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Re:View Contemporary Gallery. "New Physical Consequences" by Patrick Gavin and Jonathan Muecke. April 11 - May 23, 2009.
Patrick Gavin
"Basic Boundaries", 2008
Upholstered Screen, Stainless Steel,
Powder-coated Steel, Polished Aluminum
For more information visit: www.reviewcontemporary.com
#QuoteoftheDay 'One who is worried about the consequences cannot love.' - His Holiness Younus AlGohar
Spc. Sierra Samms, USAREUR, is scanned for contamination by German firemen during a anti-terror and consequence management exercise held at the Nachrichten Kaserne Saturday.
Photo by Jason L. Austin, Herald Post staff
It's not a very good scan...I stole it from Basick Record's Facebook status. If I get a better one will replace.
Jan 2010
Occupy Truth or Consequences NM was about a hour long protest on Thursdays from 4:00 TO 5:00 pm in 2012
Android believes that my podcatcher BeyondPod is a phone application. As a consequence, I can no longer pick up phone calls.
whole: the image occupies the whole, with the title integrated and positioned across the top edge, in red and brown, and across the bottom edge, in red. All set against a yellow background. image: a ape-like creature holding a bomb in one hand and a knife in the other. text: ELEND UND UNTERGANG FOLGEN DER J.U. Engelhard.18. KUNSTANSTALT O. CONSÉE MÜNCHEN ANARCHIE [Misery and decline, consequences of anarchy. O. Consée Art Office, Munich.]
www.iwm.org.uk/collections/item/object/8588
Catalogue number:
Art.IWM PST 5787
Department:
Art and Popular Design
Production date:
1918
Place made:
Germany
Subject period:
First World War
Materials:
Support: paper
medium: lithograph
Dimensions:
Support: Height 1223 mm, Width 912 mm
Alternative names:
object category: Poster
Creator:
Engelhard, Julius Ussy (d. 1964) de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_Ussy_Engelhard
Kunstanstalt Oscar Consée, München (printer)
Category:
posters
Image size: 6,868 x 9,154 pixels
IWM Non-Commercial Licence www.iwm.org.uk/corporate/privacy-copyright/licence.
Statutory rights and exceptions apply, under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.
----
Copyright of the estate of Engelhard until 2035. Claims by the IWM do not supercede the rights of the artist under European law, nor British law.
Lt. Col. Anita Greenlee, U.S. Army Garrison Baden-Wurttemberg Director of Emergency Services, who was the incident commander during a anti-terror and consequence management exercise, directs troops on Nachrichten Kaserne Saturday.
Photo by Jason L. Austin, Herald Post staff
Spc. Jorge Ayala, V Corps, is decontaminated by two German firefighters during an anti-terror and consequence management exercise held at the Nachrichten Kaserne Saturday. Ayala was one of about 30 victims of a terrorist attack at the kaserne.
Photo by Jason L. Austin, Herald Post Staff
I'm making excuses to justify my conclusions
and bypass convictions that I have.
I'm not ashamed to admit my feelings
Until it comes down to someone who counts.
I'm acting like I'm supposed to save the world,
but I just want to seem real to other people.
It's in the way that my brain tells my mouth to say something relevant
to get a laugh and feel approved.
I still imagine how often old dead trees show the wind
just to prove they have the worth.
Like how much we disregard ourselves
just to treasure someone else.
And I'm still speaking like it's possible to change.
But it's not possible to wait.
As the days and nights continue, you can see it taking shape.
It's nothing into nothing, always running in place.
So I talk to all my friends about the quicksand that I'm in
As if it'd change the way I live.
(I can't stay stuck like this forever)
There's been so many autumns since then
And many "others" that have came and went.
I'll never look at anything that we once had the same way again.
I can't stay stuck like this.
I'll never look at this the same way again.
I can't stay stuck like this forever.
Occupy Truth or Consequences NM was about a hour long protest on Thursdays from 4:00 TO 5:00 pm in 2012
U.S. Army Staff Sgt. Cory J. Sweetman, left, survey team leader, and Staff Sgt. Julian Londono, survey team member, inspect the stands for simulated weapons of mass destruction during an exercise at the TD Bank Ballpark, Bridgewater Township, N.J., June 25, 2019. The scenarios, which ranged from reacting to pharmaceutical based agents to training to sharpen joint hazardous assessment team skills, were created by staff from the Edgewood Chemical Biological Center at Aberdeen Proving Ground, Md. The 21st WMD-CST supports civil authorities at man-made or natural disasters by identifying chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear substances, as well as assess the consequences, and advises on response measures. (New Jersey National Guard photo by Mark C. Olsen)
one of the nice consequences of going on an organised photowalk in your own city is discovering new places. for me it was visiting one new change, a big shopping centre near st pauls cathedral, and specifically the roof terrace. it's free to visit and offers a really cool view over london from a perspective i don't usually see. in fact i've found that there's not many vantage points which give you a good view over the city, not unless you pay an entrance fee or work in a tall, fancy building. so i probably should have spent more time taking pictures of the view, but i also figured it won't be that often i'll be up there with a model so i was somewhat distracted.
here's the original
Thorpe Abbotts Village Hall serves as a vital community hub in the village, particularly since the closure of the local pub and post office. It was built by villagers after World War II and has been maintained and funded by the community ever since. The hall is a key gathering place for social events, activities for all ages, and is considered the last remaining social meeting place in the village.
– 1943 – 1945 ''BLOODY 100TH'' BOMB GROUP –
In most military services, there are usually those units that stand out as unlucky, unfortunate, or destined for unfortunate consequences. Either by mission, assignment, or the fates, such hapless organizations often achieve a kind of legendary yet revered status among its sister units. The US Army’s 101st Airborne Division at Bastogne, USS Indianapolis, after delivering the atomic bomb to Tinian, or the 1st Marine Division at Guadalcanal, are examples of military units experiencing exceptional hardship but being treated with sympathetic yet reverent tones. For the US Army Air Forces during World War II, this kind of reputation was earned by members of the Eighth Air Force’s 100th Bomb Group (BG).
As a part of the Combined Bomber Offensive (CBO) over Europe, the “Bloody 100th” appeared to suffer disproportionately at the hands of the German Luftwaffe, with its members both respected and pitied by fellow bomber crews. Its reputation was well known throughout VIII Bomber Command as a jinxed unit, with the chances of surviving a tour of 25 missions appearing as a dim possibility. Highlighting this expectation in late 1943, a new airman was assigned to the 100th BG. Upon receipt of his posting, he told a companion while sobbing, “I’m not going to make it…they just put me in the 100th Group. I haven’t got a chance.”
Established on January 28th, 1942, and activated on June 1st, the Group’s personnel began to assemble at Walla Walla Army Air Base in Washington; the unit was subsequently stationed at several different locations. Despite its activation earlier in the year, the unit did not receive its first B-17 “Flying Fortress” bombers until November. At the same time the new planes arrived, the unit organized itself into four squadrons, with Colonel Darr H. Alkire as its first commander. Alkire was a stern commander who painted a grim picture of what lay ahead. Addressing the crews, he said, “Don’t get the notion that your job is going to be glorious or glamorous… you’ve got dirty work to do, you might as well face the facts. You’re going to be baby-killers and women-killers.”
With a full complement of 37 aircraft, the men of the 100th began to familiarize themselves with their new mounts as they jumped from base to base with a training schedule that was disjointed and poorly coordinated. Instead of developing their individual and collective skills, aircrews took advantage of the lack of oversight and sought more puerile pursuits over professional. Taking their liberties, many of the crews were overconfident in their skills and airmanship. Such hubris led one 100th BG navigator to quip, “We were all conceited and quite impossible. We were undertrained and not as good as we thought we were.”
By early 1943, the unit prepared for movement overseas. As part of their pre-deployment inspection, the Group conducted a long-range training exercise. Finally consolidated at Kearney Field, Nebraska on April 20th, 1943, 21 crews of the 100th were supposed to fly some 1,300 miles from their home base to Hamilton Field near Novato, California. However, given their ill-disciplined nature and patchwork training, the exercise was a fiasco, and the unit scattered across the western United States. While some bombers made it to California, three ended up in Las Vegas—to include an embarrassed Col. Alkire. One bomber went in the opposite direction and landed instead at Smyrna, Tennessee! Given that the pilot’s wife just happened to be in Smyrna, the crew’s wrong-way journey was probably not a gross navigation error. As a result of the failed exercise, Alkire was fired under the charge of incompetence and replaced with Colonel Howard M. Turner. Despite this change of command, such antics and a relaxed attitude would still be part of the unit’s culture.
Given its poor showing, the unit received remedial training at Wendover Field, Utah. Here it conducted intense navigation, bombing, gunnery, and formation exercises, and was eventually placed on the list of operational units. At the end of May, they traversed the North Atlantic and arrived in the United Kingdom on June 9th. Flying over the green fields of England, the 36 bombers and aircrews of the 100th eventually made their way to the unit’s home base, Station 139, located at RAF Thorpe Abbotts in East Anglia. Located 20 miles south of Norwich and 90 miles northeast of London, RAF Thorpe Abbotts was one of the hundred-odd airfields used by the Eighth Air Force in the United Kingdom during the war.
The aerodrome included three intersecting runways and 50 hardstands, with an accompanying bomb dump, communal sites, technical areas, a control tower, and an officer’s club dubbed the “Silver Wings.” With a bar, poker tables, and a library, the club served as the social hub of the base. The building’s ceiling was soon marked by “smoking,” the practice of using candle or cigarette smoke to spell out the name of targets the Group attacked. This was a common ritual for bomber groups celebrating their actions and survival. Included in the bar was a traffic light; red signified no flying was scheduled, yellow meant a possible mission, and green indicated that a sortie was in the offing.
The Group flew its first mission on June 22nd, but it was merely a diversion flight over the North Sea. However, three days later the 100th conducted its first combat mission against targets in Bremen and the surrounding area. Flying in a formation comprised of 275 bombers, the 100th sent 17 B-17 crews, who sighted their first German fighters while also receiving their initial barrage of ground-based Luftwaffe Fliegerabwehrkanone (flak). In total, 18 bombers were lost, with the 100th losing three. The baptism by fire had a sobering effect as the Group’s downed bombers each took ten men with them. Killed or captured, the loss of 30 airmen underscored the deadly and unforgiving nature of the air war.
A few days later, Col. Turner was transferred to the 1st Air Division and was subsequently replaced by Colonel Neil “Chick” Harding, a West Point graduate and the school’s football coach before the war. A veteran of the interwar public relations flights to South America proving the efficacy of airpower, Harding was a seasoned aviator who emulated much of the attitude of the 100th. Short, round, and affable, he was a popular figure. With a penchant for alcohol, he was no disciplinarian, and often saw fistfights and emotional outbursts as a way to release the strain of combat. Understanding the human element of war, he was fond of saying his men were made of “flesh and brain” and exhibited an appreciation for his crew’s mental and emotional well-being. Given this disposition and concern, he was widely respected by the command and saw it through some of its darkest days.
Harding was just one of many colourful characters assigned to the 100th. Two of the squadron commanders, Majors John “Bucky” Egan of the 418th Bomb Squadron (BS) and Gale “Buck” Cleven of the 350th, exuded the dash and audacity often associated with aviators. Their skills as pilots were matched by their personalities. Both were described as “debonair”; with white scarves and a Hollywood swagger, they were frequently the center of attention at the Silver Wing. Larger than life, other pilots idolized them as both served as the “heart and soul” of the Group. When then-Brigadier General Curtis LeMay, Commander of the 3rd Air Division, came for an inspection of the 350th, Cleven was absent. When LeMay inquired as to the squadron commander’s whereabouts, the senior enlisted airmen reported that Cleven had “taken to the woods.” His “partner in crime” Egan was a charmer who was often found in nearby pubs drinking the local ale and singing songs with the patrons. Both their character and antics, combined with Harding’s style of command, set the tone for the 100th during the early days of combat.
After Harding assumed command, the Group took part in a 12-hour mission to bomb German U-Boat pens in Trondheim, Norway. The 1,900-mile flight traversed mostly over the waters of the North Sea. Given this aquatic-dominated route, the lead navigator, 1st Lt Harry Crosby, was unable to make pilotage checks of off ground references. The young navigator felt the full weight of his responsibilities leading the 63-plane formation. Fortunately, Crosby’s calculations were accurate, and the bombers hit the target. On the way home, Crosby deviated from the planned route due to weather and then realized he did not make the required radio/position reports. Upon landing, he was summoned to the Group operations hut, expecting to be in line for a court martial. However, his radio silence and change in the return route prevented German interceptors from getting a fix on the bomber formation, and in an ironic twist of fate, he was awarded the Distinguished Flying Cross for his actions that day.
A romantic at heart, Crosby was famous for another mission weeks later. On August 11th, Crosby was at Thorpe Abbotts listening to classical music. His selection that day was Beethoven’s Third and Fifth Symphonies, and he had just learned that Beethoven was born and educated in Bonn, Germany. The next day, Crosby was the lead navigator for a mission over the Ruhr Valley, but the primary target was obscured by clouds. Unable to drop their bombs, the formation proceeded to the next target available, the city of Bonn. At 25,000 feet, as the formation lined up at the initial point for the bomb run, Crosby realized it was where Beethoven had attended school. With this epiphany, he called over the plane’s intercom, “… we can’t bomb Bonn!” As a result, 63 B-17's flew over the target with bomb bay doors open and none of them dropping their payloads. He then provided a new heading and set course for the marshalling yards in Cologne. When LeMay was informed of Crosby’s action, Col. Harding asked the General if he wanted to talk to the tender-hearted navigator. LeMay replied, “No, for Christ’s sake, keep him out of my sight!”
A few days later the Group participated in one of its bloodiest missions that helped cement part of its infamous reputation. On August 17th, 1943, the 4th Bomb Wing conducted the first shuttle mission flying from East Anglia, bombing the German aircraft factory at Regensburg, and then continuing to North Africa. Flying in the low and trailing squadron in the larger bomber formation, the 100th flew in what was often referred to as “Purple Heart corner.” German fighters often attacked the bombers at this location first and then worked their way up. While the Division successfully hit the target, the Regensburg force lost 24 bombers. The 100th alone lost nine of the 22 planes it launched that day—a 40 percent loss rate. During this raid, the 100th suffered the most of any other Group.
In addition to these losses, supposedly Captain Robert Knox of the 418th BS, flying in a B-17 christened ''Picklepuss'', lost two engines and straggled out of the formation. Singled out by Luftwaffe fighters, Knox reportedly lowered his landing gear in a recognized gesture of aerial surrender. While escorted by the Luftwaffe to a German aerodrome, the bomber’s second engine recovered and Knox allegedly raised his gear and dashed for home, while the gunners engaged the escorting fighters. Despite this attempt to escape, the bomber crashed with the crew either killed or captured. Given this purported violation of aerial diplomacy, the legend grew that the 100th was now specifically targeted by the Luftwaffe for this egregious act. While a highly dubious (and inaccurate) claim, this story circulated around bomber bases and helped establish the Group’s hard luck reputation.
However, the August 17th shuttle mission was not without its humor. Landing in Africa, the unit found spartan accommodation but eventually pieced itself back together for the return home. Before departure, 1st Lt Owen “Cowboy” Roane, flying in a B-17 named ''Laden Maden'', acquired a donkey and decided to make the animal a mascot. He smuggled the donkey aboard and wrapped it in blankets to keep it warm while at altitude. Upon approach to the airfield at RAF Thorpe Abbotts, Roane radioed, “I’m coming in with a frozen ass!” Upon landing, the bomber was met by ambulances thinking the crew had frostbite injuries. Opening the plane’s hatch, the only frozen passenger was a tiny African ass named “Mohammed” (Mo for short)! This was a serious breach of British customs and agricultural law, and host nation officials did not find it a laughing matter. Despite the legal wrangling, the matter was finally settled when the donkey eventually succumbed to the vagaries of English weather.
Perhaps no other mission cemented the reputation of the 100th more than the Munster raid of October 10th. Targeting worker’s housing in the Ruhr Valley, the Group launched 13 planes, with one flown by a reflective and scholarly 1st Lt Robert Rosenthal. At 25, “Rosie” was older than most of the pilots and trained as a lawyer before enlisting. More importantly, he was Jewish and, clearly understanding the Nazi threat, he saw his service as a moral obligation. While en route to the target, the Group experienced the most violent Luftwaffe attacks yet seen as bombers took hits from both flak and fighters. As the formation made its way to the initial point, planes of the 100th were downed one by one. Only Rosie made it to the target. With his own plane hit, he continued the bomb run. He dropped his payload while also losing two engines, the intercom, and oxygen systems. As the only plane of the 13 launched returning to RAF Thorpe Abbotts, “Rosie” soon earned a legendary status. His reputation would continue to grow as he completed two tours of duty, was shot down twice, evaded capture, and earned the Distinguished Service Cross, two Silver Stars, two Distinguished Flying Crosses (plus the British equivalent), and two Purple Hearts. Despite Rosie’s bravery and airmanship that day, with the Group’s losses over Munster, the 100th was now firmly labeled a jinxed unit.
While the 100th was given the reputation as a hard-luck unit, such a distinction was more myth than reality. Over the course of the war, the Group did not suffer statistically more than any other and in some missions came away unscathed. Given the losses of the Eighth Air Force over the conduct of the CBO, most bomber groups sustained losses at a relatively even rate. However, the Regensburg and Munster raids created a perception that was hard to shake. In addition to those missions, the colorful personalities that filled the ranks of the unit added to its unique reputation. Men like Chick Harding, the two “Bucks,” “Cowboy” Roane, Harry Crosby, and “Rosie” Rosenthal all added to the unit’s distinct history and reputation. The collection of missions, actions, and personalities created a synergy making the 100th Bomb Group one of the most storied units of World War II.
Information sourced from – www.nationalww2museum.org/war/articles/bloody-100th-bomb-...
Domaines pour lesquels la fonte des glaciers aura des conséquences particulièrement négatives, selon les communes qui ont participé à l'étude menée par la Fondation suisse pour la protection et l'aménagement du paysage.
Worcester Cathedral is the commanding presence on the skyline of the city, perched on high ground overlooking the River Severn. It is one of England's most rewarding cathedrals, though denied first rank status owing to the heavy handed Victorian restorations it underwent, an unavoidable consequence of being built of soft red sandstone (a problem shared with Chester and Lichfield) and thus a 19th century feel pervades inside and out in it's mostly renewed external stonework and furnishings.
The cathedral impresses with it's scale, one or our longer churches, crowned by a magnificent central tower (originally surmounted by a lead spire, lost sometime after the Reformation; subtle alterations to the tower's design were made when it was refaced in the Victorian restoration) and with a secondary pair of transepts flanking the choir (as at Salisbury, Lincoln, Rochester & Canterbury). Of the former monastic buildings the cloister and Norman chapter house have survived (along with the refectory, now part of neighbouring King's School), making this a more complex and enjoyable building to explore.
The earliest parts are of the Norman period with the superb 12th century crypt under the choir. The west end of the nave is also Norman work, though very late and unusual in design, with transitional pointed arches. However the bulk of the building we see dates from the 13th and 14th centuries, the east end in Early English Gothic style (where most of the windows were restored to stepped lancets by Sir George Gilbert Scott during the Victorian restoration, having been altered over the centuries), whilst the remainder of the nave and tower are largely of the Decorated period (the cathedral originally also possessed a detached octagonal bell tower with a lead spire, which stood near the north east corner but was demolished in 1647).
Of the original furnishings little remains beyond the fine set of misericords in the choir stalls. The stained glass too is nearly entirely Victorian (only some meagre, much restored medieval fragments survive in traceries of the south aisle). However, much of the Victorian glass is really quite impressive, particularly the great east and west windows by Hardman's.
Worcester is however especially rich in tombs and monuments of all periods, with medieval effigies of bishops, knights and ladies, not all in good condition but worth seeking out. There are also several large tombs from the post-Reformation period (especially in the cluttered south aisle) and some fine Baroque work in the north transept.
The most significant of the monuments here are Royal; in the centre of the choir lies the fine 13th century effigy of King John, best remembered for signing the Magna Carta (and my 21st great-grandfather I've recently discovered!). Nearby is the superb chantry chapel of Prince Arthur, elder brother of Henry VIII, whose premature death aged 15 changed England forever (one of the most pivotal moments in our history, had he survived the Reformation may never have happened). The gorgeous late Perpendicular Gothic chapel stands to the south of the High Altar and is remarkable for it's rich sculpted detail.
www.arqueologiadelperu.com/how-16th-century-observations-...
Documents dating back to the 16th Century provide a unique insight into one of Darwin's landmark studies -- according to new research from the University of East Anglia.
A hand colored copper-plate print, engraved by Sydenham Edwards for William Curtis' Flora Londinensis published between 177 and 1798[Credit: University of East Anglia]
In 1862, Darwin presented the case that some plant species have two floral forms that differ in height and arrangement of the male and female sexual structures -- and adopted the term 'heterostyly'.
Darwin had published his hypotheses of Natural Selection in the Origin of Species (1859) -- just a year before first noticing heterostyly. And the breakthrough influenced him to eventually unravel the origin and consequences of this reproductive mechanism.
But research to be published tomorrow shows that Darwin was not the first to observe heterostyly. It had in fact been documented in a number of 17th and 18th Century botanical records.
And the phenomenon had even been noticed as far back as the16th Century -- a time when plants were studied and catalogued for their medicinal benefits and sometimes even for magic and spells. The true significance however of the two floral forms was not realised at the time.
Lead researcher Prof Phil Gilmartin, from UEA's School of Biological Sciences, said: "Darwin is widely recognised as the first to study pin and thrum flowers in Primula and importantly he was the first to provide an explanation for the functional significance of the two types of flower.
"But while looking through illustrations from the book Flora Londinensis by William Curtis, I was struck by a Primula print which showed the two types of flower captured in a copper plate engraving dating back to the late 1700s. It predated Darwin's observations by more than 70 years."
This realisation triggered a journey into archives of botanical texts, letters, copper-plate prints, and drawings dating back to the 16th century -- in search of earlier documents that could have influenced Darwin and the origins of his idea.
The result is a paper, published in the journal New Phytologist, in which Prof Gilmartin presents the full history of Darwin's discovery for the first time.
"We already knew that heterostyly had been described as far back as 1583," he said. "But this work pulls together all the existing documentation, including early floral prints, to trace the history of the idea -- over three centuries.
"Going right back to the 16th century, much of the documentation was in the form of 'herbals' -- descriptions of plants put together for medicinal purposes. These sorts of texts would sometimes also hold information about their magical powers and legends associated with them.
"Science had clearly moved on by the time of Darwin -- but we have traced the origins of his work right back to what we think are the very first observations of heterostyly, some three centuries before his landmark paper. At least seven botanists, through the ages either drew or described the two forms of flower before Darwin made his observations. But they just didn't make the connection and realise the significance of what they were documenting."
Documents dating back to the 16th Century provide a unique insight into one of Darwin's landmark studies -- according to University of East Anglia research.In 1862, Darwin presented the case that some plant species have two floral forms. But Darwin was not the first to observe "heterostyly." It had in fact been documented in 16th, 17th and 18th Century botanical records [Credit: University of East Anglia]
Darwin's correspondence reveals that his breakthrough was assisted by his children, who gathered 522 flower stalks for his studies. But his contemporary Freidrich Hildebrand was not so fortunate -- he was thwarted when his plants were 'destroyed by children in the botanical gardens' in Bonn.
Other botanists to notice the two forms of flower include Darwin's former Cambridge tutor and mentor John Stevens Henslow who, as noted by Kohn and co-authors in 2005, had drawn both in 1826.
Records show that the two forms of flower were also documented in the 1818 volume Flore Medicale (Medical Flowers) by French botanist and physician Francois-Pierre Chaumerton, illustrated by Pierre Jean Francoise Turpin.
Other representations were found in Wilibald Artus' Hand-Atlas sammtlicher medicinisch-pharmaceutischer Gerwarchse (1848) and in William Curtis' Flora Londinensis (published on March 1, 1791) -- which is thought to contain the first printed use of the terms 'pin-eyed' and 'thrum-eyed' nearly 100 years before Darwin used the same terms.
Little did Darwin know that his own grandfather Erasmus Darwin had corresponded directly with William Curtis in November 1781 expressing his delight with the Flora Londinensis 'which he had taken ever since it was published'.
Prof Gilmartin said: "It is surprising that Darwin wasn't aware of Curtis' work. But from the evidence we have gathered, it is clear that he did not know about the engravings and descriptions of pin and thrum flowers in Flora Londinensis.
"His mentor Henslow was however aware of the images. But despite illustrating the two forms of flower himself, he did not publish them. Had he done so he would no doubt have cited Curtis' prior observations."
The botanist, fungi specialist and in later years poverty-stricken recluse Christiaan Hendrik Persoon is later cited by Darwin as having first observed heterostyly in Primula in 1794. However what Darwin did not realise was that Persoon's source of information was in fact Curtis' Flora Londinensis.
Going back further in history, high quality images of dissected Primula flowers displaying pin or thrum forms, but never together, include Elizabeth Blackwell's Curious Herbal (1737-39), an image by botanical illustrator Johannes Zorn in Icones Plantarum Medicinalium (1780), and the Flora Danica by German botanist and medical doctor Georg Christian Oeder (1761-1883).
But it is three images dating back to 1614, 1611 and 1605 that researchers believe to be the first to show the differences between Primula pin and thrum flowers.
Hortus Floridus by Crispin van de Passe the Younger, published in 1614, contains copper-plate images of plants drawn 'true to life' and arranged by season, with Primula thrum flowers depicted in Spring. Meanwhile a second part to Hortus Floridus, thought to pre-date the 1614 publication, shows Primula pin flowers. This publication is thought to be dated around 1605, and arranges plants as food or medicinal plants. Meanwhile copper-plate images of Primula pin flowers in Paul Reneaulme's Historiae Plantarum Plantae are dated to 1611.
But it is a Latin text from 1583 by the botanist Carolus Clusius -- who famously introduced tulips to the Netherlands -- that is thought to contain the first description of long and short style forms of Primula flower. This fact was rediscovered in 1943 by the Dutch botanist and scholar van Dijk while reading Clusius' Rariorum Plantarum Historia from 1601. The descriptions of pin and thrum flowers caught his attention, and the same description is also found in Clusius' Rariorum Aliquot Stirpium from 1583.
Prof Gilmartin said: "By the time Darwin published his follow-up Different Forms of Flowers in 1877, he had discovered that heterostyly had been previously observed and documented.
"The early botanists simply did not realise the significance of what they were documenting. Back in 1583, Clusius was focussed on detailed observation -- but as highlighted by van Dijk, he did not recognise that both forms are found in the same species. Had he done so, he could have provided us with the earliest description of the two forms of flower 279 years before Darwin.
"Pauli de Reneaulme really made a significant observation in 1611 because he assigned significance to the different flower forms. He attempted to classify plants by morphology, in contrast to his contemporaries who focused their groupings on seasons and flowering time."
Reneaulme described the two forms as Makrostylos (long style) and Anostemon (short style) and concluded that 'these minute details are not in vain for God and Nature distinguish these for a reason' -- however he did not explore the reason.
The Swedish botanist Carl Linneaus on the other hand wrote in 1792 that 'the botanist is not concerned with slight variations' and used Primula corollas as an example where 'flower enthusiasts focus on small floral details that no sane botanist would consider important'.
Prof Gilmartin said: "It is this difference in attention to detail and the dominance of Linnaean thinking during the 18th and 19th centuries that led to the failure to recognise the significance of such important floral morphologies.
"The recognition of two forms of flower by Clusius, de Reneaulme, Curtis, Persoon, Henslow and then Darwin, shows not only the importance of small difference that Linnaeus rejected, but the importance of seeking to understand the reasons for these differences. That is what Darwin realised, where others had only observed."
"Indeed, in his 1887 autobiography, Darwin wrote that 'no little discovery of mine ever gave me so much pleasure as making out the meaning of heterostyled flowers'," he added.
'On the Origins of Observations of Heterostyly in Primula' is published in the journal New Phytologist on August 10, 2015.
It is one of three pieces of research on Primula to be published in the August edition of the journal alongside 'Integration of genetic and physical maps of the Primula vulgaris S locus and localization by chromosome in situ hybridisation' and 'Oakleaf: an S locus-linked mutation of Primula vulgaris that affects leaf and flower development'.Source: University of East Anglia [August 09, 2015]
Within the era of scientifically accepted 'we are the cause of climate change and global warming' and its inevitable consequences, can we afford new and further exploitation of fossil fuels?
"The world possesses the tools and technology needed to reduce carbon emissions, build a more sustainable economy and end our reliance on fossil fuels."
www.huffingtonpost.com/jimmy-carter/climate-change-who-wi...
Currently Wales and the UK are awash with a tied of new fossil fuel exploitation, shale gas, coal bed methane and new open cast coal mines. So often cited as bridging too renewables, or replacing imported fossil fuels.
13 April 2014: IPCC PRESS RELEASE
Greenhouse gas emissions accelerate despite reduction efforts.
"Scenarios show that to have a likely chance of limiting the increase in global mean temperature to two degrees Celsius, means lowering global greenhouse gas emissions by 40 to 70 percent compared with 2010 by mid-century, and to near-zero by the end of this century. Ambitious mitigation may even require removing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere."
ipcc.ch/pdf/ar5/pr_wg3/20140413_pr_pc_wg3_en.pdf
All of this new fossil fuel development will bridge to renewables, pay for it, not distract from it? Does our governance seem like they are leading the way to mitigating climate change, are we a shinning example to others countries to follow suit?
Doesn't a global bullet need to be bitten within a short time scale, or is the bullet simply being deflecting for future generations to deal with, and its real impact?
Future Generations Bill: Better Choices for a Better Future
wales.gov.uk/topics/sustainabledevelopment/future-generat...
Join the National Conversation on 'The Wales We Want' thewaleswewant.co.uk
@valleysalliance
Promoting the real cost of open cast mining on local people and communities. Join our campaign to stop plans for an open cast mine near Rhymney #stopnantllesg
Nant Llesg, Rhymney, Wales · www.greenvalleysalliance.co.uk
Protesters say no to Nant Llesg open cast mine in Rhymney Valley
www.caerphillyobserver.co.uk/news/943739/protesters-say-n...
Campaigners fighting to stop death of the valleys turn out for mocked-up 'funeral'
www.walesonline.co.uk/news/wales-news/campaigners-fightin...
Protest against Nant Llesg opencast mine plans
www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-wales-south-east-wales-27123016
‘Death of the Valley’ Protest Against Nant Llesg Open Cast Mine Proposals
www.welshicons.org.uk/news/death-of-the-valley-protest-ag...
Photography: Twitter @nspugh twitter.com/nspugh
The end of half term, my grey bricks, and a section of castle for each member of the family (including my 4 year old and my wife). How well does it join together?
AIR METHODS Native Air Airbus Helicopters H135.Seen at Sierra Vista Hospital ( SVH ) .
SVH is community-operated, in Truth or Consequence( T or C ) county seat of Sierra County NM
One consequence of walking familiar trails season after season, year after year, is that eventually you have to start thinking of fresh ways to capture familiar things. With so much snow this winter, it was a perfect time to begin a collection of snow photographs - mostly abstracts - where the interest comes from what's hidden beneath.
best viewed large
photoshop manipulation - Original photo here.
Quote:
While we are free to choose our actions, we are not free to choose the consequences of our actions.
- Stephen Covey
Occupy Truth or Consequences NM was about a hour long protest on Thursdays from 4:00 TO 5:00 pm in 2012
'Truth or Consequences', on a map in the 'Free Flight Atlas'. Sort of puzzling name for a town, eh?
I made a search, and enriched my knowledge of North America by one more 'quantum of trivia'.. :)