View allAll Photos Tagged continuous
92-709-5 DOE photo Lynn Freeny
Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility CEBAF Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility Newport News Virgina 8-20-1992
Inspired by the work of painter Jack Vettriano.
The image was shot using continuous lights, hence no strobist settings.
I did a little cleanup using PS CS6 and OilPaint filter to give the image the look which is vaguely similar to the original works by the painter.
Flying Tux Eggs are very peculiar not only for the semitransparent wings (the color continuously shifting according to the emotion or message that the Flying Tux want to communicate) but because they produce the most surprising Eggs and build the most surprising Nest ( to maintain the Eggs erected with the right alignment with each of the 2 sun , this in each phase of the grow as required by the Embryo for a optimal prenatal phase )
Of a stunning size from the very first moment the Eggs ,if maintained in the correct angle convert the energy from the 2 Suns in nutrients used go on growing more and more.
Obviously the Nest is designed to grow too in accordance with the Eggs size, and is the Flying Tux Mother to take care to monitor and Fine Tune the Egg and Nest setting and chant lullaby till the Official Opening of the Nativity Party
Embryo of Flying Tux are microscopic, even if confronted with their janitors but to grow healthy need a very large and comfortable Egg around, with growing number of playing and relaxing spaces filled with warm liquid of always changing taste and density to guarantee best floating experience
Obviously all spaces inside are interconnected by educative multidimensional Labyrinths
So the Egg must not only be very large but even to able to grow as quickly as required by Embryo needs and wishes
Flying Tux are very well integrated in the Environment, even if their peculiar Eggs and the Nest need so much space around:
When finished to grow the Embryo celebrate His Own Nativity opening a door and some windows in his Egg , and start to clean and dry the inside (but often is the Mother to do most of this)
When the place is ready the Embrio will made his first walk in the Outside World to invite all the Neighbors to his Nativity Party
His previous Egg will become officially "His Silver Palace" during the Nativity party ,
The Nativity Party is the most important ritual, sign his passage from Embryo to rich snobbish teenager and the transformation of his old Egg in a sufficiently large and comfortable Silver Palace
Also during the Nativity Party he will receive from the City Major his official "Life Long Bill Exemption Certificate" (a exemption from any sort of payment or tax) ,next would be His turn, the top of the Ceremony
He will offer to all presents the "Free Connections to Free Gift of The Free Electricity".
Done that for the rest of his life he will receive all what needed by very friendly neighbors in exchange of the energetic leftover of his Dome.
So even if sometimes a bit perplex the Flying Tux are usually quite satisfied and relaxed
This also because the Eggs capture and convert so well solar energy that there is always a enormous surplus
surplus freely offered to all the the neighbors , so anybody like would like to have at least one Flying Tux Egg as neighbor
Even if they do such big Eggs
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A Easter Egg dedicated to Erisian the Egg is derived also from his "Monument" a tweak of [www.fractalforums.com/index.php?action=gallery;sa=view;id...] posted on Fractalforums
Also the Flying Tux was created by Erisian www.gimpchat.com/viewtopic.php?f=11&t=4013
tool used M3D, Gimp, Gmic
CAMERA: Canon NEW F1
LENS: Canon fd lens 55mm f/1,2 S.S.C.
FILM: Kodak color ISO 400 36 exp. [negative scanning]
FILM DEVELOPMENT: author's manual film development
Tetenal colortec c41 [9min 30sec 30 °C]
FILM SCANNED: OpticFilm Plustek 7400 with SilverFast Software
SHOOTING DATE: 12/2015
DEVELOPER DATE: 01/2016
TECHNIQUE: Multiple Exposure unedited.
NUMBER OF EXPOSURES: 2-3
NO POST-PROCESSING
OBJECT: Argentine Kolkovna
PLACE: Prague, Czech Republic 2015
Guess it was about time I gave an update on the rotting apple and as I just received a new ring light in the post today, it seemed an ideal subject to test it on :)
You will have to excuse the over-exposure at the bottom, I hadnt taken into account the amount of reflected light bouncing off the sheet of paper that I placed it on. So I did learn something from my first test, LOL.
I have wanted a ring flash for a long time, but was too lazy to make one and those that were offered commercially, looked pretty fragile, or very expensive. Then recently I spotted these on Ebay and they looked ideal, plus the price was low enough to take a chance.
It is a Meike FC100 LED Macro Ring Flash and for just £20 ($30 approx) I just couldnt resist :)
First impressions are very good and it is so easy to instal on the camera and start using. This shot was taken in it's continuous light mode, which made it so easy for focussing. I did also try it as a flash, which was equally effective, though the duration of the flash, was a lot longer than with a conventional flash, so may not be ideal for freezing movement.
Really looking forward to playing and experimenting more, but that unfortunately will have to go on hold for a few days, as real work has to take priority for now :(
Learn about the benefits of using continuous performance management software to manage your staff performance instead of just annual appraisals. Learn more about Clear Review and how it’s performance management system can help your organisation by visiting clearreview.com or call +44 (0)20 3637 4489 today.
Photographed at Portsmouth on 31 July 2010
Designed by the master of fast craft marine architects, George Selman, some 54 of this type were built as Mid craft by British Power Boats between 1940 & 1943, and 27 were later built to the slightly improved MkIA specification. Eight of the Mk1 craft, including both craft on display at Marchwood, were subsequently converted to the MkIA specification. Post war a further 6 craft were built by Thornycroft to plans supplied by the Air Ministry, obtained from British Power Boat when they closed down. Like his larger 68ft HSL (the Hants & Dorset), Selman's ST was to become the standard craft of its type post war. The 41½ ft ST's were also known as the "Broad Beam" type and they were redesignated as Range Safety Launches (RSLs) in later service.
The hull was of wood, designed on the hard chine principle with single diagonal mahogany side planking and double diagonal bottom planking, also of mahogany, on frames. The superstructure was fabricated from wood and extended aft from the wheelhouse to the cockpit. The superstructure roof was of Flexopy, covered with canvas and supported by mahogany beams. All the craft were powered by twin Perkins S6M diesels, Meadows gearboxes and direct drive to Nickel Aluminium propellers. Later craft had a fuel capacity of 130 gallons, a range of 150 miles and could attain a maximum speed of 23 knots, with a continuous cruising speed of 20 knots. During the early part of the war, a few of this type were armed and fitted out for Air Sea Rescue duties. ST 1502 was thus fitted,
ST 1502 was the third craft of the third batch of this type to have been built by BPB as their Yard No. 1888. The craft was taken on charge by the RAF on 24.03.42 and immediately despatched to be used by 51 Air Sea Rescue Unit (AS RU) under control of Coastal Command at Penrhos and Pwllheli in Wales. The tender remained based at the unit for virtually all of her WWII service before being transferred to No 56 ASRU based at Portaferry. The allocation was recorded as 30.05.45, however ST 1502 was not received at her new base until July the same year.
Within a few months the craft was on the move to be based at Alness, in Scotland, still with Coastal Command. This allocation was dated 18.10.45 and the craft recorded as received at Alness in November 1945. Post war the ASRU's were deactivated and replaced by Marine Craft Units (MCU). Thus ST 1502 was allocated to 1100 MCU on 23 .08.46 which was based at Invergordon. In line with RAF policy at that time, most surviving wartime built seaplane tenders were "converted" or had a role change and were thus redesignated as Range Safety Launches. Several of the original Mid craft including ST 1502 were upgraded to MkIA specification in the early 1950's. ST 1502 was taken in hand at 238 Maintenance Unit (MU), Calshot on 17.5.50 for conversion on authority dated 14.2.50 (A73418). On completion RSL 1502 was returned to be based at Invergordon/Alness until she became surplus at the end of 1955. The craft was stricken off charge by the RAF on 31.12.55 and subsequently offered for disposal as lying at the RAF base at Calshot.
It came out of RAF service in the mid 1950s and went into private hands to be converted to a pleasure craft. It gave some fine service in this capacity but eventually fell into disrepair. It was taken on by British Military Powerboat Trust in the late 1990s to he restored to its former glory.
On the 18th July 2009, ST 1502 left Marchwood, her home for many years, en route to her new home in Portsmouth. She was crewed by those members of the BMPT who had given so many years of their lives to restoring her. On arrival she was berthed at the pontoon just inside the Historic Dockyard gate, where she was handed over to the PNBP Trust.
For photographs of the restoration see:
Visiting the Fondazione Querini Stampalia, one of Carlo Scarpa's designs in the city, we were all amazed at the level of detail he puts into his buildings. A simple thing like a fountain is completely deconstructed and designed in such as was that it makes even more of a feature of it.
Alcatraz. San Francisco, California. April/2018
The Alcatraz Federal Penitentiary or United States Penitentiary, Alcatraz Island (often just referred to as Alcatraz or the Rock) was a maximum high-security federal prison on Alcatraz Island, 1.25 miles (2.01 km) off the coast of San Francisco, California, which operated from August 11, 1934, until March 21, 1963.
The main prison building was built in 1910–1912 during its time as a United States Army military prison; Alcatraz had been the site of a citadel since the 1860s. The United States Disciplinary Barracks, Pacific Branch on Alcatraz was acquired by the United States Department of Justice on October 12, 1933, and the island became a prison of the Federal Bureau of Prisons in August 1934 after the buildings were modernized to meet the requirements of a top-notch security prison. Given this high security and the location of Alcatraz in the cold waters and strong currents of San Francisco Bay, the prison operators believed Alcatraz to be escape-proof and America's strongest prison.
Alcatraz was designed to hold prisoners who continuously caused trouble at other federal prisons. One of the world's most notorious and best known prisons over the years, Alcatraz housed some 1,576 of America's most ruthless criminals including Al Capone, Robert Franklin Stroud(the "Birdman of Alcatraz"), George "Machine Gun" Kelly, Bumpy Johnson, Rafael Cancel Miranda, Mickey Cohen, Arthur R. "Doc" Barker, Whitey Bulger, and Alvin "Creepy" Karpis (who served more time at Alcatraz than any other inmate). It also provided housing for the Bureau of Prisons' staff and their families. A total of 36 prisoners made 14 escape attempts during the 29 years of the prison's existence, the most notable of which were the violent escape attempt of May 1946 known as the "Battle of Alcatraz", and the arguably successful "Escape from Alcatraz" by Frank Morris, John Anglin, and Clarence Anglin in June 1962 in one of the most intricate escapes ever devised. Faced with high maintenance costs and a poor reputation, Alcatraz closed on March 21, 1963.
The three-story cellhouse included the main four blocks of the jail, A-block, B-block, C-block, and D-block, the warden's office, visitation room, the library, and the barber shop. The prison cells typically measured 9 feet (2.7 m) by 5 feet (1.5 m) and 7 feet (2.1 m) high. The cells were primitive and lacked privacy, with a bed, a desk and a washbasin and toilet on the back wall, with few furnishings except a blanket. African-Americans were segregated from the rest in cell designation due to racial abuse being prevalent. D-Block housed the worst inmates and five cells at the end of it were designated as "The Hole", where badly behaving prisoners would be sent for periods of punishment, often brutally so. The dining hall and kitchen lay off the main building in an extended part where both prisoners and staff would eat three meals a day together. The Alcatraz Hospital was above the dining hall.
Corridors of the prison were named after major American streets such as Broadway and Michigan Avenue. Working at the prison was considered a privilege for inmates and many of the better inmates were employed in the Model Industries Building and New Industries Building during the day, actively involved in providing for the military in jobs such as sewing and woodwork and performing various maintenance and laundry chores.
Today the penitentiary is a public museum and one of San Francisco's major tourist attractions, attracting some 1.5 million visitors annually. The former prison is now operated by the National Park Service's Golden Gate National Recreation Area, and the badly eroded buildings of the former prison have been subject to restoration works in recent times and maintained
Source: Wikipedia
Alcatraz é uma ilha localizada no meio da Baía de São Francisco na Califórnia, Estados Unidos. Inicialmente foi utilizada como base militar, e somente mais tarde foi convertida em uma prisão de segurança máxima. Atualmente, é um ponto turístico operado pelo National Park Service junto com a Área de Recreação Golden Gate.
Alcatraz foi uma base militar de 1850 a 1930. Posteriormente, foi adquirida pelo Departamento de Justiça dos Estados Unidos, em 12 de outubro de 1933, quando sofreu a conversão. Em 1 de janeiro de 1934, foi re-inaugurada como uma Prisão Federal. Durante seus 29 anos de existência, a prisão alojou alguns dos maiores criminosos norte-americanos. A prisão foi fechada em 21 de março de 1963, menos de um ano após a primeira fuga realizada na prisão. O governo alegou que o complexo foi fechado devido ao seu alto custo de manutenção, e ao fato de que não garantia uma total segurança, em relação às prisões mais modernas. Era mais fácil e mais barato construir uma prisão nova do que melhorar as condições de Alcatraz.
Em 1969, um grupo de nativos norte-americanos criou um movimento que ocupou a ilha, baseando-se num tratado federal de 1868, que permitia que os nativos utilizassem todo o território que o governo não usava ativamente . Após quase dois anos de ocupação, o governo os retirou da ilha.
Durante 29 anos, a prisão de Alcatraz nunca registrou oficialmente fugas bem sucedidas de prisioneiros. Em todas as tentativas, os fugitivos foram mortos ou afogavam-se nas águas da baia de São Francisco. Três fugitivos, Frank Morris, e os irmãos John e Clarence Anglin, desapareceram das sua celas em 11 de Junho de 1962. Somente algumas provas foram encontradas, e elas levam a crer que os prisioneiros morreram, mas, oficialmente, ainda estão listados como desaparecidos e provavelmente afogados. Em 1979 foi feito um filme sobre essa fuga com Clint Eastwood chamado Escape from Alcatraz. A história chegou a ser testada no programa "Mythbusters-Os Caçadores de Mitos" no episódio Fuga de Alcatraz.
Em outubro de 2015 documentário do canal "History" foi divulgado, onde foram apresentadas novas evidências que indicam que os irmãos Anglin não somente sobreviveram, como mantiveram contato com sua família e teriam fugido para o Brasil.
Fonte: Wikipedia
Rebuilt quadrupole magnets are ready for shipment at Jefferson Lab in Newport News, Va. These rebuilt magnets will be shipped to Brookhaven National Lab to be a part of the Electron Storage Ring for the Electron-Ion Collider. Wednesday, Oct. 16, 2024.
(Aileen Devlin | Jefferson Lab)
These magnets came from Argonne National Laboratory, which shipped the 30-year-old Advanced Photon Source (APS) magnets to Brookhaven and Jefferson Lab, where they will be re-purposed for use as part of the Electron-Ion Collider (EIC), a state-of-the-art particle collider being led by those other two labs and that will be built at Brookhaven.
Tajik people.
Tajiks are one of the most ancient nations of the world. Life in area situated at the main crossroads of eastern civilizations has given them continuous access to the achievements of other cultures. First settlement on the territory of today's Tajikistan date back to the end of upper Paleolithic period (15-20 thousand years ago). Archaeological finds, the works of Herodotus and other written evidence provide information on trading relations, customs, and rituals of the nation. For many centuries the
country, involved mainly in trading with neighbours suffered from foreign invasions by the troops of Alexander the Great, steppe nomads, Arabs and Tatar-Mongols.
Image available for purchase from www.ballaratheritage.com.au
Victorian Heritage Register Statement of Significance
What is significant?
The Hepburn Springs Mineral Reserve is approximately 30 hectares of public land adjacent to Hepburn Springs township that includes the Hepburn Mineral Springs Spa Complex. The reserve contains a series of mineral springs that have been in continuous public use for drinking and bathing since the mid-19th century are the best known of the large concentration of more than 100 mineral springs in Victoria's Central Highlands first systematically inventoried by the Geological Survey of Victoria in 1910 under Director of E.J. Dunn (1904 - 1912). A reserve of 0.5 hectares was first created on the site in 1868 to protect the springs from surrounding gold mining activities. The extent of the reserve was increased to its present size in the early 20th century as a result of local pressure for protection of the mineral springs local pressure and on the recommendation of Dunn that a network of Mineral Springs Reserves of standard size be established throughout Victoria.
Although the local community, in particular the Swiss-Italian migrants, had regularly used the springs since at least the 1870s, it was the construction of the rail line to nearby Daylesford in 1880 that markedly increased the accessibility of the springs to tourists who came in increasing numbers to 'take the waters'. By the 1890s a bath house had been established at the springs offering a range of hydrotherapies, reflecting the popularity of health tourism in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The popularity of the Springs continued through the first decades of the 20th century and into the inter-war years, but declined rapidly after the Second World War. In the 1980s resurgence in the popularity of the Hepburn Mineral Springs led to substantial renovation of the spa bath house. The Reserve continues to be a major Victorian tourist destination.
The topography of the Reserve is dominated by a gully, through which Spring Creek runs and along which the Reserves' three main springs, the Soda, Locarno and Sulphur springs are located. The springs have been modified over time, with infrastructure in place from the early 20th century to permit water to be collected by efficient and sanitary means for use in the bath house and for drinking. The Locarno Spring, identified in 1914 and named in honour of a prominent Swiss-Italian community member, is permanently set aside for public use. Members of the local Swiss community were also responsible for construction of the swimming pool on Spring Creek in the south of the reserve in the late 1920s (H1865).
The landscape, once reflecting mining activities, is now a picturesque combination of regrowth native vegetation and exotic trees on the higher land while along the creek are cultivated parklands of lawn, exotic deciduous trees and conifers and ornamental plantings and paving, much of which is Castlemaine slate. Many of the exotic trees were planted by local communities in an effort to beautify the reserve, provide shade in summer and create a landscape reminiscent of European spa centres. The main lawn area or Picnic Park, is dominated by a single Sierra Redwood (Sequioadentrum giganteum) specimen planted in 1901 to commemorate Federation.
Within the garden landscape along the creek are a number of buildings associated with the recreational use of the mineral springs since late 19th century including the only extant 19th century mineral springs bathhouse in Victoria. This brick building was erected in 1895 and extended in the 1920s with the addition of further baths and waiting room (1922) followed by a boiler house. This structure continued in use until the late 1980s when major renovations and additions were undertaken creating the Hepburn Springs Spa Complex in which external fabric of the original bath house and 1920s extension was retained along with a brick chimney from the boiler house. To the south of the bath house a timber pavilion was erected in 1897 to provide shelter for visitors. This was replaced in 1908 by the extant Edwardian red brick hexagonal pavilion in which community dances and other social functions were held in the inter-war period and which continues to serve as a shelter for visitors. An adjoining kiosk, also in red brick was added on the north side of the pavilion in 1939.
There are a number of other buildings in the Reserve including the caretakers cottage, a single storey weatherboard cottage probably dating to the early 20th century, and the Sound Shell, a small concrete block structure in the Picnic Park erected in 1971 by the Hepburn Springs Progress Association to provide an open air performance space.
How is it significant?
The Hepburn Mineral Springs Reserve is of historic, social, aesthetic and scientific significance to the State of Victoria
Why is it Significant?
Hepburn Springs Mineral Reserve is of historical significance as an intact and authentic expression of 19th and early 20th century nature and health tourism in Victoria, made popular through the development of the country rail network and also reflected in the construction of the Mount Buffalo Chalet in 1910 (H0901) and development of the Buchan Caves Reserve in the first decades of the 20th century (H1978). The rapid rise in the popularity of the Hepburn Springs Mineral Reserve in the late 19th century was specifically related to the then popular belief in the recuperative and invigorating powers of 'taking the waters'.
The Hepburn Mineral Springs Reserve is of historic significance as the best known and most popular of Victoria's mineral springs, in continuous use since at least the 1870s. Hepburn Springs is the only mineral spa development with a surviving 19th century bath house.
Hepburn Mineral Springs Reserve is of scientific significance for the geological feature of the mineral springs themselves, each of which has a unique chemical composition, and for the Reserve's association with the establishment of the network of Mineral Reserves in Victoria in the early 20th century through the Geological Survey of Victoria and its Director E. J Dunn (1904 - 1912).
The Hepburn Mineral Springs Reserve is of aesthetic significance as a constructed picturesque and evocative cultural landscape combining exotic, European, plantings with indigenous vegetation, exhibiting a high degree of authenticity especially in the largely intact pavilion and surviving fabric of the 19th century bath house set amid the garden landscape.
Hepburn Springs Mineral Reserve is of social significance to the people of Victoria as a highly popular place of recreation and source of mineral water for public use.
Hepburn Springs Mineral Reserve is of social significance for its association with European migrant communities in Victoria, in particular the Swiss-Italian community who recognised the therapeutic value of the springs in the 19th century, who continue to have a strong attachment to the place and who contribute to the conservation of the springs through community action.
Introduced, warm-season, perennial, hairless to hairy, creeping to climbing legume. • Leaves have 3 elliptical to diamond-shaped leaflets, each 1.5-15 cm long and hairless to velvety. The stalk of central leaflet is longer than the two lateral ones. Flowerheads are long-stemmed racemes in the leaf axils, bearing many 5-11 mm long, white to mauve, pea-like flowers. Pods are 15-40 mm long and brown, with slight constrictions between seeds. Flowering is from mid autumn to winter. A native of Africa, it is sown for grazing and agroforestry. Suited to fertile, well-drained soils, but is sensitive to acidity, aluminium, manganese and heavy frosts.
A good weed competitor, it combines well with tall grasses. It produces good yields of high-quality non-bloating feed in the warmer months, which can be used as a standover feed to help fill an autumn/winter feed gap. Not as hardy as Atro on poor soils and low fertility. It is susceptible to continuous heavy grazing, needing sufficient spells between grazings. Remove stock when there is still plenty of vine and some leaf (at least 15 cm height) to maximise persistence and production. The more leaf left on the plant, the faster the regrowth.
A girl just came by my continuously focussed cam, and got framed well. Didnt asked the model for the photograph, never posted it since long. But I feel am not doing justice to the photograph, so atlast am posting it here. Indian Girl, Wagah Border, If its you please contact, Apoligies in Advance.
Wisdom of Love
Open your heart to the wisdom of love that continuously guides each and every one of us.
On this day, we honoured the gift of the spiritual teacher by celebrating Gurupurnima: gratitude to all gurus and teachers. We had the unique opportunity to honour our satguru, Paramahamsa Sri Swami Vishwananda, who then gave more than 2,500 devotees and followers the opportunity to have an in-person darshan with Him as well!
justlovefestival.org
Stinger is a continuous 7/8" thick steel plate welded on site. The folded plate tread assembly is mechanically attached to the stringer on site. Steel bar handrail is then site welded to the tread/riser.
Stair is designed by Shelton Mindel Architects, detailed fabricated and installed by Caliper Studio
Caliper Studio 2009
Moomba's engineering mantra of "continuous improvement" found its way to the #1 selling value performance wake boat for 2013. The Mobius LSV has been redesigned to offer even more incredible wake performance, a deep wake surf interior with a completely new look, fiberglass floor with snap-out carpet and a new graphic exterior design. At 21 feet 6 inches, the LSV is literally the perfect size. Big enough to fit all your friends and help them excel in their favorite wake sports, but small enough to garage, trailer and handle with ease. This Moomba is loaded with the wake riding tools you need so take a minute on the new tooled-in transom seat to prepare for your next personal best. The Oz Tower joins other standard features like Digital Cruise Pro, 1800 pounds of upgradable Gravity III-D ballast, the Multisport Wakeplate, a Sony Sound System, a BoatMate Trailer, the Surf+ platform and the catalyzed Indmar Assault 330 horse power engine. You can even customize your LSV with a new pattern and the choice of exterior and interior gel coat colors. The industry's best selling value performance wake boat just got even better.
Overall Length w/o Platform: 21' 6"
Overall Length w/ Platform: 23' 6"
Overall Length w/ Trailer: 25' 3"
Width (Beam): 97"
Overall Width w/ Trailer: 102"
Draft: 25"
Weight - Boat only: 3,800 lbs
Weight - Boat and Trailer: 4,650 lbs
Capacity - Passenger: 13
Capacity - Weight: 1,800 lbs
Capacity - Fuel: 39 gals
Capacity - Ballast (Standard): 1,800 lbs
Capacity - Ballast (Optional): NA
Engine - Electronic Fuel Injection: 330 HP, V-8
Plants are in a continuous battle with hemipterans (sap sucking bugs which have a long proboscis which they stick into the plant and through the plant’s own pressure they fill up the bug with the sugary phloem (sap).).This has led to an evolutionary arms race. It is not only the purloining of precious, hard earned sugars which is hard to accept for the plants, but these bugs also carry a variety of pathogens which can be transmitted to the plant via their unauthorized visitations. So the plants have developed a variety of defences, both physical and chemical. One such method is the introduction of small peptides into their sap which upon contact with air solidify, gumming up the mouthparts of any insect, and serving the dual function of forming a scab over the cut surface preventing further infection. This has stopped some insects though others have found a way around this. Chemical deterrence is another route that some plants have gone down. Toxic alkaloids or indigestible peptides laced with the sought after foodstuffs is a popular strategy. Though some insects have not only found a way around this, but have even exploited it to their advantage! Monarchs for instance feed on the toxic milkweed. Not only do they not suffer from the toxic alkaloids present in the plant, but they accumulate it and use it to in a similar way, so that they become unpalatable to avian predators. Together with their aposematic colouration, birds have learned to avoid them. Neotropical insects have developed along similar lines. To further complicate matters you have ants. These are both protectors and little Benedict Arnolds, selling out to the highest bidder – where the currency is sugar of course. When you can’t beat them, farm them! Plants have a love/hate relationship with ants. They have developed extrafloral nectaries for the purpose of luring ants to defend them from parasites and predators.This strategy is so effective that many species even those that are exclusively predatory, like trapjaw ants (Odontomachus sp.), can be seen patrolling the leaves of nectary producing plants. Plants that haven't developed extrafloral nectaries may also lure ants unintentionally since even leafbuds can sometimes produce sugary water through the ‘breathing’ of the stomata. But ants go where the sugar is, and so sometimes if a plant has become host to hemipterans, then ants will simply farm these invaders and reap the sugary benefits to the detriment of the plants. The complex interrelationships make for interesting study! Ants aren’t too picky about what they farm as long as they get the honeydew in return. Found during a night hike in Iwokrama rainforest reserve.
For a greater selection of photos which include different angles and species ask by pm to be added to my friend's list.
Yesterday the tire flew off my minibus, I cut the head off a pit viper and I was banned from a commercial flight by associating with a narco-trafficker. Today I am bushwhacking through the jungle in the remote trail-less backwaters of Guyana, waist deep in water and praying to make it through the rest of the day alive. What will tomorrow bring? God only knows. The adventure starts here- pbertner.wordpress.com/.
9x12 Ink on Watercolor Print
Ok so I know there is some distortion here but hey I had 23 kids watching me, I was using a pen with a continuous line, on some crazy pink surface. Let's see what you can do!
Skellig Michael's monastery's steps, Ring of Kerry, Co. Kerry, Ireland
Skellig Michael or Great Skellig is an island in the Atlantic Ocean, 11.6 km west of the Iveragh Peninsula. A Christian monastery was founded on the island at some point between the 6th and 8th century, and was continuously occupied until its abandonment in the late 12th century. The remains of this monastery, along with most of the island itself, were inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List in 1996.
Bologna (/bəˈloʊnjə/, UK also /bəˈlɒnjə/, Italian: [boˈloɲɲa]; Emilian: Bulåggna [buˈlʌɲːa]; Latin: Bononia) is a city in and the capital of the Emilia-Romagna region in Northern Italy, of which it is also its largest. It is the seventh most populous city in Italy with about 400,000 inhabitants and 150 different nationalities. Its metropolitan area is home to more than 1,000,000 people. It is known as the Fat City for its rich cuisine, and the Red City for its Spanish-style red tiled rooftops and, more recently, its leftist politics. It is also called the Learned City because it is home to the oldest university in the world.
Originally Etruscan, the city has been an important urban center for centuries, first under the Etruscans (who called it Felsina), then under the Celts as Bona, later under the Romans (Bonōnia), then again in the Middle Ages, as a free municipality and later signoria, when it was among the largest European cities by population. Famous for its towers, churches and lengthy porticoes, Bologna has a well-preserved historical centre, thanks to a careful restoration and conservation policy which began at the end of the 1970s. Home to the oldest university in continuous operation, the University of Bologna, established in AD 1088, the city has a large student population that gives it a cosmopolitan character. In 2000 it was declared European capital of culture and in 2006, a UNESCO "City of Music" and became part of the Creative Cities Network. In 2021 UNESCO recognized the lengthy porticoes of the city as a World Heritage Site.
Bologna is an important agricultural, industrial, financial and transport hub, where many large mechanical, electronic and food companies have their headquarters as well as one of the largest permanent trade fairs in Europe. According to recent data gathered by the European Regional Economic Growth Index (E-REGI) of 2009, Bologna is the first Italian city and the 47th European city in terms of its economic growth rate; in 2022 Il Sole 24 Ore named Bologna the best city in Italy for overall quality of life.
History
Antiquity and Middle Ages
Traces of human habitation in the area of Bologna go back to the 3rd millennium BCE, with significant settlements from about the 9th century BCE (Villanovan culture). The influence of Etruscan civilization reached the area in the 7th to 6th centuries, and the Etruscan city of Felsina was established at the site of Bologna by the end of the 6th century. By the 4th century BCE, the site was occupied by the Gaulish Boii, and it became a Roman colony and municipium with the name of Bonōnia in 196 BCE. During the waning years of the Western Roman Empire Bologna was repeatedly sacked by the Goths. It is in this period that legendary Bishop Petronius, according to ancient chronicles, rebuilt the ruined town and founded the basilica of Saint Stephen. Petronius is still revered as the patron saint of Bologna.
In 727–28, the city was sacked and captured by the Lombards under King Liutprand, becoming part of that kingdom. These Germanic conquerors built an important new quarter, called "addizione longobarda" (Italian meaning "Longobard addition") near the complex of St. Stephen.[20] In the last quarter of the 8th century, Charlemagne, at the request of Pope Adrian I, invaded the Lombard Kingdom, causing its eventual demise. Occupied by Frankish troops in 774 on behalf of the papacy, Bologna remained under imperial authority and prospered as a frontier mark of the Carolingian empire.
Bologna was the center of a revived study of law, including the scholar Irnerius (c 1050 – after 1125) and his famous students, the Four Doctors of Bologna.
After the death of Matilda of Tuscany in 1115, Bologna obtained substantial concessions from Emperor Henry V. However, when Frederick Barbarossa subsequently attempted to strike down the deal, Bologna joined the Lombard League, which then defeated the imperial armies at the Battle of Legnano and established an effective autonomy at the Peace of Constance in 1183. Subsequently, the town began to expand rapidly and became one of the main commercial trade centres of northern Italy thanks to a system of canals that allowed barges and ships to come and go. Believed to have been established in 1088, the University of Bologna is widely considered the world's oldest university in continuous operation. The university originated as a centre for the study of medieval Roman law under major glossators, including Irnerius. It numbered Dante, Boccaccio and Petrarch among its students. The medical school was especially renowned. By 1200, Bologna was a thriving commercial and artisanal centre of about 10,000 people.
During a campaign to support the imperial cities of Modena and Cremona against Bologna, Frederick II's son, King Enzo of Sardinia, was defeated and captured on 26 May 1249 at the Battle of Fossalta. Though the emperor demanded his release, Enzo was thenceforth kept a knightly prisoner in Bologna, in a palace that came to be named Palazzo Re Enzo after him. Every attempt to escape or to rescue him failed, and he died after more than 22 years in captivity. After the death of his half-brothers Conrad IV in 1254, Frederick of Antioch in 1256 and Manfred in 1266, as well as the execution of his nephew Conradin in 1268, he was the last of the Hohenstaufen heirs.
During the late 1200s, Bologna was affected by political instability when the most prominent families incessantly fought for the control of the town. The free commune was severely weakened by decades of infighting, allowing the Pope to impose the rule of his envoy Cardinal Bertrand du Pouget in 1327. Du Pouget was eventually ousted by a popular rebellion and Bologna became a signoria under Taddeo Pepoli in 1334. By the arrival of the Black Death in 1348, Bologna had 40,000 to 50,000 inhabitants, reduced to just 20,000 to 25,000 after the plague.
In 1350, Bologna was conquered by archbishop Giovanni Visconti, the new lord of Milan. But following a rebellion by the town's governor, a renegade member of the Visconti family, Bologna was recuperated to the papacy in 1363 by Cardinal Gil Álvarez Carrillo de Albornoz after a long negotiation involving a huge indemnity paid to Bernabò Visconti, Giovanni's heir, who died in 1354. In 1376, Bologna again revolted against Papal rule and joined Florence in the unsuccessful War of the Eight Saints. However, extreme infighting inside the Holy See after the Western Schism prevented the papacy from restoring its domination over Bologna, so it remained relatively independent for some decades as an oligarchic republic. In 1401, Giovanni I Bentivoglio took power in a coup with the support of Milan, but the Milanese, having turned his back on them and allied with Florence, marched on Bologna and had Giovanni killed the following year. In 1442, Hannibal I Bentivoglio, Giovanni's nephew, recovered Bologna from the Milanese, only to be assassinated in a conspiracy plotted by Pope Eugene IV three years later. But the signoria of the Bentivoglio family was then firmly established, and the power passed to his cousin Sante Bentivoglio, who ruled until 1462, followed by Giovanni II. Giovanni II managed to resist the expansionist designs of Cesare Borgia for some time, but on 7 October 1506, Pope Julius II issued a bull deposing and excommunicating Bentivoglio and placing the city under interdict. When the papal troops, along with a contingent sent by Louis XII of France, marched against Bologna, Bentivoglio and his family fled. Julius II entered the city triumphantly on 10 November.
Early modern
The period of Papal rule over Bologna (1506–1796) has been generally evaluated by historians as one of severe decline. However, this was not evident in the 1500s, which were marked by some major developments in Bologna. In 1530, Emperor Charles V was crowned in Bologna, the last of the Holy Roman Emperors to be crowned by the pope. In 1564, the Piazza del Nettuno and the Palazzo dei Banchi were built, along with the Archiginnasio, the main building of the university. The period of Papal rule saw also the construction of many churches and other religious establishments, and the restoration of older ones. At this time, Bologna had ninety-six convents, more than any other Italian city. Painters working in Bologna during this period established the Bolognese School which includes Annibale Carracci, Domenichino, Guercino, and others of European fame.
It was only towards the end of the 16th century that severe signs of decline began to manifest. A series of plagues in the late 16th to early 17th century reduced the population of the city from some 72,000 in the mid-16th century to about 47,000 by 1630. During the 1629–1631 Italian plague alone, Bologna lost up to a third of its population] In the mid-17th century, the population stabilized at roughly 60,000, slowly increasing to some 70,000 by the mid-18th century. The economy of Bologna started to show signs of severe decline as the global centres of trade shifted towards the Atlantic. The traditional silk industry was in a critical state. The university was losing students, who once came from all over Europe, because of the illiberal attitudes of the Church towards culture (especially after the trial of Galileo). Bologna continued to suffer a progressive deindustrialisation also in the 18th century.
In the mid-1700s, Pope Benedict XIV, a Bolognese, tried to reverse the decline of the city with a series of reforms intended to stimulate the economy and promote the arts. However, these reforms achieved only mixed results. The pope's efforts to stimulate the decaying textile industry had little success, while he was more successful in reforming the tax system, liberalising trade and relaxing the oppressive system of censorship.
The economic and demographic decline of Bologna became even more noticeable starting in the second half of the 18th century. In 1790, the city had 72,000 inhabitants, ranking as the second largest in the Papal States; however, this figure had remained unchanged for decades.
During this period, Papal economic policies included heavy customs duties and concessions of monopolies to single manufacturers.
Modern history
Napoleon entered Bologna on 19 June 1796. Napoleon briefly reinstated the ancient mode of government, giving power to the Senate, which however had to swear fealty to the short-lived Cispadane Republic, created as a client state of the French First Republic at the congress of Reggio (27 December 1796 – 9 January 1797) but succeeded by the Cisalpine Republic on 9 July 1797, later by the Italian Republic and finally the Kingdom of Italy. After the fall of Napoleon, the Congress of Vienna of 1815 restored Bologna to the Papal States. Papal rule was contested in the uprisings of 1831. The insurrected provinces planned to unite as the Province Italiane Unite with Bologna as the capital. Pope Gregory XVI asked for Austrian help against the rebels. Metternich warned French king Louis Philippe I against intervention in Italian affairs, and in the spring of 1831, Austrian forces marched across the Italian peninsula, defeating the rebellion by 26 April.
By the mid-1840s, unemployment levels were very high and traditional industries continued to languish or disappear; Bologna became a city of economic disparity with the top 10 percent of the population living off rent, another 20 percent exercising professions or commerce and 70 percent working in low-paid, often insecure manual jobs. The Papal census of 1841 reported 10,000 permanent beggars and another 30,000 (out of a total population of 70,000) who lived in poverty. In the revolutions of 1848 the Austrian garrisons which controlled the city on behalf of the Pope were temporarily expelled, but eventually came back and crushed the revolutionaries.
Papal rule finally ended in the aftermath of Second War of Italian Independence, when the French and Piedmontese troops expelled the Austrians from Italian lands, on 11 and 12 March 1860, Bologna voted to join the new Kingdom of Italy. In the last decades of the 19th century, Bologna once again thrived economically and socially. In 1863 Naples was linked to Rome by railway, and the following year Bologna to Florence. Bolognese moderate agrarian elites, that supported liberal insurgencies against the papacy and were admirers of the British political system and of free trade, envisioned a unified national state that would open a bigger market for the massive agricultural production of the Emilian plains. Indeed, Bologna gave Italy one of its first prime ministers, Marco Minghetti.
After World War I, Bologna was heavily involved in the Biennio Rosso socialist uprisings. As a consequence, the traditionally moderate elites of the city turned their back on the progressive faction and gave their support to the rising Fascist movement of Benito Mussolini. Dino Grandi, a high-ranking Fascist party official and Ministry of Foreign Affairs, remembered for being an Anglophile, was from Bologna. During the interwar years, Bologna developed into an important manufacturing centre for food processing, agricultural machinery and metalworking. The Fascist regime poured in massive investments, for example with the setting up of a giant tobacco manufacturing plant in 1937.
World War II
Bologna suffered extensive damage during World War II. The strategic importance of the city as an industrial and railway hub connecting northern and central Italy made it a target for the Allied forces. On 24 July 1943, a massive aerial bombardment destroyed a significant part of the historic city centre and killed about 200 people. The main railway station and adjoining areas were severely hit, and 44% of the buildings in the centre were listed as having been destroyed or severely damaged. The city was heavily bombed again on 25 September. The raids, which this time were not confined to the city centre, left 2,481 people dead and 2,000 injured. By the end of the war, 43% of all buildings in Bologna had been destroyed or damaged.
After the armistice of 1943, the city became a key centre of the Italian resistance movement. On 7 November 1944, a pitched battle around Porta Lame, waged by partisans of the 7th Brigade of the Gruppi d'Azione Patriottica against Fascist and Nazi occupation forces, did not succeed in triggering a general uprising, despite being one of the largest resistance-led urban conflicts in the European theatre. Resistance forces entered Bologna on the morning of 21 April 1945. By this time, the Germans had already largely left the city in the face of the Allied advance, spearheaded by Polish forces advancing from the east during the Battle of Bologna which had been fought since 9 April. First to arrive in the centre was the 87th Infantry Regiment of the Friuli Combat Group under general Arturo Scattini, who entered the centre from Porta Maggiore to the south. Since the soldiers were dressed in British outfits, they were initially thought to be part of the allied forces; when the local inhabitants heard the soldiers were speaking Italian, they poured out onto the streets to celebrate.
Cold War period
In the post-war years, Bologna became a thriving industrial centre as well as a political stronghold of the Italian Communist Party. Between 1945 and 1999, the city was helmed by an uninterrupted succession of mayors from the PCI and its successors, the Democratic Party of the Left and Democrats of the Left, the first of whom was Giuseppe Dozza. At the end of the 1960s the city authorities, worried by massive gentrification and suburbanisation, asked Japanese starchitect Kenzo Tange to sketch a master plan for a new town north of Bologna; however, the project that came out in 1970 was evaluated as too ambitious and expensive. Eventually the city council, in spite of vetoing Tange's master plan, decided to keep his project for a new exhibition centre and business district. At the end of 1978 the construction of a tower block and several diverse buildings and structures started. In 1985 the headquarters of the regional government of Emilia-Romagna moved in the new district.
In 1977, Bologna was the scene of rioting linked to the Movement of 1977, a spontaneous political movement of the time. The police shooting of a far-left activist, Francesco Lorusso, sparked two days of street clashes. On 2 August 1980, at the height of the "years of lead", a terrorist bomb was set off in the central railway station of Bologna killing 85 people and wounding 200, an event which is known in Italy as the Bologna massacre. In 1995, members of the neo-fascist group Nuclei Armati Rivoluzionari were convicted for carrying out the attack, while Licio Gelli—Grand Master of the underground Freemason lodge Propaganda Due (P2)—was convicted for hampering the investigation, together with three agents of the secret military intelligence service SISMI (including Francesco Pazienza and Pietro Musumeci). Commemorations take place in Bologna on 2 August each year, culminating in a concert in the main square.
21st century
In 1999, the long tradition of left-wing mayors was interrupted by the victory of independent centre-right candidate Giorgio Guazzaloca. However, Bologna reverted to form in 2004 when Sergio Cofferati, a former trade union leader, unseated Guazzaloca. The next centre-left mayor, Flavio Delbono, elected in June 2009, resigned in January 2010 after being involved in a corruption scandal. After a 15-month period in which the city was administered under Anna Maria Cancellieri (as a state-appointed prefect), Virginio Merola was elected as mayor, leading a left-wing coalition comprising the Democratic Party, Left Ecology Freedom and Italy of Values. In 2016, Merola was confirmed mayor, defeating the conservative candidate, Lucia Borgonzoni. In 2021, after ten years of Merola's mayorship, one of his closest allies, Matteo Lepore, was elected mayor with 61.9% of votes, becoming the most voted mayor of Bologna since the introduction of the direct elections in 1995.
Geography
Territory
Bologna is situated on the edge of the Po Plain at the foot of the Apennine Mountains, at the meeting of the Reno and Savena river valleys. As Bologna's two main watercourses flow directly to the sea, the town lies outside of the drainage basin of the River Po. The Province of Bologna stretches from the western edge of the Po Plain on the border with Ferrara to the Tuscan-Emilian Apennines. The centre of the town is 54 metres (177 ft) above sea level (while elevation within the municipality ranges from 29 metres (95 ft) in the suburb of Corticella to 300 metres (980 ft) in Sabbiuno and the Colle della Guardia). The Province of Bologna stretches from the Po Plain into the Apennines; the highest point in the province is the peak of Corno alle Scale (in Lizzano in Belvedere) at 1,945 metres (6,381 ft) above sea level.
Cityscape
Until the late 19th century, when a large-scale urban renewal project was undertaken, Bologna was one of the few remaining large walled cities in Europe; to this day and despite having suffered considerable bombing damage in 1944, Bologna's 142 hectares (350 acres) historic centre is Europe's second largest, containing an immense wealth of important medieval, renaissance, and baroque artistic monuments.
Bologna developed along the Via Emilia as an Etruscan and later Roman colony; the Via Emilia still runs straight through the city under the changing names of Strada Maggiore, Rizzoli, Ugo Bassi, and San Felice. Due to its Roman heritage, the central streets of Bologna, today largely pedestrianized, follow the grid pattern of the Roman settlement. The original Roman ramparts were supplanted by a high medieval system of fortifications, remains of which are still visible, and finally by a third and final set of ramparts built in the 13th century, of which numerous sections survive. No more than twenty medieval defensive towers remain out of up to 180 that were built in the 12th and 13th centuries before the arrival of unified civic government. The most famous of the towers of Bologna are the central "Due Torri" (Asinelli and Garisenda), whose iconic leaning forms provide a popular symbol of the town.
The cityscape is further enriched by its elegant and extensive porticoes, for which the city is famous. In total, there are some 38 kilometres (24 miles) of porticoes in the city's historical centre (over 45 km (28 mi) in the city proper), which make it possible to walk for long distances sheltered from the elements.
The Portico di San Luca is possibly the world's longest. It connects Porta Saragozza (one of the twelve gates of the ancient walls built in the Middle Ages, which circled a 7.5 km (4.7 mi) part of the city) with the Sanctuary of the Madonna di San Luca, a church begun in 1723 on the site of an 11th-century edifice which had already been enlarged in the 14th century, prominently located on a hill (289 metres (948 feet)) overlooking the town, which is one of Bologna's main landmarks. The windy 666 vault arcades, almost four kilometres (3,796 m or 12,454 ft) long, effectively links San Luca, as the church is commonly called, to the city centre. Its porticos provide shelter for the traditional procession which every year since 1433 has carried a Byzantine icon of the Madonna with Child attributed to Luke the Evangelist down to the Bologna Cathedral during the Feast of the Ascension.
In 2021, the porticoes were named as a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
San Petronio Basilica, built between 1388 and 1479 (but still unfinished), is the tenth-largest church in the world by volume, 132 metres long and 66 metres wide, while the vault reaches 45 metres inside and 51 metres in the facade. With its volume of 258,000 m3, it is the largest (Gothic or otherwise) church built of bricks of the world. The Basilica of Saint Stephen and its sanctuary are among the oldest structures in Bologna, having been built starting from the 8th century, according to the tradition on the site of an ancient temple dedicated to Egyptian goddess Isis. The Basilica of Saint Dominic is an example of Romanic architecture from the 13th century, enriched by the monumental tombs of great Bolognese glossators Rolandino de'Passeggeri and Egidio Foscherari. Basilicas of St Francis, Santa Maria dei Servi and San Giacomo Maggiore are other magnificent examples of 14th-century architecture, the latter also featuring Renaissance artworks such as the Bentivoglio Altarpiece by Lorenzo Costa. Finally, the Church of San Michele in Bosco is a 15th-century religious complex located on a hill not far from the city's historical center.
(Wikipedia)
Bologna [boˈlɔnja, italienisch boˈloɲːa] ist eine italienische Universitätsstadt und die Hauptstadt der Metropolitanstadt Bologna sowie der Region Emilia-Romagna. Die Großstadt ist mit 390.625 Einwohnern (Stand: 31. Dezember 2019) die siebtgrößte italienische Stadt und ein bedeutender nationaler Verkehrsknotenpunkt.
Geografie
Allgemein
Bologna liegt am südlichen Rand der Po-Ebene am Fuße des Apennin, zwischen den Flüssen Reno und Savena in Norditalien. Die Flussläufe und Kanäle in der Stadt wurden im Verlaufe der Stadtentwicklung aus sanitären Gründen fast vollständig überbaut. Die durch Bologna fließenden Gewässer sind der Canale di Reno, der Canale di Savena und der Aposa; sie werden nördlich des Stadtzentrums zum Navile zusammengefasst. Damit wird dem Canale di Savena ein Teil des Wassers entzogen; der nachfolgende Flussarm heißt entsprechend Savena abbandonato („aufgegebener Savena“). In den westlichen Stadtteilen verläuft zudem der Ravone, der sich weiter östlich mit dem Reno vereint. Das Adriatische Meer befindet sich ca. 60 Kilometer östlich der Stadt.
Geschichte
Antike
Die Geschichte der Stadt beginnt als etruskische Gründung mit dem Namen Felsina vermutlich im 6. Jahrhundert v. Chr., Spuren älterer dörflicher Siedlungen der Villanovakultur in der Gegend reichen bis ins 11./10. Jahrhundert v. Chr. zurück. Die etruskische Stadt wuchs um ein Heiligtum auf einem Hügel und war von einer Nekropole umgeben.
Im 5. Jahrhundert v. Chr. eroberten die keltischen Boier Felsina. 191 v. Chr. wurde die Stadt von den Römern erobert, 189 v. Chr. wurde sie als Bononia römische Colonia. 3000 latinische Familien siedelten sich dort an, wobei den ehemaligen Konsuln Lucius Valerius Flaccus, Marcus Atilius Seranus und Lucius Valerius Tappo die Organisation der Stadt(neu)gründung übertragen wurde.[3] Der Bau der Via Aemilia 187 v. Chr. machte Bononia zum Verkehrsknotenpunkt: Hier kreuzte sich die Hauptverkehrsstraße der Poebene mit der Via Flaminia minor nach Arretium (Arezzo). 88 v. Chr. erhielt Bononia über die Lex municipalis wie alle Landstädte Italiens volles römisches Bürgerrecht. Nach einem Brand wurde sie im 1. Jahrhundert unter Kaiser Nero wieder aufgebaut.
Wie für eine römische Stadt typisch, war Bononia schachbrettartig um die zentrale Kreuzung zweier Hauptstraßen angelegt, des Cardo mit dem Decumanus. Sechs Nord-Süd- und acht Ost-West-Straßen teilten die Stadt in einzelne Quartiere und sind bis heute erhalten. Während der römischen Kaiserzeit hatte Bononia mindestens 12.000, möglicherweise jedoch bis 30.000 Einwohner. Bei Ausgrabungen rund um das Forum der antiken Stadt in den Jahren 1989–1994 wurden zwei Tempel, Verwaltungsgebäude, Markthallen und das Tagungsgebäude des Stadtrates gefunden; im südlichen Teil des ursprünglichen Stadtgebietes ist ein Theater freigelegt worden. Die Stadt scheint jedoch deutlich über ihre ursprüngliche Befestigung hinausgewachsen zu sein, beispielsweise sind außerhalb der Stadtmauer ein Amphitheater, ein Aquädukt und ein Thermenareal entdeckt worden. Der Geograph Pomponius Mela zählte die Stadt im 1. Jahrhundert n. Chr. zu den fünf üppigsten (opulentissimae) Städten Italiens.
Mittelalter
Nach einem langen Niedergang wurde Bologna im 5. Jahrhundert unter dem Bischof Petronius wiedergeboren, der nach dem Vorbild der Jerusalemer Grabeskirche den Kirchenkomplex von Santo Stefano errichtet haben soll. Nach dem Ende des Römischen Reiches war Bologna ein vorgeschobenes Bollwerk des Exarchats von Ravenna, geschützt von mehreren Wallringen, die jedoch den größten Teil der verfallenen römischen Stadt nicht einschlossen. 728 wurde die Stadt von dem Langobardenkönig Liutprand erobert und damit Teil des Langobardenreichs. Die Langobarden schufen in Bologna einen neuen Stadtteil nahe Santo Stefano, bis heute Addizione Longobarda genannt, in dem Karl der Große bei seinem Besuch 786 unterkam.
Im 11. Jahrhundert wuchs der Ort als freie Kommune erneut. 1088 wurde der Studio gegründet – heute die älteste Universität Europas –, an der zahlreiche bedeutende Gelehrte des Mittelalters lehrten, unter anderem Irnerius, woraus dann im 12. Jahrhundert die Universität Bologna[4] entstand. Da sich die Stadt weiter ausdehnte, erhielt sie im 12. Jahrhundert einen neuen Wallring, ein weiterer wurde im 14. Jahrhundert fertiggestellt.
1164 trat Bologna in den Lombardenbund gegen Friedrich I. Barbarossa ein, 1256 verkündete die Stadt die Legge del Paradiso (Paradiesgesetz), das Leibeigenschaft und Sklaverei abschaffte und die verbleibenden Sklaven mit öffentlichem Geld freikaufte. 50.000 bis 70.000 Menschen lebten zu dieser Zeit in Bologna und machten die Stadt zur sechst- oder siebtgrößten Europas nach Konstantinopel, Córdoba, Paris, Venedig, Florenz und möglicherweise Mailand. Das Stadtzentrum war ein Wald von Türmen: Schätzungsweise um die 100 Geschlechtertürme der führenden Familien, Kirchtürme und Türme öffentlicher Gebäude bestimmten das Stadtbild.
Bologna entschied sich 1248, die Weizenausfuhr zu verbieten, um die Lebensmittelversorgung seiner schnell wachsenden Bevölkerung zu sichern. Das kam einer Enteignung der venezianischen Grundbesitzer, vor allem der Klöster gleich. 1234 ging die Stadt noch einen Schritt weiter und besetzte Cervia, womit es in direkte Konkurrenz zu Venedig trat, das das Salzmonopol in der Adria beanspruchte. 1248 dehnte Bologna seine Herrschaft auf die Grafschaft Imola, 1252–1254 sogar auf Ravenna aus. Dazu kamen 1256 Bagnacavallo, Faenza und Forlì.
Doch der schwelende Konflikt zwischen Venedig und Bologna wurde 1240 durch die Besetzung der Stadt durch Kaiser Friedrich II. unterbrochen. Nachdem sich Cervia 1252 jedoch wieder Venedig unterstellt hatte, wurde es von einer gemeinsamen ravennatisch-bolognesischen Armee im Oktober 1254 zurückerobert. Venedig errichtete im Gegenzug 1258 am Po di Primaro eine Sperrfestung. Etsch, Po und der für die Versorgung Bolognas lebenswichtige Reno wurden damit blockiert – wobei letzterer von der See aus wiederum nur über den Po erreichbar war, und die Etsch bereits seit langer Zeit durch Cavarzere von Venedig kontrolliert wurde. Mit Hilfe dieser Blockade, vor allem an der Sperrfestung Marcamò – Bologna riegelte Marcamò vergebens durch ein eigenes Kastell ab – zwang Venedig das ausgehungerte Bologna zu einem Abkommen, das die Venezianer diktierten. Das bolognesische Kastell wurde geschleift. Ravenna stand Venedigs Händlern wieder offen, Venedigs Monopol war durchgesetzt.
Im Jahre 1272 starb in Bologna nach mehr als 22-jähriger Haft im Palazzo Nuovo (dem heutigen Palazzo di re Enzo) der König Enzio von Sardinien, ein unehelicher Sohn des Staufer-Kaisers Friedrich II.
Wie die meisten Kommunen Italiens war Bologna damals zusätzlich zu den äußeren Konflikten von inneren Streitigkeiten zwischen Ghibellinen und Guelfen (Staufer- bzw. Welfen-Partei, Kaiser gegen Papst) zerrissen. So wurde 1274 die einflussreiche ghibellinische Familie Lambertazzi aus der Stadt vertrieben.
Als Bologna 1297 verstärkt gegen die Ghibellinen der mittleren Romagna vorging, fürchtete Venedig das erneute Aufkommen einer konkurrierenden Festlandsmacht. Das betraf vor allem Ravenna. Venedig drohte der Stadt wegen Nichteinhaltung seiner Verträge und Bevorzugung Bolognas. Doch der Streit konnte beigelegt werden. Zu einer erneuten Handelssperre seitens Venedigs (wohl wegen der Ernennung Baiamonte Tiepolos zum Capitano von Bologna) kam es Ende 1326. Bologna hatte sich dem Schutz des Papstes unterstellt, nachdem es 1325 von Modena in der Schlacht von Zappolino vernichtend geschlagen worden war. Im Mai 1327 wurden alle Bologneser aufgefordert, Venedig innerhalb eines Monats zu verlassen. 1328–1332 kam es zu Handelssperren und Repressalien. Ravenna blieb dabei der wichtigste Importhafen der Region, den z. B. Bologna für größere Importe aus Apulien weiterhin nutzte. Zwischen 1325 und 1337 kam es zum Eimerkrieg von Bologna. Während der Pest-Epidemie von 1348 starben etwa 30.000 der Einwohner.
Nach der Regierungszeit Taddeo Pepolis (1337–1347) fiel Bologna an die Visconti Mailands, kehrte aber 1360 auf Betreiben von Kardinal Gil Álvarez Carillo de Albornoz durch Kauf wieder in den Machtbereich des Papstes zurück. Die folgenden Jahre waren bestimmt von einer Reihe republikanischer Regierungen (so z. B. die von 1377, die die Basilica di San Petronio und die Loggia dei Mercanti errichten ließ), wechselnder Zugehörigkeit zum päpstlichen oder Viscontischen Machtbereich und andauernder, verlustreicher Familienfehden.
1402 fiel die Stadt an Gian Galeazzo Visconti, der zum Signore von Bologna avancierte. Nachdem 1433 Bologna und Imola gefallen waren (bis 1435), verhalf Venedig dem Papst 1440/41 endgültig zur Stadtherrschaft. Bei der Gelegenheit nahm Venedig 1441–1509 Ravenna in Besitz.
Um diese Zeit erlangte die Familie der Bentivoglio mit Sante (1445–1462) und Giovanni II. (1462–1506) die Herrschaft in Bologna. Während ihrer Regierungszeit blühte die Stadt auf, angesehene Architekten und Maler gaben Bologna das Gesicht einer klassischen italienischen Renaissance-Stadt, die allerdings ihre Ambitionen auf Eroberung endgültig aufgeben musste.
Neuzeit
Giovannis Herrschaft endete 1506, als die Truppen Papst Julius' II. Bologna belagerten und die Kunstschätze seines Palastes plünderten. Im Anschluss gehörte Bologna bis zum 18. Jahrhundert zum Kirchenstaat und wurde von einem päpstlichen Legaten und einem Senat regiert, der alle zwei Monate einen gonfaloniere (Richter) wählte, der von acht Konsuln unterstützt wurde. Am 24. Februar 1530 wurde Karl V. von Papst Clemens VII. in Bologna zum Kaiser gekrönt. Es war die letzte vom Papst durchgeführte Kaiserkrönung. Der Wohlstand der Stadt dauerte an, doch eine Seuche am Ende des 16. Jahrhunderts verringerte die Zahl der Einwohner von 72.000 auf 59.000, eine weitere 1630 ließ sie auf 47.000 schrumpfen, bevor sie sich wieder auf 60.000 bis 65.000 einpendelte.
1564 wurden die Piazza del Nettuno, der Palazzo dei Banchi und der Archiginnasio erbaut, der Sitz der Universität. Zahlreiche Kirchen und andere religiöse Einrichtungen wurden während der päpstlichen Herrschaft neu errichtet, ältere renoviert – Bolognas 96 Klöster waren italienischer Rekord. Bedeutende Maler wie Annibale Carracci, Domenichino und Guercino, die in dieser Periode in Bologna tätig waren, formten die Bologneser Schule der Malerei.
Im napoleonischen Europa wurde Bologna 1796 – seit dem Ersten Koalitionskrieg vom Kirchenstaat unabhängig – zunächst Hauptstadt der kurzlebigen Cispadanischen Republik und später die nach Mailand bedeutendste Stadt in der Cisalpinischen Republik und des napoleonischen Königreichs Italien. Am 28. Januar 1814 eroberten die Österreicher die Stadt kurzzeitig zurück, mussten am 2. April 1815 dem Einmarsch französischer Truppen weichen, um am 16. April 1815 Bologna endgültig einzunehmen. Nach dem Fall Napoleons schlug der Wiener Kongress 1815 Bologna wieder dem Kirchenstaat zu, worauf dies am 18. Juli 1816 zur Ausführung kam.
Die Bevölkerung rebellierte im Frühjahr 1831 gegen die päpstliche Restauration. Durch eine neuerliche österreichische Besatzung ab dem 21. März 1831 wurde dem ein Ende gemacht. Die Besatzung dauerte mit einer kurzen Unterbrechung (Juli 1831 bis Januar 1832) bis zum 30. November 1838. Die Macht war damit erneut in der Hand des Papstes. Dagegen erhob sich im August 1843 der Aufstand der Moti di Savigno. Erneut kam es 1848/1849 zu Volksaufständen, als es vom 8. August 1848 bis 16. Mai 1849 gelang, die Truppen der österreichischen Garnison zu vertreiben, die danach erneut bis 1860 die Befehlsgewalt über die Stadt innehatten. Nach einem Besuch von Papst Pius IX. 1857 stimmte Bologna am 12. Juni 1859 für seine Annexion durch das Königreich Sardinien, wodurch die Stadt Teil des vereinten Italien wurde.
Zu Beginn des 20. Jahrhunderts wurden die Mauern der Stadt bis auf wenige Reste abgerissen, um der schnell wachsenden Bevölkerung Platz zu schaffen. In den Wahlen am 28. Juni 1914 errang der Sozialist Francesco Zanardi zum ersten Mal das Stadtpräsidium (sindaco) für die Linke. Mit der Unterbrechung des Faschismus wird Bologna seitdem überwiegend von linken Stadtregierungen verwaltet.
1940 zählte Bologna 320.000 Einwohner. Im Zweiten Weltkrieg wurde Bologna in den Kämpfen der untergehenden NS-Diktatur mit amerikanischen, britischen und polnischen Invasionstruppen der Alliierten bombardiert und beschädigt, wobei in der Stadt 2.481 Zivilisten ums Leben kamen. Am 21. April 1945 wurde die Stadt von Einheiten des II. polnischen Korps befreit. Nach dem Krieg erholte sich Bologna schnell und ist heute eine der wohlhabendsten und stadtplanerisch gelungensten Städte Italiens.
Anschlag von Bologna 1980
Am 2. August 1980 verübte eine Gruppe von Rechtsextremisten einen Bombenanschlag auf den Hauptbahnhof der Stadt. 85 Menschen starben, mindestens 200 wurden verletzt. 1995 wurden für diesen Anschlag zwei Mitglieder der faschistischen Nuclei Armati Rivoluzionari und Mitarbeiter des italienischen Geheimdienstes zu langjährigen Haftstrafen verurteilt.
Kulinarisches
Bologna ist die Heimat der Tortellini – mit Hackfleisch gefüllte, kleine ringförmige Teigwaren, die in einer Hühnerbrühe (brodo) oder mit Sahnesoße serviert werden. Einer Legende nach sollen die Tortellini den Nabel der römischen Liebesgöttin Venus nachbilden.
Eine weitere klassische Pasta aus Bologna sind Tagliatelle, mit Ei hergestellte Bandnudeln, die traditionell mit Ragù alla bolognese, einer Soße mit Hackfleisch und Tomaten, serviert werden. Von den bolognesischen Tagliatelle al ragù wurden die Spaghetti bolognese inspiriert, die aber nicht zur Küche Bolognas gehören, sondern vermutlich aus Nordamerika stammen.
Eine weitere aus Bologna stammende Spezialität ist die Mortadella, eine Aufschnittwurst vom Schwein, die in hauchdünne Scheiben geschnitten verzehrt wird.
Bologna ist außerdem für seine grüne Lasagne bekannt.
Bildung
Die 1088 gegründete Universität Bologna ist die älteste Institution dieser Art in Europa. Die etwa 80.000 Studenten stellen bei einer Gesamtbevölkerung von um die 400.000 einen bedeutenden Teil der Stadtbevölkerung und prägen die Stadt, vor allem innerhalb der historischen Stadtmauern. Die Stadt ist nicht nur bei Studenten aus allen Teilen Italiens beliebt, sondern auch bei ausländischen Studenten. Neben Erasmus-Studenten sind das vor allem Studenten aus den USA.
Außerdem gibt es in der Stadt die Akademie der Bildenden Künste, an der unter anderem Giorgio Morandi lehrte und Enrico Marconi eine Ausbildung absolvierte. Das SAIS Bologna Center ist eine Außenstelle der School of Advanced International Studies (SAIS) der Johns Hopkins University. Bologna war Ort der Bolognaerklärung im Jahr 1999 und Namensgeber des Bologna-Prozesses zur Reformierung und Vereinheitlichung des Europäischen Hochschulraums.
(Wikipedia)
continuously unclothed from december 17th 2000 to january 18th 2001, remanded in a brixton prison segregation cell on a non-imprisonable charge. eventually released naked on unconditional bail, and later the charges are dropped.
This short video demonstrates my latest enhancement to my soft focus lenses: continuously variable soft focus effect. It's still crude, however I am able to vary the density and radius of the glow by turning a dial.
Please forgive the poor quality video. This is my first attempt at using video and I have a lot to learn.
A weightless, stretchy star stitch lace vortex inspired by the earliest known star stitches of the 1800's!
("Wirbel" is German for "whirl." These stars are crocheted in a continuous spiral.)
Downloadable crochet pattern in the DesigningVashti shop and in Ravelry as of 3/31/14.
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Liberdade Square, Porto
Watercolour + water-soluble graphite on paper
Liberdade Square (Liberty or Freedom Square; Portuguese: Praça da Liberdade) is a square in the city of Porto, Portugal. It is located in Santo Ildefonso parish, in the lower town (Baixa) area. The square is continuous on its north side with the Avenida dos Aliados, an important avenue of the city.
Dusk is approaching at the Olympic stadium.
The Olympic Stadium in Olympic Park in Stratford, London, England was the centrepiece of the 2012 London Olympics, the last stop in the 2012 Olympics torch relay, and the venue of the athletic events as well as the opening and closing ceremonies. It was the central venue of the 2012 London Paralympics.
It is located at Marshgate Lane in London's Stratford district in the Lower Lea Valley. The stadium has a capacity of 80,000, making it the third-largest stadium in England behind Wembley Stadium and Twickenham Stadium.
The stadium's track and field arena is excavated out of the soft clay found on the site, around which is permanent seating for 25,000, built using concrete "rakers". The natural slope of the land is incorporated into the design, with warm-up and changing areas dug into a semi-basement position at the lower end. Spectators enter the stadium via a podium level, which is level with the top of the permanent seating bowl. A demountable lightweight steel and concrete upper tier is built up from this "bowl" to accommodate a further 55,000 spectators.
The stadium is made up of different tiers; during the games the stadium was able to hold 80,000 spectators. The base tier, which will be permanent and allow for 25,000 seats, is a sunken elliptical bowl that is made up of low-carbon-dioxide concrete; this contains 40 percent less embodied carbon than conventional concrete. The foundation of the base level is 5,000 piles reaching up to 20 metres deep. From there, there is a mixture of driven cast in situ piles, continuous flight auger piles, and vibro concrete columns. The second tier, which holds 55,000 seats, is 315 metres long, 256 metres wide, and 60 metres high. The stadium is built using nearly four times less steel, approximately 10,700 tons, in the structure than that of the Olympic Stadium in Beijing for the 2008 Olympics. In addition to the minimal use of steel, which makes it 75 percent lighter, the stadium also uses high-yield large diameter pipes which were surplus on completion of North Sea Gas pipeline projects, recycled granite, and many of the building products were transported using trains and barges rather than by lorry.
U.S. Air Force Senior Master Sgt. Roy Powers, a C17 Loadmaster and continual process improvement specialist, assigned to the 105th Rescue Wing, shares information on the live Continuous Process Improvement system made to improve efficiency, in support of state efforts to provide mass COVID-19 vaccinations administered by the New York State Department of Health at the Javits Convention Center in Manhattan, New York, January 22, 2021.
The National Guard has more than 350 Guardsmen and women deployed to the vaccination site to support staffing for the site. The New York State Department of Health conducts vaccination efforts for essential workers and members of the community over age 75 beginning January 13, 2021. Eligible members of the public can register for a vaccine appointment through the Department of Health website: www1.nyc.gov/site/doh/covid/covid-19-vaccines.page. (U.S. Army National Guard video by Sgt. Sebastian Rothwyn and Maj. Michael O’Hagan)
All participants have provided permission to appear in this media product.
Cropredy has ancient origins, a chapel in the church is dedicated to St Fremund, an anglo-saxon saint thought to be the son of King Offa. It's name combines the Old English croppe or hill and ridig, a small stream. The village is only a few miles from Banbury, in hilly country along the banks of the River Cherwell. Before the Dissolution of the Monasteries Cropredy belonged the Bishop of Lincoln. More recently Brasenose College, Oxford, has become a significant landlord giving it's name to the local pub.
Dramatic changes to centuries of agrarian life were heralded by the excavation of the Oxford canal which runs alongside the Cherwell south-east of the church. This busy waterway was superseded by the Great Western railway, the village even had it's own station until 1956.
Unusually Cropredy retains the ringing of the curfew bell, in Medieval times this was a signal to return home and 'cover their fires'. Roger Lupton local priest between 1487 and 1528 was so lost in dense fog that he could only find his way from nearby Chacombe by the ringing of Cropredy's bells. He founded a fund in gratitude which paid for the daily winding of the clock and tolling the bell morning, noon and night. The bell is still rung Tuesday and Thursday nights for five minutes after eight O'clock.
The village is best known for the Civil War 'Battle of Cropredy Bridge'. A rare Royalist victory at a time when the Parliamentary forces were in the ascendancy. In June 1644 the King slipped out of Oxford to avoid two Roundhead armies which were rapidly approaching. At this point the Earl of Essex chose to lead his army south and relieve the siege of Lyme Regis leaving Sir William Waller to pursue the King with half of the men. Waller shadowed the Royal army to Worcester only for the King to double back towards Banbury where the Parliamentary commander saw an opportunity to split the Royal forces which were strung out along the Daventry road. Waller's artillery crossed Cropredy bridge but were too far ahead of the infantry and were overrun. Fierce fighting followed but neither side achieved a significant advantage and a chance of capturing the King was lost. As children we were told stories of a phantom drummer boy.
Cropredy's most prominent claim to fame is their music festival founded when Fairport Convention played the village fete in 1976. Cropredy Music Festival grew from these modest beginnings and now attracts over 20,000 music fans every year.
St. Mary the Virgin is an impressive building constructed from the local rust-coloured ironstone. While part of the wall of the south aisle has been dated to c1050 the present church begins in the 13th century with significant 14th and 15th century additions. The south wall has two tomb recesses thought to be built for Simon de Cropredy and his son c1200. The church has an interesting 13th century parish chest and the chapel dedicated to the anglo-saxon saint Fremund has two 15th century screens, one of which has the initials AD which may stand for Alice Danvers. The nave arcading, tower and choir arches are Perpendicular in style with no capitals and continuous moulding from ground level. The tower is early 15th century with the belfry and parapets added 80 years later, There are eight bells, six from the late 17th century, two added in 2007 called Fairport and Villager. Fragments of a Doom survive above the chancel arch. The church has a 17th century pulpit and a rare pre-reformation eagle lectern which is said to have been hidden in the river before the Battle of Cropredy where it lost one of it's lion feet. The beak has a slot for collecting 'Peter's Pence'. There is a beautiful 15th century head of the Virgin Mary in stained glass which was found in the churchyard. There are two fonts, one Norman and one Victorian. In the tower is a magnificent clock by John Moore of Clerkenwell dated 1831.
Cropredy is just off the Daventry road a few miles from Banbury about an hour from Stratford-upon-Avon.