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Made under the impression from the continuous multihour listening to "Blood from the air" by Coil.
A sleeping explorer, his wandering mind
Crossed over the border
A mind like a cemetery where the corpses are turning
Where the bodies twist deep
In the frozen grip of a dreamless sleep
Then the lowest comes up
Like a wreck from the depths
He hears night calling and has dreams of waking
Here in this brightness
That burns like slow lightning
He sees words burnt in ice
And reads that the world is a wound
And the body of Christ
Effects of the animal, animal sound effects
He says, "Death, he is my friend
He's promised me a quick end"
The world is in pain
And should be put down
And God is a sadist
And that he knows it
The depths of the night skies
Reflects in his eye
He says, "Everything changes
(Nine knives of ice)
And everyone dies"
And the night slits her veins
And the darkness drains
And the void rumbles in
Like an underground train
Forever comes closer
The world is in pain
We all must be shown, we must realise
That everyone changes and everything dies
Coil - Blood from the air
3.5" Hunter XCI CG PreCut to fit tracks Polyiso Continuous Insulation installed over 3M 3015 AVB Roosevelt Field Neiman Marcus. Polyiso higher thermal resistance allows for thinner tracks and overall wall thickness. Passes NFPA 285
Xci CG is a high-thermal rigid insulation panel composed of a closed cell polyisocyanurate foam core manufactured on-line to premium performance coated glass facers on both sides. It is designed for use in commercial wall applications to provide continuous insulation within the building envelope.
Endoscopic Retrograde CholangioPancreatography is a sophisticated procedure involving a combination of endoscopy and radiography (more properly called fluoroscopy, which is the visualization of movement under continuous or intermittent x-ray) of the pancreatic duct, or common bile duct, to facilitate the removal of gallstones or the flow of bile.
This is a combined image of two panoramas, the field of view which very nearly approaches 360°.
by Nelson Ball.
Cobourg, Proper Tales Press, 2o12. 1oo copies.
32 pp/29 printed, photocopy. 5-/2 x 8-1/2, stapled wrappers.
poetry.
4.oo
3.5" Hunter XCI CG PreCut to fit tracks Polyiso Continuous Insulation installed over 3M 3015 AVB Roosevelt Field Neiman Marcus. Polyiso higher thermal resistance allows for thinner tracks and overall wall thickness. Passes NFPA 285
Xci CG is a high-thermal rigid insulation panel composed of a closed cell polyisocyanurate foam core manufactured on-line to premium performance coated glass facers on both sides. It is designed for use in commercial wall applications to provide continuous insulation within the building envelope.
3.5" Hunter XCI CG PreCut to fit tracks Polyiso Continuous Insulation installed over 3M 3015 AVB Roosevelt Field Neiman Marcus. Polyiso higher thermal resistance allows for thinner tracks and overall wall thickness. Passes NFPA 285
Xci CG is a high-thermal rigid insulation panel composed of a closed cell polyisocyanurate foam core manufactured on-line to premium performance coated glass facers on both sides. It is designed for use in commercial wall applications to provide continuous insulation within the building envelope.
VUNG RO BAY, Vietnam (June 24, 2022) – Lt. Milena Marshall, from Vernon, Michigan, adjusts a continuous-flow anaesthetic machine during a laparoscopic surgery aboard Military Sealift Command hospital ship USNS Mercy (T-AH 19) during Pacific Partnership 2022 (PP22). Now in its 17th year, Pacific Partnership is the largest annual multinational humanitarian assistance and disaster relief preparedness mission conducted in the Indo-Pacific. (U.S. Navy photo by Mass Communication Specialist 1st Class Shamira Purifoy)
On May 24, 2012: Set Your Roadmap for Continuous Learning - Delivering CONSISTENT Business Results.
We are working closely with Executive Learning Exchange (ELE) Enterprise members who will be contributing valuable presentations and exhibits at our first full-day greater Milwaukee and Northern Illinois learning leader exchange. We are thrilled to be having our highly interactive exchange at Harley-Davidson Museum for an intense action learning experience with a full-day of peer-collaboration and after hour cocktails at H-D Museum.
To learn more, visit click here.
Continuous(ish) Line Drawing/ Stitched onto butter yellow faux suede with stem stitch.
Didn't make it to the final set for the show - but still good!
Master plan Arnhem Central, Netherlands, UNStudio - Ben van Berkel and Caroline Bos - 1996–2015
Arnhem Central is a large urban plan development composed of diverse elements which amassed constitute a vibrant transport hub. The master plan incorporates office space, shops, housing units, a new station hall, a railway platform and underpass, a car tunnel, bicycle storage and a large parking garage. A project with such an intricate set of requirements necessitates a methodological approach that can accommodate the hybrid nature of the development. The dynamic nature of the Deep Planning process allows the locus to fuse elements of time, occupant trajectories and program into an efficient and integral system. Housed under a continuous roof element these programs constitute one of the main thresholds into Arnhem, its architecture adding to the iconography of the city.
Programme: Master plan, transfer hall, underground parking, bus terminal, two office towers, bicycle storage, railway platforms
Client Consortium: ProRail, Ministry of Infrastructure & the Environment, the Municipality of Arnhem, Delegated principal: ProRail
Building area: Site: ca. 40.000 m2, Floor area: ca. 160.000 m2
Including:
Transfer hall (station): 21,750 m²,
Underground parking: 44,000 m²,
Bus terminal: 7,500 m²,
Two office towers: 21,800 m²,
Public spaces: 45,000m²
The Transfer hall is the central piece of the Arnhem Central Master plan, linking different programmes and levels. The building shelters the facilities and waiting areas for the trains, trolley buses and bus station, as well as commercial areas and a conference centre, and serves as the linking hub between these transportation modes, the city centre, the Coehoorn area, the parking garage and the office plaza.
Client: ProRail
Gross Building surface: 21.750 m2
Building volume: 90,000 m3
Capacity: Transfers per day 110.000
This is a photograph from the 38th Michael Manning Memorial "Dunshaughlin 10KM" Road Race and Fun Run which took place in Dunshaughlin, Co. Meath, Ireland on Saturday 24th June 2017 at 19:30. This race is widely acknowledged within the Irish running community as one of the best races in Ireland and is Ireland's oldest continuously held 10KM race. This year, as in previous years, the race attracted runners from not just all of Leinster but from the four corners of Ireland. The work of the organising committee must be commended on making this event possible. The Dunshaughlin 10KM has earned it's place at the top of the pedestal of Irish running through the sheer hard work of Dunshaughlin AC over the years. Road race events do not survive on their own. There must be dedication, hard work and a development vision amongst the committee and the host club. Well done to all.
The route starts on the town bypass and proceeds eastwards into Dunshaughlin village itself. The race then takes a left turn and follows a northerly direction towards Ratoath. At approximately 5.7K the race turns off this road into a small downhill section. After another 400m the race takes a right turn and turns southerly to head back to Dunshaughlin. At this point the only two significant hills of the race are encountered. From here the race is a straight route right back to the finish in Dunshaughlin village.
The race carries on its own fine long tradition but also that of the many very well known and well attended Meath Athletic Club road races which are hosted in the county over the year.
The weather was reasonably good for running - it was a warm summer evening but breezy in places.
We have an extensive set of photographs from the race tonight taken at the 1 mile mark and then at the 400M and 600M to go mark. The full set is available at:
www.flickr.com/photos/peterm7/sets/72157685443821025
Our Photographs from 2016 Photographs: www.flickr.com/photos/peterm7/sets/72157669936408175
Our Photographs from 2015: www.flickr.com/photos/peterm7/sets/72157645329098733/
Our Photographs from 2014: www.flickr.com/photos/peterm7/sets/72157645329098733/
Can I use these photographs directly from Flickr on my social media account(s)?
Yes - of course you can! Flickr provides several ways to share this and other photographs in this Flickr set. You can share directly to: email, Facebook, Instagram, Pinterest, Twitter, Tumblr, LiveJournal, and Wordpress and Blogger blog sites. Your mobile, tablet, or desktop device will also offer you several different options for sharing this photo page on your social media outlets.
BUT..... Wait there a minute....
We take these photographs as a hobby and as a contribution to the running community in Ireland. We do not charge for our photographs. Our only "cost" is that we request that if you are using these images: (1) on social media sites such as Facebook, Tumblr, Pinterest, Twitter,LinkedIn, Google+, VK.com, Vine, Meetup, Tagged, Ask.fm,etc or (2) other websites, blogs, web multimedia, commercial/promotional material that you must provide a link back to our Flickr page to attribute us or acknowledge us as the original photographers.
This also extends to the use of these images for Facebook profile pictures. In these cases please make a separate wall or blog post with a link to our Flickr page. If you do not know how this should be done for Facebook or other social media please email us and we will be happy to help suggest how to link to us.
I want to download these pictures to my computer or device?
You can download this photographic image here directly to your computer or device. This version is the low resolution web-quality image. How to download will vary slight from device to device and from browser to browser. Have a look for a down-arrow symbol or the link to 'View/Download' all sizes. When you click on either of these you will be presented with the option to download the image. Remember just doing a right-click and "save target as" will not work on Flickr.
I want get full resolution, print-quality, copies of these photographs?
If you just need these photographs for online usage then they can be used directly once you respect their Creative Commons license and provide a link back to our Flickr set if you use them. For offline usage and printing all of the photographs posted here on this Flickr set are available free, at no cost, at full image resolution.
Please email petermooney78 AT gmail DOT com with the links to the photographs you would like to obtain a full resolution copy of. We also ask race organisers, media, etc to ask for permission before use of our images for flyers, posters, etc. We reserve the right to refuse a request.
In summary please remember when requesting photographs from us - If you are using the photographs online all we ask is for you to provide a link back to our Flickr set or Flickr pages. You will find the link above clearly outlined in the description text which accompanies this photograph. Taking these photographs and preparing them for online posting takes a significant effort and time. We are not posting photographs to Flickr for commercial reasons. If you really like what we do please spread the link around your social media, send us an email, leave a comment beside the photographs, send us a Flickr email, etc. If you are using the photographs in newspapers or magazines we ask that you mention where the original photograph came from.
I would like to contribute something for your photograph(s)?
Many people offer payment for our photographs. As stated above we do not charge for these photographs. We take these photographs as our contribution to the running community in Ireland. If you feel that the photograph(s) you request are good enough that you would consider paying for their purchase from other photographic providers or in other circumstances we would suggest that you can provide a donation to any of the great charities in Ireland who do work for Cancer Care or Cancer Research in Ireland.
Let's get a bit technical: We use Creative Commons Licensing for these photographs
We use the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License for all our photographs here in this photograph set. What does this mean in reality?
The explaination is very simple.
Attribution- anyone using our photographs gives us an appropriate credit for it. This ensures that people aren't taking our photographs and passing them off as their own. This usually just mean putting a link to our photographs somewhere on your website, blog, or Facebook where other people can see it.
ShareAlike – anyone can use these photographs, and make changes if they like, or incorporate them into a bigger project, but they must make those changes available back to the community under the same terms.
Above all what Creative Commons aims to do is to encourage creative sharing. See some examples of Creative Commons photographs on Flickr: www.flickr.com/creativecommons/
I ran in the race - but my photograph doesn't appear here in your Flickr set! What gives?
As mentioned above we take these photographs as a hobby and as a voluntary contribution to the running community in Ireland. Very often we have actually ran in the same race and then switched to photographer mode after we finished the race. Consequently, we feel that we have no obligations to capture a photograph of every participant in the race. However, we do try our very best to capture as many participants as possible. But this is sometimes not possible for a variety of reasons:
►You were hidden behind another participant as you passed our camera
►Weather or lighting conditions meant that we had some photographs with blurry content which we did not upload to our Flickr set
►There were too many people - some races attract thousands of participants and as amateur photographs we cannot hope to capture photographs of everyone
►We simply missed you - sorry about that - we did our best!
You can email us petermooney78 AT gmail DOT com to enquire if we have a photograph of you which didn't make the final Flickr selection for the race. But we cannot promise that there will be photograph there. As alternatives we advise you to contact the race organisers to enquire if there were (1) other photographs taking photographs at the race event or if (2) there were professional commercial sports photographers taking photographs which might have some photographs of you available for purchase. You might find some links for further information above.
Don't like your photograph here?
That's OK! We understand!
If, for any reason, you are not happy or comfortable with your picture appearing here in this photoset on Flickr then please email us at petermooney78 AT gmail DOT com and we will remove it as soon as possible. We give careful consideration to each photograph before uploading.
I want to tell people about these great photographs!
Great! Thank you! The best link to spread the word around is probably http://www.flickr.com/peterm7/sets
Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab) provides scientists worldwide the lab’s unique particle accelerator, known as the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF), to probe the most basic building blocks of matter by conducting research at the frontiers of nuclear physics (NP) and related disciplines.
In addition, the lab capitalizes on its unique technologies and expertise to perform advanced computing and applied research with industry and university partners, and provides programs designed to help educate the next generation in science and technology. Thursday, December 1, 2022. (Photo by Aileen Devlin | Jefferson Lab)
Samarkand is a city in southeastern Uzbekistan and among the oldest continuously inhabited cities in Central Asia. Samarkand is the capital of the Samarkand Region and a district-level city, that includes the urban-type settlements Kimyogarlar, Farhod and Khishrav. With 551,700 inhabitants (2021)] it is the third-largest city in Uzbekistan.
There is evidence of human activity in the area of the city dating from the late Paleolithic Era. Though there is no direct evidence of when Samarkand was founded, several theories propose that it was founded between the 8th and 7th centuries BC. Prospering from its location on the Silk Road between China, Persia and Europe, at times Samarkand was one of the largest cities in Central Asia, and was an important city of the empires of Greater Iran. By the time of the Persian Achaemenid Empire, it was the capital of the Sogdian satrapy. The city was conquered by Alexander the Great in 329 BC, when it was known as Markanda, which was rendered in Greek as Μαράκανδα. The city was ruled by a succession of Iranian and Turkic rulers until it was conquered by the Mongols under Genghis Khan in 1220.
The city is noted as a centre of Islamic scholarly study and the birthplace of the Timurid Renaissance. In the 14th century, Timur made it the capital of his empire and the site of his mausoleum, the Gur-e Amir. The Bibi-Khanym Mosque, rebuilt during the Soviet era, remains one of the city's most notable landmarks. Samarkand's Registan square was the city's ancient centre and is bounded by three monumental religious buildings. The city has carefully preserved the traditions of ancient crafts: embroidery, goldwork, silk weaving, copper engraving, ceramics, wood carving, and wood painting. In 2001, UNESCO added the city to its World Heritage List as Samarkand – Crossroads of Cultures.
Modern Samarkand is divided into two parts: the old city, which includes historical monuments, shops, and old private houses; and the new city, which was developed during the days of the Russian Empire and Soviet Union and includes administrative buildings along with cultural centres and educational institutions. On 15 and 16 September 2022, the city hosted the 2022 SCO summit.
Samarkand has a multicultural and plurilingual history that was significantly modified by the process of national delimitation in Central Asia. Many inhabitants of the city are native or bilingual speakers of the Tajik language, whereas Uzbek is the official language and Russian is also widely used in the public sphere, as per Uzbekistan's language policy.
Continuous pickling line ClH Process with turbulent flux. Up to 6 mm in thickness
Línea de decapado en continuo . Proceso con ácido clorhídrico en flujo turbulento. Capaz de procesar bobinas de 6 mm de espesor.
This Leyland National was new as a development vehicle; as such it had a continuously variable transmission and a Leyland 411 engine. Now restored to the livery it carried in those days WHH556S currently has a DAF DKDL engine driving through a Pneumocyclic transmission.
On May 24, 2012: Set Your Roadmap for Continuous Learning - Delivering CONSISTENT Business Results.
We are working closely with Executive Learning Exchange (ELE) Enterprise members who will be contributing valuable presentations and exhibits at our first full-day greater Milwaukee and Northern Illinois learning leader exchange. We are thrilled to be having our highly interactive exchange at Harley-Davidson Museum for an intense action learning experience with a full-day of peer-collaboration and after hour cocktails at H-D Museum.
To learn more, visit click here.
3.5" Hunter XCI CG PreCut to fit tracks Polyiso Continuous Insulation installed over 3M 3015 AVB Roosevelt Field Neiman Marcus. Polyiso higher thermal resistance allows for thinner tracks and overall wall thickness. Passes NFPA 285
Xci CG is a high-thermal rigid insulation panel composed of a closed cell polyisocyanurate foam core manufactured on-line to premium performance coated glass facers on both sides. It is designed for use in commercial wall applications to provide continuous insulation within the building envelope.
The FDA has approved this continuous gluose monitor device for a 14 day (instead of 10 day) wear, and 1 hour (instead of 12 hour warmup time)
Reminders/Disclaimers
I am not interested in telling other people what to eat. However, I realize that I enjoy and can sustain a real food, healthy fat, low carbohydrate eating pattern quite easily, with good results.
While I am not diabetic or pre-diabetic, I'm awed by the ability of the human body to regulate itself and the ability of humans in which regulation is compromised to achieve their life goals.
I have no ties to, nor have I received any gifts, honoraria, meals, from any food, pharmaceutical, device, or diagnostics manufacturer. No product endorsement is implied. In addition, the manufacturer is operating a promotion to replace 10 day sensors with 14 day sensors at no cost, which I declined. #ConflictFree #NoDollarsforThisDoc
#LCHF #ContinuousGlucoseMonitor #ThisCenturyBestCentury #DiabetesPrevention #DiabetesReversal #MetabolicHealth #Nof1Experiment #Geek
#LMHR4Science #DataOverDogma
Learning and Technology: Online quizzes. Quizzes can be used to record and track student progress over a period of time.
New Year is the time at which a new calendar year begins and the calendar's year count is incremented. In many cultures, the event is celebrated in some manner.[1] The New Year of the Gregorian calendar, today in worldwide use, falls on 1 January (New Year's Day), as was the case with both the old Roman calendar and the Julian calendar that succeeded it. The order of months was January to December in the Old Roman calendar during the reign of King Numa Pompilius in about 700 BC, according to Plutarch and Macrobius, and has been in continuous use since that time. In many countries, such as the Czech Republic, Italy, Spain, the UK, and the United States, 1 January is a national holiday.
During the Middle Ages in western Europe, while the Julian calendar was still in use, New Year's Day was variously moved, depending upon locale, to one of several other days, among them: 1 March, 25 March, Easter, 1 September, and 25 December. These New Year's Day changes were generally reversed back to January 1 before or during the various local adoptions of the Gregorian calendar, beginning in 1582. The change from March 25 – Lady Day, one of the four quarter days – to January 1 took place in Scotland in 1600, before the ascension of James VI of Scotland to the throne of England in 1603 or the formation of the United Kingdom in 1707. In England and Wales (and all British dominions, including the American colonies), 1751 began on March 25 and lasted 282 days, and 1752 began on January 1.[2] For more information about the changeover from the Julian calendar to the Gregorian calendar and the effect on the dating of historical events etc., see Old Style and New Style dates.
A great many other calendars have been in use historically throughout the world, some of which count years numerically, and others that do not. The expansion of Western culture during recent centuries has seen such widespread official adoption of the Gregorian calendar that its recognition and that of January 1 as the New Year has become virtually global. For example, at the New Year celebrations held in Dubai to mark the start of 2014, the world record was broken for the most fireworks set off in a single display,[3] which lasted for six minutes and saw the use of over 500,000 fireworks.
Nevertheless, regional or local use of other calendars persists, along with the cultural and religious practices that accompany them. In many places (such as Israel, China, and India), New Year's is also celebrated at the times determined by these other calendars. In Latin America, the observation of traditions belonging to various native cultures continues according to their own calendars, despite the domination of subsequent cultures. The most common dates of modern New Year's celebrations are listed below, ordered and grouped by their appearance relative to the Gregorian calendar.1 January: The first day of the civil year in the Gregorian calendar used by most countries.
Contrary to common belief in the west, the civil New Year of January 1 is not an Orthodox Christian religious holiday. The Eastern Orthodox liturgical calendar makes no provision for the observance of a New Year. January 1 is itself a religious holiday, but that is because it is the feast of the circumcision of Christ (8 days after his birth), and a commemoration of saints. While the liturgical calendar begins September 1, there is also no particular religious observance attached to the start of the new cycle. Orthodox nations may, however, make civil celebrations for the New Year. Those that adhere to the revised Julian calendar (which synchronizes dates with the Gregorian calendar), including Bulgaria, Cyprus, Egypt, Greece, Romania, Syria, and Turkey, observe both the religious and civil holidays on January 1. In other nations and locations where Orthodox churches still adhere to the Julian calendar, including Georgia, Jerusalem, Russia, the Republic of Macedonia, Serbia, Montenegro, and Ukraine, the civil new year is observed on January 1 of the civil calendar, while those same religious feasts occur on January 14 (which is January 1 Julian), in accord with the liturgical calendar.
The Chinese New Year, also known as the Lunar New Year, occurs every year on the new moon of the first lunar month, about the beginning of spring (Lichun). The exact date can fall any time between 21 January and 21 February (inclusive) of the Gregorian Calendar. Traditionally, years were marked by one of twelve Earthly Branches, represented by an animal, and one of ten Heavenly Stems, which correspond to the five elements. This combination cycles every 60 years. It is the most important Chinese celebration of the year.
The Vietnamese New Year is the Tết Nguyên Đán which most times is the same day as the Chinese New Year due to the Vietnamese using Chinese calendar.
The Tibetan New Year is Losar and falls from January through March.
February[edit]
Mesoamerican New Year (Aztec, etc.). February 23rd.[4]
March[edit]
Babylonian New Year began with the first New Moon after the Northward equinox. Ancient celebrations lasted for eleven days.[5]
Nava (new) Varsha (year) is celebrated in India in various regions in March–April.
New Year's Day in the Sikh Nanakshahi calendar is on 14 March.
The Iranian New Year, called Nowruz, is the day containing the exact moment of the Northward equinox, which usually occurs on 20 or 21 March, commencing the start of the spring season. The Zoroastrian New Year coincides with the Iranian New Year of Nowruz and is celebrated by the Parsis in India and by Zoroastrians and Persians across the world. In the Bahá'í calendar, the new year occurs on the vernal equinox on 21 March, and is called Naw-Rúz. The Iranian tradition was also passed on to Central Asian countries, including Kazakhs, Uzbeks, and Uighurs, and there is known as Nauryz. It is usually celebrated on 22 March.
The Balinese New Year, based on the Saka Calendar (Balinese-Javanese Calendar), is called Nyepi, and it falls on Bali's Lunar New Year (26 March in 2009). It is a day of silence, fasting, and meditation: observed from 6 am until 6 am the next morning, Nyepi is a day reserved for self-reflection and as such, anything that might interfere with that purpose is restricted. Although Nyepi is a primarily Hindu holiday, non-Hindu residents of Bali observe the day of silence as well, out of respect for their fellow citizens. Even tourists are not exempt; although free to do as they wish inside their hotels, no one is allowed onto the beaches or streets, and the only airport in Bali remains closed for the entire day. The only exceptions granted are for emergency vehicles carrying those with life-threatening conditions and women about to give birth.
Ugadi, the Telugu and Kannada New Year, generally falls in the months of March or April. The people of Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka states in southern India celebrate the advent of New Year's Day in these months. This day is celebrated across entire Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka as Ugadi (in Sanskrit, Yuga (era or epoch or year) + adi (the beginning or the primordial), start of a new year). The first month is Chaitra Masa. Masa means month.
Kashmiri Calendar, Navreh (New Year): 5083 Saptarshi/2064 Vikrami/2007–08 AD, 19 March. This holy day of Kashmiri Brahmins has been celebrated for several millennia.
Gudi Padwa is celebrated as the first day of the Hindu year by the people of Maharashtra, India. This day falls in March or April and coincides with Ugadi. (see: Deccan)
Sindhi festival of Cheti Chand is celebrated on the same day as Ugadi/Gudi Padwa to mark the celebration of the Sindhi New Year.
The Thelemic New Year on 20 March (or on April 8 by some accounts) is usually celebrated with an invocation to Ra-Hoor-Khuit, commemorating the beginning of the New Aeon in 1904. It also marks the start of the twenty-two-day Thelemic holy season, which ends at the third day of the writing of The Book of the Law. This date is also known as The Feast of the Supreme Ritual. There are some that believe the Thelemic New Year falls on either 19, 20, or 21 March, depending on the vernal equinox, this is The Feast for the Equinox of the Gods which is held on the vernal equinox of each year to commemorate the founding of Thelema in 1904. In 1904 the vernal equinox was on a 21st, and it was the day after Aleister Crowley ended his Horus Invocation that brought on the new Æon and Thelemic New Year.
April[edit]
The Assyrian New Year, called Kha b'Nissan or Resha d'Sheeta, occurs on the first day of April.
The Thelemic New Year on April 8 which corresponds to the utterance of the Book of the Law in 1904.
Mid-April (Northern spring)[edit]
The new year of many South and Southeast Asian calendars falls between 13 and 15 April, marking the beginning of spring.
Tamil New Year (Puthandu) is celebrated in the South Indian state of Tamil Nadu, on the first of Chithrai (சித்திரை)(13 or 14 or 15 April). In the temple city of Madurai, the Chithrai Thiruvizha is celebrated in the Meenakshi Temple. A huge exhibition is also held, called Chithrai Porutkaatchi. In some parts of Southern Tamil Nadu, it is also called Chithrai Vishu. The day is marked with a feast in Hindu homes and the entrance to the houses are decorated elaborately with kolams.
Punjabi/Sikh Vaisakhi is celebrated on 14 April in Punjab.
Nepali New Year is celebrated on the 1st of Baisakh Baisākh (12–15 April) in Nepal. Nepal follows Vikram Samvat (विक्रम संवत्) as an official calendar. (Not to be confused with Nepal Era New year)
Assamese New Year (Rongali Bihu or Bohag Bihu) is celebrated on 14–15 April in the Indian state of Assam.
Maithili New Year or Jude-Sheetal too fall on these days. It is celebrated by Maithili People all around the world.
Bengali New Year (Bengali: পহেলা বৈশাখ Pôhela Boishakh or Bengali: বাংলা নববর্ষ Bangla Nôbobôrsho) is celebrated on the 1st of Boishakh (14–15 April) in Bangladesh and the Indian state of West Bengal.
Oriya New Year (Vishuva Sankranti) is celebrated on 14 April in the Indian state of Odisha.
Manipuri New Year or Cheirouba is celebrated on 14 April in the Indian State of Manipur with much festivities and feasting.
Sinhalese New Year is celebrated with the harvest festival (in the month of Bak) when the sun moves from the Meena Rashiya (House of Pisces) to the Mesha Rashiya (House of Aries). Sri Lankans begin celebrating their National New Year "Aluth Avurudda (අලුත් අවුරුද්ද)" in Sinhala and "Puththandu (புத்தாண்டு)" in Tamil. However, unlike the usual practice where the new year begins at midnight, the National New Year begins at the time determined by the astrologers. Not only the beginning of the new year but the conclusion of the old year is also specified by the astrologers. And unlike the customary ending and beginning of the new year, there is a period of a few hours in between the conclusion of the Old Year and the commencement of the New Year, which is called the "nona gathe" (neutral period). During this time one is expected to keep off from all types of work and engage solely in religious activities. It will fall on 13 April for the year 2009.
Malayali New Year (Vishu) is celebrated in the South Indian state of Kerala in mid April.
Western parts of Karnataka where Tulu is spoken, the new year is celebrated along with Tamil/ Malayali New year 14 or 15 April, although in other parts most commonly celebrated on the day of Gudi Padwa, the Maharashtrian new year. In Kodagu, in Southwestern Karnataka, however both new years, Yugadi (corresponding to Gudi Padwa in March) and Bisu (corresponding to Vishu in around April 14 or 15th), are observed.
The Water Festival is the form of similar new year celebrations taking place in many Southeast Asian countries, on the day of the full moon of the 11th month on the lunisolar calendar each year. The date of the festival was originally set by astrological calculation, but it is now fixed on 13–15 April. Traditionally people gently sprinkled water on one another as a sign of respect, but since the new year falls during the hottest month in Southeast Asia, many people end up dousing strangers and passersby in vehicles in boisterous celebration. The festival has many different names specific to each country:
In Burma it is known as Thingyan (Burmese: သင်္ကြန်; MLCTS: sangkran)
Songkran (Thai: สงกรานต์) in Thailand
Pi Mai Lao (Lao:ປີໃໝ່ Songkan) in Laos
Chaul Chnam Thmey (Khmer: បុណ្យចូលឆ្នាំថ្មី ) in Cambodia.
It is also the traditional new year of the Dai peoples of Yunnan Province, China. Religious activities in the tradition of Theravada Buddhism are also carried out, a tradition which all of these cultures share.
June[edit]
The Kutchi people celebrate Kutchi New Year on Ashadi Beej, that is 2nd day of Shukla paksha of Aashaadha month of Hindu calendar. As for people of Kutch, this day is associated with beginning of rains in Kutch, which is largely a desert area. Hindu calendar month of Aashaadh usually begins on 22 June and ending on 22 July.
Odunde Festival is a celebration on the 2nd Sunday of June, where "Odunde" means "Happy New Year" in the Yorube Nigerian language.
Northern fall (autumn)[edit]
Rosh Hashanah (Hebrew for 'head of the year') is a Jewish, two day holiday, commemorating the culmination of the seven days of Creation, and marking God's yearly renewal of His world. The day has elements of festivity and introspection, as God is traditionally believed to be assessing His creation and determining the fate of all men and creatures for the coming year. In Jewish tradition, honey is used to symbolize a sweet new year. At the traditional meal for that holiday, apple slices are dipped in honey and eaten with blessings recited for a good, sweet new year. Some Rosh Hashanah greetings show honey and an apple, symbolizing the feast. In some congregations, small straws of honey are given out to usher in the new year.[6]
The Marwari New Year is celebrated on the day of the festival of Diwali, which is the last day Krishna Paksha of the Ashvin month & also the last day of the Ashvin month of the Hindu calendar.
The Gujarati New Year is celebrated the day after the festival of Diwali (which occurs in mid-fall – either October or November, depending on the Lunar calendar). The Gujarati New Year is synonymous with sud ekam, i.e. first day of Shukla paksha of the Kartik month, which is taken as the first day of the first month of the Gujarati lunar calendar. Most other Hindus celebrate the New Year in early spring. The Gujarati community all over the world celebrates the New Year after Diwali to mark the beginning of a new fiscal year.
The Nepal Era New year (see Nepal Sambat) is celebrated in regions encompassing original Nepal. The new year occurs in the fourth day of Diwali. The calendar was used as an official calendar until the mid 19th century. However, the new year is still celebrated by citizens of original Nepal, the Newars.
Some neo-pagans celebrate their interpretation of Samhain (a festival of the ancient Celts, held around 1 November) as a New Year's Day representing the new cycle of the Wheel of the Year, although they do not use a different calendar that starts on this day.
The now deceased Murador Aboriginal tribe of Western Australia celebrated New Years on what is known on present day calendars to be 30 October. A time of reconciliation and celebration of friendship, the Murador tribe were said to have placed great importance on the past as well as the year that was coming[7]
The French Revolutionary Calendar, in force in France from 1793 to 1805 and briefly under the Paris Commune in 1871, began the calendar year on the day of the Southward equinox - 22, 23, or 24 September.
Variable[edit]
The Islamic New Year occurs on 1 Muharram. Since the Muslim calendar is based on 12 lunar months amounting to about 354 days, the Muslim New Year occurs about eleven days earlier each year in relation to the Gregorian calendar, with two Muslim New Years falling in Gregorian year 2008.
Christian liturgical year[edit]
Main article: Liturgical year
The early development of the Christian liturgical year coincided with the Roman Empire (east and west), and later the Byzantine Empire, both of which employed a taxation system labeled the Indiction, the years for which began on September 1. This timing may account for the ancient church's establishment of September 1 as the beginning of the liturgical year, despite the official Roman New Year's Day of January 1 in the Julian calendar, because the indiction was the principal means for counting years in the empires, apart from the reigns of the Emperors. The September 1 date prevailed throughout all of Christendom for many centuries, until subsequent divisions eventually produced revisions in some places.
After the sack of Rome in 410, communications and travel between east and west deteriorated. Liturgical developments in Rome and Constantinople did not always match, although a rigid adherence to form was never mandated in the church. Nevertheless, the principal points of development were maintained between east and west. The Roman and Constantinopolitan liturgical calendars remained compatible even after the East-West Schism in 1054. Separations between the Roman Catholic ecclesiastical year and Eastern Orthodox liturgical calendar grew only over several centuries' time.
During those intervening centuries, the Roman Catholic ecclesiastic year was moved to the first day of Advent, the Sunday nearest to St. Andrew's Day (30 November). According to the Latin Rite of the Catholic Church, the liturgical year begins at 4:00 pm on the Saturday preceding the fourth Sunday prior to 25 December (between November 26 and December 2). By the time of the Reformation (early 16th century), the Roman Catholic general calendar provided the initial basis for the calendars for the liturgically-oriented Protestants, including the Anglican and Lutheran Churches, who inherited this observation of the liturgical new year.
The present-day Eastern Orthodox liturgical calendar is the virtual culmination of the ancient eastern development cycle, though it includes later additions based on subsequent history and lives of saints. It still begins on 1 September, proceeding annually into the Nativity of the Theotokos (8 September) and Exaltation of the Cross (14 September) to the celebration of Nativity of Christ (Christmas), through his death and resurrection (Pascha / Easter), to his Ascension and the Dormition of the Theotokos ("falling asleep" of the Virgin Mary, 15 August). (This last feast is known in the Roman Catholic church as the Assumption.) The dating of "1 September" is according to the "new" (revised) Julian calendar or the "old" (standard) Julian calendar, depending on which is used by a particular Orthodox Church. Hence, it may fall on 1 September on the civil calendar, or on 14 September (between 1900 and 2099 inclusive).
The present-day Coptic Orthodox liturgical calendar reflects the same fundamental ancient structures, even though its early break from Eastern Orthodoxy in 452 shows evidence of a separate development. The Coptic calendar is based on the ancient Egyptian calendar, which Emperor Augustus reformed in 25 BC to keep it forever in synch with the Julian calendar, but it is not identical to the Julian calendar. The Coptic liturgical new year, at the feast of Neyrouz, synchronized with the Julian September 1 at a different point from the Gregorian calendar, has therefore a different degree of separation today. Between 1900 and 2099, Neyrouz occurs on 11 September (Gregorian), with the exception of the year before Gregorian leap years, when it occurs on 12 September. (The Coptic year 1731 began in September 2013.) The Ethiopian Orthodox new year, Enkutatash, falls on the same date as Neyrouz. The Ethiopian calendar year 2006 began on 11 September 2013.
Historical European new year dates[edit]
During the Roman Republic and the Roman Empire years began on the date on which each consul first entered office. This was probably 1 May before 222 BC, 15 March from 222 BC to 154 BC,[8] and 1 January from 153 BC.[9] In 45 BC, when Julius Caesar's new Julian calendar took effect, the Senate fixed 1 January as the first day of the year. At that time, this was the date on which those who were to hold civil office assumed their official position, and it was also the traditional annual date for the convening of the Roman Senate. This civil new year remained in effect throughout the Roman Empire, east and west, during its lifetime and well after, wherever the Julian calendar continued in use.
In England, the Angle, Saxon, and Viking invasions of the fifth through tenth centuries plunged the region back into pre-history for a time. While the reintroduction of Christianity brought the Julian calendar with it, its use was primarily in the service of the church to begin with. After William the Conqueror became king in 1066, he ordered that 1 January be re-established as the civil New Year.[citation needed] Later, however, England and Scotland joined much of Europe to celebrate the New Year on 25 March.[citation needed]
In the Middle Ages in Europe a number of significant feast days in the ecclesiastical calendar of the Roman Catholic Church came to be used as the beginning of the Julian year:
In Modern Style[10] or Circumcision Style dating, the new year started on 1 January, the Feast of the Circumcision of Christ.
In Annunciation Style or Lady Day Style dating the new year started on 25 March,[10] the feast of the Annunciation (traditionally nicknamed Lady Day). This date was used in many parts of Europe during the Middle Ages and beyond.
Scotland changed to Modern Style new year dating on 1 January 1600, by Act of (the Scottish) Parliament on 17 December 1599.[10][11] Despite the unification of the Scottish and English royal crowns with the accession of King James VI and I in 1603, and even the union of the kingdoms themselves in 1707 (producing the United Kingdom), England continued using March 25 until after Parliament passed the Calendar (New Style) Act of 1750. This act converted all of Great Britain to use of the Gregorian calendar, and simultaneously redefined the civil new year to 1 January (except in Scotland). It went into effect on 3/14 September 1752.[10] Nevertheless, the UK tax year which begins on 6 April (March 25 + 12 days) still reflects its Julian calendar and new year heritage - the leap year difference of the calendars was adjusted for in 1800, but not again in 1900.
In Easter Style dating, the new year started on Holy Saturday (the day before Easter),[12] or sometimes on Good Friday. This was used all over Europe, but especially in France, from the eleventh to the sixteenth century. A disadvantage of this system was that because Easter was a movable feast the same date could occur twice in a year; the two occurrences were distinguished as "before Easter" and "after Easter".
In Christmas Style or Nativity Style dating the new year started on 25 December. This was used in Germany and England[citation needed] until the thirteenth century, and in Spain from the fourteenth to the sixteenth century.
In 1582, Pope Gregory XIII while reforming the Julian calendar established 1 January as the beginning of a New Year of the Gregorian calendar.
Southward equinox day (usually 22 September) was "New Year's Day" in the French Republican Calendar, which was in use from 1793 to 1805. This was primidi Vendémiaire, the first day of the first month.
Current readoptions of January 1[edit]
It took quite a long time before 1 January again became the universal or standard start of the civil year. The years of adoption of 1 January as the new year are as follows:
CountryStart year[13][14]
Grand Duchy of Lithuania[15][16]1362
Venice1522
Sweden1529
Holy Roman Empire (~Germany)1544
Spain, Portugal, Poland1556
Prussia, Denmark[17] and Norway1559
France (Edict of Roussillon)1564
Southern Netherlands[18]1576
Lorraine1579
Dutch Republic1583
Scotland1600
Russia1700
Tuscany1721
Britain, Ireland and
British Empire
except Scotland1752
Greece1923
Turkey1926
Thailand1941
1 March was the first day of the numbered year in the Republic of Venice until its destruction in 1797, and in Russia from 988 until 1492 (Anno Mundi 7000 in the Byzantine calendar). 1 September was used in Russia from 1492 (A.M. 7000) until the adoption of the Christian era in 1700 via a December 1699 decree of Tsar Peter I.
Time zones[edit]
Because of the division of the globe into time zones, the new year moves progressively around the globe as the start of the day ushers in the New Year. The first time zone to usher in the New Year, just west of the International Date Line, is located in the Line Islands, a part of the nation of Kiribati, and has a time zone 14 hours ahead of UTC.[19][20][21] All other time zones are 1 to 25 hours behind, most in the previous day (31 December); on American Samoa and Midway, it is still 11 PM on 30 December. These are among the last inhabited places to observe New Year. However, uninhabited outlying U.S. territories Howland Island and Baker Island are designated as lying within the time zone 12 hours behind UTC, the last places on earth to see the arrival of 1 January. These small coral islands are found about midway between Hawaii and Australia, about 1,000 miles west of the Line Islands! This is because the International Date Line is a composite of local time zone arrangements, which winds through the Pacific Ocean, allowing each locale to remain most closely connected in time with the nearest or largest or most convenient political and economic locales with which each associates. By the time Howland island sees the new year, it is 2 AM on 2 January in the Line Islands of Kiribati.
New Year is the time at which a new calendar year begins and the calendar's year count is incremented. In many cultures, the event is celebrated in some manner.[1] The New Year of the Gregorian calendar, today in worldwide use, falls on 1 January (New Year's Day), as was the case with both the old Roman calendar and the Julian calendar that succeeded it. The order of months was January to December in the Old Roman calendar during the reign of King Numa Pompilius in about 700 BC, according to Plutarch and Macrobius, and has been in continuous use since that time. In many countries, such as the Czech Republic, Italy, Spain, the UK, and the United States, 1 January is a national holiday.
During the Middle Ages in western Europe, while the Julian calendar was still in use, New Year's Day was variously moved, depending upon locale, to one of several other days, among them: 1 March, 25 March, Easter, 1 September, and 25 December. These New Year's Day changes were generally reversed back to January 1 before or during the various local adoptions of the Gregorian calendar, beginning in 1582. The change from March 25 – Lady Day, one of the four quarter days – to January 1 took place in Scotland in 1600, before the ascension of James VI of Scotland to the throne of England in 1603 or the formation of the United Kingdom in 1707. In England and Wales (and all British dominions, including the American colonies), 1751 began on March 25 and lasted 282 days, and 1752 began on January 1.[2] For more information about the changeover from the Julian calendar to the Gregorian calendar and the effect on the dating of historical events etc., see Old Style and New Style dates.
A great many other calendars have been in use historically throughout the world, some of which count years numerically, and others that do not. The expansion of Western culture during recent centuries has seen such widespread official adoption of the Gregorian calendar that its recognition and that of January 1 as the New Year has become virtually global. For example, at the New Year celebrations held in Dubai to mark the start of 2014, the world record was broken for the most fireworks set off in a single display,[3] which lasted for six minutes and saw the use of over 500,000 fireworks.
Nevertheless, regional or local use of other calendars persists, along with the cultural and religious practices that accompany them. In many places (such as Israel, China, and India), New Year's is also celebrated at the times determined by these other calendars. In Latin America, the observation of traditions belonging to various native cultures continues according to their own calendars, despite the domination of subsequent cultures. The most common dates of modern New Year's celebrations are listed below, ordered and grouped by their appearance relative to the Gregorian calendar.1 January: The first day of the civil year in the Gregorian calendar used by most countries.
Contrary to common belief in the west, the civil New Year of January 1 is not an Orthodox Christian religious holiday. The Eastern Orthodox liturgical calendar makes no provision for the observance of a New Year. January 1 is itself a religious holiday, but that is because it is the feast of the circumcision of Christ (8 days after his birth), and a commemoration of saints. While the liturgical calendar begins September 1, there is also no particular religious observance attached to the start of the new cycle. Orthodox nations may, however, make civil celebrations for the New Year. Those that adhere to the revised Julian calendar (which synchronizes dates with the Gregorian calendar), including Bulgaria, Cyprus, Egypt, Greece, Romania, Syria, and Turkey, observe both the religious and civil holidays on January 1. In other nations and locations where Orthodox churches still adhere to the Julian calendar, including Georgia, Jerusalem, Russia, the Republic of Macedonia, Serbia, Montenegro, and Ukraine, the civil new year is observed on January 1 of the civil calendar, while those same religious feasts occur on January 14 (which is January 1 Julian), in accord with the liturgical calendar.
The Chinese New Year, also known as the Lunar New Year, occurs every year on the new moon of the first lunar month, about the beginning of spring (Lichun). The exact date can fall any time between 21 January and 21 February (inclusive) of the Gregorian Calendar. Traditionally, years were marked by one of twelve Earthly Branches, represented by an animal, and one of ten Heavenly Stems, which correspond to the five elements. This combination cycles every 60 years. It is the most important Chinese celebration of the year.
The Vietnamese New Year is the Tết Nguyên Đán which most times is the same day as the Chinese New Year due to the Vietnamese using Chinese calendar.
The Tibetan New Year is Losar and falls from January through March.
February[edit]
Mesoamerican New Year (Aztec, etc.). February 23rd.[4]
March[edit]
Babylonian New Year began with the first New Moon after the Northward equinox. Ancient celebrations lasted for eleven days.[5]
Nava (new) Varsha (year) is celebrated in India in various regions in March–April.
New Year's Day in the Sikh Nanakshahi calendar is on 14 March.
The Iranian New Year, called Nowruz, is the day containing the exact moment of the Northward equinox, which usually occurs on 20 or 21 March, commencing the start of the spring season. The Zoroastrian New Year coincides with the Iranian New Year of Nowruz and is celebrated by the Parsis in India and by Zoroastrians and Persians across the world. In the Bahá'í calendar, the new year occurs on the vernal equinox on 21 March, and is called Naw-Rúz. The Iranian tradition was also passed on to Central Asian countries, including Kazakhs, Uzbeks, and Uighurs, and there is known as Nauryz. It is usually celebrated on 22 March.
The Balinese New Year, based on the Saka Calendar (Balinese-Javanese Calendar), is called Nyepi, and it falls on Bali's Lunar New Year (26 March in 2009). It is a day of silence, fasting, and meditation: observed from 6 am until 6 am the next morning, Nyepi is a day reserved for self-reflection and as such, anything that might interfere with that purpose is restricted. Although Nyepi is a primarily Hindu holiday, non-Hindu residents of Bali observe the day of silence as well, out of respect for their fellow citizens. Even tourists are not exempt; although free to do as they wish inside their hotels, no one is allowed onto the beaches or streets, and the only airport in Bali remains closed for the entire day. The only exceptions granted are for emergency vehicles carrying those with life-threatening conditions and women about to give birth.
Ugadi, the Telugu and Kannada New Year, generally falls in the months of March or April. The people of Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka states in southern India celebrate the advent of New Year's Day in these months. This day is celebrated across entire Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka as Ugadi (in Sanskrit, Yuga (era or epoch or year) + adi (the beginning or the primordial), start of a new year). The first month is Chaitra Masa. Masa means month.
Kashmiri Calendar, Navreh (New Year): 5083 Saptarshi/2064 Vikrami/2007–08 AD, 19 March. This holy day of Kashmiri Brahmins has been celebrated for several millennia.
Gudi Padwa is celebrated as the first day of the Hindu year by the people of Maharashtra, India. This day falls in March or April and coincides with Ugadi. (see: Deccan)
Sindhi festival of Cheti Chand is celebrated on the same day as Ugadi/Gudi Padwa to mark the celebration of the Sindhi New Year.
The Thelemic New Year on 20 March (or on April 8 by some accounts) is usually celebrated with an invocation to Ra-Hoor-Khuit, commemorating the beginning of the New Aeon in 1904. It also marks the start of the twenty-two-day Thelemic holy season, which ends at the third day of the writing of The Book of the Law. This date is also known as The Feast of the Supreme Ritual. There are some that believe the Thelemic New Year falls on either 19, 20, or 21 March, depending on the vernal equinox, this is The Feast for the Equinox of the Gods which is held on the vernal equinox of each year to commemorate the founding of Thelema in 1904. In 1904 the vernal equinox was on a 21st, and it was the day after Aleister Crowley ended his Horus Invocation that brought on the new Æon and Thelemic New Year.
April[edit]
The Assyrian New Year, called Kha b'Nissan or Resha d'Sheeta, occurs on the first day of April.
The Thelemic New Year on April 8 which corresponds to the utterance of the Book of the Law in 1904.
Mid-April (Northern spring)[edit]
The new year of many South and Southeast Asian calendars falls between 13 and 15 April, marking the beginning of spring.
Tamil New Year (Puthandu) is celebrated in the South Indian state of Tamil Nadu, on the first of Chithrai (சித்திரை)(13 or 14 or 15 April). In the temple city of Madurai, the Chithrai Thiruvizha is celebrated in the Meenakshi Temple. A huge exhibition is also held, called Chithrai Porutkaatchi. In some parts of Southern Tamil Nadu, it is also called Chithrai Vishu. The day is marked with a feast in Hindu homes and the entrance to the houses are decorated elaborately with kolams.
Punjabi/Sikh Vaisakhi is celebrated on 14 April in Punjab.
Nepali New Year is celebrated on the 1st of Baisakh Baisākh (12–15 April) in Nepal. Nepal follows Vikram Samvat (विक्रम संवत्) as an official calendar. (Not to be confused with Nepal Era New year)
Assamese New Year (Rongali Bihu or Bohag Bihu) is celebrated on 14–15 April in the Indian state of Assam.
Maithili New Year or Jude-Sheetal too fall on these days. It is celebrated by Maithili People all around the world.
Bengali New Year (Bengali: পহেলা বৈশাখ Pôhela Boishakh or Bengali: বাংলা নববর্ষ Bangla Nôbobôrsho) is celebrated on the 1st of Boishakh (14–15 April) in Bangladesh and the Indian state of West Bengal.
Oriya New Year (Vishuva Sankranti) is celebrated on 14 April in the Indian state of Odisha.
Manipuri New Year or Cheirouba is celebrated on 14 April in the Indian State of Manipur with much festivities and feasting.
Sinhalese New Year is celebrated with the harvest festival (in the month of Bak) when the sun moves from the Meena Rashiya (House of Pisces) to the Mesha Rashiya (House of Aries). Sri Lankans begin celebrating their National New Year "Aluth Avurudda (අලුත් අවුරුද්ද)" in Sinhala and "Puththandu (புத்தாண்டு)" in Tamil. However, unlike the usual practice where the new year begins at midnight, the National New Year begins at the time determined by the astrologers. Not only the beginning of the new year but the conclusion of the old year is also specified by the astrologers. And unlike the customary ending and beginning of the new year, there is a period of a few hours in between the conclusion of the Old Year and the commencement of the New Year, which is called the "nona gathe" (neutral period). During this time one is expected to keep off from all types of work and engage solely in religious activities. It will fall on 13 April for the year 2009.
Malayali New Year (Vishu) is celebrated in the South Indian state of Kerala in mid April.
Western parts of Karnataka where Tulu is spoken, the new year is celebrated along with Tamil/ Malayali New year 14 or 15 April, although in other parts most commonly celebrated on the day of Gudi Padwa, the Maharashtrian new year. In Kodagu, in Southwestern Karnataka, however both new years, Yugadi (corresponding to Gudi Padwa in March) and Bisu (corresponding to Vishu in around April 14 or 15th), are observed.
The Water Festival is the form of similar new year celebrations taking place in many Southeast Asian countries, on the day of the full moon of the 11th month on the lunisolar calendar each year. The date of the festival was originally set by astrological calculation, but it is now fixed on 13–15 April. Traditionally people gently sprinkled water on one another as a sign of respect, but since the new year falls during the hottest month in Southeast Asia, many people end up dousing strangers and passersby in vehicles in boisterous celebration. The festival has many different names specific to each country:
In Burma it is known as Thingyan (Burmese: သင်္ကြန်; MLCTS: sangkran)
Songkran (Thai: สงกรานต์) in Thailand
Pi Mai Lao (Lao:ປີໃໝ່ Songkan) in Laos
Chaul Chnam Thmey (Khmer: បុណ្យចូលឆ្នាំថ្មី ) in Cambodia.
It is also the traditional new year of the Dai peoples of Yunnan Province, China. Religious activities in the tradition of Theravada Buddhism are also carried out, a tradition which all of these cultures share.
June[edit]
The Kutchi people celebrate Kutchi New Year on Ashadi Beej, that is 2nd day of Shukla paksha of Aashaadha month of Hindu calendar. As for people of Kutch, this day is associated with beginning of rains in Kutch, which is largely a desert area. Hindu calendar month of Aashaadh usually begins on 22 June and ending on 22 July.
Odunde Festival is a celebration on the 2nd Sunday of June, where "Odunde" means "Happy New Year" in the Yorube Nigerian language.
Northern fall (autumn)[edit]
Rosh Hashanah (Hebrew for 'head of the year') is a Jewish, two day holiday, commemorating the culmination of the seven days of Creation, and marking God's yearly renewal of His world. The day has elements of festivity and introspection, as God is traditionally believed to be assessing His creation and determining the fate of all men and creatures for the coming year. In Jewish tradition, honey is used to symbolize a sweet new year. At the traditional meal for that holiday, apple slices are dipped in honey and eaten with blessings recited for a good, sweet new year. Some Rosh Hashanah greetings show honey and an apple, symbolizing the feast. In some congregations, small straws of honey are given out to usher in the new year.[6]
The Marwari New Year is celebrated on the day of the festival of Diwali, which is the last day Krishna Paksha of the Ashvin month & also the last day of the Ashvin month of the Hindu calendar.
The Gujarati New Year is celebrated the day after the festival of Diwali (which occurs in mid-fall – either October or November, depending on the Lunar calendar). The Gujarati New Year is synonymous with sud ekam, i.e. first day of Shukla paksha of the Kartik month, which is taken as the first day of the first month of the Gujarati lunar calendar. Most other Hindus celebrate the New Year in early spring. The Gujarati community all over the world celebrates the New Year after Diwali to mark the beginning of a new fiscal year.
The Nepal Era New year (see Nepal Sambat) is celebrated in regions encompassing original Nepal. The new year occurs in the fourth day of Diwali. The calendar was used as an official calendar until the mid 19th century. However, the new year is still celebrated by citizens of original Nepal, the Newars.
Some neo-pagans celebrate their interpretation of Samhain (a festival of the ancient Celts, held around 1 November) as a New Year's Day representing the new cycle of the Wheel of the Year, although they do not use a different calendar that starts on this day.
The now deceased Murador Aboriginal tribe of Western Australia celebrated New Years on what is known on present day calendars to be 30 October. A time of reconciliation and celebration of friendship, the Murador tribe were said to have placed great importance on the past as well as the year that was coming[7]
The French Revolutionary Calendar, in force in France from 1793 to 1805 and briefly under the Paris Commune in 1871, began the calendar year on the day of the Southward equinox - 22, 23, or 24 September.
Variable[edit]
The Islamic New Year occurs on 1 Muharram. Since the Muslim calendar is based on 12 lunar months amounting to about 354 days, the Muslim New Year occurs about eleven days earlier each year in relation to the Gregorian calendar, with two Muslim New Years falling in Gregorian year 2008.
Christian liturgical year[edit]
Main article: Liturgical year
The early development of the Christian liturgical year coincided with the Roman Empire (east and west), and later the Byzantine Empire, both of which employed a taxation system labeled the Indiction, the years for which began on September 1. This timing may account for the ancient church's establishment of September 1 as the beginning of the liturgical year, despite the official Roman New Year's Day of January 1 in the Julian calendar, because the indiction was the principal means for counting years in the empires, apart from the reigns of the Emperors. The September 1 date prevailed throughout all of Christendom for many centuries, until subsequent divisions eventually produced revisions in some places.
After the sack of Rome in 410, communications and travel between east and west deteriorated. Liturgical developments in Rome and Constantinople did not always match, although a rigid adherence to form was never mandated in the church. Nevertheless, the principal points of development were maintained between east and west. The Roman and Constantinopolitan liturgical calendars remained compatible even after the East-West Schism in 1054. Separations between the Roman Catholic ecclesiastical year and Eastern Orthodox liturgical calendar grew only over several centuries' time.
During those intervening centuries, the Roman Catholic ecclesiastic year was moved to the first day of Advent, the Sunday nearest to St. Andrew's Day (30 November). According to the Latin Rite of the Catholic Church, the liturgical year begins at 4:00 pm on the Saturday preceding the fourth Sunday prior to 25 December (between November 26 and December 2). By the time of the Reformation (early 16th century), the Roman Catholic general calendar provided the initial basis for the calendars for the liturgically-oriented Protestants, including the Anglican and Lutheran Churches, who inherited this observation of the liturgical new year.
The present-day Eastern Orthodox liturgical calendar is the virtual culmination of the ancient eastern development cycle, though it includes later additions based on subsequent history and lives of saints. It still begins on 1 September, proceeding annually into the Nativity of the Theotokos (8 September) and Exaltation of the Cross (14 September) to the celebration of Nativity of Christ (Christmas), through his death and resurrection (Pascha / Easter), to his Ascension and the Dormition of the Theotokos ("falling asleep" of the Virgin Mary, 15 August). (This last feast is known in the Roman Catholic church as the Assumption.) The dating of "1 September" is according to the "new" (revised) Julian calendar or the "old" (standard) Julian calendar, depending on which is used by a particular Orthodox Church. Hence, it may fall on 1 September on the civil calendar, or on 14 September (between 1900 and 2099 inclusive).
The present-day Coptic Orthodox liturgical calendar reflects the same fundamental ancient structures, even though its early break from Eastern Orthodoxy in 452 shows evidence of a separate development. The Coptic calendar is based on the ancient Egyptian calendar, which Emperor Augustus reformed in 25 BC to keep it forever in synch with the Julian calendar, but it is not identical to the Julian calendar. The Coptic liturgical new year, at the feast of Neyrouz, synchronized with the Julian September 1 at a different point from the Gregorian calendar, has therefore a different degree of separation today. Between 1900 and 2099, Neyrouz occurs on 11 September (Gregorian), with the exception of the year before Gregorian leap years, when it occurs on 12 September. (The Coptic year 1731 began in September 2013.) The Ethiopian Orthodox new year, Enkutatash, falls on the same date as Neyrouz. The Ethiopian calendar year 2006 began on 11 September 2013.
Historical European new year dates[edit]
During the Roman Republic and the Roman Empire years began on the date on which each consul first entered office. This was probably 1 May before 222 BC, 15 March from 222 BC to 154 BC,[8] and 1 January from 153 BC.[9] In 45 BC, when Julius Caesar's new Julian calendar took effect, the Senate fixed 1 January as the first day of the year. At that time, this was the date on which those who were to hold civil office assumed their official position, and it was also the traditional annual date for the convening of the Roman Senate. This civil new year remained in effect throughout the Roman Empire, east and west, during its lifetime and well after, wherever the Julian calendar continued in use.
In England, the Angle, Saxon, and Viking invasions of the fifth through tenth centuries plunged the region back into pre-history for a time. While the reintroduction of Christianity brought the Julian calendar with it, its use was primarily in the service of the church to begin with. After William the Conqueror became king in 1066, he ordered that 1 January be re-established as the civil New Year.[citation needed] Later, however, England and Scotland joined much of Europe to celebrate the New Year on 25 March.[citation needed]
In the Middle Ages in Europe a number of significant feast days in the ecclesiastical calendar of the Roman Catholic Church came to be used as the beginning of the Julian year:
In Modern Style[10] or Circumcision Style dating, the new year started on 1 January, the Feast of the Circumcision of Christ.
In Annunciation Style or Lady Day Style dating the new year started on 25 March,[10] the feast of the Annunciation (traditionally nicknamed Lady Day). This date was used in many parts of Europe during the Middle Ages and beyond.
Scotland changed to Modern Style new year dating on 1 January 1600, by Act of (the Scottish) Parliament on 17 December 1599.[10][11] Despite the unification of the Scottish and English royal crowns with the accession of King James VI and I in 1603, and even the union of the kingdoms themselves in 1707 (producing the United Kingdom), England continued using March 25 until after Parliament passed the Calendar (New Style) Act of 1750. This act converted all of Great Britain to use of the Gregorian calendar, and simultaneously redefined the civil new year to 1 January (except in Scotland). It went into effect on 3/14 September 1752.[10] Nevertheless, the UK tax year which begins on 6 April (March 25 + 12 days) still reflects its Julian calendar and new year heritage - the leap year difference of the calendars was adjusted for in 1800, but not again in 1900.
In Easter Style dating, the new year started on Holy Saturday (the day before Easter),[12] or sometimes on Good Friday. This was used all over Europe, but especially in France, from the eleventh to the sixteenth century. A disadvantage of this system was that because Easter was a movable feast the same date could occur twice in a year; the two occurrences were distinguished as "before Easter" and "after Easter".
In Christmas Style or Nativity Style dating the new year started on 25 December. This was used in Germany and England[citation needed] until the thirteenth century, and in Spain from the fourteenth to the sixteenth century.
In 1582, Pope Gregory XIII while reforming the Julian calendar established 1 January as the beginning of a New Year of the Gregorian calendar.
Southward equinox day (usually 22 September) was "New Year's Day" in the French Republican Calendar, which was in use from 1793 to 1805. This was primidi Vendémiaire, the first day of the first month.
Current readoptions of January 1[edit]
It took quite a long time before 1 January again became the universal or standard start of the civil year. The years of adoption of 1 January as the new year are as follows:
CountryStart year[13][14]
Grand Duchy of Lithuania[15][16]1362
Venice1522
Sweden1529
Holy Roman Empire (~Germany)1544
Spain, Portugal, Poland1556
Prussia, Denmark[17] and Norway1559
France (Edict of Roussillon)1564
Southern Netherlands[18]1576
Lorraine1579
Dutch Republic1583
Scotland1600
Russia1700
Tuscany1721
Britain, Ireland and
British Empire
except Scotland1752
Greece1923
Turkey1926
Thailand1941
1 March was the first day of the numbered year in the Republic of Venice until its destruction in 1797, and in Russia from 988 until 1492 (Anno Mundi 7000 in the Byzantine calendar). 1 September was used in Russia from 1492 (A.M. 7000) until the adoption of the Christian era in 1700 via a December 1699 decree of Tsar Peter I.
Time zones[edit]
Because of the division of the globe into time zones, the new year moves progressively around the globe as the start of the day ushers in the New Year. The first time zone to usher in the New Year, just west of the International Date Line, is located in the Line Islands, a part of the nation of Kiribati, and has a time zone 14 hours ahead of UTC.[19][20][21] All other time zones are 1 to 25 hours behind, most in the previous day (31 December); on American Samoa and Midway, it is still 11 PM on 30 December. These are among the last inhabited places to observe New Year. However, uninhabited outlying U.S. territories Howland Island and Baker Island are designated as lying within the time zone 12 hours behind UTC, the last places on earth to see the arrival of 1 January. These small coral islands are found about midway between Hawaii and Australia, about 1,000 miles west of the Line Islands! This is because the International Date Line is a composite of local time zone arrangements, which winds through the Pacific Ocean, allowing each locale to remain most closely connected in time with the nearest or largest or most convenient political and economic locales with which each associates. By the time Howland island sees the new year, it is 2 AM on 2 January in the Line Islands of Kiribati.
How to educate a visual learner...
Visual learners do not hear you with their ears they see you and feel you. To get a Visual learner to understand what you are speaking to them about is going to be very frustrating and usually ending with the Visual learner storming off in a huff or they will be frustrated with you continuously, even accusing you of not listening to them. Visual learners use their eyes to observe you’re every detail and they feel your voice tones, pick up on your body language very fast and feel vibrations regardless if they come from physical, emotional, or spiritual sources.
Visual learns when very young learn to solve all problems with their eyes and feelings and become exceptionally skilled in these capacities but all Mary hell is let loose when they have to start to read and the eyes fail them over and over again. The little Visual learner tries even harder to solve learning the alphabet sounds with their highly accomplished visual skills but continue to fail.
By now the little Visual learner is being filled with fear every time reading is being requested by a parent or teacher. Even if a parent or a teacher has stated or has just felt the Visual learner has a problem they panic and either run away, fight back or just freeze over.
Around this time the parent or the teacher will be requesting to have the child tested for all sorts of learning difficulties. By now you will have a sad and very unhappy child who has lost confidence in themselves completely and will be exhibiting uncooperative behaviours.
The little Visual learner does not know they have to awaken their little left ear to solve these sound and reading problems so they are forced to guess and pretend all sorts of dramas to avoid having to go back and read ever again.
To help the Visual learner to be able to hear their sounds and begin to crack the techniques of reading you will have to explain to them in a gentle and loving voice that their eyes and feeling skills are brilliant for solving other life challenges but learning sounds and reading needs their left ear to be woken up. I use humour like “Your ears are asleep!” or “Your ears are on holiday somewhere, do you know where they are?”
As you sit and watch these children very closely you will see when they are trying to read by using their eyes or by using their ears and you will need to very kindly and lovingly point this out every time they make the change. It will help immensely to use a little humour during the first sessions as you do not want these little Visual learners feeling unhappy, or fearful of you or the processes.
As you slowly build the Visual learners confidence by teaching them Audio strategies which awaken their left ear then and only then can that child begin to develop the skill of left brain cognitive/analytical thinking.
3.5" Hunter XCI CG PreCut to fit tracks Polyiso Continuous Insulation installed over 3M 3015 AVB Roosevelt Field Neiman Marcus. Polyiso higher thermal resistance allows for thinner tracks and overall wall thickness. Passes NFPA 285
Xci CG is a high-thermal rigid insulation panel composed of a closed cell polyisocyanurate foam core manufactured on-line to premium performance coated glass facers on both sides. It is designed for use in commercial wall applications to provide continuous insulation within the building envelope.
BIG5. Buffalo. Welgevonden Game Reserve. South Africa. Feb/2021
Buffalo
The African buffalo or Cape buffalo (Syncerus caffer) is a large African bovine. The adult buffalo's horns are its characteristic feature; they have fused bases, forming a continuous bone shield across the top of the head referred to as a "boss". They are widely regarded as very dangerous animals, as according to some estimates they gore and kill over 200 people every year.
The African buffalo is not an ancestor of domestic cattle and is only distantly related to other larger bovines. Owing to its unpredictable nature, which makes it highly dangerous to humans, the African buffalo has never been domesticated, unlike its Asian counterpart, the water buffalo. Other than humans, African Cape buffaloes have few predators aside from lions and large crocodiles, and are capable of defending themselves. Being a member of the big five game, the Cape buffalo is a sought-after trophy in hunting.
Source: Wikipedia
Búfalo
O búfalo-africano (Syncerus caffer), também conhecido como búfalo-cafre, búfalo-do-cabo, búfalo-negro-africano ou ainda búfalo-da-cafraria, é um mamífero bovino nativo da África. O búfalo-africano, é encontrado normalmente na savana em países por toda a África sub-saariana, embora geralmente confinado em áreas protegidas. É um herbívoro de grandes dimensões. A fêmea adulta chega a 1,60 metros de altura e cerca de 500 kg a 600 kg de peso. O macho adulto é ainda maior, chegando a cerca de 1,80 metros de altura (medidas tomadas desde o chão até a altura máxima da espádua) e 900 kg de peso.
O búfalo-africano embora fisicamente semelhante ao búfalo comum encontrado na pecuária do norte do Brasil, é um animal de maior porte e selvagem. O búfalo adulto é muito forte, impondo respeito mesmo a um grupo de leões que possa cruzar o seu caminho.
Atualmente é considerado um animal fora do risco de extinção devido a proteção em parques nacionais e reservas privadas nas regiões da savana africana, entretanto o seu habitat é diminuído em área a cada ano.
Fonte: Wikipedia
Welgevonden Game Reserve
Welgevonden Game Reserve, (Dutch for well found), is in the Waterberg District, of the Limpopo, province of South Africa. Welgevonden Game Reserve, (Dutch for "well found"), is a 38,200ha game reserve in the Waterberg District, of the Limpopo Province of South Africa.
It forms part of the Waterberg Biosphere Reserve which was officially declared by UNESCO in 2001 and currently covers an area in excess of 654,033 hectare.
The reserve comprises mountainous terrain that is dissected by deep valleys and kloofs while flat plateaus characterise most hilltops. Altitude varies from 1080 m in the north to ±1800 m in the southern section of the reserve.
Welgevonden is home to over 50 different mammals, including the Big Five. The diversity of habitat leads to a wide range of wildlife with grassy plains abounding with antelope from the largest eland to the diminutive duiker; and cheetah, lion and leopard are regularly seen close by. There are also numerous rare and unusual species such as brown hyena, aardwolf, pangolin and aardvark – all best seen at night. Over 300 bird species can be seen on the reserve, including rare blue cranes which breed in the southern section early in the year.
Source: Wikipedia
Reserva Welgevonden
A Welgevonden Game Reserve, (holandês para bem encontrado), fica no distrito de Waterberg, no Limpopo, província da África do Sul. Welgevonden Game Reserve, (holandês para "bem encontrado"), é uma reserva de safari de 38.200 hectares no distrito de Waterberg, na província de Limpopo da África do Sul.
Faz parte da Reserva da Biosfera de Waterberg que foi oficialmente declarada pela UNESCO em 2001 e atualmente cobre uma área superior a 654.033 hectares.
A reserva compreende terrenos montanhosos que são dissecados por vales profundos e kloofs, enquanto planaltos planos caracterizam a maioria dos topos das colinas. A altitude varia de 1080 m no norte a ± 1800 m na seção sul da reserva.
Welgevonden é o lar de mais de 50 mamíferos diferentes, incluindo os Big Five. A diversidade de habitat leva a uma grande variedade de vida selvagem com planícies gramíneas repletas de antílopes, desde o maior elã até o diminuto duiker; e chita, leão e leopardo são vistos regularmente por perto. Existem também numerosas espécies raras e incomuns, como hiena marrom, aardwolf, pangolin e aardvark - todos melhor vistos à noite. Mais de 300 espécies de pássaros podem ser vistas na reserva, incluindo o Grou-do-paraíso que se reproduzem na seção sul no início do ano.
Fonte: Wikipedia (tradução livre)
3.5" Hunter XCI CG PreCut to fit tracks Polyiso Continuous Insulation installed over 3M 3015 AVB Roosevelt Field Neiman Marcus. Polyiso higher thermal resistance allows for thinner tracks and overall wall thickness. Passes NFPA 285
Xci CG is a high-thermal rigid insulation panel composed of a closed cell polyisocyanurate foam core manufactured on-line to premium performance coated glass facers on both sides. It is designed for use in commercial wall applications to provide continuous insulation within the building envelope.
All Saints, Feering, Essex
Kelvedon & Feering is a joint village, a large one, larger than some towns, but undoubtedly a village in character. The continuous High Street of both is the old A12, which bypassed it as a dual carriageway to the east in the 1960s, but it still seemed pretty busy to me. The two parts are historically separated by the infant River Blackwater, although more practically separated by the Norwich to London railway line which runs alongside it. This makes it sound hellish, but actually it is very pleasant, with some good late Medieval and Georgian domestic buildings.
The two parish churches are at the westerly and easterly extremities of the village, the station about halfway in between. I'd heard Feering church was locked without a keyholder notice, so by ringing around I had found a contact number for the Feering keyholder. I'd arranged to meet her at ten, but a delay in getting into Kelvedon church made time tight, so I was glad I had found little to detain me there! I hurtled along the high street, over the river and under the railway line to a pretty village-like enclave where stands All Saints.
Open. I noticed that the church now displays a large and welcoming keyholder notice in the porch.
This is a handsome church, very much in the west Suffolk style with a wide nave and castellated walls, but with a beautifully mannered red brick south aisle which reminded me of Kenton in East Suffolk. It is difficult to believe that, as recently as 20 years ago, Feering was a star in the Anglo-catholic firmament, largely thanks to the incumbency of a traditionalist Rector who had been there for many years. I had not heard its name mentioned in such circles in recent years, and so it was no surprise to find a place which I immediately thought was really in danger. For the first time today (it would happen once more) I felt the sense of a church slipping away from us. The keyholder was magnificent. She was elderly, but her frailty was mixed with a great intelligence. I ended up staying here almost an hour, mostly chatting with her. She had lived the Anglo-catholic movement since her childhood in the 1930s. She knew she was in its last days, and told me that she had no wish greater than to become an anchorite!
The church was by no means as interesting as she was, but it was still much more interesting than Kelvedon - not difficult. The star here is the range of English and continental medieval glass collected and placed here during the incumbency of the aforementioned rector. There is half a medieval sculpture of St Anne, a rare survival. There is also a photographic copy of the Constable 'Raising of Lazarus' altar piece which is at Dedham. I recognised it instantly, having been there two weeks ago. The painting had originally been in Manningtree church - Constable also did altar pieces for Nayland and Brantham churches. When Manningtree church closed in the 1960s, the Rector of Feering offered to buy it, and was offered it for the princely sum of £150! For thirty years, it was displayed in Feering parish church. The Rector bequeathed it to the parish in his will, and then in the late 1990s it was sold to raise money for the restoration of the church. It is now on permanent display at Dedham.
I was glad to see Feering church inside, because I am sure it will be declared redundant in the next ten years. I left the village to the north, and soon gained open if somewhat hilly countryside.
The library has the distinction of being the oldest continuously operated library in the state of Florida. Local woman raised 580 dollars to build the library and rent the land near Lake DeFuniak for an annual rent of 25 cents. The library opened by the end of 1887. Yes, the sign has 1886 which conflicts with the library's information. Fund raising did start that year, so I guess it was counted in the "established".
The library is home to a collection of arms and armor owned originally by Palmer College's Professor Kenneth Bruce. He left the collection to the college in his will. When the college closed in the 1930s, the city became the recipient of the collection, which later gave it to the library. A large number of the weapons are European and from the era of the Crusades.
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Minting, coining or coinage is the process of manufacturing coins using a kind of stamping, the process used in both hammered coinage and milled coinage.[a] This "stamping" process is different from the method used in cast coinage.
A coin die (archaically spelt dye) is one of the two metallic pieces that are used to strike a coin, one per each side of the coin. A die contains an inverse version of the image to be struck on the coin. Striking a coin refers to pressing an image into the blank metal disc, or planchet, and is a term descended from the days when the dies were struck with hammers to deform the metal into the image of the dies.
Modern dies made out of hardened steel are capable of producing many hundreds of thousands of coins before they are retired and defaced. Scissel is the scrap produced in the punching of coin blanks from a continuous strip of metal.
s0893a 11255 MeyA4B11 Münzwesen. Fig. 1. Prägewerk von Thonnellier, vordere Ansicht. Fig. 2. Prägewerk von Thonnellier, Seitenansicht zum Teil im Durchschnitt. Fig. 3. Fertigwalzwerk. Fig. 4. Rändelmaschine, Grundriß. Fig. 5. Rändelmaschine, Seitenansicht. Fig. 6. Automatische Justierwage. Zum Artikel "Münzwesen". Meyers Konversationslexikon Verlag des Bibliographischen Instituts Leipzig und Wien Vierte Auflage 1888.
Münzwesen (hierzu Tafel "Münzwesen"). In allen zivilisierten Ländern bestehen die Münzen aus legiertem Gold oder Silber, aus Kupfer oder einer Kupferlegierung (mit Nickel, Zinn, Zink etc.); die russischen Platinmünzen sind wieder eingezogen worden. Man nennt die dem Hauptmünzfuß eines Landes entsprechend hergestellten Münzen Kurantmünzen und die nach einem etwas geringern Fuß geprägten Scheidemünzen. Aus sehr kupferreicher Gold- und Silberlegierung geprägte Münzen heißen Billon. Das ganze Gewicht einer Münze nennt man Schrot, das Gewicht des darin enthaltenen reinen Goldes oder Silbers aber Korn. Über Münzfuß s. d. Unter Münzsystem versteht man die Art der Teilung der Hauptmünzen in kleinere Münzen. In Deutschland hat man zwölf verschiedene Münzstücke gewählt. Das Schrot bestimmte man in Deutschland früher durch die Anzahl Münzstücke, welche zusammen eine kölnische Mark (rauhe, beschickte Mark, Bruttomark), das Korn durch die Anzahl der Stücke, welche zusammen eine Mark reinen oder edlen Metalls enthielten (feine Mark). So gingen von den preußischen Thalerstücken 10½ auf die rauhe Mark und 14 auf die feine Mark; ein Stück wog mithin 4/42 Mark und enthielt 1/14 oder 3/42 Mark feinen Silbers. 1857 wurde statt der Mark das Münzpfund von 500 g eingeführt, und es gingen nun 27 Thlr. auf das beschickte und 30 auf das feine Pfund; der Thaler wog danach 18,518 g und enthielt 16,666 g feinen Silbers. Nach dem neuen Münzgesetz werden aus 1 Pfd. feinen Goldes 139½ Stück 10-Markstücke und 69¾ Stück 20-Markstücke ausgebracht und dabei 900 Gold mit 100 Kupfer legiert; aus 1 Pfd. Feinsilber werden geprägt 100 1-Markstücke mit dem Mischungsverhältnis von 900 Silber mit 100 Kupfer. Für Schrot und Korn der Münzen ist gewöhnlich eine kleine Abweichung unter oder über den gesetzlichen Vorschriften (Remedium, Toleranz) gestattet, weil es praktisch so gut wie unmöglich ist, den Vorschriften stets mit völliger Schärfe zu genügen. Die Toleranz beträgt bei den deutschen Goldmünzen in der Feinheit 2 Tausendstel, im Gewicht bei den 10- und 20- Markstücken 2,5, bei den 5-Markstücken 4 Tausendstel, bei den Silbermünzen in der Feinheit 3, im Gewicht 10 Tausendstel. Die Herstellungskosten werden ganz oder zum Teil gedeckt durch den Unterschied zwischen dem Ankaufspreis des Metalls u. dem Nenngehalt der Münzen (Schlagschatz im weitern Sinn), zum Teil durch Erhebung einer Prägegebühr (Schlagschatz im engern Sinn). In Deutschland hat der Private, welcher Gold ausprägen lassen will, für das Pfund Feingold infolge des Bankgesetzes 3 Mk. zu zahlen, von welchen 2,75 Mk. die Münze, 25 Pf. das Reich erhält. Im übrigen trägt das Reich die Kosten der Münzprägung. Dasselbe 0893a ^[Seitenzahl nicht im Original]
Münzwesen.
Fig. 1. Prägewerk von Thonnellier, vordere Ansicht.
Fig. 2. Prägewerk von Thonnellier, Seitenansicht zum Teil im Durchschnitt.
Fig. 3. Fertigwalzwerk.
Fig. 4. Rändelmaschine, Grundriß.
Fig. 5. Rändelmaschine, Seitenansicht.
Fig. 6. Automatische Justierwage.
Zum Artikel "Münzwesen".
besorgt den Ankauf des Metalls und zahlt an die Münzstätten, welche Landesanstalten sind, für das Pfund Feingold bei den 20-Markstücken 3 Mk., 10-Markstücken 6 Mk., 5-Markstücken 8 Mk. Dann zahlt es in Prozenten vom Wert bei Silbermünzen: 5 Markstücken 0,75, 2-Markstücken 1,5, 1-Markstücken 1,75, 50-Pfennigstücken 2,5, 20-Pfennigstücken 4 Proz.; bei Nickelmünzen: 20-Pfennigstücken 1,5, 10 Pfennigstücken 3, 5-Pfennigstücken 6 Proz.; bei Kupfermünzen: 2-Pfennigstücken 15, 1-Pfennigstücken 30 Proz. Das Format der Münzen ist nicht nur durch die Rücksichten auf den Gebrauch, sondern auch durch die Abnutzung, welche mit der Oberfläche wächst, bedingt. Die Abnutzung beträgt im Jahr bei deutschen Doppelthalern (Feingehalt 0,900) 0,0107 Proz., bei preußischen Thalern vor 1857 (Feingehalt 0,750) 0,0242 Proz., bei englischen Sovereigns (Feingehalt 0,916 Gold) 0,0325 Proz. Nach neuern Wägungen kann man bei ältern, frei geprägten großen Silbermünzen pro 100 Jahre Umlaufszeit eine Abnutzung von 1 Proz. annehmen, während dieselbe bei im Ringe geprägten Münzen größer ist und bei kleiner Scheidemünze das Zehn- und Zwanzigfache erreicht. Untersuchungen von Soetbeer lassen es wahrscheinlich erscheinen, daß sich unsre Doppelkronen jährlich 0,0904, die Kronen 0,2026 pro Mille abnutzen und demnach 50 und 25 Jahre Umlaufszeit gebrauchen, um unter das Passiergewicht (5 Tausendstel unter dem Normalgewicht) zu sinken. Das Gepräge der Münze soll die Garantie eines bestimmten Feingehalts ausdrücken, den Nennwert bezeichnen und die Oberfläche vor betrügerischem Wegnehmen von Metall schützen. Man unterscheidet Avers (Vorder-, Kopf-, Bild-, Hauptseite) und Revers (Rück-, Kehr-, Wappen-, Schriftseite); erstere zeigt in der Regel das Bild des Landesherrn, letztere das Wappen, und eine oder beide Seiten zeigen eine Umschrift, die Legende. Außerdem findet sich auf einer Seite der Münzbuchstabe, durch welchen die Münzstätte bezeichnet wird, z. B. auf deutschen Münzen A = Berlin, B = Hannover, C = Frankfurt, D = München, E = Dresden, F = Stuttgart, G = Karlsruhe, H = Darmstadt, J = Hamburg. Der Rand der Münzen, bei den neuern, im Ringe geprägten Stücken mit rein ausgebildeten Kanten, besitzt einen beim Prägen aufgeworfenen schmalen Reif, das Stäbchen, über welches kein Teil des Gepräges hinausragen darf, und wird, wenn irgend thunlich, mit einer Rändelung versehen, d. h. mit einem Gepräge (Schrift oder figürlicher Verzierung) im Relief (hoher Rand) oder gewöhnlicher einwärts gehend (vertiefter Rand), welches die Münzen am besten vor Abfeilen etc. schützt. In den meisten neuern Münzgesetzen ist der Feingehalt (Korn) der Münzen in Tausendsteln des Bruttogewichts ausgedrückt und beträgt meist 900 Tausendstel, so daß also das Zusatzmetall 100 Tausendstel beträgt. Bei den brasilischen, englischen, portugiesischen, russischen, türkischen und den vor 1834 geprägten nordamerikanischen Goldmünzen ist der gesetzliche Feingehalt 11/12 oder 916 2/3 Tausendstel des Bruttogewichts.
Herstellung der Münzen.
(Vgl. beifolgende Tafel "Münzwesen")
Zur Herstellung der Münzen schmelzt man das Metall in Graphit-, Silber bei großem Betrieb auch wohl in guß- oder schmiedeeisernen Tiegeln und hält es mit Kohlenpulver bedeckt, um einer Oxydation des Kupfers und dadurch einer Veränderung des Korns vorzubeugen. Ist nach 3-12 Stunden die Schmelzung erreicht, so rührt man mit einem Eisenstab um, nimmt eine Schöpfprobe zur Prüfung des Gehalts und gießt das Metall in Sand- oder besser in eiserne Formen zu Stäben (Zainen) von 40-60 cm Länge, 4-8 mm Dicke und dem Durchmesser der verlangten Münzsorte entsprechender Breite. Man schöpft das Metall in die Formen, wendet aber auch Gießmaschinen an, bei denen der Tiegel durch einen Kran aus dem Ofen geholt und durch ein Räderwerk entsprechend geneigt wird, während die auf einer rotierenden kreisförmigen Scheibe angebrachten Formen sich nach dem Erstarren des Metalls automatisch öffnen, den Zain fallen lassen und sich wieder schließen, sobald sie von neuem unter den Tiegel gelangen. Die erhaltenen Zaine werden nun zwischen den glatten Walzen des Zainwalzwerks aus Hartguß oder Stahl gestreckt, um ihnen die genaue Dicke der Münzen zu geben. Das Walzen geschieht kalt, doch muß immer nach ein- oder zweimaliger Streckung ein Ausglühen unter Abschluß der Luft vorgenommen werden, da das Metall durch das Strecken hart wird. Das zur Vollendung der Streifen benutzte Walzwerk muß mit großer Genauigkeit arbeiten, da die endgültige Dicke für die Platten gleichzeitig das Gewicht bestimmt. Bei einem solchen Fertigwalzwerk (s. Taf., Fig. 3) liegen die Lager der Oberwalze a fest, während die der Unterwalze b auf zwei schlanken Stahlkeilen e ruhen, welche gleichmäßig durch Umdrehung zweier Schrauben f angezogen werden, die durch Schraubenräder von einer einzigen Welle g aus bewegt werden. Die Zaine zu Goldmünzen pflegt man neuerdings ohne alles Glühen zu strecken.
Die Herstellung der Münzplatten aus den fertigen und nochmals ausgeglühten Zainen erfolgt nunmehr auf einem gewöhnlichen Durchstoß, in welchem sich ein Stempel auf und ab bewegt. Derselbe trifft gegen Ende seiner Abwärtsbewegung auf den Metallstreifen und drückt ein seinem Querschnitt entsprechendes Stück durch die darunter befindliche gleichgroße Lochscheibe. Das Vorwärtsschieben der Zaine erfolgt nach jedem Schnitte durch die Hand des Arbeiters; doch ist eine Einrichtung getroffen, daß der Vorschub ein genau begrenzter wird, damit einerseits dem Entstehen unvollständiger Münzen durch zu kurzen, anderseits dem Entstehen zu großer Zwischenräume durch zu langen Vorschub vorgebeugt werde. Der Abfall (die Schroten) beträgt ohnehin mindestens ¼ des ganzen Gewichts und wird wieder eingeschmolzen. Die erhaltenen Münzplatten zeigen das verlangte Gewicht selten mit vollkommener Schärfe und werden deshalb justiert. Der wichtigste Teil dieser Arbeit besteht in der Prüfung des Gewichts der Münzplatten mittels freier Wagen (Justierwagen), welche durch gute Arretiervorrichtungen ein ziemlich rasches Arbeiten gestatten. Die Platten, deren Gewicht sich als zu leicht herausstellt, werden wieder eingeschmolzen; die innerhalb der Toleranzgrenzen liegenden zu leichten oder zu schweren bleiben unbearbeitet, während die zu schweren durch Befeilen oder Beschaben nachträglich berichtigt werden. Große Übung ermöglicht es den Justierern, gleich das erste Mal genau die richtige Menge Material wegzunehmen, so daß ein mehrmaliges Wägen erspart bleibt. Immerhin ist aber das Justieren eine sehr zeitraubende u. viele Menschenkräfte in Anspruch nehmende Arbeit. Deshalb benutzt man jetzt gewöhnlich automatische Justierwagen (s. Tafel, Fig. 6). Die zu wägenden Münzen werden in den Kocher B gelegt und fallen durch ihr eignes Gewicht eine nach der andern auf ein Tischchen, um von diesem durch einen Schieber C auf die Platte A der Wage geschoben zu werden, welche bei P das Münzgewicht trägt. Die Wage ist nun so arretiert, daß ein seitlicher Vorsprung c des bei e leicht drehbar aufgehängten Trichters D sich mit einem der drei Ausschnitte 1, 2, 3 gegen die Kante der Stange a b legt und letztere festhält. Vermittelst der Stange b d wird damit Zugleich der Wagebalken festgestellt. Sobald die Münze auf die Platte A gekommen ist, wird der Trichter D durch die Stange L von dem Exzenter E seitwärts bewegt, dadurch die Stange a b und die Wage freigemacht. Bei richtigem Gewicht der Münzplatte verharrt sie in der horizontalen Lage, bei größerm Gewicht senkt sich, bei kleinerm hebt sich das rechte Ende des Balkens, wonach im erstern Fall a b sich vor den Einschnitt 3, im letztern vor den Einschnitt 1, bei richtigem Gewicht vor 2 stellt. Nach Weiterdrehung des Exzenters bewegt sich D entsprechend zurück und bleibt dann mit der untern Öffnung über einem der drei Rohre H G F stehen, so daß die leichtern Münzen durch F in den Kasten I, die normalen durch G in den Kasten II und die zu schweren durch H in den Kasten III fallen, wenn man sie von der Platte A in den Trichter D schiebt. - Am verbreitetsten ist die Justierwage von Seiß in Atzgersdorf bei Wien, welche in einer etwas abweichenden Konstruktion sogar nach sechs Gewichtsabstufungen sortiert, von denen die leichtesten, die eingeschmolzen werden müssen, die erste, die innerhalb der Toleranzgrenzen zu leichten oder zu schweren die zweite und dritte Klasse und die zu schweren die vierte, fünfte und sechste Klasse bilden. Diese Trennung der zu schweren Münzen nach der Größe des Übergewichts ermöglicht sodann die Anwendung von Justiermaschinen, welche sofort das überflüssige Material mit großer Genauigkeit entfernen. Silberscheidemünzen und Kupfermünzen werden nicht stückweise justiert; man zählt vielmehr die Anzahl Stücke, die gesetzlich auf ein Pfund gehen sollen, ab und wägt sie, indem man die Ungleichheiten der einzelnen Stücke auf sich beruhen läßt.
Nach dem Justieren folgt das Rändeln oder Kräuseln, welches den doppelten Zweck hat, die Münzplatten am Rand etwas aufzustauchen und zu glätten und, falls dies beabsichtigt wird, sie mit einer Randverzierung zu versehen, welche aus Schrift oder Ornament bestehen kann und, wenn (wie es jetzt fast immer geschieht) das nachfolgende Prägen im Prägring erfolgt, vertieft sein muß. Eine eigentümliche Art Randverzierung, welche nur aus geraden Kerben besteht, wird erst im Prägring erzeugt, während auf der Rändelmaschine nur das Aufstauchen des Randes besorgt wird. Fig. 4 und 5 veranschaulichen eine mit Hand zu betreibende Rändelmaschine. Die Teile, welche auf den Rand der Platte wirken, sind zwei Schienen von gehärtetem Stahl e e und d d, von denen die eine e e fest, die andre d d, genau parallel zu e e, beweglich ist. Zwischen beiden befindet sich so viel Zwischenraum, daß eine Münze hineingezwängt werden kann. Jede der beiden Schienen enthält die Hälfte der einzuwalzenden Randverzierung eingraviert, so daß, wenn durch die Bewegung der Schiene d d die Münze zwischen den Platten hindurchgezogen wird, der ganze Umfang seine Randverzierung erhält. Bei größern Anlagen werden auch diese Maschinen durch Elementarkraft betrieben und sind dann gewöhnlich in größerer Anzahl auf einem Tisch vereinigt. Die Maschinen zur Aufstauchung eines glatten Randes stammen aus England und weichen von den soeben beschriebenen dadurch ab, daß die bewegliche Schiene d d nicht mehr eine hin- und hergehende Bewegung hat, sondern als Umfang einer kontinuierlich rotierenden Scheibe mit horizontaler Achse ausgeführt ist, während die feste Schiene e e ein mit dieser konaxialer Bogen geworden ist. Die Drehung der Scheibe ist eine sehr schnelle und daher die Leistung der Maschine außerordentlich groß. Vor der letzten Operation, dem Prägen, erteilt man den Münzplatten durch das Sieden oder Färben eine blanke Oberfläche, da dieselbe durch das Glühen eine etwas schwärzliche Farbe erhalten hat. Bei Silber- und Goldmünzen wird durch diese Operation auch die Farbe der Legierung verändert, weil die Beize einen Teil des Kupfers aus der oberflächlichen Schicht der Platte fortnimmt und fast reines Silber oder Gold zurückläßt. Daher erscheinen z. B. neue Scheidemünzen dem feinen Silber ähnlich, werden aber bald wieder rot, indem sich die dünne Silberhaut abnutzt und die Legierung mit ihrer eigentümlichen Farbe wieder bloßgelegt wird. Ähnlich verhält es sich mit Goldmünzen, welche bei starker Beizung goldgelb werden, während sie rötlich bleiben, wenn man nur sehr schwach beizt, um lediglich das beim Glühen gebildete Kupferoxyd zu entfernen, oder wenn man die Bildung des letztern durch Glühen in Kohle ganz vermeidet und die Platten nur in Seifenwasser wäscht. Zum Beizen dient verdünnte Schwefelsäure oder Weinstein, welcher die schönste Weiße erzeugt. Silberne Platten ergeben je nach ihrer Größe und dem Feingehalt einen Beizverlust von 0,12-2,5 Goldplatten einen solchen von durchschnittlich 0,07 Proz. Die gebeizten Platten werden sorgfältig gewaschen und dann mit wollenen Lappen erst kalt, dann warm getrocknet.
Das Prägen wird auf der Präg- oder Münzmaschine ausgeführt, indem zwei vertieft gravierte stählerne Stempel ihre Form auf die zwischen sie gelegte Münze übertragen, welche, um ein seitliches Ausweichen des Materials zu verhindern, in einem Prägring liegt. Aus dem perspektivischen Längsschnitt (s. Textfigur, S. 896) geht das Wesentliche einer Uhlhornschen Prägmaschine neuerer Konstruktion hervor. Von den zwei Ständern a und b, welche durch Stehbolzen c und den Tisch d fest miteinander verbunden sind, dient zunächst a zur Aufnahme der Prägstempel und der direkt zur Bewegung derselben dienenden Teile, während b die von einer Transmission bewegte Hauptwelle trägt. Der Oberstempel ist am Ende n der Eisenschiene p angebracht, welche, um d drehbar, nach ausgeübter Prägung vermittelst der Stange r¹ des Hebels d¹ r und des Gewichts s aufwärts vor der Münze ab bewegt wird. Der Unterstempel dahin gegen ruht auf einem mit Kugelzapfen versehenen Fuß, welcher in der Pfanne eines Hebels y steht, der um den Zapfen g drehbar ist und den Zweck hat, in dem Augenblick des größten Druckes dem Unterstempel eine geringe horizontale Drehung zu geben, welche bei einer bedeutenden Kraftersparung ein schärferes Ausprägen zur Folge hat. Die Schwingung von y erfolgt von der an k sitzenden krummen Stange z, welche im geeigneten Augenblick mit einem Haken an einem Arm des Winkelhebels x² angreift, dessen andrer Arm durch die Stange x¹ x¹ mit y verbunden ist. Zur Bewegung des Stempels dient der Kniehebel k i l, der sich mit einem Zapfen x gegen h stützt und das sogen. Pendel m abwärts drückt infolge des Anzugs durch die Zugstange u t, welche von der Kurbel der Welle u hin und her bewegt wird. Das Pendel m ruht mit einem Kugelzapfen auf dem Ende n der um q drehbaren Stange p und wird durch das Gewicht s mit gehoben, wenn der Stempel sich zum Unterschieben einer neuen Platte aufwärts begeben muß. Das Ausprägen erfolgt hier zugleich in dem Prägring a¹ in der um c¹ nach oben drehbaren Schiene b¹, die sich nach vollendeter Prägung so viel senken muß, daß die Münze frei auf dem Unterstempel liegt. Diese Senkung geschieht durch die Stange d², den Hebel e, die Druckstange f¹, das Gelenk g¹ h¹ und die Stütze i¹ von dem Exzenter k¹ aus. Außerdem befinden sich an dieser Maschine noch Vorrichtungen zum automatischen Einlegen der Platten auf den Unterstempel, zum Fortschieben der geprägten Münzen in ein Abfallrohr und zur Ausrückung der Maschine bei Liegenbleiben oder falscher Lage der Platte. Fig. 1 u. 2 der Tafel zeigen die Prägmaschine von Thonnellier in Vorder- und Seitenansicht. Die Hauptbetriebswelle dieser Maschine ist a, welche durch die Riemenscheibe b in Bewegung gesetzt wird. b' ist die zur Ausrückung dienende Losscheibe. Die Riemenscheibe b ist durch Schrauben mit dem Schwungrad c verbunden, an welch letzteres an seiner Nabe die Hälfte einer Klauenkuppelung d angegossen ist, in welche die andre, mit Nute und Feder auf der Welle verschiebbare Hälfte d' eingreift. Werden die Klauen durch das Gegengewicht e mittels eines Hebels ausgerückt, so kann keine Bewegungsübertragung vom Schwungrad oder der Riemenscheibe auf die Welle stattfinden. Diese Ausrückung wird nun bei Unregelmäßigkeiten von der Maschine aus selbstthätig bewirkt, wodurch der Möglichkeit eines Bruches in der Maschine vorgebeugt und die Bewachung derselben erleichtert wird. Die Bewegung des Prägstempels geschieht durch die Kurbelkröpfung f, die Bleuelstange g, den Hebel h und das Pendel i. Das Ganze bildet also einen Kniehebelmechanismus. Der Hebel k mit den sich anschließenden Teilen, bewegt durch den Daumen l, hat die Aufgabe, die Münze aus dem Prägring nach oben zu drücken, damit sie durch den Transporteur fortgeführt werden kann und wieder Platz zu einer ebenfalls selbstthätig zugeführten neuen Münze entsteht. An der Maschine sind noch mancherlei feine Mechanismen angebracht zum genauen Einstellen der beiden Prägstempel, auf deren Erklärung hier verzichtet werden muß, und welche auch zum Teil in der Zeichnung der Einfachheit halber wegbleiben mußten. Ein in der Zeichnung nicht dargestelltes Zählwerk hat den Zweck, die Zahl der geprägten Münzen nach Maßgabe der Stempelhübe zu kontrollieren. Die Bedienung der Maschine ist sehr einfach. Man füllt das Becken m mit Münzplatten u. schichtet immer eine Anzahl davon in dem Behälter n aufeinander. Von hier aus werden sie selbstthätig durch den Transporteur dem Stempel zugeführt und, nachdem sie geschlagen sind, ebenfalls ohne Zuthun des Arbeiters nach einem Abfallrohr geführt, so daß sie nunmehr fertig durch das Rohr o in einen am Boden stehenden Korb fallen. Das geprägte Geld ist nur noch auf Gewicht, Gehalt etc. zu prüfen, zu welchem Zweck es genügt, aus einer größern Menge ein Stück herauszugreifen.
Trotz der bedeutenden Fortschritte der Münztechnik kommen falsche Münzen doch noch häufig genug vor. Von dem Polizeipräsidium in Berlin wurden z. B. 1880 an falschen Münzen angehalten: 1263 1-Markstücke, 1018 20-Pfennigstücke, 629 2-Markstücke, 147 Thalerstücke, 132 5-Markstücke, 4 10-Markstücke, 3 20-Markstücke. Die falschen Münzen sind entweder a) mit nachgeahmten Stempeln aus unedlen Metallen oder minderwertigen Legierungen geprägt und dann eventuell noch galvanisch versilbert oder vergoldet; b) in von echten Münzen abgenommenen Formen gegossen und dann häufig versilbert oder vergoldet; sie bestehen häufig auch c) aus einem minderwertigen Metallkern, auf welchen die mittels einer ganz feinen Säge in Gestalt dünner Blättchen abgeschnittene Avers- und Reversseite einer echten Münze aufgelötet sind; d) aus einem minderwertigen Metallkern, auf welchen Kupferplatten, die galvanisch auf echten Münzen erzeugt, dann vergoldet und versilbert wurden, aufgelötet sind; e) häufig werden echte Münzen am Rand befeilt, beschnitten, abgekratzt; seltener werden Goldmünzen am Rand ausgebohrt und das Bohrloch mit unedlem Metall gefüllt. Auch werden die Münzen durch Ätzen mit Säuren minderwertig gemacht. Alle derartig gewaltsam minderwertig gemachten Münzen werden in Deutschland von den königlichen, resp. Reichskassen angehalten und dem Einlieferer eingeschnitten zurückgegeben. Falschstücke von Goldmünzen wurden bisweilen hergestellt, indem man Silber- oder Platinbleche mit dünnen Goldblechen belegte und dann ausprägte. Vergoldete Münzen aus Platin-Kupferlegierungen mit Silber- und Zinkgehalt werden mit großem Geschick und seit länger als 20 Jahren in Valencia und Barcelona hergestellt. Zum Guß von Silbermünzen benutzt man Zinn mit Blei, Antimon, Zink, Wismut, zum Prägen Neusilber, Messing etc. Zur Prüfung benutzt man vor allem das Gewicht. Es wiegt:
Passiergewicht Maximalgewicht
das 20-Markstück (Gold) 7,965 g 7,9252 g 7,9849 g
" 10-Markstück " 3,9825 " 3,9626 " 3, 9925 "
" 5-Markstück " 1,9912 " 1,9753 " 2,0708 "
" 5-Markstück (Silber) 27,7778 " 28,055 "
" 2-Markstück " 11,1111 " 11,222 "
" 1-Markstück " 5,5555 " 5,611 "
" 50-Pfennigstück " 2,7778 " 2,805 "
^[Abb.: Uhlhornsche Prägmaschine (Längsschnitt).]
Außer dem absoluten Gewicht kommt auch das spezifische Gewicht in Betracht, das äußere Ansehen und der Klang. Für die Anwendung chemischer Erkennungsmittel ist in Betracht zu ziehen, daß die falschen Münzen meist vergoldet oder versilbert vorkommen; man muß also die äußere Schicht abkratzen, wenn man die Strichprobe anwenden will. Vgl. Dammer, Lexikon der Verfälschungen (Leipz. 1886).
Medaillen werden wie Geldmünzen geprägt, doch haben sie meist ein bedeutend höheres Relief und erfordern daher die Anwendung des Schraubenprägwerks sowie die Aufeinanderfolge mehrerer kräftiger Stöße. Nach jedem zweiten, dritten oder vierten Stoß müssen sie wieder ausgeglüht und abgebeizt werden, um der fortgesetzten Einwirkung der Stempel nachzugeben. Die Originalgravierung der Stempel wird vom Stempelschneider meist im Relief in Stahl ausgeführt. Diese sogen. Patrize wird gehärtet und mittels eines starken Schraubenprägwerks in eine beliebige Anzahl von Prägstempeln abgedrückt. Das Gravieren der Patrize kann auf mechanischem Weg nach einem Modell in größerm Maßstab auf der sogen. Reliefkopiermaschine erfolgen. Vgl. Karmarsch, Mechanische Technologie (5. Aufl. von E. Hartig, Hannov. 1875); Derselbe, Beitrag zur Technik des Münzwesens (das. 1856); Ansell, The royal mint; its working, conduct and operations fully and practically explained (3. Aufl., Lond. 1871); Schlösser, Die Münztechnik (Hannov. 1884).
Geschichtliches.
(Hierzu die Tafeln "Münzen I und II".)
Das M. des ältesten Kulturvolkes, der Ägypter, ist noch in völliges Dunkel gehüllt; wir besitzen keine Gegenstände, von denen wir mit irgend welcher Sicherheit annehmen könnten, es sei das Geld der Ägypter darin zu erkennen. Für das klassische Altertum und die den Griechen benachbarten asiatischen Reiche sind die Anfänge der Ausprägung von Münzen chronologisch nicht festzustellen, doch finden wir bereits im 6. Jahrh. v. Chr. eine hohe technische Vollendung. Die ältesten griechischen Münzen sind von Silber; Gold und die Elektron genannte Mischung von Gold und Silber treten etwas später auf; Kupferprägung beginnt erst um 400. Die Rechnungsmünzen sind das Talent = 60 Minen und die Mine = 60 Drachmen; die Münzeinheit ist die Drachme = 6 Obolen. Die größte griechische Goldmünze ist das 20-Staterenstück des griechisch-baktrischen Königs Eukratides (in Paris); die größten Silbermünzen sind die 10-Drachmenstücke von Syrakus, Alexander d. Gr. und Athen, letztere beiden nur in wenigen Exemplaren bekannt. Das Metall der griechischen Münzen ist gewöhnlich sehr rein; erst lange nach Alexander beginnt das Silber sich zu verschlechtern, jedoch sind antike Fälschungen, versilberte Kupfermünzen (nummi subaerati) sehr häufig schon in ältester Zeit. Die eisernen Münzen der Spartaner scheinen der Fabel anzugehören, doch gibt es einige wenige peloponnesische Eisenstücke (z. B. eins von Argos), welche Münzen oder Marken gewesen sind. Die Gestalt der griechischen Münzen ist rund oder rundlich, doch wurde in der frühern Zeit oft auffallend nachlässig geprägt. Das Metallstück der Münzen wurde kugel- oder eiförmig gegossen und der Stempel dann aufgeschlagen, wobei oft tiefe Risse am Rand entstanden. Die uralten Münzen Großgriechenlands tragen auf einer Seite ein erhabenes, auf der andern ein vertieftes Bild (nummi incusi); fast alle übrigen sehr alten Münzen zeigen auf der Rückseite ein vertieftes, oft mehrfach geteiltes Viereck (quadratum incusum). Eine viereckige Form hat eine große Anzahl von Silber- und Kupfermünzen der griechisch-baktrischen Könige. Seit der römischen Kaiserzeit prägen die griechischen Städte fast stets Münzen mit den Bildnissen der Kaiser; in spätester Zeit hört jede Autonomie auf, und die griechischen Städte werden zu Münzstätten des römischen Reichs (weiteres s. Griechische Münzen). Die ältesten römischen Münzen sind gegossene, bisweilen viereckige, oft sehr große Kupferstücke (aes grave). Die nachweisbar ältesten römischen Münzen sind die runden Asse und deren Teilstücke, Semis. Silber (Denar und seine Teilstücke) wurde in Rom seit 269 v. Chr. geprägt; Goldmünzen der Republik erscheinen sehr spät und sind sämtlich sehr selten. Das edle Metall der Republikmünzen ist fein, doch sind subärate Silberstücke (versilberte Kupfermünzen) häufig; auch war während der römischen Republik die Ausprägung von Subäratmünzen eine vom Staat ausgehende Maßregel. Allmählich verschlechterte sich das Metall der Silbermünzen, und gegen Ende des 3. Jahrh. n. Chr. verschwindet das Silber fast gänzlich aus den Denaren; erst Diokletian prägt wieder reines Silber aus. Das Gold der römischen Kaisermünzen (aurei, später solidi) ist immer rein; erst die Byzantiner mischen es mit Silber und Kupfer (weiteres s. Römische Münzen). Die Münzen der aus der Völkerwanderung hervorgegangenen Reiche schließen sich, wenn auch meist viel roher, in Typen und Metall den spätesten römischen an. Die Münzen der Langobarden, der Westgoten und der Merowinger (meist Gold) zeichnen sich durch Roheit des Gepräges aus, während die der Karolinger und der englischen Könige des frühsten Mittelalters (fast nur Silber) saubere Arbeit und meist richtige Aufschriften zeigen. Die deutschen Münzen (Denare, selten Teilstücke) sind meist rohe, bisweilen aber auch zierliche Gepräge von reinem Silber. In der Mitte des 12. Jahrh. begann die Ausprägung der oft künstlerisch sehr hoch stehenden Hohlmünzen (damals denarii, jetzt Brakteaten genannt), welche im 13. und 14. Jahrh. seltener werden und in den folgenden Jahrhunderten verschwinden. Schon im 13. und besonders im 14. Jahrh. werden überall zweiseitige Gepräge in Gold und Silber häufiger; wichtige Klassen sind die venezianischen Zechinen, der Florentiner Goldgulden, die Turnosen (Silber), die Prager Groschen, Gepräge, die vielfach nachgeahmt wurden. Seit dem Ende des 15. Jahrh. werden große Silbermünzen (Thaler) geprägt. Seit dem 16. Jahrh. vermehrt sich die Zahl der Münzsorten, besonders in Deutschland, ins unendliche. Von den Prägungen des nichtgriechischen Orients sind die mit Ausnahme einiger messerförmiger Stücke ganz einförmigen Kupfermünzen der Chinesen, welche weit vor der hellenischen Kulturepoche beginnen sollen, die ältesten. Die indischen Münzen (namentlich Gold und Kupfer) schließen sich an die spätesten Münzen der griechisch-indoskythischen Könige an; nur wird die griechische Inschrift ganz von der einheimischen verdrängt. Die mohammedanischen Münzen ahmen zuerst die byzantinischen und sassanidischen in Gepräge und Münzwert nach; später verschwindet jedes Bild, und das Gepräge besteht bis auf die neueste Zeit nur aus Inschrift. Auf der beigegebenen Tafel I: "Münzen des Altertums", sind einige besonders schöne oder wichtige Münzen des Altertums abgebildet, sämtlich von Silber, außer den drei goldenen: Fig. 6, Goldstater Philipps II., Fig. 9, Darikus, Fig. 16, Aureus Mark Aurels, und der einen Kupfermünze: Fig. 11, römischer As. Tafel II gibt eine Auswahl besonders Münzen I (Altertum).
1. Didrachmon von Aegina.
6. Jahrh. v. Chr.
Schildkröte. Vertieftes Viereck.
2. Tetradrachmon von Athen.
Zeit der Perserkriege.
Pallaskopf. Eule.
3. Tetradrachmon von Aenos in Thrakien.
Zeit des Peloponnesischen Kriegs.
Hermeskopf. Bock.
4. Didrachmon von Elis.
um 400 v. Chr.
Zeuskopf. Adler.
5. Dekadrachmon von Syrakus.
Von Stempelschneider Euaenetos c. 400 v. Chr.
Kopf der Persephone. Siegreiches Viergespann und Waffen (Siegespreise).
6. Goldstater Philipps II. von Makedonien.
Apollonkopf. Siegreiches Zweigespann.
7. Tatradrachmon von Alexander d. Gr.
Kopf des Herakles. Zeus.
8. Tatradrachmon des baktr. Königs Eukratides ca. 150 v. Chr.
Brustbild des Königs. Dioskuren.
9. Persische Königsgoldmünze.
(Daricus)
Der König als Bogenschütze. Vertieftes Viereck.
10. Jüdischer Silbersekel von Simon Makkabäus (143 v. Chr.).
Althebr. Umschrift: 'Sekel Israels. Jahr 2. Jerusalem die heilige.'
11. Gegossener römischer Kupferas.
Januskopf. Schiff.
12. Römischer Denar.
X = 10 (Asse).
Kopf der Roma. Dioskuren.
13. Römischer Quinar.
V = 5 (Asse).
14. Römischer Sestertius.
II S = 2½ (Asse).
15. Denar des Julius Caesar.
Vom Münzmeister M. Mettius 44 v. Chr.
Kopf Caesars mit dem Titel eines Dictators zum 4. mal. Juno im Zweigespann.
16. Aureus des Marc Aurel 161-180 n. Chr.
Brustbild des Kaisers. M. Aurel und sein Mitkaiser L. Verus.
merkwürdiger Gepräge des Mittelalters, des 16. und 17. Jahrh. Über die Geschichte und Litteratur der Münzkunde s. Numismatik. Über das gegenwärtige M. in den verschiedenen Staaten vgl. die betreffenden Länderartikel und beifolgende "Übersicht der wichtigsten Gold- u. Silbermünzen, nebst Münzen-Umrechnungstabelle". Hilfsmittel für praktische Zwecke sind ferner: Kunis, Abbildung und Beschreibung der gegenwärtig kursierenden Gold- und Silbermünzen (5. Aufl., Leipz. 1882); die Handbücher der Münz-, Maß- und Gewichtskunde von Noback (2. Aufl., das. 1877), Bleibtreu-Huber (2. Aufl., Stuttg. 1878), Schlössing (das. 1885), Klimpert (Lexikon, Berl. 1885). Vgl. auch Soetbeer, Die deutsche Münzverfassung (Erlang. 1874-75); Haupt, Histoire monétaire de notre temps (Par. 1886).
A top view of the continuous Northeast Los Angeles facing Cypress Park, Elysian Valley, Mount Washington, Glassell Park, Atwater Village, Glendale and Los Angeles River from Los Angeles Chinatown Firecracker 10k Run race route located at Elysian Park in Los Angeles, California 90012 - 90031 - 90065.
#chinatownla #lachinatown #chinatownlosangeles #losangeleschinatown #lincolnheights #cypresspark #northeastla #nela #northeastlosangeles #mtwashington #mountwashington #elysianvalley #lariver #losangelesriver #tayloryard #glassellpark #atwatervillage #glendale #solanocanyon #historicsolanocanyon #firecracker10k #firecracker10krun #firecracker10k @LAChinatown @ChinatownLA @ChinatownLosAngeles @LosAngelesChinatown @DowntownLA @DowntownLosAngeles @NortheastLA @NortheastLosAngeles @ElysianValley @GlassellPark @AtwaterVillage @Glendale @GlendaleCalifornia @SolanoCanyon @Firecracker10k
Continuous flight anger (CFA) lattice pile ground improvement works taking place at Ruakura Road ECMTR Bridge 11/11/2016.
‘My dog’s continuous delirious day-time dreams
neuage.org/2020 Texts-Design-Photo: 2020 - above your house © Neuage (27 July 2020)
#MyDogsContinuousDeliriousDay-timeDreams #FloatingOnARaft #MyOutlookOnLife #VeganColoured #MyTherapist
March 7th, 2015
K-5 Malala Feeder school by NCHD - National Commission fro Human Development.
Location: Mir Bandai Ali Khan at Tando Ghulam Ali Badin District, Sindh, Pakistan
By: Pervaiz Lodhie
Founder LEDtronics
Founding Director PHDF - Pakistan Human Development Fund
Faciltated by: Shaantech Pakistan Team
Back Ground
National Commission for Human Development (NCHD) was established in July, 2001 as a federal statutory body. It is a fast-track initiative to improve social sector outcomes at the grass-roots. The goal of the Commission is to fill the implementation gaps and improve public sector delivery mechanisms to achieve the Millenium Development Goals (MDGs) through:
Universal Primary Education (UPE)
Adult Literacy / Gender Empowerment Program
Reducing Population Growth Rate
Improving Infant & Maternal Mortality
Capacity Building at Grassroots
NCHD has been officially declared as lead agency for the spread of literacy programs in the country by the President of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan. The 2006 UNESCO International Reading Association Literacy Prize has been awarded to NCHD for its National Literacy Program.
Visit of Mr. Pervaiz Lodhi – Member PHDF
Mr. Pervaiz lodhie a distinguished member of PHDF visited Malala Feeder School on 7th March 2015 alongwith his team and the Worthy Director operations Sindh Humaira Hashimi Sahiba. The team arrived at Malala feeder school at about 12.00noon. A warm welcome was given to the distinguished guests. The students from Malala wrapped in school uniform give a salute the honourable guests and offered flowers to the guests. Thrown rose petals in a queue to the head Masters room.
Where Mr. Moti lal – Head Master briefed the honourable guests about the back ground and the efforts taken for establishment of such a wonderful building through donations. He elaborated that besides donors the I-care, PHDF, Mir Ghulam Ali Talpur and the chairman usher and zakat the children are continuously supporting the school by making donations from their pocket money, which were a unique contribution and the idea for construction of malala feeder school. They started the school with the number of 25 children only but now after hectic efforts and continuous work hard the number has raised to 455. At the movement 5 Feeder teachers are placed while 3 other teachers are voluntarily putting their time and efforts.
Then the guests visited each class room one by one, where two children from each class presented rose flowers to the guests. The guest asked many questions about the education, the attitude of the teachers and their satisfaction from the school and learning land marks. Checked and found whole the school very neat and clean.
A gathering of parents of children was also arranged in the school, after visiting class rooms the honourable guests moved toward the stage where function started with the recitation of holy Quran. A student of class three Ghulam Rasool recited from Holy Quran.
Naat Maqbool (PBHM) was presented by three female students namely Huma Naz, Mehmoona, Nayab and Iqra
Mr. Pervaiz lodhi – member PHDF said in his address that PHDF put a unique idea of public and private partnership and have proved that by collective efforts Pakistan can meet the desired goals and objectives especially in the field of education. He called a meeting with stake holder and the private sector yesterday and will be meet with the honourable minister and PHDF members in Pakistan to contribute on their part in the uplift of NCHD and the objective of Education and literacy in Pakistan. He thinks that it is only NCHD which has office in every district of the Pakistan and grass root approach. He will try a funding and the support of Pakistanis in America and bring some good news as well. He is himself contacting various philanthropists and groups in this regard also. Insha Allah we will bring a positive change in Pakistan and continue our mission. He appreciated the innovative idea for construction of Malala school building. He also suggested that he will show the movie to the father of Malala who is visiting America in coming month.
At end of this session honourable guest distributed Shaantech Solar Charged LED Lights to top 3 students from each class (1,2,3,4,5)
Members of the Washington Telephone Traffic Union meet at Turner’s Arena January 10, 1946 at the beginning of their eight-day “continuous union meeting” called to end “sweatshop conditions” at Chesapeake and Potomac Telephone Company.
The 3,000 members of the union staged what they called a “continuous union meeting” over arbitrary management rules such as requiring a supervisor to be present before changing a headset from one ear to another or having to call a supervisor before taking an aspirin.
It ended with an agreement that the two sides would form a joint committee to study ways to alleviate the issues.
Mary Gannon led the local operators union from the time it was a company union in 1935 through militant strikes in the 1940s and up until 1950--after the Communications Workers of America was formed. She was one of the few women union leaders in the Washington, D.C. area at that time. Margaret Gilmore at the Bureau of Engraving was another.
She led as many as 200 strikes—most for an hour or two—during her career, including a one-day strike that disrupted White House communications during World War II. Many of the strikes were sympathy strikes helping other telephone unions around the country and helping to lay the basis for a national union.
She was in the late stages of pregnancy with her son Tommy during the six-week 1947 strike, and put in the long hours and picket duty required of a union leader. Her son was born near the end of the strike and Gannon returned to the bargaining table shortly after giving birth to conclude the agreement that would end the strike.
She continued to work after giving birth helping to form the Communications Workers of America later in 1947 in the aftermath of the failed strike.
Gannon said of her decision to resign at age 38 in 1950, “I was torn between two children, for I feel like the union was my child too. But in the end I felt like I must give more attention to Tommy.”
During her tenure, the telephone operators were known as “Gannon’s girls” by area news reporters.
For more information and related images, see flic.kr/s/aHsmbnHJap
For a blog post on the Washington Telephone Traffic Union, see washingtonareaspark.com/2022/02/08/the-washington-telepho...
The photographer is unknown. The image is a Washington Daily News photograph courtesy of the D.C. Public Library Washington Star Collection © Washington
Van Doorne's patents for the Variomatic were transferred to VDT (Van Doorne Transmissie) at the time the car division was sold to Volvo in 1975. Here the CVT (Continuous Variable Transmission) was developed. From the mid 1980's onward the new transmission, with much smaller steel belts instead of the former large rubber ones, is used in a large number of cars.
This is a photograph from the 37th Michael Manning Memorial "Dunshaughlin 10KM" Road Race and Fun Run which took place in Dunshaughlin, Co. Meath, Ireland on Saturday 18th June 2015 at 19:30. This race is widely acknowledged within the Irish running community as one of the best races in Ireland and is Ireland's oldest continuously held 10KM race. This year, as in previous years, the race attracted runners from not just all of Leinster but from the four corners of Ireland. The work of the organising committee must be commended on making this event possible. The Dunshaughlin 10KM has earned it's place at the top of the pedestal of Irish running through the sheer hard work of Dunshaughlin AC over the years. Road race events do not survive on their own. There must be dedication, hard work and a development vision amongst the committee and the host club. Well done to all.
The weather was perfect for running - it was a warm summer evening without any real wind or breeze. There was a light shower of rain for the first few minutes of the race which helped keep runners cool in the early stages of the race.
We have an extensive set of photographs from the race tonight taken at the 1 mile mark and then at the 400M and 600M to go mark. The full set is available at: www.flickr.com/photos/peterm7/sets/72157669936408175
Some useful links
Our Photographs from 2015: www.flickr.com/photos/peterm7/sets/72157645329098733/
Our Photographs from 2014: www.flickr.com/photos/peterm7/sets/72157645329098733/
Dunshaughlin AC on Facebook: www.facebook.com/dunshaughlin.athleticclub?fref=ts
USING OUR PHOTOGRAPHS - A QUICK GUIDE AND ANSWERS TO YOUR QUESTIONS
Can I use these photographs directly from Flickr on my social media account(s)?
Yes - of course you can! Flickr provides several ways to share this and other photographs in this Flickr set. You can share directly to: email, Facebook, Pinterest, Twitter, Tumblr, LiveJournal, and Wordpress and Blogger blog sites. Your mobile, tablet, or desktop device will also offer you several different options for sharing this photo page on your social media outlets.
BUT..... Wait there a minute....
We take these photographs as a hobby and as a contribution to the running community in Ireland. We do not charge for our photographs. Our only "cost" is that we request that if you are using these images: (1) on social media sites such as Facebook, Tumblr, Pinterest, Twitter,LinkedIn, Google+, VK.com, Vine, Meetup, Tagged, Ask.fm,etc or (2) other websites, blogs, web multimedia, commercial/promotional material that you must provide a link back to our Flickr page to attribute us or acknowledge us as the original photographers.
This also extends to the use of these images for Facebook profile pictures. In these cases please make a separate wall or blog post with a link to our Flickr page. If you do not know how this should be done for Facebook or other social media please email us and we will be happy to help suggest how to link to us.
I want to download these pictures to my computer or device?
You can download this photographic image here directly to your computer or device. This version is the low resolution web-quality image. How to download will vary slight from device to device and from browser to browser. Have a look for a down-arrow symbol or the link to 'View/Download' all sizes. When you click on either of these you will be presented with the option to download the image. Remember just doing a right-click and "save target as" will not work on Flickr.
I want get full resolution, print-quality, copies of these photographs?
If you just need these photographs for online usage then they can be used directly once you respect their Creative Commons license and provide a link back to our Flickr set if you use them. For offline usage and printing all of the photographs posted here on this Flickr set are available free, at no cost, at full image resolution.
Please email petermooney78 AT gmail DOT com with the links to the photographs you would like to obtain a full resolution copy of. We also ask race organisers, media, etc to ask for permission before use of our images for flyers, posters, etc. We reserve the right to refuse a request.
In summary please remember when requesting photographs from us - If you are using the photographs online all we ask is for you to provide a link back to our Flickr set or Flickr pages. You will find the link above clearly outlined in the description text which accompanies this photograph. Taking these photographs and preparing them for online posting takes a significant effort and time. We are not posting photographs to Flickr for commercial reasons. If you really like what we do please spread the link around your social media, send us an email, leave a comment beside the photographs, send us a Flickr email, etc. If you are using the photographs in newspapers or magazines we ask that you mention where the original photograph came from.
I would like to contribute something for your photograph(s)?
Many people offer payment for our photographs. As stated above we do not charge for these photographs. We take these photographs as our contribution to the running community in Ireland. If you feel that the photograph(s) you request are good enough that you would consider paying for their purchase from other photographic providers or in other circumstances we would suggest that you can provide a donation to any of the great charities in Ireland who do work for Cancer Care or Cancer Research in Ireland.
Let's get a bit technical: We use Creative Commons Licensing for these photographs
We use the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License for all our photographs here in this photograph set. What does this mean in reality?
The explaination is very simple.
Attribution- anyone using our photographs gives us an appropriate credit for it. This ensures that people aren't taking our photographs and passing them off as their own. This usually just mean putting a link to our photographs somewhere on your website, blog, or Facebook where other people can see it.
ShareAlike – anyone can use these photographs, and make changes if they like, or incorporate them into a bigger project, but they must make those changes available back to the community under the same terms.
Above all what Creative Commons aims to do is to encourage creative sharing. See some examples of Creative Commons photographs on Flickr: www.flickr.com/creativecommons/
I ran in the race - but my photograph doesn't appear here in your Flickr set! What gives?
As mentioned above we take these photographs as a hobby and as a voluntary contribution to the running community in Ireland. Very often we have actually ran in the same race and then switched to photographer mode after we finished the race. Consequently, we feel that we have no obligations to capture a photograph of every participant in the race. However, we do try our very best to capture as many participants as possible. But this is sometimes not possible for a variety of reasons:
►You were hidden behind another participant as you passed our camera
►Weather or lighting conditions meant that we had some photographs with blurry content which we did not upload to our Flickr set
►There were too many people - some races attract thousands of participants and as amateur photographs we cannot hope to capture photographs of everyone
►We simply missed you - sorry about that - we did our best!
You can email us petermooney78 AT gmail DOT com to enquire if we have a photograph of you which didn't make the final Flickr selection for the race. But we cannot promise that there will be photograph there. As alternatives we advise you to contact the race organisers to enquire if there were (1) other photographs taking photographs at the race event or if (2) there were professional commercial sports photographers taking photographs which might have some photographs of you available for purchase. You might find some links for further information above.
Don't like your photograph here?
That's OK! We understand!
If, for any reason, you are not happy or comfortable with your picture appearing here in this photoset on Flickr then please email us at petermooney78 AT gmail DOT com and we will remove it as soon as possible. We give careful consideration to each photograph before uploading.
I want to tell people about these great photographs!
Great! Thank you! The best link to spread the word around is probably http://www.flickr.com/peterm7/sets
3.5" Hunter XCI CG PreCut to fit tracks Polyiso Continuous Insulation installed over 3M 3015 AVB Roosevelt Field Neiman Marcus. Polyiso higher thermal resistance allows for thinner tracks and overall wall thickness. Passes NFPA 285
Xci CG is a high-thermal rigid insulation panel composed of a closed cell polyisocyanurate foam core manufactured on-line to premium performance coated glass facers on both sides. It is designed for use in commercial wall applications to provide continuous insulation within the building envelope.
This is a photograph from the 38th Michael Manning Memorial "Dunshaughlin 10KM" Road Race and Fun Run which took place in Dunshaughlin, Co. Meath, Ireland on Saturday 24th June 2017 at 19:30. This race is widely acknowledged within the Irish running community as one of the best races in Ireland and is Ireland's oldest continuously held 10KM race. This year, as in previous years, the race attracted runners from not just all of Leinster but from the four corners of Ireland. The work of the organising committee must be commended on making this event possible. The Dunshaughlin 10KM has earned it's place at the top of the pedestal of Irish running through the sheer hard work of Dunshaughlin AC over the years. Road race events do not survive on their own. There must be dedication, hard work and a development vision amongst the committee and the host club. Well done to all.
The route starts on the town bypass and proceeds eastwards into Dunshaughlin village itself. The race then takes a left turn and follows a northerly direction towards Ratoath. At approximately 5.7K the race turns off this road into a small downhill section. After another 400m the race takes a right turn and turns southerly to head back to Dunshaughlin. At this point the only two significant hills of the race are encountered. From here the race is a straight route right back to the finish in Dunshaughlin village.
The race carries on its own fine long tradition but also that of the many very well known and well attended Meath Athletic Club road races which are hosted in the county over the year.
The weather was reasonably good for running - it was a warm summer evening but breezy in places.
We have an extensive set of photographs from the race tonight taken at the 1 mile mark and then at the 400M and 600M to go mark. The full set is available at:
www.flickr.com/photos/peterm7/sets/72157685443821025
Our Photographs from 2016 Photographs: www.flickr.com/photos/peterm7/sets/72157669936408175
Our Photographs from 2015: www.flickr.com/photos/peterm7/sets/72157645329098733/
Our Photographs from 2014: www.flickr.com/photos/peterm7/sets/72157645329098733/
Can I use these photographs directly from Flickr on my social media account(s)?
Yes - of course you can! Flickr provides several ways to share this and other photographs in this Flickr set. You can share directly to: email, Facebook, Instagram, Pinterest, Twitter, Tumblr, LiveJournal, and Wordpress and Blogger blog sites. Your mobile, tablet, or desktop device will also offer you several different options for sharing this photo page on your social media outlets.
BUT..... Wait there a minute....
We take these photographs as a hobby and as a contribution to the running community in Ireland. We do not charge for our photographs. Our only "cost" is that we request that if you are using these images: (1) on social media sites such as Facebook, Tumblr, Pinterest, Twitter,LinkedIn, Google+, VK.com, Vine, Meetup, Tagged, Ask.fm,etc or (2) other websites, blogs, web multimedia, commercial/promotional material that you must provide a link back to our Flickr page to attribute us or acknowledge us as the original photographers.
This also extends to the use of these images for Facebook profile pictures. In these cases please make a separate wall or blog post with a link to our Flickr page. If you do not know how this should be done for Facebook or other social media please email us and we will be happy to help suggest how to link to us.
I want to download these pictures to my computer or device?
You can download this photographic image here directly to your computer or device. This version is the low resolution web-quality image. How to download will vary slight from device to device and from browser to browser. Have a look for a down-arrow symbol or the link to 'View/Download' all sizes. When you click on either of these you will be presented with the option to download the image. Remember just doing a right-click and "save target as" will not work on Flickr.
I want get full resolution, print-quality, copies of these photographs?
If you just need these photographs for online usage then they can be used directly once you respect their Creative Commons license and provide a link back to our Flickr set if you use them. For offline usage and printing all of the photographs posted here on this Flickr set are available free, at no cost, at full image resolution.
Please email petermooney78 AT gmail DOT com with the links to the photographs you would like to obtain a full resolution copy of. We also ask race organisers, media, etc to ask for permission before use of our images for flyers, posters, etc. We reserve the right to refuse a request.
In summary please remember when requesting photographs from us - If you are using the photographs online all we ask is for you to provide a link back to our Flickr set or Flickr pages. You will find the link above clearly outlined in the description text which accompanies this photograph. Taking these photographs and preparing them for online posting takes a significant effort and time. We are not posting photographs to Flickr for commercial reasons. If you really like what we do please spread the link around your social media, send us an email, leave a comment beside the photographs, send us a Flickr email, etc. If you are using the photographs in newspapers or magazines we ask that you mention where the original photograph came from.
I would like to contribute something for your photograph(s)?
Many people offer payment for our photographs. As stated above we do not charge for these photographs. We take these photographs as our contribution to the running community in Ireland. If you feel that the photograph(s) you request are good enough that you would consider paying for their purchase from other photographic providers or in other circumstances we would suggest that you can provide a donation to any of the great charities in Ireland who do work for Cancer Care or Cancer Research in Ireland.
Let's get a bit technical: We use Creative Commons Licensing for these photographs
We use the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License for all our photographs here in this photograph set. What does this mean in reality?
The explaination is very simple.
Attribution- anyone using our photographs gives us an appropriate credit for it. This ensures that people aren't taking our photographs and passing them off as their own. This usually just mean putting a link to our photographs somewhere on your website, blog, or Facebook where other people can see it.
ShareAlike – anyone can use these photographs, and make changes if they like, or incorporate them into a bigger project, but they must make those changes available back to the community under the same terms.
Above all what Creative Commons aims to do is to encourage creative sharing. See some examples of Creative Commons photographs on Flickr: www.flickr.com/creativecommons/
I ran in the race - but my photograph doesn't appear here in your Flickr set! What gives?
As mentioned above we take these photographs as a hobby and as a voluntary contribution to the running community in Ireland. Very often we have actually ran in the same race and then switched to photographer mode after we finished the race. Consequently, we feel that we have no obligations to capture a photograph of every participant in the race. However, we do try our very best to capture as many participants as possible. But this is sometimes not possible for a variety of reasons:
►You were hidden behind another participant as you passed our camera
►Weather or lighting conditions meant that we had some photographs with blurry content which we did not upload to our Flickr set
►There were too many people - some races attract thousands of participants and as amateur photographs we cannot hope to capture photographs of everyone
►We simply missed you - sorry about that - we did our best!
You can email us petermooney78 AT gmail DOT com to enquire if we have a photograph of you which didn't make the final Flickr selection for the race. But we cannot promise that there will be photograph there. As alternatives we advise you to contact the race organisers to enquire if there were (1) other photographs taking photographs at the race event or if (2) there were professional commercial sports photographers taking photographs which might have some photographs of you available for purchase. You might find some links for further information above.
Don't like your photograph here?
That's OK! We understand!
If, for any reason, you are not happy or comfortable with your picture appearing here in this photoset on Flickr then please email us at petermooney78 AT gmail DOT com and we will remove it as soon as possible. We give careful consideration to each photograph before uploading.
I want to tell people about these great photographs!
Great! Thank you! The best link to spread the word around is probably http://www.flickr.com/peterm7/sets
A westbound manifest freight with a load of continuous welded rail rolls through the Illinois Railway interlocking at milepost 85.6 west on the CN Freeport Subdivision in Rockford, Illinois. This is also the East Rockford control point on the CN. In the background is Behr Iron & Steel which is serviced week nights by the IR. This was the site of the historic IC/CB&Q diamond for many years. The diamond was once controlled by a manned interlocking tower here. The actual diamond is still at the site tossed aside and overgrown with weeds and grass.
June 2012
Cole Bros Circus continuously fails to meet the minimal federal standards for the care of animals used in exhibition. They have been cited , and formally charged with numerous violations of the Animal Welfare Act (AWA), and are currently under probation.
Its so bad that back in 2008 Cole Bros Circus lost it's USDA license. They are not fit, nor allowed to own their own animals.
So why are they still in business??
Because a disturbing loop hole in the system allow them to still LEASE animal acts from other circuses, including Carson & Barnes, as a way to circumvent the federal law.
Why are they being allowed to do this? And why are towns still supporting them?
The Circus has continued on unscathed and nothing has changed for these animals. They still live in inhumane conditions, still endure the same abuse, the same trainers, the same box cars and chains. For the five minutes you see them perform there are still hundreds of hours of pain and terror you don't see. Whips, bull hooks, beatings, electric prods, blow torches.. all used in "training".
Remember this as they prepare to roll into your town...
Cole Bros Circus has been formally charged with, and is currently under probation for...
Failure to provide adequate veterinary care to two underweight elephants, including one with a prominent spine and sunken body image.
Failure to have records for vet exams and tuberculosis tests.
Failure to handle an elephant in a way that minimizes the risk of harm to the public and the elephant.
Failure to employ personnel capable of caring for elephants.
Failure to house elephants at a facility that could provide for their needs.
Failure to follow recommendations of an elephant specialist.
Failure to store medications properly.
Transporting elephants to another person who was not equipped to care for them against the recommendation of an elephant specialist.
Selling tigers without a dealer license, and for employing a handler who lacked training, knowledge, or experience with Tigers.
Employees, including the notoriously cruel "Make em scream" Tim Frisco, have been videotaped beating elephants with bullhooks and shocking them with electric prods.
In seven separate incidents, elephants with Cole Bros have snapped, become violent, killing two members of the public, injuring more than a dozen others, and rampaging during performances, causing tens of thousands of dollars in property damage.
In 2011, Cole Bros. and its president pleaded guilty to violating the Endangered Species Act by illegally selling two Asian elephants and were sentenced to probation and ordered to pay more than $150,000 in fines.
These people are criminals, and should be treated as such.
Stop allowing them into your town, stop giving them your money.
Please, stop supporting this type of abuse.
3.5" Hunter XCI CG PreCut to fit tracks Polyiso Continuous Insulation installed over 3M 3015 AVB Roosevelt Field Neiman Marcus. Polyiso higher thermal resistance allows for thinner tracks and overall wall thickness. Passes NFPA 285
Xci CG is a high-thermal rigid insulation panel composed of a closed cell polyisocyanurate foam core manufactured on-line to premium performance coated glass facers on both sides. It is designed for use in commercial wall applications to provide continuous insulation within the building envelope.