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Some pictures of the Saharan part of a journey hitchhiking from Paris (France) to Dakar (Senegal).
The picture was taken on the trail between Tindouf and Atar. A convoy of two trucks, the CTM (Transport Company Moracain) had left Agadir to Tindouf. Each truck, a five cylinders Berliet, was carrying eight tons of peppercorns and an unknown number of passengers.
On the menu: canned tuna and red wine!
* * *
Quelques photos de la partie saharienne d'un voyage en auto-stop de Paris à Dakar.
Le cliché a été pris sur la piste entre Tindouf et Atar. Un convoi de deux camions, de la CTM (Compagnie de Transports Moracain) était parti d'Agadir à destination de Tindouf. Chaque camion, des Berliet cinq cylindres, tranportaient huit tonnes de poivre en grains et un nombre indéterminé de passagers.
Au menu : thon en conserve et vin rouge !
"Fast jets get all the glory, but when it came to a dedicated ground attack plane, G.I.Joe went with a propeller powered subsonic design. The Mudfighter II features a contra rotating pusher prop that generates far less heat than a jet engine would, making it harder to shoot down with heat seeking missiles, and allows the airplane to conserve its fuel and "loiter" over the battlefield for an extended period of time. As its name suggests, the Mudfighter typically does its fighting at very low levels, ideal for accurate close air support, and offering air defenses on the ground the narrowest opportunity to shoot it down.
The Mudfighter II carries air to air missiles for self defense against other aircraft and a pair of multi-purpose cannon. But it packs most of its punch in the ordnance it carries beneath its wings and internally in its weapons bay. While it can carry a variety of guided bombs and missiles, its most common load out is 16 conventional bombs, representing a brutally simple approach to devastating ground targets."
It is always a thrill to build a MOC of one of my favorite childhood toys or of a toy I really wanted as a kid, but never had. But there's also something very satisfying in spending time working on a toy that I never really liked to begin with, and try to improve upon it to suit my vision of what it could have been, while still keeping enough of the original so as to be recognizable. The Mudfighter belongs to this latter category - when I first saw it I thought it was the ugliest thing ever. And not in a cool "A-10 ugly" sort of way, but just an awkward looking undersized airplane with no retractable landing gear, and that armored (but glassless) canopy:
www.yojoe.com/vehicles/89/mudfighter/
The ungainly-looking Mudfighter was never one of the Joes' most iconic planes, but it was their counterpart to the Rattler which I built last, and for some reason, this strange green ground attacker called to me. Perhaps because I've been thinking about prop-driven ground attack planes for a years now but never built one (unless you count my pocket-sized tilt-rotor FANG II).
My Mudfighter II is much much larger than the original, perhaps a little bigger than I planned at first, and the most obvious of the additions I've added is the twin boom tail. Other upgrades include retractable landing gear and a contra-rotating propeller in the back.
For the pusher prop, I used the design developed by Stephen Pakbaz.
www.flickr.com/photos/perijove/6343122618/in/album-721576...
I planned initially to motorize this, but wasn't able to do it without making the plane even bigger than it was already. Without a motor and battery box inside, I decided to give it an internal bomb bay, so it can still carry it's original warload of 16 bombs, but unlike the original, it carries half of these internally.
I had several other ideas for the Mudfighter II that didn't end up getting used, such as canards in the front and a second crewman with a side mounted weapon.
Black Kite
The black kite is a medium-sized bird of prey in the family Accipitridae, which also includes many other diurnal raptors. It is thought to be the world's most abundant species of Accipitridae, although some populations have experienced dramatic declines or fluctuations
Not a great deal of movement for a long while, not the best of days weather wise. We are starting to get a taste of Winter, which is just around the corner.
L'original de ce tableau est conservé au musée du Prado à Madrid.
You should know that it is not the original works that are exhibited at the Jheronimus Bosch Art Center but high quality photos in the original size of the work framed optimally. You can manipulate the triptychs.
In 2016, there was a big exhibition that had a lot of success with the original works at the Noordbrabants museum which adjoins the Stedelijk museum, but you could hardly get close and the cameras were forbidden.
The original of this painting is kept in the museum of Prado in Madrid.
Il faut savoir que ce ne sont pas les oeuvres originales qui sont exposées au Jheronimus Bosch Art Center mais bien des photos de grande qualité au format original de l'oeuvre encadrées de façon optimale. Vous pouvez manipuler les triptyques.
En 2016, il y a eu une grande exposition qui a eu énormément de succès avec les oeuvres originales au Noordbrabants museum qui jouxte le Stedelijk museum, mais vous pouviez à peine approcher et les appareils photos étaient interdits.
Nymph's bath
Nymphenbad
The Zwinger (German: Dresdner Zwinger, IPA: [ˈdʁeːzdnɐ ˈt͡svɪŋɐ]) is a palace in the German city of Dresden, built in Baroque style and designed by court architect Matthäus Daniel Pöppelmann. It served as the orangery, exhibition gallery and festival arena of the Dresden Court.
The location was formerly part of the Dresden fortress of which the outer wall is conserved. The name derives from the German word Zwinger (an enclosed killing ground in front of a castle or city gate); it was for the cannons that were placed between the outer wall and the major wall. The Zwinger was not enclosed until the Neoclassical building by Gottfried Semper called the Semper Gallery was built on its northern side.
Today, the Zwinger is a museum complex that contains the Gemäldegalerie Alte Meister (Old Masters Picture Gallery), the Dresden Porcelain Collection (Dresdener Porzellansammlung) and the Mathematisch-Physikalischer Salon (Royal Cabinet of Mathematical and Physical Instruments).
The Zwinger covers an area on the northwestern edge of the Innere Altstadt ("inner old town") that is part of the historic heart of Dresden. It is located in the immediate vicinity of other famous sights, including Dresden Castle and the Semperoper. The Zwinger is bounded by Sophienstraße in the southeast, Postplatz in the south, Ostra-Allee in the southwest, the Am Zwingerteich road in the northwest and Theatre Square (Theaterplatz) in the east. Nearby buildings include the Dresden State Theatre to the southwest, the Haus am Zwinger to the south, the Taschenbergpalais hotel to the southeast, the west wing of the palace with its Green Vault to the east, the Altstädtische Hauptwache to the northeast, the Semper Opera to the north and the former royal stables to the northwest. Within view lie the Catholic Court Church and the Italian Village in Theatre Square, the Wilsdruffer Kubus on Postplatz and the Duchess Garden with the remnants of the former orangery building in the west. The terraced banks of the Elbe river are located 200 metres northeast of the Zwinger.
The name Zwinger goes back to the common medieval German term for that part of a fortification between the outer and inner defensive walls, or "outer ward". Archaeological evidence indicates that the construction of the first city wall took place in the last quarter of the 12th century. A documentary entry as civitas in 1216 points to the existence of an enclosed Dresden Fortification at that time. In 1427, during the Hussite Wars, work began on strengthening the city's defences and they were enhanced by a second – outer – wall. These improvements began near the Wildruffer Tor gate. Step by step the old moat had to be filled in and moved. The area between the two walls was generally referred to as the Zwinger and, in the vicinity of the castle, was utilised by the royal court at Dresden for garden purposes. The location of the so-called Zwingergarten from that period is only imprecisely known to be between the fortifications on the western side of the city. Its extent varied in places as a result of subsequent improvements to the fortifications and is depicted differently on the various maps.
This royal Zwingergarten, a garden used to supply the court, still fulfilled one of its functions, as indicated by the name, as a narrow defensive area between the outer and inner defensive walls. This was no longer the case when work on the present-day Zwinger palace began in the early 18th century, nevertheless the name was transferred to the new building. Admittedly the southwestern parts of the building of the baroque Dresden Zwinger including the Kronentor gate stand on parts of the outer curtain wall that are still visible today; but there is no longer any trace of the inner wall.
Until well into the 16th century, the area of the present-day Zwinger complex was still outside the city fortifications. Close by ran an old stretch of the Weißeritz river that no longer exists, which emptied into the Elbe by the Old Castle. In 1569, major work began on redevelopment and new buildings by the fortifications west of the castle based on plans by master builder, Rochus Quirin, Count of Lynar, who came from Florence. The embankments needed in the area of the river confluence proved to be a major challenge. In spring 1570 the Weißeritz caused severe flood damage at an embankment, which hampered the building project for a short time. Then, in 1572, the rebuilding work by the fortifications came to a temporary halt.
Augustus the Strong, King of Poland and Elector of Saxony, returned from a grand tour through France and Italy in 1687–89, just at the moment that Louis XIV moved his court to Versailles. On his return to Dresden, having arranged his election as King of Poland (1697), he wanted something similarly spectacular for himself. The fortifications were no longer needed and provided readily available space for his plans. The original plans, as developed by his court architect Matthäus Daniel Pöppelmann before 1711, covered the space of the present complex of palace and garden, and also included as gardens the space down to the Elbe river, upon which the Semperoper and its square were built in the nineteenth century.
The Zwinger was designed by Pöppelmann and constructed in stages from 1710 to 1728. Sculpture was provided by Balthasar Permoser. The Zwinger was formally inaugurated in 1719, on the occasion of the electoral prince Frederick August’s marriage to the daughter of the Habsburg emperor, the Archduchess Maria Josepha. At the time, the outer shells of the buildings had already been erected and, with their pavilions and arcaded galleries, formed a striking backdrop to the event. It was not until the completion of their interiors in 1728, however, that they could serve their intended functions as exhibition galleries and library halls.
The death of Augustus in 1733 put a halt to the construction because the funds were needed elsewhere. The palace area was left open towards the Semperoper square (Theatre Square) and the river. Later the plans were changed to a smaller scale, and in 1847–1855 the area was closed by the construction of the gallery wing now separating the Zwinger from the Theatre Square. The architect of this building, later named Semper Gallery, was Gottfried Semper, who also designed the opera house.
The building was mostly destroyed by the carpet bombing raids of 13–15 February 1945. The art collection had been previously evacuated, however. Reconstruction, supported by the Soviet military administration, began in 1945; parts of the restored complex were opened to the public in 1951. By 1963 the Zwinger had largely been restored to its pre-war state.
(Wikipedia)
Der Zwinger ist ein Gebäudekomplex mit Gartenanlagen in Dresden. Das unter der Leitung des Architekten Matthäus Daniel Pöppelmann und des Bildhauers Balthasar Permoser errichtete Gesamtkunstwerk aus Architektur, Plastik und Malerei gehört zu den bedeutenden Bauwerken des Barocks und ist neben der Frauenkirche das bekannteste Baudenkmal Dresdens. Sein Name Zwinger geht auf die im Mittelalter übliche Bezeichnung für einen Festungsteil zwischen der äußeren und inneren Festungsmauer zurück, obschon der Zwinger bereits bei Baubeginn keine dem Namen entsprechende Funktion mehr erfüllte.
Der Zwinger entstand ab 1709 als Orangerie und Garten sowie als repräsentatives Festareal. Seine reich verzierten Pavillons und die von Balustraden, Figuren und Vasen gesäumten Galerien zeugen von der Prachtentfaltung während der Regentschaft des Kurfürsten Friedrich August I. (auch „August der Starke“ genannt) und seines dadurch ausgedrückten Machtanspruchs. In der ursprünglichen Konzeption des Kurfürsten war der Zwinger als Vorhof eines neuen Schlosses vorgesehen, das den Platz bis zur Elbe einnehmen sollte; daher blieb der Zwinger zur Elbseite hin zunächst unbebaut (provisorisch mit einer Mauer abgeschlossen). Die Planungen zu einem Schlossneubau wurden nach dem Tod August des Starken aufgegeben, und mit der Abkehr vom Barock verlor der Zwinger zunächst an Bedeutung. Erst über ein Jahrhundert später schloss ihn der Architekt Gottfried Semper mit der Sempergalerie zur Elbe hin ab.
Die 1855 eröffnete Sempergalerie war eines der wichtigsten deutschen Museumsprojekte des 19. Jahrhunderts und ermöglichte die Ausweitung der seit dem 18. Jahrhundert unter den jeweiligen Zeiteinflüssen gewachsenen Nutzung des Zwingers als Museumskomplex. Die Luftangriffe auf Dresden am 13. und 14. Februar 1945 trafen den Zwinger schwer und führten zu umfangreichen Zerstörungen. Seit dem Wiederaufbau in den 1950er und 1960er Jahren beherbergt der Zwinger die Gemäldegalerie Alte Meister, den Mathematisch-Physikalischen Salon und die Porzellansammlung. Die ursprüngliche Zweckbestimmung als Orangerie, Garten sowie als repräsentatives Festareal ist dabei zwar in den Hintergrund getreten; letztere wird mit der Aufführung von Musik- und Theaterveranstaltungen jedoch weiterhin gepflegt.
Der Zwinger liegt unweit der Elbe und nimmt ein Areal am nordwestlichen Rand der Inneren Altstadt ein, das zum historischen Stadtkern Dresdens gehört. Er befindet sich in unmittelbarer Nachbarschaft weiterer bekannter Sehenswürdigkeiten, darunter das Residenzschloss und die Semperoper. Der Theaterplatz im Nordosten, die Sophienstraße im Südosten, der Postplatz im Süden, die Ostra-Allee im Südwesten sowie die Straße Am Zwingerteich im Nordwesten umgeben das Areal des Zwingers. Benachbarte Gebäude sind das Haus der Dresdner Kaufmannschaft im Westen, das Schauspielhaus im Südwesten, das Haus am Zwinger im Süden, das Taschenbergpalais im Südosten, der Westflügel des Schlosses mit dem Grünen Gewölbe im Osten, die Altstädtische Hauptwache im Nordosten, die Semperoper im Norden und der ehemalige Marstall im Nordwesten.
Das Nymphenbad gehört zu den schönsten barocken Brunnenanlagen. Von Französischem Pavillon, Bogengalerie, Festungswall sowie einem Anbau der Sempergalerie umsäumt, bildet es einen nach oben offenen, hoch ummauerten Raum mit quadratischer Grundfläche. Das Nymphenbad ist kein Bad im eigentlichen Sinne, eher ein Wassertheater oder Grottensaal. Darüber hinaus erinnert die Gestaltung der Seitenwände mit ihrem plastischen Schmuck an ein antikes Nymphäum. Das heutige Nymphenbad ist eine vergleichsweise zurückhaltend kleine Ausführung der ursprünglich beabsichtigten Wasserspiele. In den Planungen zum Zwinger war eine große Ringkaskade vorgesehen.
Das Wasser läuft aus einem Brunnen, der sich oben auf dem Wall befindet, über einen gestuften, künstlichen Wasserfall in das Nymphenbad herunter und wird dort in einem großen halbrunden Becken aufgefangen. Zwei Johann Christian Kirchner zugeschriebene Figurenpaare, links Triton und Nereide, rechts Neptun und Amphitrite, flankieren die Wasserkaskade oben auf dem Wall. Sie zeigen, dass „dem Temperament Kirchners […] keine Zügel angelegt waren“. Auf halber Höhe stehen blasende Tritonen beidseits der Kaskade, die dort von einem schrägen in einen gestuften Verlauf übergeht. Sie sind ein Werk Johann Benjamin Thomaes. Die beschädigten Originale befinden sich heute im Albertinum. Zu beiden Seiten hin schließen je ein Brunnen mit Wasser speiendem Delphinkopf dieses Wasserkunstwerk ab und leitet zu Treppen über, die durch einen Torbogen im Halbrund vom Nymphenbad auf den Wall führen. Ebenfalls noch an der Stirnwand des Nymphenbads befinden sich ganz links und ganz rechts je eine Nische mit auf dekorativen Sockeln stehenden Nymphen. Diese Nischen mit Nymphen setzten sich auf den beiden Längsseiten insgesamt sieben Mal fort. Die der Wasserkaskade gegenüberliegende Seite bildet der Französische Pavillon, durch dessen Portal ebenfalls Zugang zum Nymphenbad besteht. In der Mitte des Nymphenbads befindet sich ein Wasserbecken mit profilierter Einfassung.
Sechs der Nymphenfiguren auf der Südwestseite und die Wasser speienden Delphine gehen noch auf Balthasar Permoser und seine Schüler zurück. Nymphen für die Nischen schufen Kirchner, Thomae und Egell; so stammt die Nymphe mit dem Blumenstrauß von Kirchner. Von Egell stammt die Figur der spielenden Nymphe, die schon den Stil für die folgende Mannheimer Epoche aufweist. Thomae schuf die Nymphe, die ihr Gewand über die Schulter hebt. Diese Skulpturen aus dem Barockzeitalter sind in der Gegenwart durch originalgetreue Kopien ersetzt.
Alle übrigen Skulpturen des Nymphenbades stammen aus der Zeit der Restaurierung des Zwingers in den 1920er und 1930er Jahren unter Georg Wrba. Es sind „freie, am Naturalismus der 1920er Jahre orientierte Arbeiten“. Eine Nymphe (Südecke) ist eine Nachschöpfung im Stil Permosers aus der Zeit nach 1945.
Der Betrieb des Nymphenbades erforderte einen beachtlichen technischen Aufwand, da es zu jener Zeit keine elektrischen Pumpen gab. Das Hauptproblem bestand darin, ausreichende Wassermengen auf das Niveau des oberen Wallbereichs zu heben. Dafür war eine aufwändige Installation klassischer Wasserkunst nötig. Zu diesem Zweck baute der Modellmeister Andreas Gärtner in den unweit gelegenen Turm des Wilsdruffer Tores einen kupfernen Wasserbehälter ein, der mit Wasser aus dem Gorbitzer Brunnen durch ein Schöpfwerk gefüllt wurde. Über eine Röhrfahrt gelangte das Wasser vom Turm in die Wasserspiele des Zwingers.
Dazu gehörten das noch heute erhaltene Nymphenbad, ferner Kaskaden an den Langgalerien beidseits des Kronentors, weitere Brunnen, Springbrunnen und einige Vexierwasserspiele, etwa im Grottensaal des Mathematisch-Physikalischen Salons und an der unteren Treppe des Wallpavillons angelegt. Auch auf den beiden ins Nymphenbad herabführenden Treppen wurden Benutzer ursprünglich nassgespritzt.
Die Wasserspiele verursachten ständige und nicht unerhebliche Unterhaltungskosten. Ein angestellter Grottierer hatte den laufenden Betrieb zu überwachen und für die Instandhaltung der technischen Anlagen zu sorgen.
(Wikipedia)
Guilherme II e Maria Stuart
Anthony van Dyck
Frederik Hendrik, com a intenção de garantir o poder a seus decendentes, usou todos os meios à sua disposição para aumentar o prestígio dos Orange, incluindo a busca de uma aliança entre seu filho Gilherme II e a filha de uma casa real simpática. A aliança foi alcançada em 1641 com o casamento de Guilherme, 14 anos de idade, com a princesa inglesa Maria Stuart, na época com apenas nove anos de idade, em Londres. Um retrato dos jovens noivos foi encomendado a Anthony van Dyck, um pintor flamengo popular em Londres. No vestido da noiva, Van Dyck mostra o presente de casamento de Guilherme: um valioso broche de diamantes.
Óleo sobre tela, 1641
A 182 x L 142 CM
SK-A-102
William II, Prince of Orange, and his Bride, Mary Stuart, Anthony van Dyck, 1641
olieverf op doek, h 182.5cm × w 142cm. More details
The boy is fourteen and the girl only nine. William’s father, Frederick Henry, commissioned the celebrated Flemish painter Van Dyck to portray the young Dutch prince and English princess on the occasion of their marriage in London. The union with the daughter of the English king enhanced the status of the House of Orange. On her gown, Mary wears a gift from William, a large diamond brooch.
Rijks Museum - National Museum of Netherlands
Vision:
The Rijksmuseum links individuals with art and history.
Mission:
At the Rijksmuseum, art and history take on new meaning for a broad-based, contemporary national and international audience.
As a national institute, the Rijksmuseum offers a representative overview of Dutch art and history from the Middle Ages onwards, and of major aspects of European and Asian art.
The Rijksmuseum keeps, manages, conserves, restores, researches, prepares, collects, publishes, and presents artistic and historical objects, both on its own premises and elsewhere.
From 1800 to 2013
The Rijksmuseum first opened its doors in 1800 under the name ‘Nationale Kunstgalerij’. At the time, it was housed in Huis ten Bosch in The Hague. The collection mainly comprised paintings and historical objects. In 1808, the museum moved to the new capital city of Amsterdam, where it was based in the Royal Palace on Dam Square.
After King Willem I’s accession to the throne, the paintings and national print collection were moved to the Trippenhuis on Kloveniersburgwal, while the other objects were returned to The Hague. The current building was put into use in 1885. The Netherlands Museum for History and Art based in The Hague moved into the same premises, forming what would later become the departments of Dutch History and Sculpture & Applied Art.
The beginning
On 19 November 1798, more than three years after the birth of the Batavian Republic, the government decided to honour a suggestion put forward by Isaac Gogel by following the French example of setting up a national museum. The museum initially housed the remains of the viceregal collections and a variety of objects originating from state institutions. When the Nationale Kunstgalerij first opened its doors on 31 May 1800, it had more than 200 paintings and historical objects on display. In the years that followed, Gogel and the first director, C.S. Roos, made countless acquisitions. Their first purchase, The Swan by Jan Asselijn, cost 100 Dutch guilders and is still one of the Rijksmuseum’s top pieces.
Move to Amsterdam
In 1808, the new King Louis Napoleon ordered the collections to be moved to Amsterdam, which was to be made the capital of the Kingdom of Holland. The works of art and objects were taken to the Royal Palace on Dam Square, the former city hall of Amsterdam, where they were united with the city’s foremost paintings, including the Night Watch by Rembrandt. In 1809, the Koninklijk Museum opened its doors on the top floor of the palace.
A few years after Willem I returned to the Netherlands as the new king in 1813, the ‘Rijks Museum’ and the national print collection from The Hague relocated to the Trippenhuis, a 17th-century town-palace on Kloveniersburgwal, home to what would later become the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences. Much to the regret of the director, Cornelis Apostool, in 1820 many objects including pieces of great historical interest were assigned to the Kabinet van Zeldzaamheden [Royal Gallery of Rare Objects], which had been founded in The Hague. In 1838, a separate museum for modern 19th-century art was established in Paviljoen Welgelegen in Haarlem. Contrary to the days of Louis Napoleon, very few large acquisitions were made during this period.
Cuypers Cathedral
The Trippenhuis proved unsuitable as a museum. Furthermore, many people thought it time to establish a dedicated national museum building in the Netherlands. Work on a new building did not commence until 1876, after many years of debate. The architect, Pierre Cuypers, had drawn up a historic design for the Rijksmuseum, which combined the Gothic and the Renaissance styles. The design was not generally well-received; people considered it too mediaeval and not Dutch enough. The official opening took place in 1885.
Nearly all the older paintings belonging to the City of Amsterdam were hung in the Rijksmuseum alongside paintings and prints from the Trippenhuis, including paintings such as Rembrandt’s Jewish Bride, which had been bequeathed to the city by the banker A. van der Hoop. The collection of 19th-century art from Haarlem was also added to the museum’s collection. Finally, a significant part of the Kabinet van Zeldzaamheden, which had by then been incorporated into the new Netherlands Museum for History and Art, was returned to Amsterdam.
Renovations
Over the years, collections continued to grow and museum insight continued to expand, and so the Rijksmuseum building underwent many changes. Rooms were added to the south-west side of the building between 1904 and 1916 (now the Philips wing) to house the collection of 19th-century paintings donated to the museum by Mr and Mrs Drucker-Fraser. In the 1950s and 1960s, the two original courtyards were covered and renovated to create more rooms.
In 1927, while Schmidt-Degener was Managing Director, the Netherlands Museum was split to form the departments of Dutch History and Sculpture & Applied Art. These departments were moved to separate parts of the building after 1945. The arrival of a collection donated by the Association of Friends of Asian Art in the 1950s resulted in the creation of the Asian Art department.
The 1970s saw record numbers of visitors of almost one-and-a-half million per year, and the building gradually started to fall short of modern requirements.
‘Verder met Cuypers'
The current renovation reinstates the original Cuypers structure. The building work in the courtyards are removed. Paintings, applied art and history are no longer displayed in separate parts of the building, but form a single chronological circuit that tells the story of Dutch art and history.
The building is thoroughly modernized, while at the same time restoring more of Cuypers original interior designs: the Rijksmuseum has dubbed the venture ‘Verder met Cuypers‘ [Continuing with Cuypers]. The Rijksmuseum will be a dazzling new museum able to satisfy the needs of its 21st-century visitors!
Every year, the Rijksmuseum compiles an annual report for the previous year. Annual reports dating back to 1998 can be found here (in Dutch only). Reports relating to the years before 1998 are available in the reading room of the library.
O Museu Rijks é um dos maiores e mais importantes museus da Europa.
É o maior dos Países Baixos, com acervo voltado quase todo aos artistas holandeses. As obras vão desde exemplares da arte sacra até a era dourada holandesa, além de uma substancial coleção de arte asiática.
Esse é o Rijksmuseum, o Museu Nacional dos Países Baixos. E aproveite, caro leitor, porque o Rijks esteve parcialmente fechado para reforma durante 10 anos – voltou a funcionar só em 2013. Ou seja, quem esteve em Amsterdam na última década não conheceu o Rijks, pelo menos não completamente.
Mas o quê tem lá? Muita coisa. Destaque para as coleções de arte e História holandesas. Os trabalhos dos pintores Frans Hals e Johannes Vermeer são alguns dos mais concorridos, mas imbatível mesmo é Rembrandt van Rijn, considerado um dos maiores pintores de todos os tempos. Se você não é um fã de museus de arte, mas faz questão de conhecer o trabalho desses grandes artistas, uma dica: assim que chegar ao Rijks, vá direto para a ala onde estão as obras-primas. Assim você vê o mais importante no início da visita, quando ainda está descansado e poderá dedicar o tempo necessário para essas obras.
A mais famosa delas é a “A Ronda Noturna”, de Rembrandt, uma obra que inspirou músicas, pinturas, filmes e até um flash mob. Quando o Rijks foi reaberto, artistas recriam a cena mostrada no quadro dentro de um shopping de Amsterdam. A ação está no vídeo abaixo e eu te garanto que vale a pena dar play.
Read more: www.360meridianos.com/2014/01/museus-de-amsterdam.html#ix...
Read more: www.360meridianos.com/2014/01/museus-de-amsterdam.html#ix...
Rijksmuseum, Museu Nacional
42 Stadhouderskade
Amsterdam
O museu Rijksmuseum de Amsterdã é o Museu Nacional da Holanda, onde você encontrará uma impressionante coleção permanente, formada por 5.000 pinturas e 30.000 obras de arte, além de 17.000 objetos históricos.
Esse museu nacional foi fundado em 1885 e está instalado em um edifício de estilo neogótico. A sua principal atração é a extensa coleção de quadros pintados por artistas holandeses, abrangendo um período que vai do séc. XV aos dias de hoje. A obra de arte mais famosa em exibição é o quadro A Ronda Noturna, de Rembrandt.
O museu Rijksmuseum está dividido em cinco departamentos: pintura, escultura, arte aplicada, arte oriental, história dos Países Baixos e gravuras. O núcleo da coleção é a pintura e suas obras mais representativas são as que pertencem ao Século de Ouro holandês, com quadros de artistas como Rembrandt, Vermeer ou Frans Hals.
Ver fonte: dreamguides.edreams.pt/holanda/amsterda/rijksmuseum
Museu Rijks, Amesterdão
O Museu Rijks (Museu Nacional) é um edifício histórico, sendo o maior museu nos Países Baixos. O Museu é o maior no numero relativamente às suas colecções, na área do edifício em si, no financiamento e no numero de funcionários empregados.
Cada ano, mais de um milhão de pessoas visitam o Museu Rijks. O Museu emprega cerca de 400 pessoas, incluindo 45 conservadores de museu que são especializados em todas as áreas.
O Museu Rijks é internacionalmente reconhecido pelas suas exibições e publicações, mas não só apenas por estes produtos de grande qualidade, mas também pelas áreas no museu em si que são fonte de inspiração e encorajam a criação de novas ideias.
O museu também tem recursos consideráveis para a educação, para a decoração e apresentação de exibições. Importantes designers são regularmente chamados a trabalharem em projectos no Museu Rijks.
O edifício principal do Museu Rijks está a ser renovado. A boa noticia é que a melhor parte da exposição está apresentada na redesenhada ala Philips. O nome desta exposição denomina-se "The Masterpieces'.
O museu abre diariamente das 10 da manhã até ás 5 da tarde.
A entrada é pela Stadhouderskade 42.
Rijksmuseum
Origem: Wikipédia, a enciclopédia livre.
O Rijksmuseum é um museu nacional dos Países Baixos, localizada em Amsterdão na Praça do museu. O Rijksmuseum é dedicado à artes e história. Ele tem uma larga coleção de pinturas da idade de ouro neerlandesa e uma substancial coleção de arte asiática.
O museu foi fundado em 1800 na cidade da Haia para exibir a coleção do primeiro-ministro. Foi inspirado no exemplo francês. Pelos neerlandeses ficou conhecida como Galeria de Arte. Em 1808 o museu mudou-se para Amsterdã pelas ordens do rei Louis Napoleón, irmão de Napoleão Bonaparte. As pinturas daquela cidade, como A Ronda Nocturna de Rembrandt, tornaram-se parte da coleção.
Em 1885 o museu mudou-se para sua localização atual, construído pelo arquiteto neerlandês Pierre Cuypers. Ele combinou elementos góticos e renascentistas. O museu tem um posição proeminente na Praça do Museu, próximo ao Museu van Gogh e ao Museu Stedelijk. A construção é ricamente decorada com referências da história da arte neerlandesa. A Ronda Nocturna de Rembrandt tem seu próprio corredor no museu desde 1906. Desde 2003 o museu sofreu restaurações, mas as obras-primas são constatemente presentes para o público.
A coleção de pinturas inclui trabalhos de artistas como Jacob van Ruysdael, Frans Hals, Johannes Vermeer e Rembrandt e de alunos de Rembrandt.
Em 2005, 95% do museu está fechado para renovação, mas as pinturas da coleção permanente ainda estão em mostra em uma exibição especial chamada As Obras-primas.
Algumas das pinturas do museu:
Rembrandt van Rijn
A Ronda Nocturna
Os síndicos da guilda dos fabricantes de tecidos
A noiva judia
A lição de Anatomia do Dr. Deyman
Pedro negando Cristo
Saskia com um véu
Retrato de Titus em hábito de monge
Auto-retrato como Apóstolo Paulo
Tobias, Ana e o Bode
Johannes Vermeer:
A Leiteira
A Carta de Amor
Mulher de Azul a ler uma carta
A Rua pequena
Frans Hals:
Retrato de um jovem casal
A Companhia Reynier Real
O bebedor alegre
Retrato de Lucas De Clercq
Retrato de Nicolaes Hasselaer
Retrato de um homem
Página oficial do Rijksmuseum
Virtual Collection of Masterpieces (VCM)
O melhor museu de Amsterdam: Rijksmuseum
O Commons possui uma categoria contendo imagens e outros ficheiros sobre Rijksmuseum
Rijksmuseum Amsterdam
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Se você visitar Amsterdam, precisará conhecer o Museu Nacional da Holanda: Rijksmuseum Amsterdam. O Museu Nacional fica na Praça do Museu, situada no centro de Amsterdam. O Museu Nacional, ou Rijksmuseum, possui uma maravilhosa coleção de arte e história holandesas. Após uma visita ao Rijksmuseum, você saberá mais sobre história e arte e terá visto alguns dos maiores marcos culturais da Holanda.
Obras-primas do Museu Nacional
Ao todo, a coleção do Rijksmuseum apresenta a história da Holanda em um contexto internacional, desde 1.100 até o presente. Há alguns ícones da história e cultura da Holanda que você não pode perder:
Ronda Noturna (de Nachtwacht) de Rembrandt é uma das mais famosas obras desse mestre holandês e é de tirar o fôlego.
O Rijksmuseum tem uma das melhores coleções de pinturas dos grandes mestres do século XVII, como Frans Hals, Jan Steen, Vermeer e Rembrandt.
Assim como o Museu Histórico de Haia, o Rijksmuseum apresenta lindas casas de bonecas, mobiliadas em detalhes, datando de 1676.
Se você não puder ir ao Delft Real, pode ainda apreciar algumas das melhores cerâmicas de Delft, de conjuntos de chá a vasos, no Museu Nacional.
Museu que é visita obrigatória em Amsterdam
Quer sua estadia em Amsterdam seja breve ou longa, você deve visitar o Rijksmuseum. Chegue cedo para evitar enfrentar filas. Combine a visita ao Rijksmuseum com várias outras atrações próximas, como o Museu Van Gogh, o Museu Stedelijk Amsterdam e a Coster Diamonds
Para obter mais informações sobre Amsterdam, retorne à página sobre Amsterdam ou à página sobre os museus de Amsterdam.
Title / Titre :
Mt. Halcyon & Nakusp, January 9, 1963 /
Le mont Halcyon et Nakusp, 9 janvier 1963
Description :
Mount Grady, Mount Burnham, village of Nakusp, and Rothwell Bay on Upper Arrow Lake, as seen from above Rothwell Point, on January 9, 1963. /
Les monts Grady et Burnham, le village de Nakusp et Rothwell Bay aux abords du lac Arrow supérieur, vus de Rothwell Point, le 9 janvier 1963.
Source: Arrow Lakes Historical Society, 1999-019-6 Mt. Halcyon & Nakusp, Jan 9th '63
Note :
This album features examples of images that have been digitized by external heritage communities and that have received funding for digitization and access projects.
The Documentary Heritage Communities Program (DHCP) ensures that Canada’s continuing memory is documented and accessible to current and future generations by adopting a more collaborative approach with local documentary heritage communities. The program will be delivered in the form of contributions that will support the development of Canada’s local archival and library communities by increasing their capacity to preserve, provide access to and promote local documentary heritage. Additionally, the Program will provide opportunities for local documentary heritage communities to evolve and remain sustainable and strategic.
The DHCP provides financial assistance to the Canadian documentary heritage community for activities that:
*Increase access to, and awareness of Canada’s local documentary heritage institutions and their holdings; and
*Increase the capacity of local documentary heritage institutions to better sustain and preserve Canada’s documentary heritage.
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Cet album comprend des exemples d’images qui ont été numérisées par des collectivités du patrimoine externes qui ont reçu du financement pour des projets de numérisation et d’accès.
Le Programme pour les collectivités du patrimoine documentaire (PCPD) établit une approche axée sur la collaboration avec les collectivités du patrimoine documentaire local pour que la mémoire continue du Canada soit documentée et rendue accessible aux générations actuelles et futures. Ce programme de contributions favorisera l’épanouissement des collectivités des bibliothèques et des archives en développant leur capacité à préserver, rendre accessible et promouvoir le patrimoine documentaire local. Il leur donnera aussi l’occasion d’évoluer, de rester viables et de conserver leur importance stratégique.
Le PCPD finance des activités de la collectivité canadienne du patrimoine documentaire visant à :
*faire connaître et rendre plus facilement accessibles les institutions du patrimoine documentaires locales du Canada et leurs collections;
*accroître la capacité à préserver le patrimoine documentaire du Canada de façon plus durable.
La plaza de San Pablo es una de las plazas más emblemáticas de la ciudad de Valladolid (Castilla y León, España).
Fue construida extramuros de la primitiva ‘cerca vieja’ o interior que delimitaba el casco urbano de Valladolid en el siglo X, época en la que se encontraba situada junto a la ‘puerta de Cabezón’, en el extremo norte de la ciudad. Durante sus más de diez siglos de existencia, ha sido uno de los principales puntos neurálgicos de la ciudad, con una notable impronta clerical durante la Edad Media, palaciega durante el Renacimiento y el Barroco, transformada en espacio cultural y turístico en los siglos XX y XXI.
En nuestros días es uno de los principales espacios urbanos de la ciudad de Valladolid, compartiendo protagonismo con la plaza Mayor, la plaza de Zorrilla y la plaza de España. Su adaptación a las necesidades cambiantes de cada época, ha propiciado que en la actualidad conserve uno de los principales conjuntos de edificios históricos de la ciudad, entre los que destacan la iglesia de San Pablo, el palacio Real y el palacio de Pimentel, los llamados sitios reales en siglos pasados. Junto a ellos, existen otros inmuebles notables como son el palacio de Justicia, el instituto Zorrilla o el colegio El Salvador. En uno de los laterales de la zona centro de la plaza se encuentra situada la estatua del monarca Felipe II, nacido en la ciudad de Valladolid, y frente a la iglesia, precediendo al atrio de su fachada principal, un crucero procedente de la iglesia de Santiago.
Además, en la plaza confluyen numerosas calles, consecuencia del papel central que esta plaza desempeñó durante siglos en la vida de la ciudad. Entre ellas destacan las de Cadenas de San Gregorio (donde se encuentra el Museo Nacional de Escultura) y la de las Angustias, junto con otras que facilitaban el acceso, como la de Felipe II, del León, San Quirce, de Esteban García Chico o la de Cardenal Torquemada (donde se encuentra el antiguo hospital Río Hortega).
La iglesia conventual de San Pablo es uno de los edificios históricos más importantes de Valladolid y también de los más representativos debido a su espectacular fachada gótica. Se encuentra anexa al Colegio de San Gregorio y próxima al resto de sedes del Museo Nacional de Escultura.
Entre 1445 y 1468, fue el cardenal Fray Juan de Torquemada, tío del inquisidor general Tomás de Torquemada, quien sufragó las obras para la construcción de la iglesia definitiva gracias a las bulas papales. En 1601, con el traslado de la capital del Imperio a Valladolid (véase: Capitalidad de Valladolid), el duque de Lerma, valido de Felipe III, se convirtió en su patrono; costeó la reforma de su fachada principal y dotó al convento de numerosas obras de arte. Finalmente, entre 1613 y 1616, se efectuaron reformas en estilo herreriano de algunas capillas de la nave y el coro bajo la dirección de Diego de Praves.
En la iglesia de San Pablo fueron bautizados los reyes Felipe II y Felipe IV. En la actualidad, el Convento acoge el Instituto Superior de Filosofía de Valladolid, adscrito a la Universidad Pontificia de Salamanca.
El Palacio de Pimentel, actual sede de la Diputación de Valladolid, fue construido en el siglo XV. Uno de sus atractivos es su famosa ventana plateresca, de comienzos del siglo XVI, que se encuentra en la esquina. Fue el lugar de nacimiento de Felipe II.
El palacio consta de dos alturas en el cuerpo principal y tres en el torreón. Los materiales utilizados son el ladrillo excepto en el remate de las esquinas, la portada y el zócalo, que fueron realizados en piedra. A partir de 1985 el palacio ss sometió a una profunda restauración según proyecto del arquitecto Ángel Ríos.
Desde la inauguración de la Sala de Exposiciones, tras la restauración del palacio en 1990, con una extensión aproximada de 260 metros cuadrados, ha desarrollado una línea expositiva en la que se conjuga la difusión de artistas locales con los de otras comunidades.
es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plaza_de_San_Pablo_(Valladolid)
es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iglesia_de_San_Pablo_(Valladolid)
es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palacio_de_Pimentel
The Plaza de San Pablo is one of the most emblematic squares in the city of Valladolid (Castilla y León, Spain).
It was built outside the primitive ‘old fence’ or interior that delimited the urban area of Valladolid in the 10th century, at which time it was located next to the ‘Cabezón gate’, at the north end of the city. During its more than ten centuries of existence, it has been one of the main nerve centers of the city, with a notable clerical imprint during the Middle Ages, palatial during the Renaissance and the Baroque, transformed into a cultural and tourist space in the 20th and XXI.1
Today it is one of the main urban spaces in the city of Valladolid, sharing the limelight with Plaza Mayor, Plaza de Zorrilla and Plaza de España. Its adaptation to the changing needs of each era, has led to the fact that it currently conserves one of the main groups of historical buildings in the city, among which the Church of San Pablo, the Royal Palace and the Palace of Pimentel stand out, the so-called royal sites in past centuries. Along with them, there are other notable buildings such as the Palace of Justice, the Zorrilla Institute or the El Salvador School. On one of the sides of the central area of the square is the statue of the monarch Felipe II, born in the city of Valladolid, and in front of the church, preceding the atrium of its main facade, a transept from the church of Santiago.
In addition, numerous streets converge in the plaza, a consequence of the central role that this plaza played for centuries in the life of the city. Among them are those of Cadenas de San Gregorio (where the National Sculpture Museum is located) and that of Las Angustias, along with others that facilitated access, such as that of Felipe II, León, San Quirce, Esteban García Chico or that of Cardenal Torquemada (where the old Río Hortega hospital is located).
The convent church of San Pablo is one of the most important historical buildings in Valladolid and also one of the most representative due to its spectacular Gothic façade. It is attached to the Colegio de San Gregorio and close to the rest of the headquarters of the National Sculpture Museum.
Between 1445 and 1468, it was Cardinal Fray Juan de Torquemada, uncle of the inquisitor general Tomás de Torquemada, who paid for the construction of the definitive church thanks to the papal bulls. In 1601, with the transfer of the capital of the Empire to Valladolid (see: Capital of Valladolid), the Duke of Lerma, valid for Felipe III, became his patron; It paid for the reform of its main facade and endowed the convent with numerous works of art. Finally, between 1613 and 1616, reforms were carried out in the Herrerian style of some chapels in the nave and the choir under the direction of Diego de Praves.
In the church of San Pablo the kings Felipe II and Felipe IV were baptized. Currently, the Convent houses the Valladolid Higher Institute of Philosophy, attached to the Pontifical University of Salamanca.
The Pimentel Palace, current seat of the Valladolid Provincial Council, was built in the 15th century. One of its attractions is its famous Plateresque window, from the early 16th century, which is located in the corner. It was the birthplace of Felipe II.
The palace consists of two heights in the main body and three in the keep. The materials used are brick except for the corner cap, the cover and the plinth, which were made of stone. From 1985 the ss palace underwent a deep restoration according to the project of the architect Ángel Ríos.
Since the inauguration of the Exhibition Hall, after the restoration of the palace in 1990, with an approximate extension of 260 square meters, it has developed an exhibition line that combines the diffusion of local artists with those of other communities.
Le château de La Rochefoucauld situé à La Rochefoucauld en Charente, est un château renaissance construit en grande partie vers 1520 à l'emplacement d'une forteresse féodale du XIe siècle dont ont été conservées les tours1.
Le château et son parc ont été classés monument historique en 19551. Depuis plus de mille ans, il est la résidence des Ducs de La Rochefoucauld.
Le premier château fortifié de La Rochefoucauld a été construit vers 1026 sur un rocher surplombant la Tardoire1.
En 1019 Foucauld, seigneur de La Roche, apparaît dans un acte du cartulaire d'Uzerche : il assiste avec ses fils, sa fille Ava et son gendre, Aimery Ostafranc, à une donation du vicomte de Limoges de l'église de Nieuil à l'abbaye d'Uzerche2.
Dans un document de l'abbaye de Saint-Cybard d'Angoulême daté de 1026 , Foucauld est qualifié de seigneur très noble : « vir nobilissimus Fulcaudus de castrum qui vocatur Rocha »3 : c'est la première mention du château.
C'est sans doute ce seigneur qui fait construire, à cette époque , les premiers 16 m du donjon de 11,78 × 12,06 m de côté et les murs ont une épaisseur comprise entre 2,30 à 2,50 m munis de contreforts plats de 80 cm de largeur au milieu des côtés et dans les angles. Le joint de reprise entre les deux états du donjon est encore visible côté intérieur du château. Ce donjon a une structure proche de ceux construits à la même époque par le comte d'Anjou, Foulques Nerra : Langeais en 994, Loches vers 1030.
Le donjon, dans son état initial, comprend deux niveaux :
un premier niveau aveugle d'environ 10 m de hauteur dont le seul accès est une trappe dans la voûte;
un second niveau, de 5,40 m de hauteur, servant d'habitation avec une fenêtre côté est et une porte côté nord, sans cheminée au moment de la construction.
Un texte de 1109 signale un bâtiment d'habitation contre le donjon, probablement en bois, dans laquelle vit le seigneur et sa familia (famille et familiers).
Vers 1050, les biens de la vicomté de Limoges sont répartis. Probablement à cette époque, les descendants de Foucauld deviennent seigneurs du château de La Roche. Cependant le fief vicomtal reste au vicomte de Limoges avant d'être pris par les comtes d'Angoulême.
En 1059, les fils de Foucauld, Gui et Adémar, décident de faire venir neuf moines de l'abbaye Saint-Florent de Saumur pour créer un prieuré sur des terres qu'ils possèdent face au château, dans le souhait qu'autour de ce prieuré une ville se développe.
Quand les seigneurs de La Roche encouragés par le comte du Poitou, veulent en plus du château de Verteuil contrôler les châteaux de Loubert, Chabanais et Confolens, ils subissent l'attaque du comte Angoulême Bougrain II qui démantèle Verteuil en 1137, puis de son fils Guillaume IV Taillefer, qui pille le château de La Rochefoucauld en 1148.
Emma de La Rochefoucauld (qui vit en 1140), dernière descendante de la famille de la Roche (fille et héritière d'Aymar de La Roche, seigneur de La Rochefoucauld et de Mathilde de Chabanais), épouse Robert de Marthon, seigneur de Marthon et apporte La Rochefoucauld dans la famille de Marthon.
Guy de Marthon, leur fils, prend le nom de sa mère et devient seigneur de La Rochefoucauld, Verteuil, Marthon, Blanzac etc. Il est l'auteur de la famille actuelle de La Rochefoucauld5.
En 1299, le roi Philippe le Bel érige la seigneurie de La Rochefoucauld en baronnie.
En 1308, le comte d'Angoulême, Gui Ier de Lusignan, meurt sans descendant direct. Il fait un testament en faveur du roi d'Angleterre. Cela amène le roi Philippe le Bel à confisquer le comté d'Angoulême. Il laisse à l'évêque d'Angoulême le choix de la solution pour le fief vicomtal dont il est le suzerain. L'évêque, Foulques de La Rochefoucauld, oncle de Gui VII de La Rochefoucauld, choisit donc de lui vendre le fief vicomtal pour 1400 livres, en 1310.
En 1350, Aimeri III de La Rochefoucauld fait construire les deux tours d'entrée.
En 1453, Jean de La Rochefoucauld édifie les trois tours d'angle et surélève le donjon. Le 17 juillet, le roi Charles VII se trouve au château de La Rochefoucauld, chez son conseiller et chambellan, lorsqu'il apprend à dix heures du soir[réf. nécessaire] la victoire de ses troupes sur celles du connétable John Talbot, commandant les troupes anglaises, à la bataille de Castillon, victoire qui met fin à la guerre de Cent Ans.
En 1494, François I de la Rochefoucauld est le parrain du fils du comte d'Angoulême et de Louise de Savoie (le futur roi François Ier et son prénom fut attribué à l'enfant. En 1515 François Ier érigea en sa faveur la baronnie de La Rochefoucauld en comté en y incorporant la baronnie de Marthon.
François II de La Rochefoucauld (1494-1533), marié à Anne de Polignac, fait construire la plus grande partie du château : deux corps de logis, des galeries superposées, la chapelle et un grand escalier en colimaçon du même dessin que celui du château de Bonnivet en Poitou, détruit au début du XIXe siècle.
Cas unique en France, les galeries sont superposées sur trois étages selon un modèle italien (palais Farnèse).
Le château Renaissance conserve les éléments du château précédent (en particulier le donjon et les tours) : l'agencement est étudié pour que le donjon reste bien visible tant de l'extérieur du château que de l'intérieur de la cour.
Au XVIe siècle, François II de La Rochefoucauld ordonne en 1533 à sa future veuve de se retirer dans le château de Verteuil et le château de La Rochefoucauld inhabité n'est plus utilisé que pour les grandes réceptions officielles.
En 1760 l'aile XVIIe siècle, qui a brûlé, est reconstruite.
Les archives du château sont détruites à la Révolution.
L'accès au château se fait du côté du plateau, à travers un pavillon datant du début du 17e siècle1. L'édifice est précédé d'un vaste parterre sur lequel se développe la façade du corps de logis datant du 16e siècle1.
À la fin du XIXe siècle, l'aquafortiste vendéen Octave de Rochebrune (1824-1900) représente au moins deux aspects du château : sa façade dominant la Tardoire et le bourg et celles à triples galeries Renaissance de la cour intérieure.
En 1909, à la suite de la disparition prématurée de François XVII de La Rochefoucauld, son tombeau de style Renaissance, qui comporte son buste en marbre blanc ceint d'un tondo en céramique polychrome, est placé dans la chapelle - un portrait peint en pied, un temps transféré du grand salon, y a été depuis replacé - dont l'intérieur a été modifié : nouveaux vitraux, pose d'une tribune, chœur recarrelé en céramique vernissée portant inscrite, sur une banderole, la devise familiale : « C'est mon plaisir », et les initiales de l'enfant disparu. Y sont ensuite inhumés son père, François XVI (1853-1925), 11e duc, et sa mère Matti-Elizabeth Mitchell (1866-1933).
Des cartes postales de la collection Braun montrent la chapelle et certaines pièces meublées, mais la succession obérée de la duchesse, qui n'y aurait vécu que deux ans entraîna la vente de son mobilier, dont certains éléments présumés provenir du comte puis prince Orlov (1787-1862) sont acquis par Alphonse et Raymond Réthoré pour leur projet de château à la Mercerie près de Villebois-Lavalette mené de 1939 à 1970, et dont le mobilier est lui-même vendu aux enchères en 1987.
Le château, vidé, reste inhabité pendant de longues années. Pendant la Seconde Guerre mondiale, il sert de dépôt d'archives, puis, livré aux troupes d'Occupation, il en sort dans un état de délabrement avancé, qui ne fait que s'aggraver 40 ans plus tard.
Le 28 janvier 1960, la partie ouest du donjon s'effondre pour deux raisons : selon une inspection du château, toute la partie sud « glissait » sur le rocher, et ce très ancien bâtiment n'est plus guère entretenu. La crue de 1962 montre l'importance de la circulation de l'eau souterraine ; des explorations spéléologiques permettent de repérer d'importantes cavités karstiques qui risquent de mettre en danger la solidité du bâtiment.
Profitant du passage de Charles de Gaulle, président de la République, à La Rochefoucauld le 12 juin 1963, la municipalité et les représentants du Département sollicitent son intervention afin de consolider les fondations du château. Le président demande effectivement à André Malraux, ministre des Affaires culturelles, d'engager des études, notamment sur l'état du sous-sol portant les fondations, élément qui conditionnerait l'éventuelle intervention financière de l'État.
Plusieurs années de travaux sont nécessaires pour permettre de stabiliser les karsts situés sous le château. Ils continuent avec les parties en élévation, mais la restauration du donjon n'a malheureusement pu être engagée à ce jour. Ce fut l'opportunité pour les propriétaires de demander à l'architecte Ieoh Ming Pei « un projet d'inspiration très contemporaine ».
À la suite de la vente en 1993 par le 14e duc de La Rochefoucauld (mort à La Rochefoucauld en 2011) du château de Montmirail, les meubles, les nombreux tableaux (essentiellement des portraits de famille), livres et divers souvenirs familiaux qui s'y trouvaient sont installés à La Rochefoucauld,
Y sont également transférés ces dernières années du château de Liancourt, autre propriété familiale, une riche bibliothèque (fin du XVIIIe siècle) de plus de 20 000 volumes installés dans plusieurs salles aménagées à cet effet, sur des rayonnages offerts par la Caisse d'épargne, ainsi qu'un chartrier composé d'environ 10 000 pièces d'archives - dont nombre de copies d'actes anciens, faites au XVIIIe siècle - et 300 cartes et estampes.
Le château fait l'objet depuis 1990 d'une restauration d'envergure sous l'impulsion de Sonia Marie Matossian, veuve et seconde épouse du 14e duc de La Rochefoucauld.
En 2013, après plus de mille ans d'occupation, le château appartient toujours à la famille de La Rochefoucauld en la personne de François 15e duc de La Rochefoucauld qui hérita du château en 1972 de son grand-père.
Légende
Selon une légende, le château serait hanté par l'esprit de la fée Mélusine, qui se serait jetée du haut du donjon, ou par les âmes des fondateurs de la famille.
La grande vasque (4 m de diamètre) sur pied placée sur l'esplanade sud du château est l'élément constitutif de la fontaine monumentale en marbre de Carrare sculpté envoyée d'Italie en 1509 pour la cour d'honneur du château de Gaillon (Eure), propriété depuis 1262 des archevêques de Rouen, dont le cardinal Georges d'Amboise fit de 1506 à 1509 un "palais italien" et le premier château français de style Renaissance. La fontaine, en mauvais état d'entretien, fut démontée sur l'ordre du cardinal de Saulx-Tavannes (promu le 18 décembre 1733). Le dernier archevêque et primat de Normandie (25 avril 1759) résidant étant le cardinal de La Rochefoucauld, le bassin et son socle furent transportés au château de Liancourt (détruit), appartenant à cette famille, puis finalement placée ici.
Photo. Trams aux Fils.
Interdiction de reproduire cette photo à des fins commerciales, sans mon accord
Prise le 19 juin 2022
Motrice Be 4/4 504 de 1981, conservée par l'A.N.A.T.
Motrice arroseuse Xe 2/2 601 depuis 1980 (avant chasse-neige Xe 2/2 301 de 1911)
Dépôt Musée à Areuse
You can read more about this pair of American Bald Eagles at Conserve Wildlife Foundation of New Jersey www.conservewildlifenj.org/blog/2017/11/20/w34-a-ny-bande...
SPOTLIGHT ON THE BALD EAGLE’S ALL-AMERICAN COMEBACK IN NEW JERSEY
by Lindsay McNamara, Communications Manager
June 20th 2016
In 1985 — just 31 years ago — a single bald eagle nest remained in the state of New Jersey. In 2015, CWF and partners monitored 161 nests throughout the Garden State. Just this year (as of June 20, 2016), over 50 young eagles have already fledged from their nests! What sparked this All-American comeback of the United States’ National Bird?
DDT use was banned in the United States in 1972. That ban combined with restoration efforts by biologists within the NJ Division of Fish and Wildlife’s Endangered and Nongame Species Program (ENSP) resulted in 25 bald eagle pairs by 2000.
In 2017 the number of New Jersey active bald eagle pairs was 170.
For more info: www.conservewildlifenj.org/blog/tag/new-jersey-bald-eagle...
New Jersey Bald Eagle Project Report | 2016
New Jersey Bald Eagle Project Report | 2016 may be downloaded here: docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&pid=sites&srcid=ZGVmYX...
For more info: www.conservewildlifenj.org/blog/tag/new-jersey-bald-eagle...
Borgund Stave Church (Norwegian: Borgund stavkyrkje) is a former parish church of the Church of Norway in Lærdal Municipality in Vestland county, Norway. It was built around the year 1200 as the village church of Borgund, and belonged to Lærdal parish (part of the Sogn prosti (deanery) in the Diocese of Bjørgvin) until 1868, when its religious functions were transferred to a "new" Borgund Church, which was built nearby. The old church was restored, conserved and turned into a museum. It is funded and run by the Society for the Preservation of Ancient Norwegian Monuments, and is classified as a triple-nave stave church of the Sogn-type. Its grounds contain Norway's sole surviving stave-built free-standing bell tower.
Borgund Stave Church was built sometime between 1180 and 1250 AD with later additions and restorations. Its walls are formed by vertical wooden boards, or staves, hence the name "stave church." The four corner posts are connected to one another by ground sills, resting on a stone foundation. The intervening staves rise from the ground sills; each is tongued and grooved, to interlock with its neighbours and form a sturdy wall. The exterior timber surfaces are darkened by protective layers of tar, distilled from pine.
Borgund is built on a basilica plan, with reduced side aisles, and an added chancel and apse. It has a raised central nave demarcated on four sides by an arcade. An ambulatory runs around this platform and into the chancel and apse, both added in the 14th century. An additional ambulatory, in the form of a porch, runs around the exterior of the building, sheltered under the overhanging shingled roof. The floor plan of this church resembles that of a central plan, double-shelled Greek cross with an apse attached to one end in place of the fourth arm. The entries to the church are in the three shorter arms of the cross.
Structurally, the building has been described as a "cube within a cube", each independent of the other. The inner "cube" is formed by continuous columns that rise from ground level to support the roof. The top of the arcade is formed by arched buttresses, knee jointed to the columns. Above the arcade, the columns are linked by cross-shaped, diagonal trusses, commonly dubbed "Saint Andrew's crosses"; these carry arched supports that offer the visual equivalent of a "second storey". While not a functional gallery, this is reminiscent of contemporary second story galleries of large stone churches elsewhere in Europe. Smaller beams running between these upper supporting columns help clamp everything firmly together. The weight of the roof is thus supported by buttresses and columns, preventing downward and outward movement of the stave walls.
The roof beams are supported by steeply angled scissor trusses that form an "X" shape with a narrow top span and a broader bottom span, tied by a bottom truss to prevent collapse. Additional support is given by a truss that cuts across the "X", below the crossing point but above the bottom truss. The roof is steeply pitched, boarded horizontally and clad with shingles. The original outer roof would have been weatherproofed with boards laid lengthwise, rather than shingles. In later years wooden shingles became more common. Scissor beam roof construction is typical of most stave churches.
Borgund has tiered, overhanging roofs, topped at their intersection by a shingle-roofed tower or steeple. On each of its four gables is a stylised "dragon" head, swooping from the carved roof ridge crests, Hohler remarks their similarity to the carved dragon heads found on the prows of Norse ships. Similar gable heads appear on small bronze church-shaped reliquaries common in Norway and Europe in this period. Borgund's current dragon heads are possible 18th century replacements; similar, original dragon heads remain on older structures, such as Lom Stave Church and nearby Urnes Stave Church. Borgund is one of the only stave churches to have preserved its crested ridge caps. They are carved with openwork vine and entangled plant designs.
The four outer dragon heads are perhaps the most distinctive of all non-Christian symbols adorning Borgund Stave Church. Their function is uncertain, and disputed; if pagan, they are recruited to the Christian cause in the battle between Good and Evil. They may have been intended to keep away evil spirits thought to threaten the church building; to ward off evil, rather than represent it,
On the lower side panel of the steeple are four carved circular cutouts. The carvings are weather-beaten, tarred and difficult to decipher, and there is disagreement about what they symbolize. Some[who?] believe they represent the four evangelists, symbolised by an eagle, an ox, a lion and a man. Hauglid describes the carvings as "dragons that extend their heads over to the neighboring field's dragon and bite into it", and points out their similarity to carvings at Høre Stave Church.
The church's west portal (the nave's main entrance), is surrounded by a larger carving of dragons biting each other in the neck and tail. At the bottom of the half-columns that flank the front entrance, two dragon heads spew vine stalks that wind upwards and are braided into the dragons above. The carving shares similarities with the west portal of Ål Stave Church, which also has kites[clarification needed] in a band braiding pattern, and follows the usual composition[clarification needed] in the Sogn-Valdres portals, a larger group of portals with very clear similarities. Bugge writes that Christian authority may have come to terms with such pagan and "wild scenes" in the church building because the rift could be interpreted as a struggle between good and evil; in Christian medieval art, the dragon was often used as a symbol of the devil himself but Bugge believes that the carvings were protective, like the dragon heads on the church roof.
The church interior is dark, as not much daylight enters the building. Some of the few sources of natural light are narrow circular windows along the roof, examples of daylighting. It was supposed that the narrow apertures would prevent the entry of evil spirits. Three entrances are heavily adorned with foliage and snakes, and are only wide enough for one person to enter, supposedly preventing the entry of evil spirits alongside the churchgoers. The portals were originally painted green, red, black, and white.
Most of the internal fittings have been removed. There is little in the building, apart from the row of benches that are installed along the wall inside the church in the ambulatory outside of the arcade and raised platform, a soapstone font, an altar (with 17th-century altarpiece), a 16th-century lectern, and a 16th-century cupboard for storing altar vessels. After the Reformation, when the church was converted for Protestant worship, pews, a pulpit and other standard church furnishings were included, however these have been removed since the building has come under the protection of the Fortidsminneforeningen (The Society for the Preservation of Norwegian Ancient Monuments).
The interior structure of the church is characterized by the twelve free-standing columns that support the nave's elevated central space. On the long side of the church there is a double interval between the second and third pillars, but with a half pillar resting on the lower bracing beam (the pier) which runs in between. The double interval provides free access from the south portal to the church's central compartment, which would otherwise have been obstructed by the middle bar. The tops of the poles are finished with grotesque, carved human and animal masks. The tie-bars are secured with braces in the form of St. Andrew's crosses with a sun - shaped center and carved leaf shapes along the arms. The crosses reappear in less ornate form as braces along the church walls. On the north and south sides of the nave, a total of eight windows let in small amounts of light, and at the top of the nave's west gable is a window of more recent date - probably from pre-Reformation times. On the south wall of the nave, the inauguration crosses are still on the inside of the wall. The interior choir walls and west portal have engraved figures and runes, some of which date to the Middle Ages. One, among the commonest of runic graffiti, reads "Ave Maria". An inscription by Þórir (Thor), written "in the evening at St. Olav's Mass" blames the pagan Norns for his problems; perhaps a residue of ancient beliefs, as these female beings were thought to rule the personal destinies of all in Norse mythology and the Poetic Edda.
The medieval interior of the stave church is almost untouched, save for its restorations and repairs, though the medieval crucifix was removed after the Reformation. The original wooden floor and the benches that run along the walls of the nave are largely intact, together with a medieval stone altar and a box-shaped baptismal font in soapstone. The pulpit is from the period 1550–1570 and the altarpiece dates from 1654, while the frame around the tablet is dated to 1620. The painting on the altarpiece shows the crucifixion in the centre, flanked by the Virgin Mary on the left and John the Baptist on the right. In the tympanum field, a white dove hovers on a blue background. Below the painting is an inscription with golden letters on a black background. A sacrament from the period 1550–1570 in the same style as the pulpit is also preserved. A restoration of the building was carried out in the early 1870s, led by the architect Christian Christie, who removed benches, a second-floor gallery with seating, a ceiling over the chancel, and various windows including two large windows on the north and south sides. As the goal was to return the church to pre-Reformation condition, all post-Reformation interior paintwork was also removed.
Images from the 1990s show deer antlers hung on the lower, east-facing pillars. A local story claims that this is all that remains of a whole stuffed reindeer, shot when it tried to enter during a Mass. A travelogue from 1668 claims that a reindeer was shot during a sermon "when it marched like a wizard in front of the other animal carcasses"
To the south of the church is a free-standing stave-work bell tower that covers remnants of the mediaeval foundry used to cast the church bell. It was probably built in the mid-13th century. It is Norway's only remaining free-standing stave-work bell tower.It was given a new door around the year 1700 but this was removed and not replaced at some time between the 1920s and 1940s, leaving the foundry pit was exposed. To preserve the interior, new walls were built as cladding on the outside of the stave walls in the 1990s. One of the medieval bells is on display in the new Borgund church.
Management
In 1868 the building was abandoned as a church but was turned into a museum; this saved it from the commonplace demolition of stave churches in that period. A new Borgund Church was built in 1868 a short distance south of the old church. The old church has not been formally used for religious purposes since that year. Borgund Stave Church was bought by the Society for the Preservation of Ancient Norwegian Monuments in 1877. The first guidebook in English for the stave church was published in 1898. From 2001, the Norwegian Directorate for Cultural Heritage has funded a program to research, restore, conserve and maintain stave churches.
Legacy
The church served as an example for the reconstruction of the Fantoft Stave Church in Fana, Bergen, in 1883 and for its rebuilding in 1997. The Gustav Adolf Stave Church in Hahnenklee, Germany, built in 1908, is modeled on the Borgund church. Four replicas exist in the United States, one at Chapel in the Hills, Rapid City, South Dakota, another in Lyme, Connecticut, the third on Washington Island, Wisconsin, and the fourth in Minot, North Dakota at the Scandinavian Heritage Park.
Borgund is a former municipality in Sogn og Fjordane county, Norway. It was located in the southeastern part of the traditional district of Sogn. The 635-square-kilometre (245 sq mi) municipality existed from 1864 until its dissolution in 1964. It encompassed an area in the eastern part of the present-day Lærdal Municipality. The administrative center of Borgund was the village of Steinklepp, just northeast of the village of Borgund. Steinklepp was the site of a store, a bank, and a school. The historical Filefjell Kongevegen road passes through the Borgund area.
Location
The former municipality of Borgund was situated near the southeastern end of the Sognefjorden, along the Lærdalselvi river. The lower parts of the municipality were farms such as Sjurhaugen and Nedrehegg. They were at an elevation of about 270 m (890 ft) above sea level. Høgeloft, on the border with the neighboring municipality of Hemsedal, is a mountain in the Filefjell range and it was the highest point in Borgund at 1,920 m (6,300 ft) above sea level. The lakes Eldrevatnet, Juklevatnet, and Øljusjøen were also located near the border with Hemsedal.
History
Borgund was established as a municipality in 1864 when it was separated from the municipality of Lærdal. Initially it had a population of 963. During the 1960s, there were many municipal mergers across Norway due to the work of the Schei Committee. On 1 January 1964, the municipality of Borgund (population: 492) was merged with the Muggeteigen area (population: 11) of the neighboring Årdal Municipality and all of Lærdal Municipality (population: 1,755) were all merged to form a new, larger municipality of Lærdal
Norway , officially the Kingdom of Norway , is a Nordic , European country and an independent state in the west of the Scandinavian Peninsula . Geographically speaking, the country is long and narrow, and on the elongated coast towards the North Atlantic are Norway's well-known fjords . The Kingdom of Norway includes the main country (the mainland with adjacent islands within the baseline ), Jan Mayen and Svalbard . With these two Arctic areas, Norway covers a land area of 385,000 km² and has a population of approximately 5.5 million (2023). Mainland Norway borders Sweden in the east , Finland and Russia in the northeast .
Norway is a parliamentary democracy and constitutional monarchy , where Harald V has been king and head of state since 1991 , and Jonas Gahr Støre ( Ap ) has been prime minister since 2021 . Norway is a unitary state , with two administrative levels below the state: counties and municipalities . The Sami part of the population has, through the Sami Parliament and the Finnmark Act , to a certain extent self-government and influence over traditionally Sami areas. Although Norway has rejected membership of the European Union through two referendums , through the EEA Agreement Norway has close ties with the Union, and through NATO with the United States . Norway is a significant contributor to the United Nations (UN), and has participated with soldiers in several foreign operations mandated by the UN. Norway is among the states that have participated from the founding of the UN , NATO , the Council of Europe , the OSCE and the Nordic Council , and in addition to these is a member of the EEA , the World Trade Organization , the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development and is part of the Schengen area .
Norway is rich in many natural resources such as oil , gas , minerals , timber , seafood , fresh water and hydropower . Since the beginning of the 20th century, these natural conditions have given the country the opportunity for an increase in wealth that few other countries can now enjoy, and Norwegians have the second highest average income in the world, measured in GDP per capita, as of 2022. The petroleum industry accounts for around 14% of Norway's gross domestic product as of 2018. Norway is the world's largest producer of oil and gas per capita outside the Middle East. However, the number of employees linked to this industry fell from approx. 232,000 in 2013 to 207,000 in 2015.
In Norway, these natural resources have been managed for socially beneficial purposes. The country maintains a welfare model in line with the other Nordic countries. Important service areas such as health and higher education are state-funded, and the country has an extensive welfare system for its citizens. Public expenditure in 2018 is approx. 50% of GDP, and the majority of these expenses are related to education, healthcare, social security and welfare. Since 2001 and until 2021, when the country took second place, the UN has ranked Norway as the world's best country to live in . From 2010, Norway is also ranked at the top of the EIU's democracy index . Norway ranks third on the UN's World Happiness Report for the years 2016–2018, behind Finland and Denmark , a report published in March 2019.
The majority of the population is Nordic. In the last couple of years, immigration has accounted for more than half of population growth. The five largest minority groups are Norwegian-Poles , Lithuanians , Norwegian-Swedes , Norwegian-Syrians including Syrian Kurds and Norwegian-Pakistani .
Norway's national day is 17 May, on this day in 1814 the Norwegian Constitution was dated and signed by the presidency of the National Assembly at Eidsvoll . It is stipulated in the law of 26 April 1947 that 17 May are national public holidays. The Sami national day is 6 February. "Yes, we love this country" is Norway's national anthem, the song was written in 1859 by Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson (1832–1910).
Norway's history of human settlement goes back at least 10,000 years, to the Late Paleolithic , the first period of the Stone Age . Archaeological finds of settlements along the entire Norwegian coast have so far been dated back to 10,400 before present (BP), the oldest find is today considered to be a settlement at Pauler in Brunlanes , Vestfold .
For a period these settlements were considered to be the remains of settlers from Doggerland , an area which today lies beneath the North Sea , but which was once a land bridge connecting today's British Isles with Danish Jutland . But the archaeologists who study the initial phase of the settlement in what is today Norway reckon that the first people who came here followed the coast along what is today Bohuslân. That they arrived in some form of boat is absolutely certain, and there is much evidence that they could easily move over large distances.
Since the last Ice Age, there has been continuous settlement in Norway. It cannot be ruled out that people lived in Norway during the interglacial period , but no trace of such a population or settlement has been found.
The Stone Age lasted a long time; half of the time that our country has been populated. There are no written accounts of what life was like back then. The knowledge we have has been painstakingly collected through investigations of places where people have stayed and left behind objects that we can understand have been processed by human hands. This field of knowledge is called archaeology . The archaeologists interpret their findings and the history of the surrounding landscape. In our country, the uplift after the Ice Age is fundamental. The history of the settlements at Pauler is no more than fifteen years old.
The Fosna culture settled parts of Norway sometime between 10,000–8,000 BC. (see Stone Age in Norway ). The dating of rock carvings is set to Neolithic times (in Norway between 4000 BC to 1700 BC) and show activities typical of hunters and gatherers .
Agriculture with livestock and arable farming was introduced in the Neolithic. Swad farming where the farmers move when the field does not produce the expected yield.
More permanent and persistent farm settlements developed in the Bronze Age (1700 BC to 500 BC) and the Iron Age . The earliest runes have been found on an arrowhead dated to around 200 BC. Many more inscriptions are dated to around 800, and a number of petty kingdoms developed during these centuries. In prehistoric times, there were no fixed national borders in the Nordic countries and Norway did not exist as a state. The population in Norway probably fell to year 0.
Events in this time period, the centuries before the year 1000, are glimpsed in written sources. Although the sagas were written down in the 13th century, many hundreds of years later, they provide a glimpse into what was already a distant past. The story of the fimbul winter gives us a historical picture of something that happened and which in our time, with the help of dendrochronology , can be interpreted as a natural disaster in the year 536, created by a volcanic eruption in El Salvador .
In the period between 800 and 1066 there was a significant expansion and it is referred to as the Viking Age . During this period, Norwegians, as Swedes and Danes also did, traveled abroad in longships with sails as explorers, traders, settlers and as Vikings (raiders and pirates ). By the middle of the 11th century, the Norwegian kingship had been firmly established, building its right as descendants of Harald Hårfagre and then as heirs of Olav the Holy . The Norwegian kings, and their subjects, now professed Christianity . In the time around Håkon Håkonsson , in the time after the civil war , there was a small renaissance in Norway with extensive literary activity and diplomatic activity with Europe. The black dew came to Norway in 1349 and killed around half of the population. The entire state apparatus and Norway then entered a period of decline.
Between 1396 and 1536, Norway was part of the Kalmar Union , and from 1536 until 1814 Norway had been reduced to a tributary part of Denmark , named as the Personal Union of Denmark-Norway . This staff union entered into an alliance with Napoléon Bonaparte with a war that brought bad times and famine in 1812 . In 1814, Denmark-Norway lost the Anglophone Wars , part of the Napoleonic Wars , and the Danish king was forced to cede Norway to the king of Sweden in the Treaty of Kiel on 14 January of that year. After a Norwegian attempt at independence, Norway was forced into a loose union with Sweden, but where Norway was allowed to create its own constitution, the Constitution of 1814 . In this period, Norwegian, romantic national feeling flourished, and the Norwegians tried to develop and establish their own national self-worth. The union with Sweden was broken in 1905 after it had been threatened with war, and Norway became an independent kingdom with its own monarch, Haakon VII .
Norway remained neutral during the First World War , and at the outbreak of the Second World War, Norway again declared itself neutral, but was invaded by National Socialist Germany on 9 April 1940 .
Norway became a member of the Western defense alliance NATO in 1949 . Two attempts to join the EU were voted down in referendums by small margins in 1972 and 1994 . Norway has been a close ally of the United States in the post-war period. Large discoveries of oil and natural gas in the North Sea at the end of the 1960s led to tremendous economic growth in the country, which is still ongoing. Traditional industries such as fishing are also part of Norway's economy.
Stone Age (before 1700 BC)
When most of the ice disappeared, vegetation spread over the landscape and due to a warm climate around 2000-3000 BC. the forest grew much taller than in modern times. Land uplift after the ice age led to a number of fjords becoming lakes and dry land. The first people probably came from the south along the coast of the Kattegat and overland into Finnmark from the east. The first people probably lived by gathering, hunting and trapping. A good number of Stone Age settlements have been found which show that such hunting and trapping people stayed for a long time in the same place or returned to the same place regularly. Large amounts of gnawed bones show that they lived on, among other things, reindeer, elk, small game and fish.
Flintstone was imported from Denmark and apart from small natural deposits along the southern coast, all flintstone in Norway is transported by people. At Espevær, greenstone was quarried for tools in the Stone Age, and greenstone tools from Espevær have been found over large parts of Western Norway. Around 2000-3000 BC the usual farm animals such as cows and sheep were introduced to Norway. Livestock probably meant a fundamental change in society in that part of the people had to be permanent residents or live a semi-nomadic life. Livestock farming may also have led to conflict with hunters.
The oldest traces of people in what is today Norway have been found at Pauler , a farm in Brunlanes in Larvik municipality in Vestfold . In 2007 and 2008, the farm has given its name to a number of Stone Age settlements that have been excavated and examined by archaeologists from the Cultural History Museum at UiO. The investigations have been carried out in connection with the new route for the E18 motorway west of Farris. The oldest settlement, located more than 127 m above sea level, is dated to be about 10,400 years old (uncalibrated, more than 11,000 years in real calendar years). From here, the ice sheet was perhaps visible when people settled here. This locality has been named Pauler I, and is today considered to be the oldest confirmed human traces in Norway to date. The place is in the mountains above the Pauler tunnel on the E18 between Larvik and Porsgrunn . The pioneer settlement is a term archaeologists have adopted for the oldest settlement. The archaeologists have speculated about where they came from, the first people in what is today Norway. It has been suggested that they could come by boat or perhaps across the ice from Doggerland or the North Sea, but there is now a large consensus that they came north along what is today the Bohuslän coast. The Fosna culture , the Komsa culture and the Nøstvet culture are the traditional terms for hunting cultures from the Stone Age. One thing is certain - getting to the water was something they mastered, the first people in our country. Therefore, within a short time they were able to use our entire long coast.
In the New Stone Age (4000 BC–1700 BC) there is a theory that a new people immigrated to the country, the so-called Stone Ax People . Rock carvings from this period show motifs from hunting and fishing , which were still important industries. From this period, a megalithic tomb has been found in Østfold .
It is uncertain whether there were organized societies or state-like associations in the Stone Age in Norway. Findings from settlements indicate that many lived together and that this was probably more than one family so that it was a slightly larger, organized herd.
Finnmark
In prehistoric times, animal husbandry and agriculture were of little economic importance in Finnmark. Livelihoods in Finnmark were mainly based on fish, gathering, hunting and trapping, and eventually domestic reindeer herding became widespread in the Middle Ages. Archaeological finds from the Stone Age have been referred to as the Komsa culture and comprise around 5,000 years of settlement. Finnmark probably got its first settlement around 8000 BC. It is believed that the coastal areas became ice-free 11,000 years BC and the fjord areas around 9,000 years BC. after which willows, grass, heather, birch and pine came into being. Finnmarksvidda was covered by pine forest around 6000 BC. After the Ice Age, the land rose around 80 meters in the inner fjord areas (Alta, Tana, Varanger). Due to ice melting in the polar region, the sea rose in the period 6400–3800 BC. and in areas with little land elevation, some settlements from the first part of the Stone Age were flooded. On Sørøya, the net sea level rise was 12 to 14 meters and many residential areas were flooded.
According to Bjørnar Olsen , there are many indications of a connection between the oldest settlement in Western Norway (the " Fosnakulturen ") and that in Finnmark, but it is uncertain in which direction the settlement took place. In the earliest part of the Stone Age, settlement in Finnmark was probably concentrated in the coastal areas, and these only reflected a lifestyle with great mobility and no permanent dwellings. The inner regions, such as Pasvik, were probably used seasonally. The archaeologically proven settlements from the Stone Age in inner Finnmark and Troms are linked to lakes and large watercourses. The oldest petroglyphs in Alta are usually dated to 4200 BC, that is, the Neolithic . Bjørnar Olsen believes that the oldest can be up to 2,000 years older than this.
From around 4000 BC a slow deforestation of Finnmark began and around 1800 BC the vegetation distribution was roughly the same as in modern times. The change in vegetation may have increased the distance between the reindeer's summer and winter grazing. The uplift continued slowly from around 4000 BC. at the same time as sea level rise stopped.
According to Gutorm Gjessing, the settlement in Finnmark and large parts of northern Norway in the Neolithic was semi-nomadic with movement between four seasonal settlements (following the pattern of life in Sami siida in historical times): On the outer coast in summer (fishing and seal catching) and inland in winter (hunting for reindeer, elk and bear). Povl Simonsen believed instead that the winter residence was in the inner fjord area in a village-like sod house settlement. Bjørnar Olsen believes that at the end of the Stone Age there was a relatively settled population along the coast, while inland there was less settlement and a more mobile lifestyle.
Bronze Age (1700 BC–500 BC)
Bronze was used for tools in Norway from around 1500 BC. Bronze is a mixture of tin and copper , and these metals were introduced because they were not mined in the country at the time. Bronze is believed to have been a relatively expensive material. The Bronze Age in Norway can be divided into two phases:
Early Bronze Age (1700–1100 BC)
Younger Bronze Age (1100–500 BC)
For the prehistoric (unwritten) era, there is limited knowledge about social conditions and possible state formations. From the Bronze Age, there are large burial mounds of stone piles along the coast of Vestfold and Agder, among others. It is likely that only chieftains or other great men could erect such grave monuments and there was probably some form of organized society linked to these. In the Bronze Age, society was more organized and stratified than in the Stone Age. Then a rich class of chieftains emerged who had close connections with southern Scandinavia. The settlements became more permanent and people adopted horses and ard . They acquired bronze status symbols, lived in longhouses and people were buried in large burial mounds . Petroglyphs from the Bronze Age indicate that humans practiced solar cultivation.
Finnmark
In the last millennium BC the climate became cooler and the pine forest disappears from the coast; pine forests, for example, were only found in the innermost part of the Altafjord, while the outer coast was almost treeless. Around the year 0, the limit for birch forest was south of Kirkenes. Animals with forest habitats (elk, bear and beaver) disappeared and the reindeer probably established their annual migration routes sometime at that time. In the period 1800–900 BC there were significantly more settlements in and utilization of the hinterland was particularly noticeable on Finnmarksvidda. From around 1800 BC until year 0 there was a significant increase in contact between Finnmark and areas in the east including Karelia (where metals were produced including copper) and central and eastern Russia. The youngest petroglyphs in Alta show far more boats than the earlier phases and the boats are reminiscent of types depicted in petroglyphs in southern Scandinavia. It is unclear what influence southern Scandinavian societies had as far north as Alta before the year 0. Many of the cultural features that are considered typical Sami in modern times were created or consolidated in the last millennium BC, this applies, among other things, to the custom of burying in brick chambers in stone urns. The Mortensnes burial ground may have been used for 2000 years until around 1600 AD.
Iron Age (c. 500 BC–c. 1050 AD)
The Einangsteinen is one of the oldest Norwegian runestones; it is from the 4th century
Simultaneous production of Vikings
Around 500 years BC the researchers reckon that the Bronze Age will be replaced by the Iron Age as iron takes over as the most important material for weapons and tools. Bronze, wood and stone were still used. Iron was cheaper than bronze, easier to work than flint , and could be used for many purposes; iron probably became common property. Iron could, among other things, be used to make solid and sharp axes which made it much easier to fell trees. In the Iron Age, gold and silver were also used partly for decoration and partly as means of payment. It is unknown which language was used in Norway before our era. From around the year 0 until around the year 800, everyone in Scandinavia (except the Sami) spoke Old Norse , a North Germanic language. Subsequently, several different languages developed in this area that were only partially mutually intelligible. The Iron Age is divided into several periods:
Early Iron Age
Pre-Roman Iron Age (c. 500 BC–c. 0)
Roman Iron Age (c. 0–c. AD 400)
Migration period (approx. 400–600). In the migration period (approx. 400–600), new peoples came to Norway, and ruins of fortress buildings etc. are interpreted as signs that there has been talk of a violent invasion.
Younger Iron Age
Merovingian period (500–800)
The Viking Age (793–1066)
Norwegian Vikings go on plundering expeditions and trade voyages around the coastal countries of Western Europe . Large groups of Norwegians emigrate to the British Isles , Iceland and Greenland . Harald Hårfagre starts a unification process of Norway late in the 8th century , which was completed by Harald Hardråde in the 1060s . The country was Christianized under the kings Olav Tryggvason , fell in the battle of Svolder ( 1000 ) and Olav Haraldsson (the saint), fell in the battle of Stiklestad in 1030 .
Sources of prehistoric times
Shrinking glaciers in the high mountains, including in Jotunheimen and Breheimen , have from around the year 2000 uncovered objects from the Viking Age and earlier. These are objects of organic material that have been preserved by the ice and that elsewhere in nature are broken down in a few months. The finds are getting older as the melting makes the archaeologists go deeper into the ice. About half of all archaeological discoveries on glaciers in the world are made in Oppland . In 2013, a 3,400-year-old shoe and a robe from the year 300 were found. Finds at Lomseggen in Lom published in 2020 revealed, among other things, well-preserved horseshoes used on a mountain pass. Many hundreds of items include preserved clothing, knives, whisks, mittens, leather shoes, wooden chests and horse equipment. A piece of cloth dated to the year 1000 has preserved its original colour. In 2014, a wooden ski from around the year 700 was found in Reinheimen . The ski is 172 cm long and 14 cm wide, with preserved binding of leather and wicker.
Pytheas from Massalia is the oldest known account of what was probably the coast of Norway, perhaps somewhere on the coast of Møre. Pytheas visited Britannia around 325 BC. and traveled further north to a country by the "Ice Sea". Pytheas described the short summer night and the midnight sun farther north. He wrote, among other things, that people there made a drink from grain and honey. Caesar wrote in his work about the Gallic campaign about the Germanic tribe Haruders. Other Roman sources around the year 0 mention the land of the Cimbri (Jutland) and the Cimbri headlands ( Skagen ) and that the sources stated that Cimbri and Charyds lived in this area. Some of these peoples may have immigrated to Norway and there become known as hordes (as in Hordaland). Sources from the Mediterranean area referred to the islands of Scandia, Scandinavia and Thule ("the outermost of all islands"). The Roman historian Tacitus wrote around the year 100 a work about Germania and mentioned the people of Scandia, the Sviones. Ptolemy wrote around the year 150 that the Kharudes (Hordes) lived further north than all the Cimbri, in the north lived the Finnoi (Finns or Sami) and in the south the Gutai (Goths). The Nordic countries and Norway were outside the Roman Empire , which dominated Europe at the time. The Gothic-born historian Jordanes wrote in the 5th century about 13 tribes or people groups in Norway, including raumaricii (probably Romerike ), ragnaricii ( Ranrike ) and finni or skretefinni (skrid finner or ski finner, i.e. Sami) as well as a number of unclear groups. Prokopios wrote at the same time about Thule north of the land of the Danes and Slavs, Thule was ten times as big as Britannia and the largest of all the islands. In Thule, the sun was up 40 days straight in the summer. After the migration period , southern Europeans' accounts of northern Europe became fuller and more reliable.
Settlement in prehistoric times
Norway has around 50,000 farms with their own names. Farm names have persisted for a long time, over 1000 years, perhaps as much as 2000 years. The name researchers have arranged different types of farm names chronologically, which provides a basis for determining when the place was used by people or received a permanent settlement. Uncompounded landscape names such as Haug, Eid, Vik and Berg are believed to be the oldest. Archaeological traces indicate that some areas have been inhabited earlier than assumed from the farm name. Burial mounds also indicate permanent settlement. For example, the burial ground at Svartelva in Løten was used from around the year 0 to the year 1000 when Christianity took over. The first farmers probably used large areas for inland and outland, and new farms were probably established based on some "mother farms". Names such as By (or Bø) show that it is an old place of residence. From the older Iron Age, names with -heim (a common Germanic word meaning place of residence) and -stad tell of settlement, while -vin and -land tell of the use of the place. Farm names in -heim are often found as -um , -eim or -em as in Lerum and Seim, there are often large farms in the center of the village. New farm names with -city and -country were also established in the Viking Age . The first farmers probably used the best areas. The largest burial grounds, the oldest archaeological finds and the oldest farm names are found where the arable land is richest and most spacious.
It is unclear whether the settlement expansion in Roman times, migrations and the Iron Age is due to immigration or internal development and population growth. Among other things, it is difficult to demonstrate where in Europe the immigrants have come from. The permanent residents had both fields (where grain was grown) and livestock that grazed in the open fields, but it is uncertain which of these was more important. Population growth from around the year 200 led to more utilization of open land, for example in the form of settlements in the mountains. During the migration period, it also seems that in parts of the country it became common to have cluster gardens or a form of village settlement.
Norwegian expansion northwards
From around the year 200, there was a certain migration by sea from Rogaland and Hordaland to Nordland and Sør-Troms. Those who moved settled down as a settled Iron Age population and became dominant over the original population which may have been Sami . The immigrant Norwegians, Bumen , farmed with livestock that were fed inside in the winter as well as some grain cultivation and fishing. The northern border of the Norwegians' settlement was originally at the Toppsundet near Harstad and around the year 500 there was a Norwegian settlement to Malangsgapet. That was as far north as it was possible to grow grain at the time. Malangen was considered the border between Hålogaland and Finnmork until around 1400 . Further into the Viking Age and the Middle Ages, there was immigration and settlement of Norwegian speakers along the coast north of Malangen. Around the year 800, Norwegians lived along the entire outer coast to Vannøy . The Norwegians partly copied Sami livelihoods such as whaling, fur hunting and reindeer husbandry. It was probably this area between Malangen and Vannøy that was Ottar from the Hålogaland area. In the Viking Age, there were also some Norwegian settlements further north and east. East of the North Cape are the scattered archaeological finds of Norwegian settlement in the Viking Age. There are Norwegian names for fjords and islands from the Viking Age, including fjord names with "-anger". Around the year 1050, there were Norwegian settlements on the outer coast of Western Finnmark. Traders and tax collectors traveled even further.
North of Malangen there were Norse farming settlements in the Iron Age. Malangen was considered Finnmark's western border until 1300. There are some archaeological traces of Norse activity around the coast from Tromsø to Kirkenes in the Viking Age. Around Tromsø, the research indicates a Norse/Sami mixed culture on the coast.
From the year 1100 and the next 200–300 years, there are no traces of Norwegian settlement north and east of Tromsø. It is uncertain whether this is due to depopulation, whether it is because the Norwegians further north were not Christianized or because there were no churches north of Lenvik or Tromsø . Norwegian settlement in the far north appears from sources from the 14th century. In the Hanseatic period , the settlement was developed into large areas specialized in commercial fishing, while earlier (in the Viking Age) there had been farms with a combination of fishing and agriculture. In 1307 , a fortress and the first church east of Tromsø were built in Vardø . Vardø became a small Norwegian town, while Vadsø remained Sami. Norwegian settlements and churches appeared along the outermost coast in the Middle Ages. After the Reformation, perhaps as a result of a decline in fish stocks or fish prices, there were Norwegian settlements in the inner fjord areas such as Lebesby in Laksefjord. Some fishing villages at the far end of the coast were abandoned for good. In the interior of Finnmark, there was no national border for a long time and Kautokeino and Karasjok were joint Norwegian-Swedish areas with strong Swedish influence. The border with Finland was established in 1751 and with Russia in 1826.
On a Swedish map from 1626, Norway's border is indicated at Malangen, while Sweden with this map showed a desire to control the Sami area which had been a common area.
The term Northern Norway only came into use at the end of the 19th century and administratively the area was referred to as Tromsø Diocese when Tromsø became a bishopric in 1840. There had been different designations previously: Hålogaland originally included only Helgeland and when Norse settlement spread north in the Viking Age and the Middle Ages, Hålogaland was used for the area north approximately to Malangen , while Finnmark or "Finnmarken", "the land of the Sami", lay outside. The term Northern Norway was coined at a cafe table in Kristiania in 1884 by members of the Nordlændingernes Forening and was first commonly used in the interwar period as it eventually supplanted "Hålogaland".
State formation
The battle in Hafrsfjord in the year 872 has long been regarded as the day when Norway became a kingdom. The year of the battle is uncertain (may have been 10-20 years later). The whole of Norway was not united in that battle: the process had begun earlier and continued a couple of hundred years later. This means that the geographical area became subject to a political authority and became a political unit. The geographical area was perceived as an area as it is known, among other things, from Ottar from Hålogaland's account for King Alfred of Wessex around the year 880. Ottar described "the land of the Norwegians" as very long and narrow, and it was narrowest in the far north. East of the wasteland in the south lay Sveoland and in the north lay Kvenaland in the east. When Ottar sailed south along the land from his home ( Malangen ) to Skiringssal, he always had Norway ("Nordveg") on his port side and the British Isles on his starboard side. The journey took a good month. Ottar perceived "Nordveg" as a geographical unit, but did not imply that it was a political unit. Ottar separated Norwegians from Swedes and Danes. It is unclear why Ottar perceived the population spread over such a large area as a whole. It is unclear whether Norway as a geographical term or Norwegians as the name of a ethnic group is the oldest. The Norwegians had a common language which in the centuries before Ottar did not differ much from the language of Denmark and Sweden.
According to Sverre Steen, it is unlikely that Harald Hårfagre was able to control this entire area as one kingdom. The saga of Harald was written 300 years later and at his death Norway was several smaller kingdoms. Harald probably controlled a larger area than anyone before him and at most Harald's kingdom probably included the coast from Trøndelag to Agder and Vestfold as well as parts of Viken . There were probably several smaller kingdoms of varying extent before Harald and some of these are reflected in traditional landscape names such as Ranrike and Ringerike . Landscape names of "-land" (Rogaland) and "-mark" (Hedmark) as well as names such as Agder and Sogn may have been political units before Harald.
According to Sverre Steen, the national assembly was completed at the earliest at the battle of Stiklestad in 1030 and the introduction of Christianity was probably a significant factor in the establishment of Norway as a state. Håkon I the good Adalsteinsfostre introduced the leasehold system where the "coastal land" (as far as the salmon went up the rivers) was divided into ship raiders who were to provide a longship with soldiers and supplies. The leidange was probably introduced as a defense against the Danes. The border with the Danes was traditionally at the Göta älv and several times before and after Harald Hårfagre the Danes had control over central parts of Norway.
Christianity was known and existed in Norway before Olav Haraldson's time. The spread occurred both from the south (today's Denmark and northern Germany) and from the west (England and Ireland). Ansgar of Bremen , called the "Apostle of the North", worked in Sweden, but he was never in Norway and probably had little influence in the country. Viking expeditions brought the Norwegians of that time into contact with Christian countries and some were baptized in England, Ireland and northern France. Olav Tryggvason and Olav Haraldson were Vikings who returned home. The first Christians in Norway were also linked to pre-Christian local religion, among other things, by mixing Christian symbols with symbols of Odin and other figures from Norse religion.
According to Sverre Steen, the introduction of Christianity in Norway should not be perceived as a nationwide revival. At Mostratinget, Christian law was introduced as law in the country and later incorporated into the laws of the individual jurisdictions. Christianity primarily involved new forms in social life, among other things exposure and images of gods were prohibited, it was forbidden to "put out" unwanted infants (to let them die), and it was forbidden to have multiple wives. The church became a nationwide institution with a special group of officials tasked with protecting the church and consolidating the new religion. According to Sverre Steen, Christianity and the church in the Middle Ages should therefore be considered together, and these became a new unifying factor in the country. The church and Christianity linked Norway to Roman Catholic Europe with Church Latin as the common language, the same time reckoning as the rest of Europe and the church in Norway was arranged much like the churches in Denmark, Sweden and England. Norway received papal approval in 1070 and became its own church province in 1152 with Archbishop Nidaros .
With Christianity, the country got three social powers: the peasants (organized through the things), the king with his officials and the church with the clergy. The things are the oldest institution: At allthings all armed men had the right to attend (in part an obligation to attend) and at lagthings met emissaries from an area (that is, the lagthings were representative assemblies). The Thing both ruled in conflicts and established laws. The laws were memorized by the participants and written down around the year 1000 or later in the Gulationsloven , Frostatingsloven , Eidsivatingsloven and Borgartingsloven . The person who had been successful at the hearing had to see to the implementation of the judgment themselves.
Early Middle Ages (1050s–1184)
The early Middle Ages is considered in Norwegian history to be the period between the end of the Viking Age around 1050 and the coronation of King Sverre in 1184 . The beginning of the period can be dated differently, from around the year 1000 when the Christianization of the country took place and up to 1100 when the Viking Age was over from an archaeological point of view. From 1035 to 1130 it was a time of (relative) internal peace in Norway, even several of the kings attempted campaigns abroad, including in 1066 and 1103 .
During this period, the church's organization was built up. This led to a gradual change in religious customs. Religion went from being a domestic matter to being regulated by common European Christian law and the royal power gained increased power and influence. Slavery (" servitude ") was gradually abolished. The population grew rapidly during this period, as the thousands of farm names ending in -rud show.
The urbanization of Norway is a historical process that has slowly but surely changed Norway from the early Viking Age to today, from a country based on agriculture and sea salvage, to increasingly trade and industry. As early as the ninth century, the country got its first urban community, and in the eleventh century we got the first permanent cities.
In the 1130s, civil war broke out . This was due to a power struggle and that anyone who claimed to be the king's son could claim the right to the throne. The disputes escalated into extensive year-round warfare when Sverre Sigurdsson started a rebellion against the church's and the landmen's candidate for the throne , Magnus Erlingsson .
Emergence of cities
The oldest Norwegian cities probably emerged from the end of the 9th century. Oslo, Bergen and Nidaros became episcopal seats, which stimulated urban development there, and the king built churches in Borg , Konghelle and Tønsberg. Hamar and Stavanger became new episcopal seats and are referred to in the late 12th century as towns together with the trading places Veøy in Romsdal and Kaupanger in Sogn. In the late Middle Ages, Borgund (on Sunnmøre), Veøy (in Romsdalsfjorden) and Vågan (in Lofoten) were referred to as small trading places. Urbanization in Norway occurred in few places compared to the neighboring countries, only 14 places appear as cities before 1350. Stavanger became a bishopric around 1120–1130, but it is unclear whether the place was already a city then. The fertile Jæren and outer Ryfylke were probably relatively densely populated at that time. A particularly large concentration of Irish artefacts from the Viking Age has been found in Stavanger and Nord-Jæren.
It has been difficult to estimate the population in the Norwegian medieval cities, but it is considered certain that the cities grew rapidly in the Middle Ages. Oscar Albert Johnsen estimated the city's population before the Black Death at 20,000, of which 7,000 in Bergen, 3,000 in Nidaros, 2,000 in Oslo and 1,500 in Tunsberg. Based on archaeological research, Lunden estimates that Oslo had around 1,500 inhabitants in 250 households in the year 1300. Bergen was built up more densely and, with the concentration of exports there, became Norway's largest city in a special position for several hundred years. Knut Helle suggests a city population of 20,000 at most in the High Middle Ages, of which almost half in Bergen.
The Bjarkøyretten regulated the conditions in cities (especially Bergen and Nidaros) and in trading places, and for Nidaros had many of the same provisions as the Frostating Act . Magnus Lagabøte's city law replaced the bjarkøretten and from 1276 regulated the settlement in Bergen and with corresponding laws also drawn up for Oslo, Nidaros and Tunsberg. The city law applied within the city's roof area . The City Act determined that the city's public streets consisted of wide commons (perpendicular to the shoreline) and ran parallel to the shoreline, similarly in Nidaros and Oslo. The roads were small streets of up to 3 cubits (1.4 metres) and linked to the individual property. From the Middle Ages, the Norwegian cities were usually surrounded by wooden fences. The urban development largely consisted of low wooden houses which stood in contrast to the relatively numerous and dominant churches and monasteries built in stone.
The City Act and supplementary provisions often determined where in the city different goods could be traded, in Bergen, for example, cattle and sheep could only be traded on the Square, and fish only on the Square or directly from the boats at the quayside. In Nidaros, the blacksmiths were required to stay away from the densely populated areas due to the risk of fire, while the tanners had to stay away from the settlements due to the strong smell. The City Act also attempted to regulate the influx of people into the city (among other things to prevent begging in the streets) and had provisions on fire protection. In Oslo, from the 13th century or earlier, it was common to have apartment buildings consisting of single buildings on a couple of floors around a courtyard with access from the street through a gate room. Oslo's medieval apartment buildings were home to one to four households. In the urban farms, livestock could be kept, including pigs and cows, while pastures and fields were found in the city's rooftops . In the apartment buildings there could be several outbuildings such as warehouses, barns and stables. Archaeological excavations show that much of the buildings in medieval Oslo, Trondheim and Tønsberg resembled the oblong farms that have been preserved at Bryggen in Bergen . The land boundaries in Oslo appear to have persisted for many hundreds of years, in Bergen right from the Middle Ages to modern times.
High Middle Ages (1184–1319)
After civil wars in the 12th century, the country had a relative heyday in the 13th century. Iceland and Greenland came under the royal authority in 1262 , and the Norwegian Empire reached its greatest extent under Håkon IV Håkonsson . The last king of Haraldsätten, Håkon V Magnusson , died sonless in 1319 . Until the 17th century, Norway stretched all the way down to the mouth of Göta älv , which was then Norway's border with Sweden and Denmark.
Just before the Black Death around 1350, there were between 65,000 and 85,000 farms in the country, and there had been a strong growth in the number of farms from 1050, especially in Eastern Norway. In the High Middle Ages, the church or ecclesiastical institutions controlled 40% of the land in Norway, while the aristocracy owned around 20% and the king owned 7%. The church and monasteries received land through gifts from the king and nobles, or through inheritance and gifts from ordinary farmers.
Settlement and demography in the Middle Ages
Before the Black Death, there were more and more farms in Norway due to farm division and clearing. The settlement spread to more marginal agricultural areas higher inland and further north. Eastern Norway had the largest areas to take off and had the most population growth towards the High Middle Ages. Along the coast north of Stad, settlement probably increased in line with the extent of fishing. The Icelandic Rimbegla tells around the year 1200 that the border between Finnmark (the land of the Sami) and resident Norwegians in the interior was at Malangen , while the border all the way out on the coast was at Kvaløya . From the end of the High Middle Ages, there were more Norwegians along the coast of Finnmark and Nord-Troms. In the inner forest and mountain tracts along the current border between Norway and Sweden, the Sami exploited the resources all the way down to Hedmark.
There are no censuses or other records of population and settlement in the Middle Ages. At the time of the Reformation, the population was below 200,000 and only in 1650 was the population at the same level as before the Black Death. When Christianity was introduced after the year 1000, the population was around 200,000. After the Black Death, many farms and settlements were abandoned and deserted, in the most marginal agricultural areas up to 80% of the farms were abandoned. Places such as Skien, Veøy and Borgund (Ålesund) went out of use as trading towns. By the year 1300, the population was somewhere between 300,000 and 560,000 depending on the calculation method. Common methods start from detailed information about farms in each village and compare this with the situation in 1660 when there are good headcounts. From 1300 to 1660, there was a change in the economic base so that the coastal villages received a larger share of the population. The inland areas of Eastern Norway had a relatively larger population in the High Middle Ages than after the Reformation. Kåre Lunden concludes that the population in the year 1300 was close to 500,000, of which 15,000 lived in cities. Lunden believes that the population in 1660 was still slightly lower than the peak before the Black Death and points out that farm settlement in 1660 did not reach the same extent as in the High Middle Ages. In 1660, the population in Troms and Finnmark was 6,000 and 3,000 respectively (2% of the total population), in 1300 these areas had an even smaller share of the country's population and in Finnmark there were hardly any Norwegian-speaking inhabitants. In the High Middle Ages, the climate was more favorable for grain cultivation in the north. Based on the number of farms, the population increased 162% from 1000 to 1300, in Northern and Western Europe as a whole the growth was 200% in the same period.
Late Middle Ages (1319–1537)
Due to repeated plague epidemics, the population was roughly halved and the least productive of the country's farms were laid waste. It took several hundred years before the population again reached the level before 1349 . However, those who survived the epidemics gained more financial resources by sharing. Tax revenues for the state almost collapsed, and a large part of the noble families died out or sank into peasant status due to the fall in national debt . The Hanseatic League took over trade and shipping and dominated fish exports. The Archbishop of Nidaros was the country's most powerful man economically and politically, as the royal dynasty married into the Swedish in 1319 and died out in 1387 . Eventually, Copenhagen became the political center of the kingdom and Bergen the commercial center, while Trondheim remained the religious center.
From Reformation to Autocracy (1537–1660)
In 1537 , the Reformation was carried out in Norway. With that, almost half of the country's property was confiscated by the royal power at the stroke of a pen. The large seizure increased the king's income and was able, among other things, to expand his military power and consolidated his power in the kingdom. From roughly the time of the Reformation and in the following centuries, the state increased its power and importance in people's lives. Until around 1620, the state administration was fairly simple and unspecialised: in Copenhagen, the central administration mainly consisted of a chancellery and an interest chamber ; and sheriffs ruled the civil (including bailiffs and sheriffs) and the military in their district, the sheriffs collected taxes and oversaw business. The accounts were not clear and without summaries. The clergy, which had great power as a separate organization, was appointed by the state church after the Reformation, administered from Copenhagen. In this period, Norway was ruled by (mainly) Danish noble sheriffs, who acted as intermediaries between the peasants and the Oldenborg king in the field of justice, tax and customs collection.
From 1620, the state apparatus went through major changes where specialization of functions was a main issue. The sheriff's tasks were divided between several, more specialized officials - the sheriffs retained the formal authority over these, who in practice were under the national administration in Copenhagen. Among other things, a separate military officer corps was established, a separate customs office was established and separate treasurers for taxes and fees were appointed. The Overbergamtet, the central governing body for overseeing mining operations in Norway, was established in 1654 with an office in Christiania and this agency was to oversee the mining chiefs in the Nordenfjeld and Sønnenfjeld areas (the mines at Kongsberg and Røros were established in the previous decades). The formal transition from county government to official government with fixed-paid county officials took place after 1660, but the real changes had taken place from around 1620. The increased specialization and transition to official government meant that experts, not amateurs, were in charge of each area, and this civil service meant, according to Sverre Steen that the dictatorship was not a personal dictatorship.
From 1570 until 1721, the Oldenborg dynasty was in repeated wars with the Vasa dynasty in Sweden. The financing of these wars led to a severe increase in taxation which caused great distress.
Politically-geographically, the Oldenborg kings had to cede to Sweden the Norwegian provinces of Jemtland , Herjedalen , Idre and Särna , as well as Båhuslen . As part of the financing of the wars, the state apparatus was expanded. Royal power began to assert itself to a greater extent in the administration of justice. Until this period, cases of violence and defamation had been treated as civil cases between citizens. The level of punishment was greatly increased. During this period, at least 307 people were also executed for witchcraft in Norway. Culturally, the country was marked by the fact that the written language became Danish because of the Bible translation and the University of Copenhagen's educational monopoly.
From the 16th century, business became more marked by production for sale and not just own consumption. In the past, it was particularly the fisheries that had produced such a large surplus of goods that it was sold to markets far away, the dried fish trade via Bergen is known from around the year 1100. In the 16th century, the yield from the fisheries multiplied, especially due to the introduction of herring in Western Norway and in Trøndelag and because new tools made fishing for herring and skre more efficient. Line fishing and cod nets that were introduced in the 17th century were controversial because the small fishermen believed it favored citizens in the cities.
Forestry and the timber trade became an important business, particularly because of the boom saw which made it possible to saw all kinds of tables and planks for sale abroad. The demand for timber increased at the same time in Europe, Norway had plenty of forests and in the 17th century timber became the country's most important export product. There were hundreds of sawmills in the country and the largest had the feel of factories . In 1680, the king regulated the timber trade by allowing exports only from privileged sawmills and in a certain quantity.
From the 1520s, some silver was mined in Telemark. When the peasants chased the German miners whereupon the king executed five peasants and demanded compensation from the other rebellious peasants. The background for the harsh treatment was that the king wanted to assert his authority over the extraction of precious metals. The search for metals led to the silver works at Kongsberg after 1624, copper in the mountain villages between Trøndelag and Eastern Norway, and iron, among other things, in Agder and lower Telemark. The financial gain of the quarries at that time is unclear because there are no reliable accounts. Kongsberg ma
L'original de ce tableau est conservé au musée du Prado à Madrid.
You should know that it is not the original works that are exhibited at the Jheronimus Bosch Art Center but high quality photos in the original size of the work framed optimally. You can manipulate the triptychs.
In 2016, there was a big exhibition that had a lot of success with the original works at the Noordbrabants museum which adjoins the Stedelijk museum, but you could hardly get close and the cameras were forbidden.
The original of this painting is kept in the museum of Prado in Madrid.
Il faut savoir que ce ne sont pas les oeuvres originales qui sont exposées au Jheronimus Bosch Art Center mais bien des photos de grande qualité au format original de l'oeuvre encadrées de façon optimale. Vous pouvez manipuler les triptyques.
En 2016, il y a eu une grande exposition qui a eu énormément de succès avec les oeuvres originales au Noordbrabants museum qui jouxte le Stedelijk museum, mais vous pouviez à peine approcher et les appareils photos étaient interdits.
Cette femme appartient à l'ethnie des Oromos Karrayyu, que l'on rencontre en particulier au marché de Addis Katana, à 3 km de la ville de Metehara, en Ethiopie. Ethniquement voisins des Afars ils habitent les rives de la rivière Awash, en Ethiopie.
Les Karrayyu forment une communauté d'environ 100 000 personnes farouchement indépendantes et se protégeant du tourisme. Ils vivent principalement dans la haute vallée de l'Awash, dans la vaste région d'Oromia, qui compte environ 40 millions d'habitants. Les Karrayyu sont des éleveurs de chameaux et de bovins, qui ont conservé leur mode de vie distinctif pendant des générations. Ils font partie des rares groupes oromos qui pratiquent encore activement le Gadaa, un système sociopolitique qui organise la société. Beaucoup continuent également à pratiquer le Waaqefanna , la religion autochtone oromo.
Les Karrayyu ont réussi à préserver leurs traditions malgré une longue série de tentatives visant à les effacer et malgré les confiscations successives de leurs pâturages par les gouvernements. Le régime de Haile Selassie, par exemple, a privé les Karrayyu de 90 000 hectares, y compris des sites rituels et des tombes, lorsqu'il a créé la plantation de canne à sucre de Matahara dans les années 1950, puis le parc national d'Awash dans les années 1960. Depuis lors, les Karrayyu ont perdu plus de 60 % de leur territoire à cause de l'occupation des colons, des projets de développement et des initiatives de conservation qui ont bloqué l'accès aux pâturages et aux voies d'abreuvement.
africanarguments.org/2022/03/ethiopia-forgotten-minority-...
This woman belongs to the Oromo Karrayyu ethnic group, who can be found in particular at the Addis Katana market, 3 km from the town of Metehara, in Ethiopia. Ethnically neighbors of the Afars, they live on the banks of the Awash River, in Ethiopia.
The Karrayyu are a community of around 100,000 people who are fiercely independent and protect themselves from tourism. They live mainly in the upper Awash Valley in the vast Oromia region, which has a population of around 40 million. The Karrayyu are camel and cattle herders, who have maintained their distinctive way of life for generations. They are among the few Oromo groups that still actively practice Gadaa, a socio-political system that organizes society. Many also continue to practice Waaqefanna, the indigenous Oromo religion.
The Karrayyu have managed to preserve their traditions despite a long series of attempts to erase them and despite successive confiscations of their pastures by governments. Haile Selassie's regime, for example, deprived the Karrayyu of 90,000 hectares, including ritual sites and tombs, when he established the Matahara sugar plantation in the 1950s and then the Karrayyu National Park. 'Awash in the 1960s. Since then, the Karrayyu have lost more than 60% of their territory to settler occupation, development projects and conservation initiatives which blocked access to pastures and watering routes.
africanarguments.org/2022/03/ethiopia-forgotten-minority-...
Another 2010-er. This is Lone Cypress on 17 Mile drive, but shot from the bottom.
Cheers,
-jared ropelato
like breakfast in the field
Visit this location at Matoluta Sanctuary -Conserve Freedom- in Second Life
La plaza de San Pablo es una de las plazas más emblemáticas de la ciudad de Valladolid (Castilla y León, España).
Fue construida extramuros de la primitiva ‘cerca vieja’ o interior que delimitaba el casco urbano de Valladolid en el siglo X, época en la que se encontraba situada junto a la ‘puerta de Cabezón’, en el extremo norte de la ciudad. Durante sus más de diez siglos de existencia, ha sido uno de los principales puntos neurálgicos de la ciudad, con una notable impronta clerical durante la Edad Media, palaciega durante el Renacimiento y el Barroco, transformada en espacio cultural y turístico en los siglos XX y XXI.
En nuestros días es uno de los principales espacios urbanos de la ciudad de Valladolid, compartiendo protagonismo con la plaza Mayor, la plaza de Zorrilla y la plaza de España. Su adaptación a las necesidades cambiantes de cada época, ha propiciado que en la actualidad conserve uno de los principales conjuntos de edificios históricos de la ciudad, entre los que destacan la iglesia de San Pablo, el palacio Real y el palacio de Pimentel, los llamados sitios reales en siglos pasados. Junto a ellos, existen otros inmuebles notables como son el palacio de Justicia, el instituto Zorrilla o el colegio El Salvador. En uno de los laterales de la zona centro de la plaza se encuentra situada la estatua del monarca Felipe II, nacido en la ciudad de Valladolid, y frente a la iglesia, precediendo al atrio de su fachada principal, un crucero procedente de la iglesia de Santiago.
Además, en la plaza confluyen numerosas calles, consecuencia del papel central que esta plaza desempeñó durante siglos en la vida de la ciudad. Entre ellas destacan las de Cadenas de San Gregorio (donde se encuentra el Museo Nacional de Escultura) y la de las Angustias, junto con otras que facilitaban el acceso, como la de Felipe II, del León, San Quirce, de Esteban García Chico o la de Cardenal Torquemada (donde se encuentra el antiguo hospital Río Hortega).
La iglesia conventual de San Pablo es uno de los edificios históricos más importantes de Valladolid y también de los más representativos debido a su espectacular fachada gótica. Se encuentra anexa al Colegio de San Gregorio y próxima al resto de sedes del Museo Nacional de Escultura.
Entre 1445 y 1468, fue el cardenal Fray Juan de Torquemada, tío del inquisidor general Tomás de Torquemada, quien sufragó las obras para la construcción de la iglesia definitiva gracias a las bulas papales. En 1601, con el traslado de la capital del Imperio a Valladolid (véase: Capitalidad de Valladolid), el duque de Lerma, valido de Felipe III, se convirtió en su patrono; costeó la reforma de su fachada principal y dotó al convento de numerosas obras de arte. Finalmente, entre 1613 y 1616, se efectuaron reformas en estilo herreriano de algunas capillas de la nave y el coro bajo la dirección de Diego de Praves.
En la iglesia de San Pablo fueron bautizados los reyes Felipe II y Felipe IV. En la actualidad, el Convento acoge el Instituto Superior de Filosofía de Valladolid, adscrito a la Universidad Pontificia de Salamanca.
El Palacio de Pimentel, actual sede de la Diputación de Valladolid, fue construido en el siglo XV. Uno de sus atractivos es su famosa ventana plateresca, de comienzos del siglo XVI, que se encuentra en la esquina. Fue el lugar de nacimiento de Felipe II.
El palacio consta de dos alturas en el cuerpo principal y tres en el torreón. Los materiales utilizados son el ladrillo excepto en el remate de las esquinas, la portada y el zócalo, que fueron realizados en piedra. A partir de 1985 el palacio ss sometió a una profunda restauración según proyecto del arquitecto Ángel Ríos.
Desde la inauguración de la Sala de Exposiciones, tras la restauración del palacio en 1990, con una extensión aproximada de 260 metros cuadrados, ha desarrollado una línea expositiva en la que se conjuga la difusión de artistas locales con los de otras comunidades.
es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plaza_de_San_Pablo_(Valladolid)
es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iglesia_de_San_Pablo_(Valladolid)
es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palacio_de_Pimentel
The Plaza de San Pablo is one of the most emblematic squares in the city of Valladolid (Castilla y León, Spain).
It was built outside the primitive ‘old fence’ or interior that delimited the urban area of Valladolid in the 10th century, at which time it was located next to the ‘Cabezón gate’, at the north end of the city. During its more than ten centuries of existence, it has been one of the main nerve centers of the city, with a notable clerical imprint during the Middle Ages, palatial during the Renaissance and the Baroque, transformed into a cultural and tourist space in the 20th and XXI.1
Today it is one of the main urban spaces in the city of Valladolid, sharing the limelight with Plaza Mayor, Plaza de Zorrilla and Plaza de España. Its adaptation to the changing needs of each era, has led to the fact that it currently conserves one of the main groups of historical buildings in the city, among which the Church of San Pablo, the Royal Palace and the Palace of Pimentel stand out, the so-called royal sites in past centuries. Along with them, there are other notable buildings such as the Palace of Justice, the Zorrilla Institute or the El Salvador School. On one of the sides of the central area of the square is the statue of the monarch Felipe II, born in the city of Valladolid, and in front of the church, preceding the atrium of its main facade, a transept from the church of Santiago.
In addition, numerous streets converge in the plaza, a consequence of the central role that this plaza played for centuries in the life of the city. Among them are those of Cadenas de San Gregorio (where the National Sculpture Museum is located) and that of Las Angustias, along with others that facilitated access, such as that of Felipe II, León, San Quirce, Esteban García Chico or that of Cardenal Torquemada (where the old Río Hortega hospital is located).
The convent church of San Pablo is one of the most important historical buildings in Valladolid and also one of the most representative due to its spectacular Gothic façade. It is attached to the Colegio de San Gregorio and close to the rest of the headquarters of the National Sculpture Museum.
Between 1445 and 1468, it was Cardinal Fray Juan de Torquemada, uncle of the inquisitor general Tomás de Torquemada, who paid for the construction of the definitive church thanks to the papal bulls. In 1601, with the transfer of the capital of the Empire to Valladolid (see: Capital of Valladolid), the Duke of Lerma, valid for Felipe III, became his patron; It paid for the reform of its main facade and endowed the convent with numerous works of art. Finally, between 1613 and 1616, reforms were carried out in the Herrerian style of some chapels in the nave and the choir under the direction of Diego de Praves.
In the church of San Pablo the kings Felipe II and Felipe IV were baptized. Currently, the Convent houses the Valladolid Higher Institute of Philosophy, attached to the Pontifical University of Salamanca.
The Pimentel Palace, current seat of the Valladolid Provincial Council, was built in the 15th century. One of its attractions is its famous Plateresque window, from the early 16th century, which is located in the corner. It was the birthplace of Felipe II.
The palace consists of two heights in the main body and three in the keep. The materials used are brick except for the corner cap, the cover and the plinth, which were made of stone. From 1985 the ss palace underwent a deep restoration according to the project of the architect Ángel Ríos.
Since the inauguration of the Exhibition Hall, after the restoration of the palace in 1990, with an approximate extension of 260 square meters, it has developed an exhibition line that combines the diffusion of local artists with those of other communities.
Montagnes boisées bien conservées sur le piémont de la cordillère andine orientale dans le département de Boyaca en Colombie. Lors d'un voyage pour préparer de futurs tours nature avec l'agence de voyage Nature Experience. www.nature-experience-group.com/
Motañas boscosas bien conservadas en el pie de monte de la cordillera oriental andina en el departamento de Boyaca, Colombia. Durante un viaje para preparar nuevos tours de naturaleza con la agencia de viaje Nature Experience. www.nature-experience-group.com/es/
View from the road in Manu National Park, going down towards the amazon region. Dramatic landscapes, deep and impressive canyons, tall waterfalls, well conserved forests. A kind of pristine paradise surviving on Earth ! Cusco department, Southeastern Peru.
Vista desde la carretera en el Parque Nacional del Manual bajar hacía la región amazonica. Paisajes espectaculares, cañones profundos impreionantes, bosques bien conservados. Un tipo de paraiso pristino sobreviviendo en la Tierra ! Departamento del Cusco, sudeste del Peru.
History
Shipyard: Chantiers Jouët, in Sartrouville
Commissioning: 1949
Status: conserved
Technical characteristics
Length: 11.5 m
Midship: 3.23 m
Draught: 0.93 m
Air draft: 7.00 m
displacement: 10.4 tonnes
Propulsion: 2 Baudouin DB2M engines (1949)
Power: 2 × 28 hp
Speed: 7.9 knots
Career
shipper: Aimée-Hilda Association
Flag: France
Homeport: Ploumanac'h
indicative: PL334386
Protection: Heritage Interest Boat (2015)
History
In august 1944, the German army destroys the shelter and its lifeboat in the Cove of Pors Kamor . In August 1948 a strong emotion in the absence of any means of help in front of the sinking of the Petite Annie provokes a burst of generosity to put a lifeboat back into service. Thanks to the donations of Madame Aimée Fournier and Miss Hilda Gelis Didot, the construction of this new canoe was carried out at the Jouët shipyard in Sartrouville in 1949 1 . They become the godmother and their first names are used to baptize Aimée-Hilda .
Pors Kamor's hold will be repaired and a new shelter is rebuilt with its cart and an electric winch.
Service
The lifeboat will be used from 1950 to 1975 at the rescue station of the Central Rescue Society (SCS) of Ploumanac'h, which became the National Sea Rescue Society (SNSM) in 1967 1 .
Put out of rescue service in 1975, she continued to serve as a service vessel in the floating port of Perros-Guirec .
In 1995, the association for the conservation, safeguard, management and operation of the Ploumanac'h Aimée-Hilda lifeboat was created 1 . After two years of restoration, it was relaunched in 1997 and is armed for navigation 5 th class.
The only lifeboat of this model still afloat, it participated in numerous maritime events. He was present at the Tonnerres de Brest in 2012 .
Made from 14 multirow Fujifilm X-S10 shots with Hugin, this time using the Brenizer method.
HDR from RAW files and postprocessing done in Luminar Neo. Denoising done with Topaz DenoiseAI.
Check out the original file (12134 x 11830 px = 143 MPx) here: pan.musicaloris.de/DenoiseAI-DSCF0853-14x35mm-pan-standar...
"Love Birds"
NEW JERSEYâS BALD EAGLE POPULATION CONTINUES TO SOAR
January 14th, 2016
CONSERVE WILDLIFE FOUNDATION OF NEW JERSEY RELEASES RESULTS OF 2015 STATE BALD EAGLE REPORT
by Lindsay McNamara, Communications Manager
Conserve Wildlife Foundation of New Jersey today released the 2015 Bald Eagle Report, highlighting the number of nesting pairs, active nests and nest productivity for the raptors throughout New Jersey with data collected by New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection Division of Fish and Wildlife biologists, CWF biologists and committed volunteers.
âWith 161 pairs of bald eagles this past year â up from just a single nest in the early 1980âs â the dramatic ongoing recovery of bald eagles across the northeast continues to inspire so many of us,â said David Wheeler, Conserve Wildlife Foundation Executive Director. âThe thrill of seeing a bald eagle fly across the sky is unparalleled. This report captures how these eagles are continuing their All-American return.â
The report notes that thirteen new eagle pairs were found this season, nine in the south, two in Central Jersey and two in Northern New Jersey.
For more info: www.conservewildlifenj.org/blog/2016/01/14/new-jerseys-ba...
PLEASE, no multi invitations in your comments. DO NOT FEEL YOU HAVE TO COMMENT.Thanks. DO NOT SEND ME E-MAIL REQUESTING ME TO LOOK AT A PICTURE, I RETURN ALL COMMENTS IF YOU COMMENT.
In the tropical jungle of Chiang Mai's Maesa Valley, a big family of elephants lives side by side with their mahout caretakers. "Maesa Elephant Camp" is home to one of the largest assembly of elephants in the north of Thailand. They try to create a natural and healthy environment for the elephants while working to conserve and breed them, due to the dwindling number of Asian elephants left in the wild.
Photo: Trams aux Fils.
(Interdiction de reproduire cette photo à des fins commerciales, sans mon accord )
Prise le 11 mars 2016
Motrice 102 (cette motrice sera peut être conservée, par L'association "Pro Birsigthalbahn").
Vers Villy
Interruption de l'AOMC
Les Transports Publics du Chablais vont réaliser d'importants travaux sur toute la ligne ferroviaire de l'AOMC durant cette année, soit :
- le changement de la crémaillère dans la Vallée d'Illiez, qui passera d'un système Strub à un système Abt;
- la modification de la tension de la ligne, qui passera de 850 volts à 1500 volts;
- la réfection de divers ouvrages d'art;
- la réception de sept nouvelles rames Stadler pour remplacer complètement le parc de matériel roulant.
Le planning général des travaux est le suivant :
- du lundi 25 avril au samedi 8 octobre 2016 : fermeture de la ligne entre Monthey et Champéry. Un service de remplacement par bus sera mis à disposition de notre clientèle;
- du lundi 11 juillet au samedi 20 août 2016 : fermeture de la ligne entre Monthey et Aigle. Un service de remplacement par les bus sera mis à disposition de notre clientèle.
Amateurs ils vous restent plus beaucoup de temps pour faire des photos du vieux matériels.
La ligne Aigle Ollon Monthey Champéry a été inaugurée en 1907 pour la portion d'Aigle Ollon Monthey et en 1908 pour la portion Monthey Champéry à voie métrique et à crémaillière, sa longueur est de 23 Kilomètres.
Cette compagnie est le fruit de la fusion en 1946 de deux compagnies Aigle Ollon Monthey et Monthey Champéry Morgins.
La Basilique Saint-Epvre de Nancy est une basilique de style néogothique construite au XIXe siècle en pierre d'Euville, située place Saint-Epvre dans la Vieille-Ville.
La basilique est dédiée à Saint Epvre, évêque de Toul, dont des reliques sont conservées dans une châsse dans le maître-autel.
Seule partie conservée de l'ancienne abbatiale construite entre 1001 et 1018 par l'abbé Guillaume de Volpiano pour abriter le tombeau de Saint-Bénigne, la crypte de l'église - érigée en cathédrale en 1792- est l’étage inférieur d'une rotonde du bâtiment initial. À l'origine, elle n'était pas souterraine. Comblée à la Révolution, elle fut dégagée et restaurée au milieu du 19ème siècle.
La crypte fait l'objet d'un classement au titre des monuments histo-riques depuis 1846
88 " Land Rover 2A Station Wagon Restoration, Designed by Border Rovers and Built by Retroworks.
Owned and operated by Border Rovers:
07515899390
The osprey or more specifically the western osprey (Pandion haliaetus) — also called sea hawk, river hawk, and fish hawk — is a diurnal, fish-eating bird of prey with a cosmopolitan range. It is a large raptor, reaching more than 60 cm (24 in) in length and 180 cm (71 in) across the wings. It is brown on the upperparts and predominantly greyish on the head and underparts.
The osprey tolerates a wide variety of habitats, nesting in any location near a body of water providing an adequate food supply. It is found on all continents except Antarctica, although in South America it occurs only as a non-breeding migrant.
As its other common names suggest, the osprey's diet consists almost exclusively of fish. It possesses specialised physical characteristics and exhibits unique behaviour to assist in hunting and catching prey. As a result of these unique characteristics, it has been given its own taxonomic genus, Pandion and family, Pandionidae. Three subspecies are usually recognized; one of the former subspecies, cristatus, has recently been given full species status and is referred to as the eastern osprey.
The osprey is unusual in that it is a single living species that occurs nearly worldwide. Even the few subspecies are not unequivocally separable. There are four generally recognised subspecies, although differences are small, and ITIS lists only the first two.
The osprey is 0.9–2.1 kg (2.0–4.6 lb) in weight and 50–66 cm (20–26 in) in length with a 127–180 cm (50–71 in) wingspan. It is, thus, of similar size to the largest members of the Buteo or Falco genera. The subspecies are fairly close in size, with the nominate subspecies averaging 1.53 kg (3.4 lb), P. h. carolinensis averaging 1.7 kg (3.7 lb) and P. h. cristatus averaging 1.25 kg (2.8 lb). The wing chord measures 38 to 52 cm (15 to 20 in), the tail measures 16.5 to 24 cm (6.5 to 9.4 in) and the tarsus is 5.2–6.6 cm (2.0–2.6 in).
The upperparts are a deep, glossy brown, while the breast is white and sometimes streaked with brown, and the underparts are pure white. The head is white with a dark mask across the eyes, reaching to the sides of the neck. The irises of the eyes are golden to brown, and the transparent nictitating membrane is pale blue. The bill is black, with a blue cere, and the feet are white with black talons. A short tail and long, narrow wings with four long, finger-like feathers, and a shorter fifth, give it a very distinctive appearance.
In flight, Northern Territory, Australia
The sexes appear fairly similar, but the adult male can be distinguished from the female by its slimmer body and narrower wings. The breast band of the male is also weaker than that of the female, or is non-existent, and the underwing coverts of the male are more uniformly pale. It is straightforward to determine the sex in a breeding pair, but harder with individual birds.
The juvenile osprey may be identified by buff fringes to the plumage of the upperparts, a buff tone to the underparts, and streaked feathers on the head. During spring, barring on the underwings and flight feathers is a better indicator of a young bird, due to wear on the upperparts.
In flight, the osprey has arched wings and drooping "hands", giving it a gull-like appearance. The call is a series of sharp whistles, described as cheep, cheep or yewk, yewk. If disturbed by activity near the nest, the call is a frenzied cheereek
he osprey is piscivorous, with fish making up 99% of its diet. It typically takes fish weighing 150–300 g (5.3–10.6 oz) and about 25–35 cm (9.8–13.8 in) in length, but the weight can range from 50 g (1.8 oz) to 2 kg (4.4 lb). Virtually any type of fish in that size range are taken.
Ospreys have vision that is well adapted to detecting underwater objects from the air. Prey is first sighted when the osprey is 10–40 m (33–131 ft) above the water, after which the bird hovers momentarily then plunges feet first into the water.
Occasionally, the osprey may prey on rodents, rabbits, hares, other birds, and small reptiles.
The osprey has several adaptations that suit its piscivorous lifestyle:
reversible outer toes
sharp spicules on the underside of the toes
closable nostrils to keep out water during dives
backwards-facing scales on the talons which act as barbs to help hold its catch
dense plumage which is oily and prevents its feathers from getting waterlogged.
The osprey breeds near freshwater lakes and rivers, and sometimes on coastal brackish waters. Rocky outcrops just offshore are used in Rottnest Island off the coast of Western Australia, where there are 14 or so similar nesting sites of which five to seven are used in any one year. Many are renovated each season, and some have been used for 70 years. The nest is a large heap of sticks, driftwood, turf or seaweed built in forks of trees, rocky outcrops, utility poles, artificial platforms or offshore islets. As wide as 2 meters and weighing about 135 kg, large nests on utility poles may be fire hazards and have caused power outages.
Generally, ospreys reach sexual maturity and begin breeding around the age of three to four, though in some regions with high osprey densities, such as Chesapeake Bay in the U.S., they may not start breeding until five to seven years old, and there may be a shortage of suitable tall structures. If there are no nesting sites available, young ospreys may be forced to delay breeding. To ease this problem, posts are sometimes erected to provide more sites suitable for nest building. In some regions ospreys prefer transmission towers as nesting sites, e.g. in East Germany.
Egg, Collection Museum Wiesbaden
The platform design developed by one organization, Citizens United to Protect the Maurice River and Its Tributaries, Inc. has become the official design of the State of New Jersey, U.S. The platform plans and materials list, available online, have been utilized by people from a number of different geographical regions. Osprey-watch.org is the global site for mapping osprey nest locations and logging observations on reproductive success.
Ospreys usually mate for life. Rarely, polyandry has been recorded. The breeding season varies according to latitude; spring (September–October) in southern Australia, April to July in northern Australia and winter (June–August) in southern Queensland. In spring the pair begins a five-month period of partnership to raise their young. The female lays two to four eggs within a month, and relies on the size of the nest to conserve heat. The eggs are whitish with bold splotches of reddish-brown and are about 6.2 cm × 4.5 cm (2.4 in × 1.8 in) and weigh about 65 g (2.3 oz). The eggs are incubated for about 35–43 days to hatching.
The newly hatched chicks weigh only 50–60 g (1.8–2.1 oz), but fledge in 8–10 weeks. A study on Kangaroo Island, South Australia, had an average time between hatching and fledging of 69 days. The same study found an average of 0.66 young fledged per year per occupied territory, and 0.92 young fledged per year per active nest. Some 22% of surviving young either remained on the island or returned at maturity to join the breeding population. When food is scarce, the first chicks to hatch are most likely to survive. The typical lifespan is 7–10 years, though rarely individuals can grow to as old as 20–25 years.
The oldest European wild osprey on record lived to be over thirty years of age. In North America, great horned owls (Bubo virginianus), golden eagles (Aquila chrysaetos), and bald eagles (Haliaeetus leucocephalus) are the only major predators of ospreys, capable of taking both nestlings and adults. However, kleptoparasitism by bald eagles, where the larger raptor steals the osprey's catch, is more common than predation. The white-tailed eagle (Haliaeetus albicilla), which is very similar to the bald eagle, may harass or prey on the osprey in Eurasia. Raccoons (Procyon lotor) can be a serious threat to nestlings or eggs if they can access the nest. Endoparasitic trematodes (Scaphanocephalus expansus and Neodiplostomum spp.) have been recorded in wild ospreys.
from Wikipedia
He conserves it well while he's home alone, sometimes for up to 10 hours (no, he's never crated) - he knows he will be well rewarded as when we're done with whatever we're doing during most of the days and then it's OUZO TIME :) It's a time we all enjoy and cherrish.
pages from history text books conserved in wax. framed this for the artfair ARTMUC that starts tomorrow.
Geschichte aufbewahren.
Seiten aus Geschichtslehrbüchern in Wachs. Frisch eingerahmt für die ARTMUC, die morgen beginnt.
Le jardin Botanique est aujourd’hui un parc urbain pris en étau dans le tissu routier du quartier nord de Bruxelles. De sa vocation première de jardin botanique, il conserve un mélange de styles (français, italien, anglais) et une grande variété d’arbres et de plantes.
S’étendant sur plus de 6 ha, ce parc aménagé en terrasses fut inauguré en 1829. La terrasse la plus haute, au pied de l’orangerie, est de construction géométrique à la française.
L’étage intermédiaire, à la mode italienne, comporte une roseraie en étoile et le jardin de l’Iris où fleurissent, d’avril à juin, quelque 40 variétés d’iris, symbole de la Région de Bruxelles-Capitale.
La dernière partie du jardin descend en pente douce vers l’étang par des sentiers sinueux. Les pelouses sont parsemées d’arbres et encadrent des aires de repos.
The Botanical Garden is today an urban park squeezed into the road network of the northern district of Brussels. From its original vocation as a botanical garden, it retains a mixture of styles (French, Italian, English) and a wide variety of trees and plants.
Extending over more than 6 hectares, this terraced park was inaugurated in 1829. The highest terrace, at the foot of the orangery, is of French geometric construction.
The intermediate floor, in Italian style, includes a star-shaped rose garden and the Iris garden where, from April to June, some 40 varieties of irises, symbol of the Brussels-Capital Region, bloom.
The last part of the garden slopes gently towards the pond via winding paths. The lawns are dotted with trees and frame rest areas.
Original Caption: To Conserve Electricity All Portland High Schools Had Their Football Games Rescheduled for Daylight Hours at Multnomah Stadium. Normally They Were Played at Night. A Few Fans Are Shown Camped Under Rain Gear Watching a Game 10/1973
U.S. National Archives’ Local Identifier: 412-DA-12957
Photographer: Falconer, David
Subjects:
Portland (Multnomah county, Oregon, United States) inhabited place
Environmental Protection Agency
Project DOCUMERICA
Persistent URL: arcweb.archives.gov/arc/action/ExternalIdSearch?id=555409
Repository: Still Picture Records Section, Special Media Archives Services Division (NWCS-S), National Archives at College Park, 8601 Adelphi Road, College Park, MD, 20740-6001.
For information about ordering reproductions of photographs held by the Still Picture Unit, visit: www.archives.gov/research/order/still-pictures.html
Reproductions may be ordered via an independent vendor. NARA maintains a list of vendors at www.archives.gov/research/order/vendors-photos-maps-dc.html
Access Restrictions: Unrestricted
Use Restrictions: Unrestricted
History
Shipyard: Chantiers Jouët, in Sartrouville
Commissioning: 1949
Status: conserved
Technical characteristics
Length: 11.5 m
Midship: 3.23 m
Draught: 0.93 m
Air draft: 7.00 m
displacement: 10.4 tonnes
Propulsion: 2 Baudouin DB2M engines (1949)
Power: 2 × 28 hp
Speed: 7.9 knots
Career
shipper: Aimée-Hilda Association
Flag: France
Homeport: Ploumanac'h
indicative: PL334386
Protection: Heritage Interest Boat (2015)
History
In august 1944, the German army destroys the shelter and its lifeboat in the Cove of Pors Kamor . In August 1948 a strong emotion in the absence of any means of help in front of the sinking of the Petite Annie provokes a burst of generosity to put a lifeboat back into service. Thanks to the donations of Madame Aimée Fournier and Miss Hilda Gelis Didot, the construction of this new canoe was carried out at the Jouët shipyard in Sartrouville in 1949 1 . They become the godmother and their first names are used to baptize Aimée-Hilda .
Pors Kamor's hold will be repaired and a new shelter is rebuilt with its cart and an electric winch.
Service
The lifeboat will be used from 1950 to 1975 at the rescue station of the Central Rescue Society (SCS) of Ploumanac'h, which became the National Sea Rescue Society (SNSM) in 1967 1 .
Put out of rescue service in 1975, she continued to serve as a service vessel in the floating port of Perros-Guirec .
In 1995, the association for the conservation, safeguard, management and operation of the Ploumanac'h Aimée-Hilda lifeboat was created 1 . After two years of restoration, it was relaunched in 1997 and is armed for navigation 5 th class.
The only lifeboat of this model still afloat, it participated in numerous maritime events. He was present at the Tonnerres de Brest in 2012 .