19 cm

size max.: 23 cm

Breeding

incubation min.: 12 days

incubation max.: 13 days

fledging min.: 8 days

fledging max.: 12 days

broods 2

eggs min.: 4

eggs max.: 7

Physical characteristics

Turdus iliacus is a widespread breeder in northern Europe, but winters across much of the continent, which constitutes >50% of its global wintering range. Insufficient information was available to assess the species's status using wintering population data, but its European breeding population is extremely large (>16,000,000 pairs), and was stable between 1970-1990. Breeding populations in most countries (including Russia) were stable or increased during 1990-2000, and the species probably remained stable overall.

Rather small, slight, restless thrush, with striped head and spots on underbody, red-chestnut underwing and flanks combine with rather dark upperparts to provide rather dark, distinctive but not diagnostic appearance. Adult has chest, most of flanks, and sides of belly well marked, but rear flands and vent noticeably white. Immature has less obvious rufous flanks and fuller pattern of spots and streaks. Silhouette and action in flight recall Starling. Commonest call distinctive. Sexes similar, some seasonal variation.

Habitat

Breeds in upper and upper middle latitudes of west Palarctic, mainly in subarctic and arctic lowlands and uplands, but avoiding snow and ice, and exposed chilly or stormy situations. Likes cover of birch or mixed woodland, often with many pines and spruces, especially along rivers and on floodlands, but also in low thickets of scrub birch, dwarf willow, and juniper, preferably on swampy ground.

Other details

This thrush has a widespread distribution in boreal regions of Eurasia. It inhabits also sub-arctic regions and alpine regions. The birds of northern Europe are wintering from the British Isles to the Mediterranean region and Morocco. The total European population is estimated at 5-7.5 million breeding pairs, and fluctuates according to the severity of climatic conditions in winter

Feeding

Wide variety of invertebrates, in autumn and winter also berries. Feeds on ground and in trees and bushes. In foraging on open ground in winter, runs or hops in short bursts, usually 1-5 paces, halting between each run to scan ground in immediate vicinity, if potential food item seen, may take a few steps towards it. For surface items, usually pecks at it immediately, though may first pause briefly to cock head on one side, occasionally makes more than one peck. For subsurface prey in hard ground, stops near potential prey, hesitates, often cocking head on one side and sometimes taking short step backwards or sideways, then stabs downwards with bill.

Conservation

This species has a large range, with an estimated global Extent of Occurrence of 10,000,000 km². It has a large global population, including an estimated 31,000,000-42,000,000 individuals in Europe (BirdLife International in prep.). Global population trends have not been quantified, but the species is not believed to approach the thresholds for the population decline criterion of the IUCN Red List (i.e. declining more than 30% in ten years or three generations). For these reasons, the species is evaluated as Least Concern. [conservation status from birdlife.org]

Breeding

Breeds May-June in Scandinavia, mid May in Iceland. Nest site, on ground under bushes, or in thick vegetation, tree, bush, or stump. Nest bulky cup with outer layer of twigs, grass, and moss, plastered inside with mud, plus some fragments of vegetation, with inner lining of fine grass stems and leaves, often very thin, but with thicker rim, up to 2 cm. 4-6 eggs, incubation 12-13 days, by female only, but male may enter nest when female leaves and sit or stand over eggs.

Migration

Migratory or partially migratory. Winter range of whole population only just extends outside west Palearctic, so east Siberian birds must travel at least 6500 km WSW to reach winter quarters. Iceland and Faeroes population winters in Scotland, Ireland, western France, and Iberia. Since early 1930s, has also wintered increasingly in Iceland, particularly in larger towns. British and mainland Eurasian population winters in western Europe south from Scotland, coastal Norway, and south-east Baltic area, and around Mediterranean, Black, and south Caspian Seas. Autumn movement out of Sweden and Norway occurs late September to mid-November, sporadically to December. Departure from Tomsk (south-central Siberia) starts at end of August and a few remain to late October. Arrives in France from late September, weather and feeding conditions there determining when birds move on to Iberia: may reach Spain and Portugal in November, but in some years not until January. Return passage begins in February, takes place mainly March-April, continuing into May in north. Lack of fixed wintering areas is a notable feature of Redwing‘s migration. Only a few ringing recoveries demonstrate year-to-year winter site-fidelity, and there are many to show that birds may winter in widely different localities in different winters, e.g. many birds ringed in Britain in winter have been recovered in subsequent winters in Italy, Greece, and localities even further to south and east.

REDCAPCOU 1438 by Bryan J. Smith

6 3

Diagnostic Red-capped Coua, Coua ruficeps, 40 cm / 15.7 in. ENDEMIC. Dry, deciduous forest, spiny desert, thorn scrub and degraded open wooded areas. On a trail, through the trees. The only one we spotted, and it took off running when it spotted us.

Ankarafantsika National Park, Madagascar.

©bryanjsmith.

ASIEMECUC 0145 by Bryan J. Smith

5 4

Diagnostic Asian Emerald Cuckoo, Chrysococcyx maculatus, 18 cm / 7 in. At several hundred meters and not a great shot. Usually in leafy canopy of tall trees, but in spring is conspicuous in evergreen forest. Handheld out the van window.

En-route to Morong Camp and just after meeting our camping crew. Samdrup Province, Bhutan.

©bryanjsmith.

KITTPLOV 0852 by Bryan J. Smith

8 3

Diagnostic Kittlitz's Plover, Charadrius pecuarius, 12 - 14 cm. / 4.7-5.5 in. Found on coastal and inland wetlands.

Seen enroute to Tulear from Ifaty, Madagascar.

©bryanjsmith.

ELOROPARA 0468 by Bryan J. Smith

5 2

Diagnostic El Oro Parakeet, Pyrrhura orcesi, 23 - 24 cm / 9 - 9.5 in. Very RARE locally in foothills and lower sub-tropical forest on western slope in south. Limited range. Recently described species.

Buenaventure Reserve, El Oro Province, Ecuador.

©bryanjsmith.

DARTWARB dartfordiensis F 0918 by Bryan J. Smith

11 6

Diagnostic Female Dartford Warbler, Sylvia undata dartfordiensis, 13-14 cm. / 5.1 - 5.5 in. Bushy coastal heath, sometimes in open pine or oak wood with heather. Handheld.

Shatterford's Bishop, England, Great Britain.

©bryanjsmith.

WHIFROPLO tenellus 1031 by Bryan J. Smith

4 1

Diagnostic White-fronted Plover, Charadrius marginatus tenellus , 18 cm. / 7.1 in. Prefers sandy shores along coasts, large rivers and lakes; rocky shores and mudflats.

On a wetland between Ifaty and Tulear, Toliara, Madagascar.

©bryanjsmith.

GREABUST 9596 by Bryan J. Smith

7 1

Diagnostic Great Bustard, Otis tarda tarda, 90 - 105 cm. / 35.43 / 41.34 in. VULNERABLE. Breeds on dry, flat and large, open plains, preferably natural steppe or similar undisturbed areas.

Extremadura, Spain.

©bryanjsmith.

Fully functional? Fully functional! by Flork1138

10 4

Diagnostic check

Global Pandemic | Zimbabwe by International Monetary Fund

Dr Brighton Samatanga, director and founder of the Biotech Institute Zimbabwe, working in his lab in Harare. The Biotech Institute collects and tests sample for COVID-19.

IMF Photo/Cynthia R Matonhodze

25 November 2020

Harare, Zimbabwe

Photo ref: IMF COVID_Cynthia R Matonhdze_11.jpg

Rail Diagnostics Train at Oberlaa by Michael Bauer

MAV Rail Diagnostics Train at Oberlaa.

01 Ocenebra erinaceus by Morddyn

Large, 45 mm high, long-dead, eroded specimen with imbricate (flounced) growth lines surviving in grooves between spiral cords; magnified X4 in inset.

Cast up from offshore onto storm beach strandline, Kirkcudbright, S.W. Scotland, July 1968.

Full SPECIES DESCRIPTION BELOW

PDF avaialable at www.researchgate.net/publication/369537725_Ocenebra_erina...

Sets of OTHER SPECIES at: www.flickr.com/photos/56388191@N08/collections/

Ocenebra erinaceus (Linnaeus, 1758).

Synonyms: Murex erinaceus Linnaeus, 1758; Ocenebra erinacea [misspelling in Graham, 1988]; 45 unaccepted subspecies and varieties listed on WoRMS.

Current taxonomy: World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS)

www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=140405

Vernacular: European sting winkle, European oyster drill (English); Gwichiad coliog (Welsh); Stekelhoren, Geschubde stekelhoren (Dutch); Großes Seekälbchen, Gerippte Purpurschnecke, Gerippte Felsschnecke, Austernbohrer (German); Cormaillot (French); Ψευτόστρομπος (Greek).

GLOSSARY below.

Shell description.

The matt, opaque, solid shell grows sublittorally to 50 mm high and 25 mm wide (Fretter & Graham, 1985) fig. 01 flic.kr/p/2op3qCC, but most intertidal specimens are less than 30 mm high fig. 02 flic.kr/p/2op6v13 . The body-whorl is about 75% of the shell’s height. Those in the Mediterranean are larger (Jeffreys, 1867), occasionally up to 65 mm high (Pers. comm. Jakov Prkić, 18 March 2023), are generally more colourful and ornate fig. 03 flic.kr/p/2op3Kef & fig. 04 flic.kr/p/2op6tN8 and there are some differences in body features. The differences may be geographical variation, but it would be helpful if differing specimens could be molecularly sequenced.

Each of the tumid whorls has an angled shoulder and eight or nine widely spaced, strong costal ribs which are crossed by two major, rounded spiral cords on the spire whorls and by eight or nine on the body-whorl fig. 05 flic.kr/p/2op6th8 ; minor cords are also present. There are low knobs where the cords and costal ribs intersect. Numerous flounced growth lines cross the spiral cords and grooves and give the whole shell an imbricate appearance fig. 06 flic.kr/p/2op6t35 & fig. 07 flic.kr/p/2op8Aq1 unless eroded, when they survive longest in the grooves fig. 01 flic.kr/p/2op3qCC . On adults the most recently formed costal rib acts as a labial varix which thickens the palatal lip of the aperture fig. 05 flic.kr/p/2op6th8 unless there has been recent new growth fig. 06 flic.kr/p/2op6t35 . The sutures between the whorls are deep and sinuous. The sculpture becomes more pronounced with age. The shell exterior is yellowish white fig. 05 flic.kr/p/2op6th8 with varying amounts of brown which may create bands associated with the spiral cords or costal ribs fig. 08 flic.kr/p/2op6sCH . The protoconch, lacking obvious sculpture, has about two and a half tumid, smooth whorls about 1 mm in diameter fig. 02 flic.kr/p/2op6v13 which, when not eroded, form a sharp apical point.

The height of the aperture is about 60% of the shell height fig. 02 flic.kr/p/2op6v13 . It is approximately ‘P’ shaped with the nearly straight inner lip (parietal and columellar) and long siphonal canal forming the upright, and the palatal lip forming the curve. On young shells the canal is open fig. 02 flic.kr/p/2op6v13 . Later the columellar lip expands over the canal to roof it fig. 08 flic.kr/p/2op6sCH to a greater or lesser degree. All lips are pure white and the parietal lip tends to spread onto the adjacent body-whorl. The palatal lip may consist of the labial varix or a thin, finely folded lip projecting a minimal fig. 05 flic.kr/p/2op6th8 or moderate fig. 06 flic.kr/p/2op6t35 distance beyond the varix, depending on recent growth and erosion. It meets the parietal lip at about 90°. On mature shells, the palatal lip often has interior protrusions which correlate with the spiral grooves of the exterior fig. 09 flic.kr/p/2op8Yue . The interior of the aperture is smooth and glossy white.

The operculum fig. 10 flic.kr/p/2op7LKL has a fairly straight columellar-parietal edge. Its palatal edge is curved except for a straight basal section which, with the columellar-parietal edge, forms a wedge which fits into the siphonal canal. Centrally, it is dark reddish brown, but a wide peripheral zone is translucent yellowish fig. 11 flic.kr/p/2op6rLh .The outer face, made of conchiolin produced by the opercular groove, has a marginal nucleus with many fine, surrounding, concentric growth lines. The inner face has a non-marginal, excentric nucleus surrounded by broad, concentric, bands of adventitious conchiolin produced by a ring of gland cells in the opercular disc fig. 10 flic.kr/p/2op7LKL . Both interior bands and exterior growth lines are visible through the translucent operculum when viewed against a backlit white background; the patterns cross each other fig. 11 flic.kr/p/2op6rLh . The inner face has an area of rougher texture where the columellar muscle attaches to it. The edge of the attachment area is visible as a curved line unaligned with either growth lines or adventitious bands. Apart from the rough muscle-attachment, the inner face of operculum has a shiny varnished surface fig. 10 flic.kr/p/2op7LKL . The operculum is flexible so it can fit the aperture tightly behind the interior protrusions, if any, of the palatal lip fig. 09 flic.kr/p/2op8Yue or bend round the body fig. 12 flic.kr/p/2op8XAa .

Body description

The flesh is translucent white or yellowish white with many opaque white blotches, and yellow, sometimes saffron (Jeffreys, 1867), distally on the cephalic tentacles fig. 12 flic.kr/p/2op8XAa & fig. 13 flic.kr/p/2op8XsQ , but the yellow may not be developed on small juveniles fig. 07 flic.kr/p/2op8Aq1 and juveniles less than 5 mm high in the Adriatic may have grey and black bodies fig. 37 flic.kr/p/2opNWxW . Dark viscera are visible in parts of the body rarely extended into view fig. 14 flic.kr/p/2op7KP7 .

The small dorsoventrally flattened head consists of two diverging cephalic tentacles with thick bases tapering about two thirds of their length to an eye fig. 12 flic.kr/p/2op8XAa & fig. 14 flic.kr/p/2op7KP7 beyond which they are slender. Ventrally there is an opening slit (rhynchostome) fig. 15 flic.kr/p/2op8WGX for eversion of the pleurembolic feeding proboscis which can extend greatly; there is no permanently external snout. The radula, buccal mass and true mouth are in the distal end of the proboscis fig. 14 flic.kr/p/2op7KP7 when extended. The short rachiglossan radula has in each row of three colourless, transparent teeth a wide, central, rachidian tooth with many small cusps (points) flanked on either side by a longer marginal tooth. The cusps on the anterior rows are usually worn down by boring into the shells of prey.

The translucent yellowish white mantle roofs the mantle cavity fig. 12 flic.kr/p/2op8XAa and a folded portion fig. 14 flic.kr/p/2op7KP7 extends as a respiratory siphon through, but rarely beyond, the siphonal canal of the shell fig. 17 flic.kr/p/2op6qtC . The mantle covers the body but is translucent enough to reveal the organs when the animal is removed from the shell fig. 22 flic.kr/p/2op8VfZ . The edge of the mantle is thickened, more yellowish and less translucent fig. 12 flic.kr/p/2op8XAa .

The short, broad foot is about 33% the length of the shell fig. 18 flic.kr/p/2op6qhA . When fully spread it is widest at the anterior fig. 19 flic.kr/p/2op7JJm but it can vary to circular fig. 20 flic.kr/p/2op3Ek2 . There are no distinct propodial tentacles, but the agile foot can fold readily and bring the sides and flexible front corners together fig. 17 flic.kr/p/2op6qtC to manipulate prey or, in the case of females, manoeuvre egg capsules. The opening to the inverted accessory boring organ is on the medial fold line of the sole a short distance from the anterior. It is difficult to detect except when the sucker-like boring organ is everted to hold and to soften the shell of the prey for boring by the radula. A little further posterior than the boring gland on females there is an opening to the ventral pedal gland into which the foot inserts each newly laid egg capsule for final shaping and subsequent fixing to the substrate.

Dorsally the foot is coloured as the body but the yellowish white sole lacks opaque white marks except where those on the dorsum show through the thin periphery fig. 20 flic.kr/p/2op3Ek2

Behind the right tentacle, males have a large, white penis fig. 21 flic.kr/p/2op6pqL .

Removal of the shell fig. 22 flic.kr/p/2op8VfZ & fig. 23 flic.kr/p/2op8wre will show a large, yellowish, pinnate ctenidium and a smaller, pinnate, red-brown osphradium resembling a ctenidium in structure. The following organs may be visible through the translucent mantle: the greenish hypobranchial gland, rectum, black rectal gland, heart, kidney and the visceral lump containing the digestive gland and, in the breeding season, the ovary or testes.

Key identification features

Ocenebra erinaceus

1. Maximum height 50 mm, width 25 mm (W/H 50%) fig. 01https://flic.kr/p/2op3qCC . Littoral specimens usually to 30 mm high.

2. 8 to 9 costal ribs. Numerous imbricate growth lines fig. 06 flic.kr/p/2op6t35 .

3. Most recently formed costal rib forms a labial varix on or near palatal lip fig. 05 flic.kr/p/2op6th8 .

4. Two major spiral cords on the spire whorls and 8 to 9 on the body-whorl fig. 05 flic.kr/p/2op6th8 . Minor cords are also present.

5. Shell yellowish white with pure white aperture lips and siphonal canal. Open fig. 02 flic.kr/p/2op6v13 or closed fig. 08 flic.kr/p/2op6sCH siphonal canal often slightly longer than the aperture above it.

6. Cephalic tentacles translucent white with opaque white marks and yellow distally fig. 12 flic.kr/p/2op8XAa , but small juveniles may lack the yellow fig. 13 flic.kr/p/2op8XsQ .

7. Egg capsules 6 to 13 mm high. Shaped like a hot water bottle with sloping shoulders. Sometimes have a raised rib giving triangular cross section. Narrow aperture on a short neck has a small protruding plug. Whitish turning to yellow or purple with age fig. 24 flic.kr/p/2op6oKN .

8. Norway to Morocco and Mediterranean. Lives on rocky substrate all round Britain except east Scotland. Lower shore and sublittoral. Does not live in the Baltic or on continental coasts of the North Sea; multiple records of it at

waarneming.nl/species/20959/maps/?start_date=2000-08-29&a...

are fossils in sand dumped to replenish Dutch beaches (Han Raven, pers. comm. 14 March 2023).

Similar species

Shells have intraspecific variations with interspecific overlap, and features may be eroded or indiscernible on images, so use of more than one feature is advisable for reliable identification.

Ocinebrellus inornatus (Récluz, 1851)

O. inornatus “is very similar to Ocenebra erinaceus and is very difficult to distinguish due to the morphological variability of both” (Trigo et al. 2018). First arrivals of this invasive species are frequently mistaken for O. erinaceus. Large unworn adult shells of O. inornatus show the most distinct sculptural features. The form of egg capsules and colour of tentacle tips are diagnostic in north-west Europe.

1. Maximum height 63 mm (fig. 27 flic.kr/p/2op7GK1 ).

2. Usually 8 to 9, occasionally 4 to 12 costal ribs (Amano & Vermeij 1998 in Goud et al. 2008) on body-whorl. They are more prominent and angulated at the shoulder giving a more pronounced turreted effect than on Ocenebra erinaceus fig. 25 flic.kr/p/2op8vQj . No imbricate growth lines are visible in images of O. inornatus available for this account fig. 26 flic.kr/p/2op7GSA .

3. On large mature specimens the ribs on the body-whorl may be blade-like with the final one flaring out widely from the lip, level with the substrate fig. 27 flic.kr/p/2op7GK1 . But the more frequent smaller specimens have costal ribs and a labial varix like those on O. erinaceus fig. 25 flic.kr/p/2op8vQj .

4. 4 to 7 spiral cords on the body-whorl (Lützen et al, 2011).

5. Shell white with varying amounts and shades of brown. Aperture lips and siphonal canal white are sometimes whitish and brownish in parts. Siphonal canal is often slightly shorter than aperture above it.

6.Cephalic tentacles distally pure white without any yellow beyond the eye fig. 26 flic.kr/p/2op7GSA & fig. 28 flic.kr/p/2op3CD1 but some may be white faintly tinted brownish or pinkish proximally below the eye fig. 29 flic.kr/p/2op7Grf .

7. Egg capsules 15 to 20 mm high. Shaped like a kite with rounded lateral corners and a face strongly flexed so its two wings bend towards each other. Its tall neck tapers to a narrow aperture. Initially whitish turning yellow with age fig. 24 flic.kr/p/2op6oKN .

8. China, Korea, Japan and Sakhalin Island. Preys on Magallana gigas and has been accidentally translocated with commercial shipments of M. gigas to Pacific coasts of North America and to Europe from Iberia to Denmark. Locally common and a pest on oyster beds Not yet recorded in Britain (pers. comm. S. Taylor, Marine Recorder of Conchological Soc. G.B. & Ireland,15 March 2023) but because of difficulty in differentiating it from Ocenebra erinaceus it might be present unrecognised.

Ocinebrina aciculata (Lamarck, 1822)

1. Usual maximum height 15 mm and width 10 mm.

2. Eight to ten broad costal ribs on body-whorl. Slightly imbricate growth lines raised at irregular intervals, but not as prominently as on Ocenebra erinaceus.

3. Thin, crenulate palatal (outer) lip has no labial varix fig. 30 flic.kr/p/2op8TJc .

4. 18 to 20 spiral ridges on the body-whorl.

5. Shell dark brown fig. 30 flic.kr/p/2op8TJc , may show red of body within when well lit in water fig. 31https://flic.kr/p/2op7G27 . Dead worn shells are paler. Sigmoid, pearlescent white, parietal-columellar (inner) lip fig. 30 flic.kr/p/2op8TJc does not extend onto body-whorl. Siphonal canal open and orange-buff, when young, closed when older.

6. Cephalic tentacles and whole body intense red flecked with yellowish white spots fig. 31 flic.kr/p/2op7G27 . Tips of tentacles and siphon paler.

7. Egg capsules barrel shaped (Wigham & Graham, 2018).

8. Found often in proximity of Perforatus perforatus (Cirripedia) from the Mediterranean to Bretagne, Scilly Isles and south-west England.

Urosalpinx cinerea (Say, 1822). fig. 32 flic.kr/p/2op6ngR

1. Maximum height 40 mm, width 20 mm.

2. 10 to 12 low, sometimes inconspicuous, costal ribs on final whorl.

3. Thin, crenulate palatal (outer) lip thickens and develops internal ribs with age. No labial varix.

4. 16 to 18 spiral ridges on the body-whorl, eroded where they cross the costae, so no protruding nodules. Sometimes spiral ridges more prominent than costae.

5. Shell yellowish or grey with brownish white aperture lips and siphonal canal. Open siphonal canal half the length of the aperture above it.

6. Flesh is cream with dark marks on tentacles and mantle edge.

7. Egg capsules about 5 mm high. Flattened oval attached to substrate with a thin stem. Wide, slightly everted aperture has recessed plug. Buff or yellowish fig. 24 flic.kr/p/2op6oKN

8. Nova Scotia to Florida. Introduced from America with commercial Magallana gigas to south-east England and the Netherlands. Lower shore and sublittoral to 15 m.

Nucella lapillus (Linnaeus, 1758)

1. Usual maximum height 45 mm, to 65 mm sublittorally.

2. No costal ribs. Numerous imbricate growth lines on small juveniles occasionally persist on adults fig. 33 flic.kr/p/2op8SiB .

3. No labial varix. Lip thin when young, thickened when full grown.

4. Shell often worn smooth fig. 34 flic.kr/p/2op3AEX but some have about 2 spiral bands on the spire whorls and about 10 on the body-whorl fig. 35 flic.kr/p/2op6kjQ .

5. Shell usually whitish; sometimes yellowish, and bands of various colours may occur fig. 34 flic.kr/p/2op3AEX . Aperture lips and siphonal canal usually white but can have patches of other colour.

6. Body and cephalic tentacles pure white fig. 34 flic.kr/p/2op3AEX .

7. Egg capsules are spindle shaped, up to 10 mm high and 4 mm wide, on a short thin stalk. Yellowish white becoming yellow or sometimes purple or brownish with age fig. 24 flic.kr/p/2op6oKN .

8. White Sea to Gibraltar, not Baltic (low salinity), and Greenland to New York. Common on hard substrate all around Ireland and Britain, avoiding low salinity of inner estuaries.

Habits and ecology

O. erinaceus lives on rocky shores at LWST and sublittorally to 150 m on stony substrate.

It feeds on bivalves, barnacles and tube dwelling worms, boring holes through their shells to rasp out the flesh with its radula. It takes about ten days to bore into and consume an oyster with its everted proboscis fig. 16 flic.kr/p/2op8y3A .

The strong shell affords protection against predators. When active, little of the animal protrudes beyond its shelter fig. 18 flic.kr/p/2op6qhA and the operculum protects nearly half of the foot. In Croatia those in shallow water are often covered with algae which conceal them fig. 36 flic.kr/p/2op3zyP . When sealed, the long siphonal canal protects the siphon so it can remain safely extended for respiration when the animal is retracted into the shell fig. 09 flic.kr/p/2op8Yue .

Inhalant water entering through the respiratory siphon has its quality checked by the pectinate osphradium at the inner end of the siphon before passing through the larger pectinate ctenidium fig. 22 flic.kr/p/2op8VfZ & fig. 23 flic.kr/p/2op8wre .

O. erinaceus breeds in late April and May in Britain. The male fertilizes the female internally with its long penis. Egg capsules from the oviduct are manoeuvred one at a time by the female’s flexible foot into the ventral pedal gland where they are moulded before being fixed to rock or shells. Several capsules are laid close together, and females often lay in company. The egg capsules are 6 to 13 mm high, and are shaped like a hot water bottle with sloping shoulders. Sometimes a raised rib creates a triangular cross section. The narrow aperture is on a short neck and has a protruding plug. The capsules are initially whitish turning to yellow or purple with age fig. 24 flic.kr/p/2op6oKN . After nine or ten weeks, most of the young emerge from the capsule as crawling juveniles, but about 14% emerge as late veliger, swimming larvae with a well developed four-lobed velum and a foot. They lose the velum within five days (Wigham & Graham, 2018).

Like Nucella lapillus, females in the vicinity of boats treated with Tributyltin (TBT), an anti-fouling biocide, experience imposex, the malformation of the oviduct causing sterility. Near Plymouth and Falmouth docks, England, about 90% of female O. erinaceus were so affected in studies from 1991 to 1995 (Gibbs, 1996). Even so, the reproductive failure was less than that experienced by N. lapillus perhaps because of arrival of swimming late veligers, which N. lapillus lacks, from less affected areas.

Distribution and status

O. erinaceus occurs from the Azores and the Mediterranean to its winter-cold induced limits in northern France and south-east Scotland. It does not live in the Baltic or on continental coasts of the North Sea; multiple records of it at

waarneming.nl/species/20959/maps/?start_date=2000-08-29&a...

are fossils in sand dumped to replenish Dutch beaches (Han Raven, pers. comm. 14 March 2023) and probably some misidentified Ocinebrellus inornatus. These misleading records have transferred to GBIF at www.gbif.org/species/4364689 . Because of the mild Atlantic drift in winter, it extends up the west coast of Ireland and Britain to Orkney and Shetland. The U.K. distribution map at species.nbnatlas.org/species/NHMSYS0021055838 probably shows the true position (accessed March 2023), but there, too, fossils are present in pleistocene glacial drift (Forbes & Hanley, 1853) from which they may be washed out onto beaches.

In the past, the limits have shifted. During the exceptionally severe winters 1928 - 1929 and 1962 - 1963, the population along the British North Sea coast was almost annihilated (Lützen et al., 2011). With global warming it is possible that it may spread north of its current limits, but recording of any change should be based on live specimens as the solid shells persist for long periods after death.

Acknowledgements

For use of images I thank Philippe Boissel, Pierre Corbrion, Valentin Engelbos, Marion Haarsma, Gabriel Paladino Ibáñez, Kaila Wheatley Kornblum, Michal Maňas, Alen Petani, Jakov Prkić, Malcolm Storey, Simon Taylor, Freek Titselaar, Albert van den Bruele, Daniëlla van Dijk and Stefan Verheyen. For helpful discussion and information I thank Han Raven and Stefan Verheyen.

Links and references

Forbes, E. & Hanley S. 1849-53. A history of the British mollusca and their shells. vol. 3 (1853), London, van Voorst. (As Murex erinaceus)

archive.org/details/historyofbritish03forbe/page/370/mode...

Fretter, V. 1941 The genital ducts of some British stenoglossan prosobranchs J. Mar. Biol. Ass. 25(1): 173-211.

plymsea.ac.uk/id/eprint/1194/1/The_genital_ducts_of_some_...

Fretter, V. and Graham, A. 1962. British prosobranch molluscs: their functional anatomy and ecology. London, Ray Society.

Fretter, V. and Graham, A. 1985. The prosobranch molluscs of Britain and Denmark. Part 8 – Neogastropoda. Suppl. 15, J. Moll. Stud.

Gibbs, P.E. 1996. Oviduct malformation as a sterilising effect of tributyltin (TBT)-induced imposex in Ocenebra erinacea (Gastropoda: Muricidae). J. Moll. Stud., 62 (4): 403 to 413. academic.oup.com/mollus/article/62/4/403/1053911 (open access).

Goud, J., Titselaar, F. & Mulder, G. 2008. Weer een ‘verstekeling’: de Japanse Stekelhoren Ocinebrellus inornatus (Récluz, 1851) (Gastropoda, Muricidae) levend aangetroffen in de Oosterschelde. Spirula 365: 132 to 134. natuurtijdschriften.nl/pub/1002492

Graham, A. 1988. Molluscs: prosobranch and pyramidellid gastropods. Synopses of the British Fauna (New Series) no.2 (Second edition). Leiden, E.J.Brill/Dr. W. Backhuys. 662 pages.

Hayward, P.J. & Ryland, J.S. (eds.) 1995. Handbook of the marine fauna of North-West Europe. Oxford University Press.

Jeffreys, J.G. 1862-69. British conchology. vol. 4 (1867). London, van Voorst. (As Murex erinaceus) archive.org/details/britishconcholog04jeffr/page/306/mode...

Lützen J., Faasse, M., Gittenberger, A., Glenner, H. and Hoffmann, E. 2011. The Japanese oyster drill Ocinebrellus inornatus (Récluz, 1851) (Mollusca, Gastropoda, Muricidae), introduced to the Limfjord, Denmark. Aquatic Invasions 7(2): 181–191.

www.aquaticinvasions.net/2012/AI_2012_2_Lutzen_etal.pdf

McKay, D.W. & Smith, S.M. 1979. Marine Mollusca of East Scotland. Edinburgh, Royal Scottish Museum.

Oehlmann, J., Fioroni, P., Stroben, E. and Markert, B. 1996. Tributyltin (TBT) effects on Ocinebrina aciculata (Gastropoda: Muricidae): imposex development, sterilization, sex change and population decline. Sci. Total Environ. 188: 205-223

www.bio.uni-frankfurt.de/55030905/Oehlmann-et-al-1996-STO...

Trigo, J.E.; Diaz Agras, G.J.; Garcia Alvarez, O.L.; Guerra, A.; Moreira, J.; Pérez, J.; Rolán, E.; Troncoso, J.S,; Urgorri, V.. 2018. Guia de los Moluscos Marinos de Galicia. Servicio de Publicacións da Universidade de Vigo.

Wigham, G.D. & Graham, A. 2018. Marine gastropods 3: Neogastropoda. Synopses of the British Fauna (New Series) no.62. (206 pages). Field Studies Council,Telford, England.

Glossary

acrembolic = (of proboscis) entirely invertible/eversible like finger of glove.

adventitious = in an unusual anatomical position.

aperture = mouth of gastropod shell; outlet for head and foot.

buccal mass = anterior of digestive system including a radula, odontophore and muscles.

cephalic = (adj.) of or on the head.

cf. = (abbreviation of Latin ‘confer’) compare with.

cilia = (pl.) vibrating linear extensions of membrane used in locomotion.

coll. = (or “in coll.”, abbreviation of “in collectionem”) in the collection of (cf. leg.).

columella = axis of gastropod shell spiral, exposed on final whorl by aperture.

columellar = (adj.) of or near central axis of spiral gastropod.

columellar lip = lower (abapical) part of inner lip of aperture.

conchiolin = horny flexible protein which forms the operculum of most marine gastropods, the periostracum and a matrix for the deposition of calcium carbonate to create a mollusc’s shell. Chemical structure C30H48O11N3; ‘chitinous’ as it resembles, though not identical to, chitin (C8H13O5N)n.

costa = (pl. costae) axial rib crossing shell whorl at about right-angles to any spiral striae.

costal = (adj.) of, or arranged like, costae.

ctenidium = comb-like molluscan gill with filaments either side of a rachis .

cusp = raised point or prominence on crown of a tooth.

digestive gland = organ which acts like the liver and pancreas in mammals to absorb food.

distal = away from centre of body or from point of attachment.

dorsoventrally flattened = as if pressed flat from above.

efferent = (adj. of vessel) carrying haemolymph away from an organ.

efferent branchial vessel = vessel along rachis of ctenidium which carries oxygenated haemolymph away from the ctenidium to the heart for circulation to organs.

ELWST = extreme low water spring tide (usually near March and September equinoxes).

everted = turned inside out from the body.

height = (abbreviation H.) distance from apex of shell to base of aperture.

hypobranchial gland = gland which secretes mucus to trap and consolidate particles from inhalant water. Probably other biologically active compounds produced. On contact with air and light, mucus changes from greenish through red to purple.

imbricate = arranged to overlap like roof tiles.

inverted = turned outside in like a sock.

labial varix = especially strong or broad costa (rib) near edge of outer lip of aperture.

leg. = (abbreviation of legit) collected/ found by (cf. coll.)

LWST = low water spring tide, two periods of a few days each month when tide falls lowest.

mantle = sheet of tissue that secretes shell and forms a cavity for the gill in most marine molluscs. mantle edge = only part that produces exterior layers of shell. When flounced, it makes protruding shell-growth that forms imbricate sculpture.

odontophore = tongue-like structure of cartilage supporting radula.

opercular = (adj.) of the operculum.

operculum = plate of horny conchiolin, rarely calcareous, used to close shell aperture.

osphradium = organ for testing inhalant water for particles and/or chemicals produced by pollutants, prey or predators.

parietal lip = upper part of inner side of gastropod aperture.

periostracum = thin horny layer of chitinous material often coating shells.

pers. comm. = personal communication by face-to-face conversation, telephone, letter or email.

pleurembolic proboscis = basal part (only) of proboscis inverts to form a sac for rest of proboscis to be retracted into without inversion. (cf. acrembolic).

proboscis = internal feeding tube, containing the buccal mass with radula; only extended when feeding.

protoconch = apical whorls produced during embryonic and larval stages; different in form from other whorls forming teleoconch.

proximal = towards the centre of the body or point of attachment.

rachidian = (adj.) median/middle tooth in each row of teeth on radula.

rachiglossan = (adj.) of radula with a many-cusped, rachidian tooth, and single marginal tooth at each side.

rachis = central shaft/main axis of a feather or gill plume.

radula = chitinous ribbon of teeth; extended on odontophore to rasp food.

rectal gland = black or brown diverticulum of the rectum lying over it. Found in O. erinaceus and other Neogastropoda. Its function is unknown.

velum = bilobed flap on veliger larva, with beating cilia for swimming.

rhynchostome = opening on ventral surface of head for eversion of a proboscis.

sigmoid = curved in two directions like letter ‘S’ but often with shallower curvature.

suture = groove or line where whorls of gastropod shell adjoin.

teleoconch = entire gastropod shell, apart from apical protoconch.

tumid = bulging, distended, swollen, distinctly convex.

tumidity = the condition of being tumid.

varix = (see labial)

veliger = shelled larva of marine mollusc; swims by waving cilia on velum (bilobed flap).

Darkness at Lou Ruvo by Matthew Brown

28 44

Rolleiflex Automat

Xenar 75mm f/3.5

Ilford XP2 400

Exposure: f/3.5, 1/8

Probably the most fascinating building in Las Vegas and it's not a casino. I deliberately scanned this underexposed with the dark areas and loss of details. A symbolic nod to what this building represents with it's architecture and the debilitating diseases of the brain that they fight there.

[ blog: Bright Lights and Vegas Nights ]

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lou_Ruvo_Center_for_Brain_Health

"Keep Memory Alive (also known as KMA) was founded by Larry Ruvo, senior managing partner of Southern Wines and Spirits, in memory of his father, Lou Ruvo, a victim of Alzheimer’s Disease, together with his wife Camille, Mirage Resorts CEO Bobby Baldwin,who also lost his father to Alzheimer's Disease, and Bobby Baldwin's wife Donna. KMA supports the mission of the Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health and has held several star-studded galas, attended by celebrities and notables from around the world. It has become one of Las Vegas’ most important charity initiatives and a key participant in the nation fight against Alzheimer’s disease. Since its inception, the event has raised more than $20 million towards achieving its goal – the realization of the Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health. Funds committed by such supporters as the Spector Family Foundation, the Roland and Terri Sturm Foundation, Steinberg Diagnostics, the Hard Rock Hotel and Casino and America Online will be utilized for the construction and operation of this incredible state-of-the-art facility. The Center is planned to become a national resource for the most current research and scientific information for the treatment of Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, Huntington 's Diseases, and ALS (Lou Gehrig's Disease) as well as focusing on prevention, early detection and education."

_DSC3499 by Hans Jan Dürr

Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown, Lisbon Portugal

Charles Correa Associates designed this research and diagnostic centre located in Lisbon. It is a state-of-the-art facility guided by some of the best scientist in the world. The site, where the river meets the Atlantic Ocean, is steeped in history. It is the site where Henry the Navigator, Vasco de Gama and other great Portuguese left on their journeys into the unknown—a perfect metaphor for the discoveries of contemporary science today. The 3 units that constitute the project are:

•the largest for the doctors and scientist,

•the second for the theatre, the exhibition hall, the foundation offices, etc,

•the third is an open-air amphitheatre for the city.

They have been arranged to create a 125m long pathway leading diagonally across the site, towards the open seas. This pathway is ramped up at a gentle slope of 1:20, so as you ascend, you see only sky ahead of you. At the end of the ramp are two stone monoliths, straight from the quarry. When you reach the highest point, you begin to see a large body of water, which seemingly connects (i.e. without any visual break) to the ocean beyond. In the centre of this water body, just below the surface of the water, is an oval shaped object—made of stainless steel and slightly convex, so that it reflects the blue sky and passing clouds above.

Beyond its scientific importance, the centre’s design has also caught the attention of architects around the world. The bid to design the site was won by Indian architect Charles Correa, who also designed the Brain and Cognitive Sciences Complex at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). The centre features a large interior rainforest connecting clinics and laboratories, chemotherapy suites with gardens, and many areas open for public use, including exhibition halls, an outdoor amphitheatre and landscaped walking areas. It is hoped that the location of the centre in the heart of Lisbon, as well as the openness of the site to the public, will encourage awareness of the centre and the Champalimaud Foundation, as well as the health and medical issues that their work is aiming to address.

MANXSHEA puffinus 0000 by Bryan J. Smith

6 4

Diagnostic Manx Shearwater, Puffinus puffinus puffinus, 30 - 35 cm. / 11.8 - 13.7 in. Open ocean, breeds colonially on islands and coastal cliffs. Handheld Canon 500 mm IS USM and 1.4x. Photographed in June 2008.

North Uist Ferry, Scotland, United Kingdom.

©bryanjsmith.

Personalized Medicine and Companion Diagnostics Go Hand-in-Hand by The U.S. Food and Drug Administration

Companion diagnostic tests show which patients could be helped by a drug and which patients would not benefit, and could even be harmed.

The recent approval of a genetic test to help doctors prescribe a drug that treats colorectal cancer is just one example of the increasing importance of companion diagnostic tests in personalized medicine to ensure the safety and effectiveness of targeted therapies. Read this FDA Consumer Update to learn more.

This graphic is free of all copyright restrictions and available for use and redistribution without permission. Credit to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration is appreciated but not required. For more privacy and use information visit: www.flickr.com/people/fdaphotos/

FDA graphic by Michael J. Ermarth

COLLFALC 0980 by Bryan J. Smith

3 1

Diagnostic Collared Falconet, Microhierax caerulescens burmanicus, 15 cm. / 5.9 in. Extremely RARE resident in China. Hunts mostly for insects from open trees. Observed this pair catching insects and courting from a ridge. They were at some distance.

Yunnan Province, China. ©bryanjsmith.

Douglas-Fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) Cone by Laurette McGovern

2 1

Roosevelt National Forest, Colorado

and now, as I put on my professor's hat, a bit of a botany lesson:

First, notice the bracts protruding from between the scales--very diagnostic

Next, please note the name "Douglas-fir," with a hyphen. It is not a "fir," it is a "Douglas-fir." Firs belong to the genus Abies; this does not.

However, even professional guidebooks and manuals often tend to get the common name wrong, so feel free to use whatever you wish. However, to be among the cognoscenti, and amaze your friends . . .

Dominator KKU120W engine bay by gareth388

Diagnostic work on the engine due to a miss fire. Fault with number 1 cylinder.

DLR-EAC Retinal Diagnostics Study by Matthias Maurer

ESA astronaut Matthias Maurer demonstrates the DLR-EAC Retinal Diagnostics project. He posted these images to his social media on 4 April 2022 with the caption:

A good looking project 😉 This German Aerospace Center, DLR-EAC Retinal Diagnostics project helps examine astronaut eyes on the International Space Station. With the help of an ophthalmic lens, which we attach to the camera of our tablets, and ESA - European Space Agency's ECOS operations support team on the ground we take and send images of our retina for analysis by experts 👀 These images are used to detect visual disorders that are common in space and to train an Artifical Intelligence (AI) model for future diagnosis. However, because this app is so compact and easy-to-use, it can also help in performing remote examinations and ensuring eye health in hard-to-reach places on Earth. www.esa.int/About_Us/EAC/Artificial_intelligence_for_eye_...

Credit: NASA/ESA-M.Maurer

ID: iss066e161321

104 by UCD School of Medicine

British Medical Ultrasound Society Master Class Meeting at UCD School of Medicine ; 14th November 2015

WHITHREAR 1119 by Bryan J. Smith

4 3

Diagnostic shot of a White-throated Earthcreeper, Upucerthia albigula, 19.5 - 22 cm. / 7.5 - 8.5 in. Restricted range species which is COMMON in Putre and similar nearby areas with dry ravines adjacent to agricultural fields or native scrub. The tail is in focus!

Putre, Arica Y Painacota Region, Chile. ©bryajsmith.

GOULSUNB gouldiae 0298 by Bryan J. Smith

14 16

Diagnostic Mrs. Gould's Sunbird (Yellow-breasted), Aethopyga gouldiae gouldiae, 10 cm / 3.9 in. Resident found on Rhododendron and other flowering trees. Too fast moving for my handheld 500mm! But a gorgeous bird - what colors!

Upper Lingmethang Road, Bhutan.

©bryanjsmith.

Acoustic Diagnostics by ESA_events

Image tweeted by ESA astronaut Luca Parmitano during his #MissionBeyond. Luca tweeted this with the text: "Acoustic Diagnostics is an ASI experiment, in cooperation with the University of Rome Tor Vergata, to study the effects of the background noise of the ISS on the hearing of the astronauts".

Credit: ESA/NASA

ID:402F0623

Double Wedding Ring Quilt by MTSOfan

8 4

At the diagnostic center hangs this quilt, made by Amish hands. According to the sign, the quiltmakers have a fascinatino with this pattern, even though the Amish don't wear wedding rings. Their interest seems to lie in the difficulty of quilting, with exactness, in a pattern of all circles, and also in the seriousness with which they take marriage.

Side view illustration of the Collective Thomson Scattering design. The high power probe beam is illustrated in purple, whereas the information gathered by the receivers is shown in dark blue. © DTU by Fusion for Energy

2 1

Eurydema ventralis (20-9-07 Zaragoza) by Bárbol

Diagnostic character. The red abdomen is the only way to distinguish E. ventralis from the red or orange forms of E. ornata, with black abdomen.

In my garden. Zaragoza, Spain

BLATHRSUN 0153 by Bryan J. Smith

5 1

Diagnostic Male Black-throated Sunbird, Aethopyga saturata, 11 cm / 4.33 in. COMMON resident of Bhutan and NE India in bushes in forest and secondary growth.

Morong, Himalaya Mountains, Bhutan.

©bryanjsmith.

SEDGWARB 0013a by Bryan J. Smith

5 5

Diagnostic Sedge Warbler, Acrocephalus schoenobaenus, 11.5 - 13 cm. / 4.5 - 5.1 cm. Dense vegetation in marshy areas, mixed reeds and bushes, tall rushes, riverside willows, swampy bushland, along ditches, and canals with lush vegetation. Photographed in June 2008.

Titchwell Reserve, England, United Kingdom.

©bryanjsmith.

diagnostic equipment for the axlebox mounted on the new bogie of model 18-9891 (Refreshed type 18-9855 BARBER S-2-R) by Cetus13

Exposed on the territory of the Russian Railways Museum in St Petersburg during biannual International railway fair "1520 "PRO//Motion.Expo"

type 18-9855 BARBER S-2-R see: www.flickr.com/photos/cetus13/48617715827/in/album-721577...

M61,017 & FMK 007 by Erdélyi Árpád

Cegléd

Old School diagnostics by Dave*71

Vintage SUN Motor Tester

"automotive test equipment"

PACIGULL 0159 by Bryan J. Smith

4 7

Diagnostic Pacific Gull, Larus pacificus, 50 - 67 cm / 19.68 - 26.37 in. ENDEMIC. What a bill, even from a distance! Coastal, nearby rubbish dumps.

Cheyne Beach near Albany, Western Australia.

©bryanjsmith.

This image is taken from United States Naval Medical Bulletin Vol. 3, Nos. 1-4, 1909 by Medical Heritage Library, Inc.

Go to the Book with image in the Internet Archive

Title: United States Naval Medical Bulletin Vol. 3, Nos. 1-4, 1909

Creator: U.S. Navy. Bureau of Medicine and Surgery

Publisher:

Sponsor:

Contributor:

Date: 1909

Language: eng

Table of Contents

Number 1

Preface vii

Special articles 1

The artificial illumination of naval vessels (a study in naval

hygiene), by J. D. Gatewood 1

A simple operation for hemorrhoids, by H. F. Hull 22

Suggested devices 25

A metal suspensory, by W. B. Grove 25

A short and accurate method of calculating the age in years and months,

by E. M. Brown 25

Card for index system to be used in preparing smooth quarterly form

"X" at recruiting stations, etc., by C. R. Keen 27

Clinical notes 29

A case of angina Ludovici, by W. S. Pugh 29

A case of Vincent's angina, by G. F. Clark 31

Rupture of the iris; two cases, by R. K. Riggs 32

Wood alcohol poisoning; 13 cases, 3 deaths, by R. A. Baehmann 33

A case of virulent chancroids, by D. C. Gather 36

A case of septicemia successfully treated with Steam's streptolytic

serum by M. F. Gates . 39

An unusual case of undescended testicle, by E. M. Brown 39

Current comment 41

United States Pharmacopeial Convention 41

Concerning extracts or abstracts for publication 4l

Measuring the height of recruits 43

Suggestions for the study of heat exhaustion 44

Perfected routine of dosage, etc., in the treatment of tuberculosis by

the administration of mercury, by B. L. Wright 46

Has the chemical examination of water practical value to the military medical

officer? by P. '.T'. Waldner 47

An aid in throat and laryngeal examinations, by E. M. Brown 50

Progress in medical sciences 51

Laboratory —An anatomical peculiarity noted in specimens of hook worm

from Culebra 51

Preliminary note on the lesions of anchylostomiasis in the intestines of

dogs, by O. J. Mink 51

Preliminary note on nematode found in the liver of a wild rat, by O.

J.Mink 52

Chemistry and pharmacy — Note on the disintegration of tablets;

influence of benzoic acid and benzoates on digestion and health: address on the

clinical examination of urine, with especial reference to estimation of urea;

determination of pepsin by the edestin test, E. W. Brown and P. J. Waldner 52

Surgery —Review of advances; the operative treatment of recent

fractures of the femoral shaft; the treatment of fractures by mobilization and massage;

has surgical treatment lessened mortality from appendicitis; when to operate

for appendicitis; diffuse septic peritonitis, due to appendicitis; local

anesthesia of a limb by venous transfusion after expulsion of blood; on

narcosis under an artificially restricted circulation; the correlation of

glands with internal secretion; improved technique for the detection of

tubercle bacilli in the urine; relief of the wounded during battle, H. C. Curl

and H. W. Smith 54

Pathology and bacteriology —On the so-called fatty degeneration of the adrenals;

three cases of squamous celled carcinoma of the gall bladder; the practical

value of the demonstration of spirochaeta pallida in the early diagnosis of

syphilis; C. 8. Butler and O. J. Mink 65

Medical zoology — Plague in ground squirrels (a review); the prevalence

and distribution of the animal parasites of man in the Philippine Islands, with

a consideration of their possible influence on the public'

health; preliminary note on a protozoan in yaws; the intestinal protozoa

of man, R. C. Holcomb • 67

Tropical medicine — Ankylostomiasis in the Tropics; bilharziasis among women

and girls in Egypt; a report of several cases with unusual symptoms caused by

contact with some unknown variety of jellyfish; the diagnosis of latent

malaria; haemolysins and antihaemolytic substances in the blood of malarial

patients, E. R. Stitt 73

General medicine —The direct inspection of the gastric mucous membrane;

toxemia from the standpoint of perverted metabolism; a rapid method of

test-meal removal, lavage, and inflation; the therapeutics of diseases which

involve the internal secretions (mercury in the treatment of tuberculosis — its

mode of action —a warning); Flexner's serum in the treatment of epidemic

cerebrospinal meningitis; vascular crises; the curative influence of extracts

of leucocytes upon infections in animals, R. M. Kennedy 77

Hygiene and sanitation —Koch's standpoint with reference to the

question of the relation between human and bovine tuberculosis; the prevention of

tuberculosis; tropical lands and white races; sanitary report of the operations

of the naval expeditionary corps (German) in southwest Africa and in east

Africa; growth and naval military service; a study in measurements of cadets at

the naval school; on growth in height of youths serving their time in the army;

the value of fencing as a sport from hygienic and ethical point* of view; on-

the significance of the ophthalmo-reaction for the army; hematuria caused by a

parasite akin to bilharzia; the complex nature of typhoid etiology and the role

played by animals and man in the spread of the typhoid group of diseases; amoebae

carriers, H. G. Beyer 90

Reports and letters 195

Annual meeting of the American Pharmaceutical Association, Alrik Hammar,

delegate 105

Report of an epidemic of typhoid on the U.S.S. Maine, by M. S.

Elliott. 106

Report of an epidemic of grippe on the U. S. S. Charleston, by M. F.

Gates. 109

Number 2

Preface vii

Special articles 111

The treatment of tuberculosis and the results observed during the year 1908

(at the United States Naval Hospital, Las Animas, Colo.), by B. L. Wright 111

Laboratory studies and observations during the year 1908 (at the United

States Naval Hospital, Las Animas, Colo.), by A. B. Clifford 114

Tonsillar hypertrophy; a menace to the service, by B. F. Jenness 120

The ice bag in the treatment of typhoid fever, by G. Tucker Smith 122

Treatment of typhoid fever by colon irrigations, by the late C. G.

Alderman 124

Suggested devices 129

Description of a pit incinerator furnace, by R. C. Holcomb 129

Clinical notes 131

Report of a case of malignant endocarditis, following chancroid, by I.

Franklin Cohn 131

A case of multiple infected wounds from bear bite, by C. C. Grieve 132

A case presenting successive liver abscesses, by H. C. Curl and H. W. Smith

134

Cerebro-spinal fever, by J. G. Field 135

Current comment 141

Gangosa in Haiti 141

Hookworm disease in recruits from the Southern States 141

Care of ears and eyes in the Japanese navy 142

The question of ear protection in the British navy 142

Report relative to a series of experiments conducted on board the U. S.

S. Ohio during target practice, with "Plasticine" for the protection

of the ear drums during heavy gun fire, by W. M. Garton 142

Hygienic rules, with particular reference to venereal prophylaxis, in

the Austro-Hungarian navy 144

Experiments with gonococcic vaccine, by W. M. Garton 145

Thyroidal enlargement among applicants for enlistment in the Northwest,

by W. A. Angwin 147

Progress in medical sciences 148

Laboratory — Sterilization of catgut, by H. W. Smith 148

Chemistry and pharmacy — Fluidglycerates, pharmaceutical and physiological

aspect; the importance and significance of the chemical examination of the

gastric contents after a test meal, with a new method for estimating the

ferment activity of the gastric contents; demonstrations of enzymes and

antienzymes; studies on the chemistry of anaphylaxis; the clinical value of

viscosity determination; the viscosity of the blood; the detection and

quantitative determination of B-oxybutyric acid in the urine; a new method for

the quantitative estimation of albumin in the urine; concerning the diagnostic

value of Cammidge crystals in pancreatic diseases, E. W. Brown and P. J.

Waldner 150

Surgery — Review of advances; cerebral decompression; operative treatment

of acute gonorrheal epididymitis; appendectomy in diffuse septic peritonitis;

concerning technique of skin grafting; treatment of hypertrophy of the prostate

by injections of alien blood; the value of the Cammidge reaction in the diagnosis

of pancreatic disease; the Cammidge reaction in experimental pancreatitis; the

syphilis case sheet; the thymus in Basedow's disease; the effect of mammalian

pituitary on tetany after parathyreoidectomy, and upon the pupil; hemorrhage in

jaundice controlled by blood transfusion; on the haematogenic origin of

purulent nephritis through the staphylococcus; the snapping hip; three cases of

liver abscess treated by aspiration and injection of quinine, H. C. Curl and H.

\V. Smith: 156

Pathology and bacteriology — Widal’s

reaction with sterilized cultures; a new medium for typhoid work; report on a

further series of blood cultures from seventy-four cases of typhoid and

paratyphoid fever; the histology of liver tissue regeneration; typhoid bacilli

and gall bladder; the occurrence and distribution of the spirochaeta pallida in

congenital syphilis; experiments on the differentiation of cholera and

cholera-like vitrios by complement fixation;

C. S. Butler and O. J. Mink 166

Medical zoology —What is "schistosoma mansoni;" pulmonary

bilharziasis; filariasis and elephantiasis in southern Luzon; the diagnosis of African

tick fever from the examination of the blood; the parasite of

Kula Azar and allied organisms; a new human nematode-strongylus gibsoni;

report of the Permanent Commission for the Suppression of Uncinariasis; on the

supposed occurrence of the filaria immitis in man, R. C. Holcomb 174

Tropical medicine —An inquiry concerning the etiology of beriberi; have

trypanosomes an ultramicroscopical stage in their life history?; atoxyl as a

curative agent in malaria, E. R. Stitt 179

General medicine —The treatment of acute inflammatory conditions by

Bier's hypertemia; treatment of tetanus with subarachnoid injections of

magnesium sulphate; the serum diagnosis of syphilis; tubercle bacilli in the

sputum; a summary of the most recently published work on the doctrine of

opsonins; experimental investigation on "simple continued fever," H.

M. Kennedy 182

Hygiene and sanitation —On the application of heat for the purification

of water with troops in the field; catarrhal icterus of eberthian origin; the epidemic

of typhoid fever on H. M. S. Regina Elena; the treatment of sweat-foot in the

army; a contribution to our knowledge of the spread of cerebro-spinal

meningitis; on book disinfection on the large scale; the etiology of impetigo

contagiosa; tuberculosis in the British army and its prevention; symptoms that

may be attributed to soldering with the oxyhydrogen

flame; tactics and the health of the army, H. G. Beyer 189

Reports and letters 203

Seventeenth annual meeting of the Association of Military Surgeons,

Manley H. Simons, delegate 203

Report and recommendations of a board of officers, convened at the navy-yard,

Mare Island, Cal., on the precautionary methods to be taken to prevent the invasion of bubonic

plague at that station 205

Number 3

Preface VII

Special articles 211

Notes on the treatment of elephantiasis by the internal administration

of tinctuia ferri cbloridi, by P. S. Rossiter 211

A few notes on syphilis, by W. J. Zalesky 215

A note on the pathology of epidemic asthma, by O. J. Mink 222

Report on sixteen cases of heat prostration, with remarks on etiology,

by A. G. Grunwell 223

Reviews 231

Liver abscess from the point of view of etiology and prophylaxis; pathology

and differential diagnosis; and treatment (3 papers), by G. B. Crow,, J. A. B.

Sinclair, and J. F. Cottle 231

Suggested devices 245

Appliances improvised on sick bay bunks, by C. M. De Valin 245

Clinical notes 247

A case of fracture of patella, with operation at sea, by N. J.

Blackwood.. 247

A case of n current nasal hemorrhage, by Raymond Spear 250

A case of traumatic pneumonia, by C. F. Sterne 252

A case of liver abscess, by M. A. Stuart 254

Current comment 255

Hospital corps efficiency report 255

Physical defects found on reexamination of recruits 255

Some observations on the berthing of enlisted men of the navy, with suggestions

for improvement, by L. W. Curtis 256

The value of a chemical examination of water, by E. R. Noyes 257

Progress in medical sciences 267

Laboratory —A method for the preparation of flat worms for study, by O.

J. Mink and A. H. Ebeling .. 267

The formalin method for the clinical estimation of ammonia in the

urine, by E. W. Brown 269

Bang's method for estimation of sugar in the urine; the Edestin method for

the estimation of pepsin in stomach contents 273

Chemistry and pharmacy — Concerning the fractional precipitation of

albumin in the spinal fluid of normal cases luetics, functional and organic nervous

diseases and their bearing upon the differential diagnosis of dementia

paralytica, tabes dorsalis, tertiary and late syphilis; quantitative determination

of several sugars in the presence of each other in diabetic urines; the butyric

reaction for syphilis in man and in the monkey; excretion of amino acids in

pregnancy and after parturition; the relation between the protein content of

the blood serum and that of serous fluids; the further separation of antitoxin

from its associated proteins in horse serum, E. W. Brown and P. J. Waldner...276-279

Surgery —The Hodgen splint; surgical anemia and resuscitation; mechanism

underlying artificial respiration; a new theory of surgical shock; carbon

dioxide snow in the treatment of augioma; bursitis subacromialis, or

periarthritis of the shoulder joint; report on the local anesthetics recommended

as substitutes for cocaine; further researches on the etiology of endemic

goiter; auto- and iso-transplantation, in dogs, of the parathyroid glandules;

partial, progressive, and complete occlusion of the aorta and other large

arteries in the dog by means of the metal band; C. F. Stokes, R. Spear, and H.

W. Smith 279-289

Pathology and bacteriology —A simple method for the diagnosis of

syphilis; differential methods for detecting the typhoid bacilli in infected

water and milk; a peculiar intralobular cirrhosis of the liver produced by the protozoal

parasite of kala azar; the pathological anatomy of atoxyl poisoning; an

observation on the fate of B. Bulgaricus in the digestive tract of a monkey; a

contribution to the pathology of the spleen; a note, on the histology of a caue

of myelomatosis with Bence-Jones protein in

the urine; a new method for the recognition of indol in media; the rapid

diagnosis of rabies (a new stain for negri bodies); C. S. Butler and O. J. Mink

289-297

Medical zoology —Anew intestinal trematodeof man; some applications of the

precipitin reaction in the diagnosis of hydatid disease; bilharzia, hematobia,

and circumcision; trichocephaliasis; R. C. Holcomb ...... 297-306

Tropical medicine — Rice and beriberi; on the etiology of ulcerative

granuloma of the pudenda; amaebic dysentery with abscess of the liver in a patient

who had never been out of England; E. R. Stitt 306-308

General medicine —The dietetic treatment of diabetes; artificial

hyperemia in the treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis; remarks on the treatment of

gastric ulcer by immediate feeding; present status of the tuberculin tests; T.

W. Richards S0S-315

Hygiene and sanitation — On 'a new and practical method of securing bodily

cleanliness for our men on board ship; on the heat-conducting power of linoleum

as compared to that of floors made of wood or of

betone; on the discrimination of unrecognized diseases and on a disease

of overcrowding in ships, especially at

Malta; H. G. Beyer 315-320

Reports and letters 321

Guam; reports on health and sanitation for the years 1907 and 1908, by F.

E. McCullough and G. L. Angeny. 321

Number 4

Preface vii

Special articles 335

The hospital camp at Norfolk, Va., by P. A. Lovering 335

The teaching of tropical medicine outside of the Tropics, by E. R.

Stitt 308

Ethyl chloride as a general anaesthetic, by L. W. Johnson 344

Chronic nephritis in recruits, by B. F. Jenness 347

Supplementary report on the investigation of Samoan conjunctivitis, by P.

S. Rossiter 349

Points on embalming practicable on board ship, by C. Schaffer 351

Reviews 355

Surgical shock; a review of recent literature, by H. W. Smith 355

Suggested devices 365

Installation of an X-ray apparatus on the U. S. S. Maryland, by A.

Farenholt 365

Method of fumigation of vessels at Hamburg 368

An oxygen apparatus 370

An easily constructed bunk tray, by C. M. Oman 371

Clinical notes 373

Operations upon the kidney. United States naval hospital, New York, by G.

T. Smith 373

A report on two cases of dentigerous cysts, by D. N. Carpenter 374

A case of mammary development in the male, by E. M. Brown 376

Operative treatment of epididymitis, by W. S. Pugh, Jr 376

Two cases from report of U. S. S. Hancock—1908: (1) Retinal hemorrhage,

(2) myocarditis with rupture, by P. Leach 377

A case of fracture of the skull; operation and recovery, by F. W. F.

Wieber. 378

Carron oil in the treatment of otitis media suppurativa (acuta), by R.

E. Riggs 379

Fracture of skull and gunshot wound of lung, with recovery, by W. S.

Pugh, Jr ..... 381

Two unusual appendix cases, by R. R. Richardson 382

Proctoclysis in typhoid fever, by C. F. Stokes 384

Current comment 385

Subscription price of the Bulletin 385

Note on New York Post-Graduate Medical School 385

Note on contributions to the Bulletin 385

Note on annual meeting of American Medical Association on revision of pharmacopeia

386

Note on inquiry concerning clothing in the Tropics 386

Note on publicity concerning venereal disease in California 387

Review of Gatewood's Naval Hygiene 387

Note on the work at Tay Tay 388

Medical examination of army recruits, by A. E. Peck 389

Notes on the treatment of syphilis, by W. S. Hoen 391

Views on the treatment of typhoid fever, by H. A. May 393

Progress in medical sciences 397

Laboratory —Benedict's method for the estimation of glucose in the

urine; estimation of uric acid in the urine, Folin-Schaffer; clinical method

for the estimation of uric acid, modification of the Folin-Schaffer process; test

for blood in the urine; two methods for the estimation of albumin in the urine,

by O. J. Mink and E. W. Brown 397

Chemistry and pharmacy —The excretion in urine of sugars other than

glucose; experiments and experiences, pharmacological and clinical, with

digitalis, squill, and strophanthus; a reagent for the detection of reducing

sugars; on the antagonism of alcohol to carbolic acid ; the antitoxic activity

of iodine in tuberculosis; new experiments on the physiological action of

sulphuric ether; contribution to the physiology of the glands —further

contributions on the function of the spleen as an organ of iron metabolism;

modifications in the chemical composition of the blood serum in victims of

carbon dioxide poisoning, by P. J. Waldnerand C. Schaffer 402

Pathology and bacteriology —Studies on typhoid fever; chloroform

poisoning — liver necrosis and repair; the importance of blood cultures in the

study of infections of otitic origin; the cultivation of the spirocheeta

pallidum; the cultivation of the bacillus leprae; the chemistry of the liver in

chloroform necrosis; the present status of the whooping-cough question; the

conveyance of whooping cough from man to animals by direct experiment; serology

of syphilis, by C. S. Butler and O. J. Mink 407

Medical zoology — Schistosomiasis at Bahia; contribution to the study

of schistosomiasis in Bahia, Brazil; notes on malaria and kala-azar; endemic

amoebic dysentery in New York, with a review of its istribution in North America; filaria

(microfilaria) philippinensis; the distribution of filaria in the Philippine

Islands; acariens and cancers—acariens and leprosy; necator americanus in

Ceylon; anaemia due to trichocephalus dispar; study of the protozoa of J. H.

Wright in sixteen cases of Aleppo boil, by R. C. Holcomb 411

Tropical medicine — Infantile kala-azar; on the identity of beri-beri

and epidemic dropsy; Malta fever in South Africa; leprosy in the Philippine

Islands and its treatment; the various types of plague and their clinical

manifestations, by C. S. Butler 417

Hygiene and sanitation —The means by which infectious diseases are

transmitted; a critical study of the value of the measurements of chest expansion

and lung capacity; notes on the sanitation of yellow fever and malaria; the

house fly as a disease carrier, by H. G. Beyer 419

General medicine —A study of the aural and laryngeal complications of

typhoid fever, especially as observed in hospital practice; the problem of

cancer considered from the standpoint of immunity; nine cases of typhoid fever

treated with an antiendotoxic serum, by T. W. Richards 425

Surgery —Some practical points in the application of the bismuth paste

in chronic suppurative diseases; the sequence of the pathological changes in appendiceal

peritonitis; direct blood transfusion by means of paraffin-coated glass tubes;

the use of animal membrane in producing mobility in ankylosed joints, by C. F.

Stokes and R. Spear 431

Reports and letters 489

American Medical Association, by M. F. Gates 439

Report on the Second International Conference for Revision of Nomenclature

of Diseases and Causes of Death, by F. L. Pleadwell 445

Report upon medical relief measures at Messina, Sicily, by M. Donelson.

. 449

Reports of medical relief measures at Adana, Turkey, by J. T. Miller

and L. W. McGuire 452

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