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The consequences of the Coronavirus have inspired me to build this LEGO model.
There are very busy at the hospitals and every day people die of COVID-19.
“To see a world in a grain of sand
And a heaven in a wild flower,
Hold infinity in the palm of your hand,
And eternity in an hour.”
(From “Auguries of Innocence” by William Blake)
Eternity is echoing Infinity on the shores of the Ganges in Varanasi (Benaras) while the first dawn light pushes obscurity out of the picture...
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**This first paragraph is a consequence of information naming this building as the Mosquito Creek Hall. "Mosquito Creek was applied to a school south of Adelaide. This little government school is six miles from Langhorne's Creek on the main road to Wellington. It was opened in January 1913, has a roll number of under 20, but it has lately distinguished itself in a manner which has brought it prominently before the public. The Gould League for the protection of birds... yearly offers for competition among the schools a fine silver challenge cup for essays written on a tree and bird of any district. This year the winning essays were written by Annie Gardner, a pupil at the school. Mr Gregory Matthews, the renowned ornithologist... presented her with two beautiful books and the silver cup...
It closed in 1946. [Ref: Manning's Place Names of South Australia]
Mulgundawa is a locality on the north coast of Lake Alexandrina between Langhorne Creek and Wellington, South Australia.
Mulgundawa Inn was a popular stopping place during the gold rush of the 1850s. A school was built by 1882. The school was used for meetings and social events, many school fund-raising events and church was conducted there.
Australian Saltworks operates from the Mulgundawa Saltworks which is Australia’s oldest salt business. Salt harvesting at the company’s site commenced in the 1870s when salt was bagged and shipped from the Mulgundawa jetty by boat to Milang and then to market in Adelaide. Salt refining was well established on the site by the late 1890s.
Today Australian Saltworks operates solar salt fields in South Australia north of Lake Alexandrina near the mouth of the Murray River. The company is privately owned and has a history and reputation of reliable supply of quality solar salt products. [Ref: Australian Saltworks website]
September 1
The Mulgundawa jetty will very soon be out of the contractor's hands, but it will be very far from being available for the purpose for which it was intended. No tramway or truck (to say nothing of a crane) for conveying wheat &c, across the jetty to the boat: the metalled causeway to it neither blinded nor rolled: and, to crown all, the sides of the causeway have not the palpable necessary facing of stone to prevent the loose soil of which it is composed being washed away by high tides.
Nothing is more certain than if the sides of the embankment are not pitchpaved (I believe they call it), the way will become disintegrated by the wash of water during some of the gales which are not unfrequent here. In its present state it is anything but creditable to the foresight or resources of the Superintending Engineer or the magnates of the Public Works Department. [Ref: Southern Argus (Port Elliot SA) 4-9-1869]
Charles Johnston Knight arrived in South Australia from Scotland on the ‘Arab’ in 1843. He settled at Mulgundawa in 1856. He was one of the south’s earliest settlers. By 1910 he had retired and his sons John and Joseph managed the property.
The death is reported of Mr Charles Johnston Knight, of Mulgundawa, near Langhorne's Creek (South Australia).
He was 92 years of age and arrived in early manhood in South Australia. He was a noted breeder of Merino sheep, and in this connection was assisted by his two sons, John S and Joseph B Knight. [Ref: West Australian (Perth WA) Friday 23 July 1915]
School Board of Advice Strathalbyn August 11
The Minister to be informed …that the Mulgundawa School, as per map of school district, is not under the control of this board. [Ref: Southern Argus 16-8-1883]
May 13 - The Bremer last night at Langhorne's Bridge was over the banks. It has now gone down five or six feet. Eastward towards Mulgundawa the road was submerged for five or six feet, and today, in places, is for considerable distances under water. Mosquito Creek has a great flood, and though now somewhat subsided, is running strongly, in places a quarter of a mile wide, and flocks of ducks and teal are near the road. At Pott’s vast sheets of water are coming close to the house. There have been heavy rains and strong winds for several days about Wellington and the lake. [Ref: South Australian Advertiser 14-5-1884]
School Board of Advice - Notice received of Miss Skinner's resignation as provisional teacher at Mulgundawa School.
Board resolved to recommend that Mulgundawa school be included in Strathalbyn District. [Ref: Southern Argus 19-6-1884]
Provisional Teacher Harriet Dalton appointed to Mulgundawa. [Ref: Express and Telegraph (Adelaide) 13-12-1888]
The Marine Board
It was decided to approve the repairing of Milang jetty with material removed from Mulgundawa jetty. [Ref: Advertiser (Adelaide) 31-8-1894]
The late Mr H Daenke
Mr Daenke had been a resident of the Lake District for a long term of years, formerly conducting the Mulgundawa Hotel, and subsequently that at Langhorne's Creek, from which place he moved to Milang.
He had been associated with public matters during the whole of his residence in the south, occupying the position of district Councillor for a long term, and that of Chairman of the Bremer Council for several years, holding that Office at the time of his death. He was a Justice of Peace. [Ref; Southern Argus (Port Elliot) 9-7-1896]
A Rival - A new industry—that of salt-refining—is being established at Mulgundawa, (says the Mount Barker paper) where Messrs Templer and Benson are erecting works. The lagoons along the lake shores at this place are said to contain immense quantities of salt of excellent quality, and hopes are entertained of the industry becoming a large and profitable one. [Ref: Pioneer (Yorketown) 11-3-1898]
A lantern entertainment given on Saturday evening, June 11th, in the Mulgundawa schoolroom was a source of much pleasure and interest to the inhabitants scattered over this isolated district, there being a very good attendance. [Ref: Southern Argus (Port Elliot) 16-6-1898]
Stopped for the season
The Salt Company at Mulgundawa (writes the Langhorne's Creek correspondent to the "Register") have left off scraping for the season. They are of opinion that they have enough salt out to keep them going for a while. About fourteen men were paid off last week. [Ref: Pioneer (Yorketown) 10-3-1899]
£1 1s voted towards demonstration and entertainment of school children at Mulgundawa school on coronation day. [Ref: Southern Argus (Port Elliot) 19-6-1902]
A successful concert and social were given here on Friday evening last. The programme consisted of tableaux, songs, recitations, and dialogues by the school children.
Supper was provided by the ladies, and afterwards dancing was indulged in. A collection taken in aid of "Minda" amounted to £1 10/. [Ref: Advertiser (Adelaide) 15-11-1902]
On Monday morning, says the Southern Argus (Strathalbyn), Mr Charles Besley, who is in charge of the salt works at Mulgundawa, met with a painful accident, his right hand getting caught in the cog wheels of one of the machines. [Ref: Advertiser (Adelaide) 7-8-1903]
Provisional Teacher Ethel M Warner appointed Mulgundawa – On probation under regulation 295. [Ref: Adelaide Observer 26-11-1904]
Another Railway suggested
Langhorne’s Creek, August 30. A largely attended meeting was held this evening in the Oddfellows' Hall, to consider the question of a branch railway from Murray Bridge to Victor Harbour, passing through the districts of Mulgundawa, Langhorne's Creek, and Belvidere, to some point on the Port Victor line. Mr J Cheriton (Chairman of the Bremer Council) presided over the meeting, which included representatives from Mulgundawa, Angas Plains, Lake Plains, Belvidere, and Strathalbyn. [Ref; Register (Adelaide) 1-9-1909]
The permanent railway commission are today to visit the Mulgundawa country, driving from Murray Bridge over the suggested route of railway, and taking evidence. At Mulgundawa they will be met by motors and brought via Langhorne's Creek to Strathalbyn. [Ref: Southern Argus 12-6-1913]
*Unfortunately this railway did not eventuate.
Last week George Rednap was working as a labourer on a farm at Mulgundawa for a weekly wage: today he is worth £5,000 and will shortly be on his way to Cornwall. Two years ago he decided to search for a fortune in Australia.
Recently he bought a ticket in a Tattersall's Sweep, and it drew the first horse and £5000. He is supporting his widowed mother and is a quiet, steady fellow. His employer (Mr Schenscher) speaks highly of him. His mother has been asking him to return home for some time, and he states that he will now be able to gratify her wish. [Ref: Mount Barker Courier and Onkaparinga and Gumeracha Advertiser (SA)17-2-1911]
Late Private F Winter
Mr and Mrs Richard Winter, of Langhorne's Creek, have been advised of the death from wounds of their eldest son, Private Frank Winter.
Private Winter, who died on November 18 at the 38th Clearing Station in Belgium, was 26 years of age. He was born at Langhorne's Creek and spent most of his boyhood on Nalpa Station near Wellington. He was educated at the Mulgundawa and Flaxley schools. [Ref: Chronicle (Adelaide) 9-12-1916]
Late Sgt A Winter
Sgt A Winter was killed in action in France on April 26, was the second son of Mr and Mrs R Winter, of Langhorne’s Creek. He was born at Nalpa Station, near Wellington, and received his education at the Mulgundawa and Flaxley Schools.
He enlisted on March 5, 1915, and left for Egypt, in the following June, with reinforcements of the 10th Battalion. After a brief sojourn in Egypt he was sent to Gallipoli where he contracted measles and enteritis.
He was returned Alexandria. Early in the new year his brother joined him, and both were transferred into the same battalion. After spending a few months in the desert they departed for France, at the end of May, 1916.
Of three sons who enlisted, two have made the supreme sacrifice. [Ref: Register (Adelaide) 13-7-1918]
Murray Bridge to Mulgundawa Road
Mr H D Young MP, waited on the Commissioner of Crown Lands (Hon G R Laffer), and introduced a deputation from the District Councils of Murray Bridge and Brinkley asking that the road from Murray Bridge to Mulgundawa be placed on the main roads schedule and that in the meantime a grant, to enable the council to construct the road, be made. It was stated that a large amount of money had been spent on the road, but the councils had come to the end of their resources.
Fifteen years ago there were only two or three settlers in the district and now practically the whole of the land was settled.
The heavy mallee carting traffic had cut up the road badly. Patching had proved useless, and the council wanted immediate help. [Ref; Daily Herald 20-9-1920]
Mr W C Humphrey
A well-known personality of the Mulgundawa district in the person of Mr William Charles Humphrey, died at his residence, Murray Bridge, on Monday, in his 82nd year.
He was born at Finniss, and at the age of eight years, went to Mulgundawa with his parents, and subsequently took over the farm, which he worked till about 11 years ago, when he moved into Murray Bridge. He leaves a family of two sons and two daughters all of whom reside at Mulgundawa. [Ref: Southern Argus (Port Elliot) 16-1-1936]
Tuesday 22 November 2016, saw local Greater Manchester Police officers join HMP Manchester Community Team in a visit to St. Edward’s RC Priamry School in Lees, Oldham as part of the ‘Actions Have Consequences’ campaign.
‘Actions Have Consequences’ workshops inform pupils on how their actions can affect them and their local community and the negative outcomes that could occur if they were to stray off the beaten track.
Subjects include nuisance 999 calls, bullying, anti-social behaviour, stranger danger, internet safety as well as others. Although the workshops carry a serious message, they are structured to be fun, informative and engaging.
The HMP Community Team gave the young people an idea of the harsh reality of prison life and the dangers of knife and gang-related crime.
To find out more about Greater Manchester Police please visit our website.
You should call 101, the new national non-emergency number, to report crime and other concerns that do not require an emergency response.
Always call 999 in an emergency, such as when a crime is in progress, violence is being used or threatened or where there is danger to life.
You can also call anonymously with information about crime to Crimestoppers on 0800 555 111.
Dust from building sites and smog from cars covers the Beijing skies. 1,200 new cars are added to the congested roads each day.
I could hardly recognize the place - it's only been 18 months since my last visit.
Hasselblad 500C/M + 80mm + Ilford HP5
@10/01/2008 added border - looks better I think
Cory Corazon C. Aquino, Our Democracy Figher, Our Nations Mother, An Artists, A grandmother and our Symbol of Hope and Prayer in the Philippines and for the Filipinos here and abroad. You can copy and used the image for free for Publication,Blogs and all kinds of Printing (T-shirt, Mugs, Canvass,etc.) as long there will be reference to www.titacoryaquino.com You can also shipped framed Photos worldwide of Tita Cory through the website.
You can download the Photo by clicking All Sizes and Download Photo.(There's 4 Image selections you can freely download and print.
This is my one way of tribute to our Beloved President Corazon Aquino, Salamat Tita Cory!
please visit the website www.titacoryaquino.com and leave a message for Cory Aquino and for the Bereaved family.
Ninoy and Cory’s Message of Times
8/4/09 (Message through dream)
(These messages come to me when I wake up, these Iconic Image on her on flickr that have top rank on flickr search for Cory or Corazon Aquino.)
Ninoy and Cory’s Message of Times
8/4/09
To our dearest countrymen , for the Filipinos in our great Nation and the Filipinos worldwide. I am Ninoy, and I am Cory, we together leave this message of times, that’s fits your times and the days of our Lord. We have surpassed already the tribulations, the hardship and the sacrifices we have been through.
We the force, the spirit, the image that we have build upon, will share you our story of tribulations and the sufferings that we choose before we born in this Great Nation.
We have chosen the mission to be your light in the darkest hour of our nation, When our nation bleeds we have chosen to be your savior- that even though our choices brings change in one of every Filipino or a million Filipino lives- We will not falter and We will always be your light and you’re savior, even for the consequences of being punished for our choices.
Now these time of days, these epoch of century is our time of great change, the blessing of fire had bestowed within us, these great nation we have, had already gone many trials by fire for many decades.
These time of our passing through, will be your time to shine, but less not forgot that we must bear little sacrifices to achieve our goal.
My partner, My Wife Corazon, have completed the cycle already. We have completed the circle of wheel and we have laid and clear the pathway for this great nation. I am the first wheel of change and Corazon is the second wheel of change, and we the Filipinos who lives through these tribulation times are the cart of change. The cart was build by your forefathers and our nations sung and unsung heroes.
The wheels are now attached in the cart in these tribulation times, and we have laid the pathway for you. What you need in your present time is to push together the cart, You need to push together for change , for better ways and for better life is now within arms reach.
I chose to die before for a reason and my wife chose to live and guide you to complete the cycle. The Filipino people have all endured the trial by fire, and years of tribulation and it’s now time to excel, and reap the harvest of our seeds we have planted.
We must act now, and act together, for this is easy like pushing the cart in the next level.
Let’s fight and guard for our democracy. The democracy that our heroes have fight before. Let’s not settle for bronze instead settle for gold, for Excellency. For our fathers forefathers have deeply rooted Excellency in our Filipino ways and Life.
We need to change our old system, the system of selfish gains, the system that benefits only some, we need to open the basket, not keep it for privileged ones. There are no privileged ones in this life we have, the moment we born, we are all privileged for the things here on our sphere and on our times.
The spirit you have shown us, when comes the times that we have to leave you, are what you need to succeed. If you weep with us for our passing through, If you weep together when it’s time we need to leave you, and for your sorrow you moved as one, or a dozen as one, or a thousand as one,or a million as one.
In our deaths,and In our goodbye’s you have act together as one, a thousands as one, a million as one. Let these acts, let these movement, let these cooperation brings you to act together, to fight for democracy, and to fight for Excellency then we will be much happier for that are our dreams before, that’s the reason we have lived before and the reason also we died for.
We can transform the change we need for a blink of an eye, The change we have worked before, the change that we have sacrificed before, the change that we have lived and died for.
Our dear brothers and sisters, Keep this message of time- for this message takes effect and of great value in these days of the lord, and these days of your time. Tell others these messages of change and reform.
Its time to bloom, it’s time we must reap the harvest we have planted before.
We deserved the best , Our dear Countrymen!
And its time we harvest, it’s time now to do your part, it’s time to push the cart ahead of you….
Ninoy and Cory
Picture was taken on en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Corazon_Aquino_1986.jpg for a Public Domain, The photo was edited and crop-
These sets of Images was blogged a thousand times- Pls. Blogged these Cory Sets Images in Honor of her works and her sacrifices for our Country and our freedom we enjoy today.
Thanx for the bloggers that blogged these images I have created for Cory.
joserizal.tumblr.com/post/156229740
sunkissed-trampolines.tumblr.com/post/156059583
ditchtheredlight.tumblr.com/post/156265845/via-joserizal-...
thinkmerandom.tumblr.com/post/156310323
ningmumbing.tumblr.com/post/156288231/via-joserizal#disqu...
orochelle.tumblr.com/post/156241873/via-joserizal
duhnicaa.tumblr.com/post/156234596/madeldel-via-joserizal...
reyreylovell.tumblr.com/post/156242173/via-joserizal-rest...
looeeesuh.tumblr.com/post/156248459/via-joserizal
www.mawesadobo.info/nobody-but-you-cory-aquino/
gabbyantonio.tumblr.com/post/156293812/via-joserizal#disq...
hellowonderland.tumblr.com/post/156187298/via-joserizal
xibonita.tumblr.com/post/156245109/via-joserizal
alan30.tumblr.com/post/156268631/tinrulestheworld-via-jos...
angelasolomon.tumblr.com/post/156171606/via-joserizal
imperfectlybeautiful.tumblr.com/post/156084233/via-joseri...
paupsycho.tumblr.com/post/156121969#notes
imperfectlybeautiful.tumblr.com/post/156084233/via-joseri...
And many more-
"
I have fallen in love
With the same woman three times
In a day spanning nineteen years
Of tearful joys and joyful tears.
I loved her first when she was young
Enchanting and vibrant, eternally new
She was brilliant, fragrant and cool as the morning dew
I fell in love with her the second time
When first she bore her child and mine
She’s always by my side, the source of my strength
Helping to turn the tide…
I fell in love again with the same woman the third time
Looming from the battle her courage will never fade.
Amidst the hardships she has remained
Undaunted and unafraid
She is calm and composed. She is God’s lovely maid.
"
Ninoy Aquino to Cory Aquino
Photo Edited by: www.louiephotography.philwired.net
Tribute Website by: www.philwired.com
My father who found the English landscape tame
Had hardly in his life walked in a wood,
Too old when first he met one; Malory's knights,
Keats's nymphs or the Midsummer Night's Dream
Could never arras the room, where he spelled out True and Good
With their interleaving of half-truths and not-quites.
While for me from the age of ten the socketed wooden gate
Into a Dorset planting, into a dark
But gentle ambush, was an alluring eye;
Within was a kingdom free from time and sky,
Caterpillar webs on the forehead, danger under the feet,
And the mind adrift in a floating and rustling ark
Packed with birds and ghosts, two of every race,
Trills of love from the picture-book – Oh might I never land
But here, grown six foot tall, find me also a love
Also out of the picture-book; whose hand
Would be soft as the webs of the wood and on her face
The wood-pigeon's voice would shaft a chrism from above.
So in a grassy ride a rain-filled hoof-mark coined
By a finger of sun from the mint of Long Ago
Was the last of Lancelot's glitter. Make-believe dies hard;
That the rider passed here lately and is a man we know
Is still untrue, the gate to Legend remains unbarred,
The grown-up hates to divorce what the child joined.
Thus from a city when my father would frame
Escape, he thought, as I do, of bog or rock
But I have also this other, this English, choice
Into what yet is foreign; whatever its name
Each wood is the mystery and the recurring shock
Of its dark coolness is a foreign voice.
Yet in using the word tame my father was maybe right,
These woods are not the Forest; each is moored
To a village somewhere near. If not of to-day
They are not like the wilds of Mayo, they are assured
Of their place by men; reprieved from the neolithic night
By gamekeepers or by Herrick's girls at play.
And always we walk out again. The patch
Of sky at the end of the path grows and discloses
An ordered open air long ruled by dyke and fence,
With geese whose form and gait proclaim their consequence,
Pargetted outposts, windows browed with thatch,
And cow pats – and inconsequent wild roses.
Towards the end of 2016 Abellio Surrey announced that it wished to withdraw from a number of its Surrey County Council contracts. One consequence was that from Saturday 31st December 2016 twice-daily route 513 between Kingston and Cobham (Downside) was reallocated to Cardinal Buses of Egham, whose KX03 HZP, a Caetano-bodied Dennis Dart previously with Ealing Community Transport, is seen in Eden Street, Kingston, on the afternoon 13.03 departure on Friday 13th January.
For good measure, Cardinal also took over a shortened 557 between Addlestone and Sunbury Cross from the same date. Cardinal Buses had previously specialised in School buses, private hires and weekend rail replacements and this is their first foray into regular bus operations.
This familiar duck, with its large 'spade-like' bill, is a relatively scarce and localised breeder. Winter numbers are swelled by the arrival of wintering birds from further east.
The Shoveler is a rather specialized feeder, as its broad bill might suggest, feeding on zooplankton. One consequence of this is that Shoveler tend to favour more ephemeral waterbodies where potential competitors (e.g. fish) cannot survive.
Wintering individuals include birds from the breeding populations that extend from eastern Fennoscandia and the Baltic to western Russia, though many of these move further south into France and Spain, as do some individuals from our own breeding population.
D.W. Craig - Too Late for Tears
Midwood Books 32-400, 1964
Cover Artist: Paul Rader
"The hot-rod honeymoon... A timely tale of a teenage elopement and its unexpected, unwanted consequences."
It has been 1,067 days since Russia invaded Ukraine – the war continues – normality does not settle in – yet life goes on amidst the war, its consequences, and its losses.
One of the serious negative consequences of the People's Republic of China's rapid industrial development has been increased pollution and degradation of natural resources. A 1998 World Health Organization report on air quality in 272 cities worldwide concluded that seven of the world's 10 most polluted cities were in China. Rapid industrialisation in the Pearl River Delta has also contributed to worsening air pollution in Hong Kong.
China's increasingly polluted environment is largely a result of the country's rapid development and consequently a large increase in primary energy consumption, which is almost entirely produced by burning coal. China has pursued a development model which prioritises exports-led growth (similar to many other East Asian countries), by expediting increases in manufacturing capacity, largely in the absence of any significant ecological or pollution controls to reduce polluting emissions from the nation's rapidly industrialising economy. With regard to biological resources China has developed a Biodiversity Action Plan to address protection of vulnerable species and productive habitats.
Various studies estimate pollution costs the Chinese economy about 7-10% of GDP each year.
Since 2002, the number of complaints to the environmental authorities has increased by 30% every year, reaching 600,000 in 2004; while the number of mass protests caused by environmental issues has grown by 29% every year.
The PRC's leaders are increasingly paying attention to the country's severe environmental problems. In March 1998, the State Environmental Protection Administration (SEPA) was officially upgraded to a ministry-level agency, reflecting the growing importance the PRC Government places on environmental protection. In recent years, the PRC has strengthened its environmental legislation and made some progress in stemming environmental deterioration. In 1999, the PRC invested more than one percent of GDP in environmental protection, a proportion that will likely increase in coming years. During the 10th 5-Year Plan, the PRC plans to reduce total emissions by 10%. Beijing in particular is investing heavily in pollution control as part of its campaign to host a successful Olympiad in 2008. Some cities have seen improvement in air quality in recent years.
The Xinhua News Agency has quoted an environmental official, Wang Jinnan, as saying that more than 410,000 Chinese die as a result of pollution each year.
Air pollution
According to the People's Republic of China's own evaluation, two-thirds of the 338 cities for which air-quality data are available are considered polluted--two-thirds of them moderately or severely so. Respiratory and heart diseases related to air pollution are the leading cause of death in China. Acid rain falls on 30% of the country. China is about 20 years behind the U.S. schedule of environmental regulation and 20 to 30 years behind Europe. Smogs are reportedly to increase every year because of the many cars used everyday.
Water pollution
Almost all of the nation's rivers are considered polluted to some degree, and half of the population lacks access to clean water. Ninety percent of urban water bodies are severely polluted. Water scarcity also is an issue; for example, severe water scarcity in Northern China is a serious threat to sustained economic growth and has forced the government to begin implementing a largescale diversion of water from the Yangtze River to northern cities, including Beijing and Tianjin.
An explosion at a petrochemical plant in Jilin City on 13 November 2005 caused a large discharge of nitrobenzene into the Songhua River. Levels of the carcinogen were so high that the entire water supply to Harbin city (pop 3.8M) was cut off for five days between 21 November 2005 and 26 November 2005, though it was only on 23 November that officials admitted that a severe pollution incident was the reason for the cut off.
The responsibility for dealing with water is split between several agencies within the government. Water pollution is the responsibility of the environmental authorities, but the water itself is managed by the Ministry of Water Resources. Sewage is dealt with by the Ministry of Construction, but groundwater falls within the realm of the Ministry of Land and Resources.
Eight-legged frogs are being seen in China
Water projects
The question of environmental impacts associated with the Three Gorges Dam project has generated controversy among environmentalists inside and outside China. Critics claim that erosion and silting of the Yangtze River threaten several endangered species, while Chinese officials say the dam will help prevent devastating floods and generate clean hydroelectric power that will enable the region to lower its dependence on coal, thus lessening air pollution.
A large "south-to-north" water diversion project, will cost US$57 billion, take 50 years to construct, and divert water from China's four largest rivers to the municipalities of Beijing and Tianjin, and the province of Hebei.
CO2 emissions
The People's Republic of China is an active participant in the climate change talks and other multilateral environmental negotiations, and claims to take environmental challenges seriously but is pushing for the developed world to help developing countries to a greater extent. It is a signatory to the Basel Convention governing the transport and disposal of hazardous waste and the Montreal Protocol for the Protection of the Ozone Layer, as well as the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species and the Kyoto Protocol, although China is not required to reduce its carbon emissions under the terms of the present agreement.
Environment and development riots
Industrial pollution has its most severe impact on the poor and in China, pollution incidents have been so serious as to be the cause of rioting in recent years. The lack of democracy and corruption in development of factories and plants is a source of tension.
Consequence of a suicide attemp in another subway station
No edit
Taken with my Samsung Galaxy A21s phone
The consequences of the problems that arose with 45231's wheel-flats discovered on Good Friday, 2 April 2021 have almost concluded in south Wales as today (16 April 2021) the Black 5 was taken away by low-loader from Port Talbot 'Up' Sidings for rectification. For those that know nothing about the movement from where the failure was declared, Llandeilo and the aforementioned Port Talbot 'Up' Sidings, on 13 April two EE Type 3s, D6817/D6851 worked light engine from Crewe to Llandeilo. From there they worked a slow moving rescue to get 45231 complete with a wheel-skate on the tender's leading front axle to a suitable location to load the locomotive and tender onto low-loaders, Port Talbot 'Up' Sidings. Once the removal of 45231 was complete the two Type 3s led the support coach as 5Z37, the 13.54 Port Talbot 'Up' Sidings to Crewe. The working is seen passing through Pyle station and about to get stuck in to Stormy bank, I doubt if speed was reduced by the weight of the load!
D6817 was new in March 1963 and allocated to Tinsley, being renumbered 37117 and then 37521; D6851 is a little younger having been commissioned in July 1963 at Canton, renumbered 37151 and later 37667. They both looked superb in BR Green with small warning panels, about six photographers gathered on the station to witness the event.
Urban planning and its avatar the urbanism, a word invented by Iidefons Cerdã in Barcelona in 1880, at the same time as the criticism by Camillo Sitte against Hoffman’s hygienic cities.
The urbis is a form of satellite journey, this gives peripheral spaces hostages of the center and brings consecration to the perpendicular city with the horrible poem called "The right angle", and maybe its disastrous consequences today?
Critical? Almost illegal at present of the Grand Master Le Corbusier comes from raven [corbeau like corbu in French word that's joke with a play of sonority] first rank of the Mithra sect. Le Corbusier invent new module gold --Modulor or Mystery with transhumanism- Dream of the machine to live and then failure of the conditions of displacement and their relationship with an urban form that breaks the bonds. As in a living body, it is established through a morphology of red blood cells. The body of a city is only designed for the car without interactions, pedestrians become ants. You cannot stop in a metro corridor for example.
Form of people and formatting ... village in a circled encounter / chessboard and failure of the relations by the division of the soil that projects ways to move and access the properties, the culture of the vacuum of the modern street produces displacements without random encounters other than traffic accidents. The system of a grid city is imposed as a simple way to enlarge or create a city from a track, to the extreme case in which cities exist only on a track composed of boxes with parking lots to ease the access. Thus many districts resemble to chess boards with malls build on crop fields, agricultural production being managed at the regional or national level.
It will be better to study the city and the importance of its geometry, the journeys of city dwellers in a quadrangular city and the absence or the failures of businesses in these neighborhoods .... The linear path and the absence of landmarks . The weight of a past and the possibility of making evolve the city with its time. The fatality of being born or living in a linear neighborhood composed of parking lots and housing without shops or public facilities, the porosity of public facilities ... The true meaning of the word church ... we do not live only with trade and business .. Towards a Citizen Church? One must understand and try to stop glorifying architecture buildings too fashionable and fragile in the maintenance and financed with 100% public funding ... donations are never as well received as those that are a participatory mix and Plus a systematic right that is expensive in management ... one can make schools freer for those many who are in failure in the primary school and can run schools like startup companies already do in incubators. The form of cities is the main factor in the failure of poor neighborhoods. Urban planners were born in this convenience to reproduce in copy / pasted an eternal vision of car parks and blocks with well insulated facades using fragile materials. The architects follow modern fashion as a priesthood, the novelty of forms has become a dogma, the facades are like paintings with no link other than the geometry of the piece of land. Life could not have been born in these cities cloned with a grid, they have voluntarily erased all ties with history and regional anchoring, architectural globalization produces the same cities all over the World. This is an observation that nobody criticizes, it's a bit like a single party?
the creation of self sufficient small towns, really very nice towns if you were docile and had no plans of your own and did not mind spending your life with others with no plans of their own.
Trame urbaine et son avatar l'urbanisme, un mot inventé par Cerda à Barcelone en 1880, en même temps que la critique par Sitte des villes hygiéniques de Hoffmann.
L'urbis c'est une forme de trajet en satellite, cela donne des espaces périphériques otages du centre et la consécration depuis de la ville perpendiculaire avec l'horrible poème de "L'angle droit " et ses conséquences désastreuses aujourd'hui ?
Critique? Presque illégale actuellement du Grand Maître Le Corbusier vient de corbeau premier grades de la secte de Mithra. ...module or --Modulor-Mystère transhumanisme- Rêve de la machine à habiter puis échec actuellement des conditions de déplacement et de leurs relations avec une forme urbaine qui brise les liens. Comme dans un corps vivant, il s'établit à travers une morphologie des globules rouges .Le corps d'une ville est uniquement conçu pour la voiture sans interactions, entre des piétons devenus des fourmis. Impossible de s'arrêter dans un couloir de metro par exemple.
Forme des gens et formatage ... village en cercle rencontre / échiquier et échec des relations par la division du sol qui projette des voies pour circuler et accéder au propriétés , la culture du vide de la rue moderne produit des déplacements sans rencontres aléatoires autres que des accidents de circulation. Le système d'une ville quadrillée c'est imposé comme un moyen simple d'agrandir ou de créer une ville à partir d'une voie, à l'extrême certaine villes n'existent que sur une voie composée de boites avec des parkings pour faciliter l'accès. Ainsi beaucoup de quartiers ressemblent à des échiquiers avec des zones commerciales sur les anciennes zones maraîchères, la production agricole étant gérée au niveau régional ou national.
Il faudra mieux étudier la ville et l'importance de sa géométrie, les trajets des citadins dans une ville quadrangulaire et l'absence ou l'échec des commerces dans ces quartiers.... Le trajet linéaire et l'absence de repères ... Le poids d'un passé et la possibilité de faire évoluer la ville avec son temps. La fatalité de naître ou de vivre dans un quartier linéaire composé de parking et de logements sans commerces ni équipements publics, la porosité des équipements publics... Le vrai sens du mot église... on ne vit pas avec du tout commerce ... Vers une église citoyenne? Il faut comprendre et essayer d'arrêter de glorifier les bâtiments d'architecture trop mode et fragile dans l'entretien et décidé avec Le financement 100% public... les dons ne sont jamais aussi bien reçu que ceux qui sont un mélange participatif et plus un droit systématique qui coûte cher en gestion... on peut faire des écoles plus libres pour ceux nombreux qui sont en échec dans Le primaire et faire tourner les écoles comme le font déjà les entreprises dans les incubateurs. La forme des villes est le principal facteur d'échec des quartiers pauvres. Les urbanistes sont nés dans cette facilité de reproduire en copie/collé une éternelle vision de parkings et de blocs maintenant biens isolés en façades avec des matériaux fragiles. Les architectes suivent la mode moderne comme un sacerdoce, la nouveauté des formes est devenue un dogme, les façades sont comme des tableaux sans lien autre que la géométrie du parcellaire. La vie n'as pas pu naître dans ces villes clonées avec une grille, elles ont volontairement effacé tout les liens avec l'histoire et l'ancrage régional, la globalisation architecturale produit les mêmes villes dans le Monde. C'est un constat que personne ne critique, c'est un peu comme un parti unique ? C’est un vœu de mes années étudiantes, créer un nouveau village et rendre hommage à mon coloriste préféré Vincent Van Gogh , un mystique qui ignorait la genèse scolaire pour vivre intensément dans l’intuition d’un Monde au-dessus et bien plus subtil que l’épreuve d’une vie terrienne, Vincent un extraterrestre 👽 mais bien sûr, salut 👋 les terriens
Elephant Butte Reservoir offers excellent boating and fishing for all. It is located near Truth of Consequences, New mexico
Conséquence de l'inconséquence de autorités locales et des entrepreneurs ?
Quand on voit l'état environnemental de la plupart des zones commerciales et industrielles agenaises, ça laisse rêveur!
Zone d'Activité Commerciale de la Tuque
Rue des artisans,
Castelculier.
Agglomération d'Agen.
A personal consequence of BREXIT?
Haus Lange in Krefeld is an address of pilgrimage for architectural studies and those people interested in Ludwig Mies von der Rohe’s style setting early work. Splendid and ageless architecture and garden environment.
Most recently this building became a new home for BREXIT refugee family that felt no longer welcome in England. Has it really become ‘a home’? If you watch the series of photos I took you might feel shocked as I was when I first lingered thru the stylish rooms. The car was still packed. The door was open… I entered as invited, saw valuable furniture, most goods still in boxes, piles of books. The pantechnicon obviously just left. Also very obvious: The landlady, mother and wife also left and will stay absent: ‘You will never see me again’ written on the mirror. That wasn’t a good sign. I felt sorry.
Then to my utmost horror I found the host floating dead in the pool… A husband, a father: dead! And nobody seems to care!
Even more desperate the boy hiding in the dining room – his distressed body language seems to ask: Can this my home? Where is my mother? Who is my mother? Where are my roots?
You may form your own opinion on this photo story – but being uprooted is the worst prerequisite for a new and positive start. Reasons are manifold. But if it comes to politics as a cause: Think before you vote, choose well whom you elect. It might affect your families’ life, too.
The artists Michael Elgreen and Ingar Dragset make us think with their fictive story and installation of an unhappy start in Haus Lange, Krefeld.
I as a photographer tried to transfer this mood and the atmosphre into 17 picture series ‘Die Zugezogenen’.
Krefeld, February 2017
Thomas Kopf
Tras las obras de restauración en 1963 se aseguraron los ventanales exteriores del edificio.
Presentación • Mi galeria • Lo mas interesante • Mis expos • Fluidr
Copyright © Guijo Córdoba 2012 All Rights Reserved.
Please don't use this image on websites, blogs or other media without my explicit permission. A breach of copyright has legal consequences.
The mirador of Carmona
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www.carmona.org/ciudad/ciudad_carmona.php#resena
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© All rights reserved.
© Please don't use this image on websites, blogs or other media without my explicit permission
A breach of copyright has legal consequences
This was for an article about the long-term dangers and unknowns of cellphone use. Some experts say that eventual harmful consequences in the long run could appear in about twenty years. The market is predicting 3 billions cellphone users worlwide in five years.
Article in the Montréal Campus (in french)
About the photo: I'm not sure I like the result. I like how Vero's green eyes turned out (this was lighted in part by flash but mainly by good-old retina-burning sun). We had to settle for a neutral expression, because a more "chatty", expressive face would distract attention from the phone-bomb, not that it does not already. Some Photoshop involved: the cord, some work in the background, the light on her hair, levels, saturation. The spark was all real and all there, just beside her face. She was holding a little firecracker with her finger. So for her it was pure torture.
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Cette photo était pour illustrer un article sur les dangers à long-terme de l'utilisation des téléphones cellulaires. Certains experts croient que les conséquences néfastes de leur utilisation se feront sentir dans un vingtaine d'années. Selon les prévisions du marché, 3 milliards de personnes auront un cellulaire dans cinq ans.
L'article est dans le Montréal Campus
UNDERSTAND THE CONTEMPORARY CONCEPTUAL ART (4) THE ART OF THE TOP EYE. A SMALL HISTORY OF PATHOLOGY.
"Look at our art, we have the aesthetics of our ethics: a cry in the desert."
Jean DUCHE. The Shield of Athena The West, its history, its destiny 1983
"You can make to peoples swallow anything," says one expert: MARCEL DUCHAMP (interview on the express 23 July 1964) Under the name of art, for more than a hundred years now, to peoples have been made to swallow anything. We are in the midst of unreality, what is officially considered to be the art of the 20th century and the beginning of the current century has no connection with art, it is anti-art, non-art, hoax.
JEAN LOUIS HARROUEL Contemporary Art, Great Falsification Jean Cyrille Godefroy 2009
1) The old pathologies: the chosen peoples.
2) A new pathology: the enlightened
3) Political and social consequences of the new pathology: The Initiation.
4) Back to art. The Contemporary Conceptual Art or the Art of the Top Eye
1) The old pathologies: the chosen peoples.
When visiting the Museums of Contemporary Art of Europe, always installed in very expensive buildings, with a very generally remarkable architecture, designed by prestigious architects, the visitor is necessarily led to ask himself: How do they manage to impose this official contemporary anti-art, everywhere ugly, absurd, provocative, botched, sad, uprooted, obsessional, and as a result of all this, totally artificial ?
How do they manage to hold this obscure, incomprehensible, hermetic discourse everywhere, closed to the common people? And why is that?
It's easy to understand: They do it on purpose.
The Why is also simple to understand, as for ancient art, it is the ideology that inspires this art.
Official Contemporary Art is not a coincidence, an accident, a temporary error, it is a will, a project, in the long term, for society. A project which corresponds to a relatively recent ideology in human history, a new religion, that of man and of his reason. It is in the name of this faith in the human Raison that our elites want an art separated from the peoples, an art for an avant-garde of the chosen ones of the Intelligence, of Initiates, to which they claim to belong. For the elites of past centuries, art was a means of communicating with peoples and influencing them through the transmission of a shared ideological message. Art was not reserved, but rather a common good between elites and peoples.
Contemporary ideological and political elites have turned official contemporary art into an apartheid art, an art reserved for the enlightened, the initiated. It is true that these elites have new means of communication and propaganda towards the peoples: Schools, television, cinema, radio, mass media, advertising. The role of art as an instrument of indoctrination has become less essential and much more indirect. The art have could settle himself in "reserve". The Conceptual Contemporary Art, this art reserved for the "enlightened", is an excellent revealer of the values that animate the ideological and political elites of our time and in particular of one of the essential characteristics of contemporary political ideology: the claim of these elites to the possession of "higher lights", of higher knowledge, which can only be acquired through the mechanism of Initiation and which legitimizes their power of government. A doctrine that inspires all discourse, hermetic and nebulous, that is inseparable from official contemporary art, and that has considerable political and sociological implications, that go well beyond the museums of contemporary art alone.
Museums of contemporary art are only, in the aesthetic field, the apparent tip of an iceberg that concerns the entire Western society and whose invisible presence they reveal.
The pathology we are about to discuss here, considered from a collective, social point of view, is that of the chosen, the initiated and the enlightened. History has always known the chosen by race, ethnicity, nation, and God's chosen ones, who have influenced world events for millennia. For about three centuries now, representatives of a very similar neurosis have appeared in Europe, but whose doctrines and ideological justifications are different, and even often opposed: the chosen of Reason.
The pathology of "elected peoples", "superiors" by their races, native lands, cultures, and/or religions is very old. She has been active in all cultures, it is not possible to be complete.
The Aryans in India, or Nazi Germany,
The Greeks opposing the Barbarians,
The Chinese consider themselves the only "Sons of Heaven", but also the Japanese or Koreans (Moon)
The Jews, "Chosen People", "People of the Covenant" with the only true God, "people priest", people of the only true End Time Messiah.....
Muslims, Faithful to Allah, the One, vindictive and merciful, the only true one, as opposed to God or the Gods of the Infidels, condemned to eternal hell,
The Aztecs, the chosen people of Huitzilopochtli, a solar deity, practising human sacrifice by the tens of thousands annually to the detriment of the surrounding peoples.
The Inca, son of the Sun, reigning over a totalitarian society, so popular that it collapsed at the mere sight of a few dozen Spaniards.
The Protestants, predestined for salvation by the Grace of God alone, without the works being necessary.
The list would be long to establish of all the "superior peoples" and "True Believers" in human history.
The Lazarist Catholic Fathers Huc and Gabet, missionaries crossing Tibet in 1844-1846, were very sincerely frightened of the mass of the damned whom they met on their journey. They did not seem to have understood the distant humour of some of the Buddhist sages they met, who recognized the great spiritual and moral interest of Catholic teaching. Without however converting, Or maybe they didn't want their true thinking to show through in their book, for fear of attracting the wrath of their own hierarchy.
It is certain that by the cross effect of the reciprocal damnations of the various religions, especially Christianity, Judaism and Islam, the Infernos del Ciel must have been saturated with people for two millennia.
The Hells on Earth have also multiplied, in the name of these many true antagonistic faiths, eager to convert all those who did not ask them anything. Muslims have imposed themselves from the Atlantic to the Indian Ocean via the suburbs of Vienna. Catholic Spain has been illustrated in this regard in South and Central America. But Protestants were not more tolerant one or two centuries later in North America. Even the Bisons will not escape the conversion with rifle.
All these "chosen", these "enlightened", these "initiates" have existed, and still exist, in an infinity of religions which, with very few exceptions, conceive of truth and of salvation, for them, but also for the others only through doctrines always based on the divine election, of a particular people or of believers without ethnic distinction but holders of the single Truth. Ecumenism is publicly displayed, but mental reservations are alive and well.
Doctrines are one thing, practices and behaviours can be different. But the doctrines of the monotheistic religions, derived from Semitic thought (Judaism, Christianity, Islamism), are all very marked by the same handicap: the simplistic belief in the existence on earth, within reach of human thought, of one Truth, and only one . This is not the case with the religious and philosophical doctrines of the Far East, such as the Hinduisms, Buddhisms, Taoisms, Confucianism and Shintoism, which distinguish all the truths to which the human mind can have access, multiple and even apparently contradictory, and the Metaphysical Truth, of which man cannot be aware during his lifetime. Far eastern religious thought is, as a result of this fundamental analysis, in theory much more tolerant than Western religious thought. For centuries, Hindu philosophical and religious thought in particular has been based on the principle that all the great religions of the world, despite their different and sometimes opposing discourses, are bearers of saving truths.
These pathologies of the belief in a unique truth and in a particular excellence of which a group of humans would be the sole holder because of a membership, ethnic or cultural, a filiation or a divine election, a faith or of an initiation, have long been based essentially on the race or the land of birth and on religion, these sources being able to be combined.
It is important to observe that these neuroses of superiority are not harmful in themselves but by the action of men, what men do with them. Religious beliefs, even exclusive ones, have not only had bad consequences in terms of civilization and art, contrary to the doctrine spread by their contemporary atheist opponents. History and in particular art history demonstrate this. The alchemy of pathology and normality is complex in human beings. Well-controlled and compensated neuroses can be stimulating and creative of memorable actions, of admirable and lasting civilizations. Without too much collateral damage. But other pathologies have been little creative or totally destructive, especially for those who were not chosen, elected, enlightened, initiated, those outside.
The pathology of election by belonging to a nation, a land and a culture of origin, for example, has wreaked havoc in Europe when it has lost its sense of proportion. When the neurosis became obsessive. When fidelity to a past and a culture has become an aggression against the past and the culture of others. This ultra-nationalism was the consequence of and reaction to the absurd conquests of the French Revolution and the First Empire. The whole 19th and first half of the 20th century was a period of dramatic clashes of multiple ultra-nationalist neuroses that were exported to Japan.
This ultra-nationalism was in no way born of the spontaneous passions of peoples, it was totally created and fuelled by the ideological and political elites of the time because it served their interests. Peoples always slaughter each other by order from above. And it is certainly not the simplistic dream of the "enlightened" of a Universal Republic, the new ideological mega-neurosis of globalism, that will be an obstacle to the massacres of peoples.
Since 1945 it is indeed the opposite neurosis that the elites have been imposing: nationalism, the simple feeling of national belonging, is described as a racist abomination, and it is the contempt for the nation, the land and the culture of birth, which is the mandatory correct thought under penalty of criminal conviction. What has happened so that in half a century the hypertrophied adoration of the nation becomes its utterest execration? The same speech that was worth the Legion of Honour in 1900 is worth prison in 2000. It is because a new ideology, which appeared in Europe in the 18th century, was imposed on peoples by the political-economical elites.
2) A new pathology: the enlightened
The important novelty with major political consequences is that all the superiority complexes, which were exclusively ethnocultural and/or religious in inspiration for millennia, were able, from the end of the 18th century, the famous "Enlightenment", to base oneself on totally secular, profane, rationalist ideologies, even claiming to be scientific.
This is the great recent progress of human civilization. The chosen one of Reason was born, and gradually imposed himself against the chosen one of God or certain Gods and against the feeling of belonging to a culture or a territory. There is often opposition between God's chosen ones, always very active in certain regions, and the chosen ones of Reason, but there is also very often an alliance. It depends on which God and which chosen people it is. And what a chosen people is hidden behind the chosens of reason. The vocabulary has evolved accordingly: the "enlightened" "the Illuminated", were both ben added and opposed to the "chosen of God" to the "believers", the "faithful", the "sons of Heaven"...
The "enlightened" are the spiritual sons of Jean Jacques Rousseau, a profound neurotic but highly gifted to found a system. These "enlightened" will have considerable political success: they are certainly the minority, but they are the exclusive legitimate interpreters of the General Will, the only true because the only one founded in Reason. This General Will, in reality particular, property of a handful of self-proclaimed enlightened people, is superior to the will of the majority of peoples supposedly lost by passions. The enlightened are inhabited by Reason while the peoples are only inhabited by passions.
This doctrine of "General Will", the expression of a minority enlightened by Reason, founded the new democratic, republican aristocracy, the modern, rationalist and materialistic aristocracy. Jean Jacques Rousseau is the Founder Father of the new conception of the political and ideological elite still in force throughout the West and Eurasia and which has even spread to the Far East, China and Korea.
The "avant-garde enlightened" by the lights of the dialectical and scientific materialism of Marx, Engels, Lenin, are indeed a direct avatar, adapted to the scientism of the 19th century, of the Rousseauist ideology. A century after Rousseau, it was necessary to be less literary, less "philosophical" and more "scientific". Hence Marxism Leninism, Maoism.....
These "enlightened" represent a double betrayal: betrayal of true philosophy, that of Socrates or Confucius, and betrayal of true science, just as modest, when it can express itself freely apart from the pressures of ideological drifts and political and economic ambitions.
The pathology of the "initiated" by their belonging to an esoteric doctrine and a network of elected officials is therefore not endangered, because religions have, in certain regions of the earth, less power over men than in the past. The chosen ones of God or of the Gods are no longer alone: they are neighboring, collaborating with, or facing, a new and growing category of chosen ones, those of Reason and Science. A reason and a science misguided, of course, but spirituality and religion too have been misguided.
The "superior men" thus continue to proliferate, who sometimes self-proclaim themselves with sincerity and good faith, almost innocently, as authorized and only able to teach and govern the mass of the uneducated, unelected, non- messianic, not predestined, unenlightened, unrelated, uninitiated, uneducated, in short all the poor inferior men misguided in their irrationality. Hell is paved with good intentions, in times of triumphant Reason as in the times of God or of the Gods or of the Fatherland.
Contemporary political elites consider themselves to be far above the people. They do not proclaim it too loudly, publicly, but they think it very loudly within their reserved cenacles.
This is not a new idea in the history of humanity. "Aristocracy" is defined etymologically from the Greek aristos, better, excellent, and kratos, power.
The novelty is not therefore in this belief in the political superiority of a few, but in the conceptions of the basis of the legitimacy of the power that these elites hold and exercise over peoples.
It is no longer the force of weapons, nor birth. Because these elites claim to be civilian, peaceful authorities, exercising effective control over the military and democrats, popularists.
This is no longer the divine election, because contemporary government elites are politically atheistic and proclaim themselves secular. Even in countries where religion has retained a certain social influence, such as the United States.
Likewise, wealth has been partly delegitimized. Money is in fact an ever more active actor of power over men, but the wealth is no longer so ostensible, it claims less, and is hidden more. You have to be rich to be powerful, but you shouldn't look so much anymore, unlike the old aristocracies. It is a wealth of merchants and bankers who are well established at the top of society, but who prefer relative discretion. It is no longer a wealth of aristocrats and nobles who display and proclaim their difference. But on this point, since the collapse of communist societies, developments are underway towards greater legitimacy of money.
3) Political and social consequences of the new pathology: The Initiation.
The public, official discourse bases the political legitimacy of the rulers on the election by the governed. This is the correct public doctrine. Political legitimacy through popular designation, a people more or less widely understood, is also not a novelty in human history. Neolithic societies, classical Greece, have experienced this type of legitimation of power. The people have always been most often a trompe l'oeil, an alibi, nothing new from this point of view either.
But in the 18th century, a political doctrine emerged in Europe that developed the idea of the coexistence of two totally contradictory political legitimacies: the peoples and the enlightened ones. The trick was to pretend to reconcile them. With a little intuition it is possible to guess for whose benefit.
18th century Europe proclaimed itself "the Enlightenment". The "lights" for Europe of course, but also for the whole world, because the West tends to claim to think for all other civilizations.
This appellation of "Age of Enlightenment" is charged with significance, like that of "Middle Ages" or "Renaissance". It expresses a vision of history that is infinitely more ideological propaganda than historical reality. Since the "Enlightenment" the legitimacy of political elites throughout the West has in fact been based on a new, fundamental, essential doctrinal affirmation, which remains discreetly in the background compared to the publicly reaffirmed principle of legitimacy through popular election. The political and ideological elites are legitimate because they are enlightened, enlightened, educated, initiated into the mysteries of the lights of a higher Reason. "Enlightenment" whose peoples are, by nature, in the most total ignorance, but which they can possibly acquire through appropriate education, an initiation. Education is for everyone, but Initiation is the obligatory passage for the entry into the world of ideological and political elites.
Initiation to a Higher Intelligence has become, in a little over two centuries, the cornerstone of the organization of the entire social and political system of the West. It is no longer only the business of a few groups, claiming marginal influence, but it is the whole of Western society that is politically governed, entirely, on the basis of Initiation. The peoples have seen nothing, and continue to see nothing. They still believe they are in an elective and pluralistic democracy. They have an excuse: everything has been done to hide this evolution from them.
It is essential to understand which Initiation is involved here. It is a worldly initiation, whose exclusive goal is success in society. It is an initiation with a view to global action on all men, a materialistic, prosaic, direct and exclusively social and political initiation.
It is not in any way a spiritual, intellectual or moral initiation whose necessary, unavoidable and primary purpose is the personal learning of discipline about oneself, the acquisition of individual wisdom through the mastery of one's desires, and a distance from the vanities of daily life. With, secondarily only, possible, indirect political and social effects, through the exemplarity of the individual behaviour or of a small group of wise men and disciples.
It is by no means initiation as it has been understood for millennia in all the great religions and philosophies. The initiation of Brahmanist, yogic, sannyāsin, Confucianist, Buddhist, or Socratic, Stoic, Epicurean (not confuse epicureanism and hedonism), scholastic, Augustinian, Benedictine, Aquinian, Dominican, Franciscan, etc. This is not here either the initiation, as it is understood on Mount Athos.
Certainly the Gnostic, Kabbalistic, magical, satanic drifts, whose purpose is not self-discipline and exemplary behaviour, but the acquisition of power over others, a public or occult power, have always existed. These abuses were very particular, individual, or the result of small groups whose influences remained marginal, without significant consequences at the level of societies, on the government of all men.
It is this Initiation, materialistic and non-spiritual, political and non-personal, initiation for action in the world and not for meditation on the world, initiation greedy for power over other men and not seeking wisdom through self-control, which has become, behind the mask of elective and liberal democracy, the system of government, unofficial, secret, but real and effective, of the whole West.
The government of the Shade was born thanks to the "Enlightenment". This was to be expected.
As a direct result of this evolution in conceptions of political legitimacy, in about 250 years, Europe and the West have gone from a transparent, public, obvious, nation-specific system of government to an opaque, secret, clandestine, unique system of government for the whole West. To take the example of France, and without going back to the medieval period, to the 16th, 17th, 18th centuries, to the times of Francis I, Louis XIII, Louis XIV, all the French knew their governors. Not only at the local and regional level (the lord, baron, count, bishop or abbot), but also at the level of the entire kingdom. When the King allowed a minister to govern, as in the case of Louis XIII and Richelieu, all the people were informed. The same was true in all European nations, in the England of Elizabeth I, or in the German empire of Charles V or Ferdinand I, or in the Russia of Peter the Great and Catherine II. The exercise of political power was, everywhere in Europe, nominal, exoteric, ostensible, public. The peoples knew who ruled them. And the rulers knew that the peoples knew how to name those who ruled them. It was a political system based on personal and public responsibility. Even if the accountability could be pushed back into the distance. A distant, very distant one, often in the afterlife. But in this era of active and shared beliefs from the bottom up in the social hierarchy, this very distant beyond could be constraining down here.
At the beginning of the 21st century, the political system of the entire West has gradually come to be at the opposite end of this model: it is increasingly unified by a totalitarian, profane and no longer religious ideology, that of the Enlightenment and its latest avatar: Globalism. The system is totally secular, profan, atheistic and materialistic. But he also changed totally in his mode of exercise. Real political power has become secret, hidden, clandestine, cabalistic.
It is Plato's "Republic" that has thus been implemented, but a republic in which the Wise Men, at the top of the pyramid, are totally unknown to the general public. Only their creatures, their servants, the Guardians of the Compliant Order, appear officially, on the front of the stage. The official rulers, appointed after totally controlled elections, are all very brilliant puppets of an opaque, underground, secret system of influence, totally ignored or unknown by the populations.
These Influences act through sectarian organizations, with the most diverse names, hidden from the general public, totally opaque to the outside world, but all linked to each other at the top of the pyramid. In France the last leader who was not under the control of these illuminated Influences was General de Gaulle. The "1968 Revolution", an agitprop masterpiece organized by the enlightened, had no other purpose than to drive him out of power. The 1968 revolution, like its predecessors of 1789 or 1917 and many others, was nothing more than a coup d'état organized by masked elites, using peoples to establish their domination.
It is to these connected esoteric organizations that the apparent, official leaders are accountable, not to the peoples. And it is this underground organization, this Power of the Shadow, which, under the mask of institutions of democratic appearance, more or less elected, directs Western society. Exactly as it imposes Contemporary Art, without ever being accountable to the governed.
These sectarian organizations are structured on the model of progressive materialistic Initiation. This model operates exclusively by co-option and imposes rites of access and passage from the first grades to the higher grades. A whole hierarchy and a whole solemn, falsely symbolic and mysterious ritualism are instituted, with a single purpose: to give an impression of spirituality charged with a high conceptual and moral significance. But in reality effectively sorting the increasingly senior executives in the group hierarchy, and ensuring the total power of the "insiders" of the top (the Wise Men of the Plato Republic) over the "insiders" of the middle (the Guardians of the Plato Republic). And through these agents of control, transmission and execution of instructions, throughout society, on all those who are not part of these networks: the peoples.
Secrecy is a determining means of action in the politics of these networks of influence.
Secrecy commands the prohibition to reveal outside the group the belonging to the sect and its organization. This is the main oath, the first, founder, when entering the organization.
The secret imposes of course to deny the very existence of the secret vis-à-vis the outsiders. The secret publicly confessed is no longer a secret. The secret is never acknowledged, it is always denied.
But the secret is also the basic principle of the internal organization of these networks: The secret works only in one sense, as in the mafias, or in the "secret services" of the states: from the bottom to the top. But not from the top down. This secret is achieved by appropriate methods of compartmentalization, hence the lodges, circles, clubs, and other cells, reduced in number of participants who try out beyond a certain number of participants. From where also the diverse and multiple obediences, the related organizations, allied, separated at the base, but connected by their summits. This compartmentalization imposes the progressive signs of recognition which allow the certain identification, the proof of the belongings and the ranks, and ensure the transmission of the orders. This apparent dispersion and proliferation is one of the ways to keep the secret by blurring the tracks.
This sectarian system is based on an organization that has absolutely nothing to do with that of the armies and more generally of state administrations or private companies, in which the hierarchy, the chain of command, is apparent, publicly and clearly defined. In the organigram of organizations of this type, secrecy has replaced the transparency that is the rule in daily action.
This is the argument of the Initiation to "Higher Lights" that justifies this secret organization, partitioned, opaque not only with respect to foreigners to the sect, but even within the network, between its frames and its subordinate members. The Eye at the top of the pyramid sees everything. The middle and bottom floors see nothing, or only false pretense, appearances
At the end of the road to this materialistic, worldly, political Initiation, there is no true light, no discipline on oneself, no wisdom, no spirituality, no superior morality, but only the materiality of power over others, and that of money. This power is exerted first on the members of the network themselves, who are only instruments of the supreme power, the tentacles of the octopus, and through them extends its effects on the whole society.
This system of organizing total political power over humanity is very sophisticatedly hidden and organized very effectively:
1) This system is disguised as to the doctrinal principles behind generous philosophical proclamations such as "Liberty, Equality, Fraternity", the well-known Masonic motto, which is also that of the French Republic. The Progress of Humanity as a whole, because the project is globalist, towards more light is of course the ultimate goal.
The true, materialistic, worldly and political goals of social success and control are hidden behind the systematically contrary discourse, the proclamation of a highly spiritual ambition, the alibi for philosophical, moral, social research, and a "selfless philanthropic and cultural action. This is the application of the well-known principle: the bigger the lie, the more often it is repeated, and the more it will appear to be true. This lie is effective both outside the group and inside, at least in the lower ranks and especially in all blue masonry. Man loves to deceive himself almost as much as he loves to deceive others.
2) To maintain secrecy, and to fit within the framework of the democratic appearance that is part of the official discourse, this system hides behind an exoteric, public apparatus. A legal facade, an associative institutional framework, a head office, dressed in a whole ceremonial apparatus intended to "communicate" publicly and to seduce and impress the members themselves, and the crowd remained outside. This institutional framework is used to recruit new members, train future executives, and hide the real underground organization. The iceberg has an apparent summit, but its depths are invisible to the common people, and also to the vast majority of its members.
3) This system of Shadow government in the name of Enlightenment has created and organized a basic motivation, universally effective, acting from the bottom to the top of its pyramid of ranks.
At the very bottom, from the very first ranks, and all along the hierarchy, the single engine, real despite public discourse, has nothing to do with the acquisition of wisdom, spirituality, an effort on oneself. It is not a yoga, certainly not an asceticism even less a distance from the realities of the world. On the contrary, it is a dive into the world. Motivation is eminently prosaic: it is ambition and social success. Social success by belonging to a small closed environment of effective relationships, the possession of an essential address book to promote private action, family, professional, and public action, political. The career and advancement, the power that is at the end, are with money the main engines of life in society. And these engines have been very smartly used and distributed from the bottom up the network pyramid. Belonging immediately provides material benefits, advancement in the rank hierarchy provides others, for which reason, it is necessary to know how to obey, without trying to unlock the secrets of unkwowns at higher ranks.
At the top is wealth and power over all men, in the most absolute concealment and, except the settling of scores, which can be deadly, "Death to traitors", the most total political impunity. Total irresponsibility, before God of course, because these ideological and political elites no longer believe in it, but also before the governed, because these real rulers are totally hidden from them.
The liberal capitalist West has learned the lessons from its confrontation with its communist rival. This rivalry was a family affair, a confrontation between "enlightened" people of different tendencies. To sum it up simply: The Bankers' Society versus the Apparatchiks' Society. The West of the Bankers triumphed, first and foremost on the economic field, because it did not ignore the engine of profit. But the triumph of the capitalist West is also due to the fact that it has gradually developed a very effective political system, also based on the Single Party of the enlightened, but a secret single party, not apparent, elusive, against which no revolt can succeed since it is a power that does not exist. Associations, lodges, circles, cells, brotherhoods, clubs, cenacles, unofficial and discreet committees, hidden in the fabric of society, connected in a discreet, effective but not very visible way, like the spider's web, are much more effective than the single public party, institutionalized, displayed, of the communist world. The political model of the official single party continues to work in China.
4) Back to art. The Contemporary Conceptual Art or the Art of the Top Eye
Contrary to appearances, we have not moved away from the Official Contemporary Art as it is exhibited in the Temples of Conceptual Art: the Museums of Official Contemporary Art.
Contemporary Conceptual Art (ConCon Art in short) is explained like all previous arts by the ideologies, good or bad, more or less good and bad, both good and bad, neuroses, more or less well controlled or not controlled at all that structure the minds of elites, and that they impose on their obedient or constrained sheeps.
Official contemporary art can therefore help to understand current political and ideological developments. The Contemporary Conceptual Art, ugly, absurd, provocative, botched, is a hermetic art, reserved for an elite of initiates to so-called higher lights. It's the Art of the Top Eye. Contemporary Art, devoid of any cultural roots, bears witness to a desire to erase the differences and murder the nations on the grounds of promoting a hypothetical universal man, the globalist homo. Subject and not citizen of a Universal Republic, the new ideological mirage at the fashion. The new mega-neurosis of the "enlightened".
The Conceptual Art, the Art of the Top Eye, is the echo of this collective pathology of election, common to many ethnic groups, cultures and human groups for millennia. A pathology that has adapted to the rationalism and materialism of our times, and which, in the last fifty years of the 20th century, has succeeded in structuring an entire effective political system that extends throughout the West and that intends to perpetuate its power, and develop its action on a global scale.
The Contemporary Conceptual Art ("ConCon Art"), the Art of the Top Eye is the application in the aesthetic field of the doctrines of the "Enlightenment", it is the expression of the neurosis of the election by the Reason, the result of the materialist Initiation. It is the policy of the "Enlightenment" in art which, after three centuries of implementation, can flourish without complex, without control, with impunity, richly, alongside the beautiful, significant and shared art of previous millennia.
A period in the history of European art has escaped this direct determinism of the neuroses and pathologies of election: the period of modern art, from 1850 to 1950 in approximate dates. For this reason alone that the diversity of ideologies, the competition between them has left during a century, the field open to artistic creation of popular origin not directly conditioned by the elites. The ideological and political elites were in conflict. The eye at the very top of the Pyramid was still only a project in progress, but it was not yet omnipotent. European artists were thus able to express themselves freely through multiple ancient and modern aesthetics.
The peoples were summoned by their elites to a first hyper massacre that claimed the lives of some artists. The ideological confrontation continued between the two wars. Another moment of possible freedom for artists, but only in a smaller part of Europe. Indeed, since 1917 in Russia, then since 1930 in Germany totalitarian regimes have imposed themselves which have exterminated men and the arts. It was at this time that the Official Contemporary Art, the Conceptual Art, the Art of the Top Eye, was set up in New York. The Top Eye that appears on every dollar bill.
New convocation of the peoples for a second great massacre. This period of appalling clashes between ideologies ended with the triumph of the Enlightenment in 1945.
It is this triumph of the Highest Eye that is expresses itself in Contemporary Conceptual Art.
Art is indeed a very reliable revealer of ideological and political predominances throughout human history. Long-term or temporary dominances. Aton didn't last long against Amon. Hellenism has totally disappeared in the Middle East under the blows of Islamic swords, but only after a millennium of domination. Mithra had to quickly give way to Christ etc.
In our time, there are still traces of the diversified freedom that Europe of Art experienced between 1850 and 1950. But it is necessary to look elsewhere than in the Art of the Top Eye for spontaneous and sincere artistic expression: photography, street art, private, local and regional commercial painting. Conceptual Art, the massacre of beauty and meaning, the refusal to share a common aesthetic between elites and peoples, could be the harbinger of a new great massacre of the Innocents by decision of their political and ideological elites.
Adriaen Brouwer. 1605-1638. Anvers. Scène de taverne. Tavern Scene.1640. Haarlem. Musée Frans Hals. Le tableau est d'un artiste de l'entourage de Adrien Brouwer.
Adriaen Brouwer est un autre témoignage de l'originalité de la peinture des Pays Bas, flamands et néerlandais, dans la peinture européenne du début du 17è siècle, et des orientations tout à fait nouvelles que les Pays Bas ont donné à l'art européen, en conséquence de modifications intervenues dans les valeurs inspiratrices de la société.
Non seulement les sujets religieux, mythologiques et historiques sont totalement écartés, mais les thèmes essentiels de cet artiste ne sont ni l'aristocratie, ni même la bourgeoisie, qui est la classe dirigeante de la société de son époque, et où se trouve le public indispensable à la carrière d'un artiste.
La peinture de moeurs est déjà, en dehors des Pays Bas, un domaine peu représenté, mais en outre Adriaen Brouwer prend ses modèles dans le milieu le plus populaire de la paysannerie et du petit peuple des villes et des villages.
Il est vrai que c'est une vieille tendance flamande bien illustrée par Bruegel Pierre, père et fils. L'originalité de la peinture des Pays Bas tient donc non seulement à la religion protestante, qui en a modifié profondément et rapidement les valeurs, mais aussi à la culture de ce peuple qui se manifeste de manière voisine en Flandre et en Hollande.
Mais les Bruegel Pierre, père et fils, avaient conservé un autre registre, notamment religieux, ou moraliste, et mythologique, qui leur permettait de côtoyer la "grande peinture". D'autre part la paysannerie que Bruegel met en scène est clairement une paysannerie aisée. Ce n'est pas le cas chez Brouwer, qui ne semble d'ailleurs pas avoir vécu de son art. Il mourut jeune et pauvre. Mais son influence posthume fut certaine, notamment sur Teniers le Jeune et Adriaen van Ostade. Ces peintres démontrent qu'il y avait tout de même aux Pays Bas une clientèle suffisante pour ces tableaux de genre illustrant la société la plus populaire de ce temps et ses plaisirs simples, voire grossiers. Avec Brouwer nous ne sommes plus dans les Pays Bas, assimilés à un "Pays de Cocagne", tel que le représentent la majorité des artistes, Bruegel Pierre en premier, puisque c'est le titre d'un de ses tableaux (Alte Pinakothek de Munich).
Une autre originalité de Brouwer est son style. Il a fait de l'esquisse une forme d'art achevée, à une époque où elle n'était qu'une étape dans le processus de la création artistique. L'influence d'un Frans Hals ? On a dit que Brouwer avait travaillé à Haarlem dans l'atelier de Hals à Haarlem.
Bref, un peintre très "moderne".
Les tableaux de Brouwer n'étant jamais signés, les attributions des oeuvres sont parfois problématiques et sujettes à révision.
Adriaen Brouwer is another testimony to the originality of the painting of the Netherlands, Flemish and Dutch, in European painting from the early 17th century, and completely new directions that the Netherlands have given to European art, as a result of changes in the inspiring values of society.
Not only the religious, mythological and historical subjects are totally excluded, but the essential themes of this artist are neither the aristocracy nor the bourgeoisie, which is the ruling class of society of his time, and where the public, essential to the career of an artist, is located.
The painting of manners is already, outside of the Netherlands, a little represented domain, but in addition Adriaen Brouwer takes its models in the most popular medium of the peasantry and the little people of the cities and villages. It is true that it is an old Flemish trend, well illustrated by Peter Bruegel, father and son. The originality of the painting of the Netherlands therefore wishes not only to the Protestant religion, which changed quickly and deeply the values, but also to the culture of this people, which manifests itself in nearby way in Flanders and Holland.
But Bruegel Pieter, father and son, had retained another register, including religious, moralistic, and mythological, which allowed them to meet the "great painting". On the other hand the peasantry as Bruegel depicts is clearly a wealthy peasantry. This is not the case with Brouwer, who also does not seem to have lived his art. He died young and poor.
But his posthumous influence was certain, particularly Teniers the Younger and Adriaen van Ostade. These painters demonstrate that there was nonetheless in the Netherlands enough customers for these genre pictures, depicting the most popular society of that time, and its simple pleasures and even rude.
With Brouwer we are no longer in the Netherlands, related to a "land of plenty", as represent the majority of artists, Peter Bruegel first, since that is the title of one of his paintings (of Alte Pinakothek Munich).
Another originality of Brouwer's his her style. He made the sketch a complete art form, at a time when it was generally a step in the process of artistic creation. The influence of Frans Hals? It was said that Brouwer had worked in the shop in Haarlem Hals in Haarlem.
In short, a painter "modern".
Brouwer's paintings are never signed, the powers of the works are sometimes problematic and subject to revision
And so to the weekend again. And what might be the last orchid-free weekend until well into June or even August.
So, enjoy the churches while you can.
Saturday, and not much really planned. We get up at half six with it fully light outside. The cloud and drizzle had not arrived, instead it was pretty clear and sunny.
No time for thinking about going out to take shots, as we had hunter-gathering to do.
In fact, we didn't need much, just the usual stuff to keep us going. That and the car was running on fumes. So we will that up first, and then into Tesco and round and round we go, fully the trolley up. It being Mother's Day on Saturday, we were having Jen round on Sunday, we were to have steak, so I get mushrooms.
And once back, we have breakfast then go to Preston for the actual steak, three ribeyes, all cut from the same stip. Jools had gone to look at the garden centre for ideas as we're going to dig up the raspberries, so just wondering what to put in their place.
By then the rain had come, and so we dashed back to the car, and on the way home called in at two churches.
First off was Goodnestone, just the other side of Wingham.
Its a fine estate church, covered in wonderfully knapped bricks, giving it an East Anglian feel. Before we went in, we sheltered under a tree to much on a sausage roll I had bought at the butcher, that done, we go to the church, which is open.
I have been here quite recently, five years back, and in truth no much glass to record, but I do my best, leave a fiver of the weekly collection and we drove over the fields to Eastry.
St Mary is an impressive church, with carved and decorated west face of the Norman tower, at its base an odd lean-to porch has been created, leading into the church, which does have interest other than the 35 painted medallions high in the Chancel Arch, once the backdrop to the Rood.
I snap them with the big lens, and the windows too. A warden points out what looks like a very much older painted window high among the roof timbers in the east wall of the Chancel.
I get a shot, which is good enough, but even with a 400mm lens, is some crop.
I finish up and we go home, taking it carefully along nearly flooded roads.
Being a Saturday, there is football, though nothing much of interest until three when Norwich kick off against Stoke: could they kick it on a wet Saturday afternoon in the Potteries?
No. No, they couldn't.
Ended 0-0, City second best, barely laid a glove on the Stoke goal.
And then spots galore: Ireland v England in the egg-chasing, Citeh v Burnley in the Cup and Chelsea v Everton in the league, all live on various TV channels.
I watch the first half of the rugby, then switch over when England were reduced to 14, so did enjoy the lad Haarland score another hat-trick in a 6-0 demolition.
And that was that, another day over with.....
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Set away from the main street but on one of the earliest sites in the village, flint-built Eastry church has an over restored appearance externally but this gives way to a noteworthy interior. Built in the early thirteenth century by its patrons, Christ Church Canterbury, it was always designed to be a statement of both faith and power. The nave has a clerestory above round piers whilst the east nave wall has a pair of quatrefoils pierced through into the chancel. However this feature pales into insignificance when one sees what stands between them - a square panel containing 35 round paintings in medallions. There are four deigns including the Lily for Our Lady; a dove; Lion; Griffin. They would have formed a backdrop to the Rood which would have been supported on a beam the corbels of which survive below the paintings. On the centre pier of the south aisle is a very rare feature - a beautifully inscribed perpetual calendar or `Dominical Circle` to help find the Dominical letter of the year. Dating from the fourteenth century it divides the calendar into a sequence of 28 years. The reredos is an alabaster structure dating from the Edwardian period - a rather out of place object in a church of this form, but a good piece of work in its own right. On the west wall is a good early 19th century Royal Arms with hatchments on either side and there are many good monuments both ledger slabs and hanging tablets. Of the latter the finest commemorates John Harvey who died in 1794. It shows his ship the Brunswick fighting with all guns blazing with the French ship the Vengeur. John Bacon carved the Elder this detailed piece of work.
www.kentchurches.info/church.asp?p=Eastry
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Above the Chancel Arch, enclosed within a rectangular frame, are rows of seven "medallion" wall paintings; the lower group was discovered in 1857 and the rest in 1903. They remained in a rather dilapidated state until the Canterbury Cathedral Wall Paintings Department brought them back to life.
The medallions are evidently of the 13th Century, having been painted while the mortar was still wet. Each medallion contains one of four motifs:
The trefoil flower, pictured left, is perhaps a symbol of the Blessed Virgin Mary to whom the church is dedicated; or symbolic of Christ.
The lion; symbolic of the Resurrection
Doves, either singly, or in pairs, represent the Holy Spirit
The Griffin represents evil, over which victory is won by the power of the Resurrection and the courage of the Christian.
www.ewbchurches.org.uk/eastrychurchhistory.htm
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EASTRY,
THE next parish north-eastward from Knolton is Eastry. At the time of taking the survey of Domesday, it was of such considerable account, that it not only gave name, as it does at present, to the hundred, but to the greatest part of the lath in which it stands, now called the lath of St. Augustine. There are two boroughs in this parish, viz. the borough of Hardenden, which is within the upper half hundred of Downhamford, and comprehends the districts of Hardenden, Selson and Skrinkling, and the borough of Eastry, the borsholder of which is chosen at Eastry-court, and comprehends all the rest of the parish, excepting so much of it as lies within that part of the borough of Felderland, which is within this parish.
THE PARISH OF EASTRY, a healthy and not unpleasant situation, is about two miles and an half from north to south, but it is much narrower the other way, at the broadest extent of which it is not more than a mile and an half. The village of Eastry is situated on a pleasing eminence, almost in the centre of the parish, exhiblting a picturesque appearance from many points of view. The principal street in it is called Eastrystreet; from it branch off Mill street, Church-street and Brook-street. In Mill street is a spacious handsome edisice lately erected there, as a house of industry, for the poor of the several united parishes of Eastry, Norborne, Betshanger, Tilmanstone, Waldershare, Coldred, Lydden, Shebbertswell, Swynfield, Wootton, Denton, Chillenden and Knolton. In Churchstreet, on the east side, stands the church, with the court-lodge and parsonage adjoining the church-yard; in this street is likewise the vicarage. In Brook-street, is a neat modern house, the residence of Wm. Boteler, esq. and another belonging to Mr. Thomas Rammell, who resides in it. Mention will be found hereafter, under the description of the borough of Hernden, in this parish, of the descent and arms of the Botelers resident there for many generations. Thomas Boteler, who died possessed of that estate in 1651, left three sons, the youngest of whom, Richard, was of Brook-street, and died in 1682; whose great-grandson, W. Boteler, esq. is now of Brook-street; a gentleman to whom the editor is much indebted for his communications and assistance, towards the description of this hundred, and its adjoining neighbourhood. He has been twice married; first to Sarah, daughter and coheir of Thomas Fuller, esq. of Statenborough, by whom he has one son, William Fuller, now a fellow of St. Peter's college, Cambridge: secondly, to Mary, eldest daughter of John Harvey, esq. of Sandwich and Hernden, late captain of the royal navy, by whom he has five sons and three daughters. He bears for his arms, Argent, on three escutcheons, sable, three covered cups, or; which coat was granted to his ancestor, Richard Boteler, esq. of Hernden, by Cooke, clar. in 1589. Mr. Boteler, of Eastry, is the last surviving male of the family, both of Hernden and Brook-street. Eastry-street, comprizing the neighbourhood of the above mentioned branches, may be said to contain about sixty-four houses.
At the south-east boundary of this parish lies the hamlet of Updown, adjoining to Ham and Betshanger, in the former of which parishes some account of it has been already given. At the southern bounds, adjoining to Tilmanstone, lies the hamlet of Westone, formerly called Wendestone. On the western side lies the borough of Hernden, which although in this parish, is yet within the hundred of Downhamford and manor of Adisham; in the southern part of it is Shrinkling, or Shingleton, as it is now called, and the hamlet of Hernden. At the northern part of this borough lie the hamlets and estates of Selson, Wells, and Gore. Towards the northern boundary of the parish, in the road to Sandwich, is the hamlet of Statenborough, and at a small distance from it is that part of the borough of Felderland, or Fenderland, as it is usually called, within this parish, in which, adjoining the road which branches off to Word, is a small seat, now the property and residence of Mrs. Dare, widow of Wm. Dare, esq. who resides in it. (fn. 1)
Round the village the lands are for a little distance, and on towards Statenborough, inclosed with hedges and trees, but the rest of the parish is in general an open uninclosed country of arable land, like the neighbouring ones before described; the soil of it towards the north is most fertile, in the other parts it is rather thin, being much inclined to chalk, except in the bottoms, where it is much of a stiff clay, for this parish is a continued inequality of hill and dale; notwithstanding the above, there is a great deal of good fertile land in the parish, which meets on an average rent at fifteen shillings an acre. There is no wood in it. The parish contains about two thousand six hundred and fifty acres; the yearly rents of it are assessed to the poor at 2679l.
At the south end of the village is a large pond, called Butsole; and adjoining to it on the east side, a field, belonging to Brook-street estate, called the Butts; from whence it is conjectured that Butts were formerly erected in it, for the practice of archery among the inhabitants.
A fair is held here for cattle, pedlary, and toys, on October the 2d, (formerly on St. Matthew's day, September the 21st) yearly.
IN 1792, MR. BOTELER, of Brook-street, discovered, on digging a cellar in the garden of a cottage, situated eastward of the highway leading from Eastrycross to Butsole, an antient burying ground, used as such in the latter time of the Roman empire in Britain, most probably by the inhabitants of this parish, and the places contiguous to it. He caused several graves to be opened, and found with the skeletons, fibulæ, beads, knives,umbones of shields, &c. and in one a glass vessel. From other skeletons, which have been dug up in the gardens nearer the cross, it is imagined, that they extended on the same side the road up to the cross, the ground of which is now pretty much covered with houses; the heaps of earth, or barrows, which formerly remained over them, have long since been levelled, by the great length of time and the labour of the husbandman; the graves were very thick, in rows parallel to each other, in a direction from east to west.
St. Ivo's well, mentioned by Nierembergius, in Historia de Miraculis Natureæ, lib. ii. cap. 33; which I noticed in my folio edition as not being able to find any tradition of in this parish, I have since found was at a place that formerly went by the name of Estre, and afterwards by that of Plassiz, near St. Ives, in Huntingdonshire. See Gales Scriptores, xv. vol. i. p.p. 271, 512.
This place gave birth to Henry de Eastry, who was first a monk, and then prior of Christ-church, in Canterbury; who, for his learning as well as his worthy acts, became an ornament, not only to the society he presided over, but to his country in general. He continued prior thirty-seven years, and died, far advanced in life, in 1222.
THIS PLACE, in the time of the Saxons, appears to have been part of the royal domains, accordingly Simon of Durham, monk and precentor of that church, in his history, stiles it villa regalis, quæ vulgari dicitur Easterige pronuncione, (the royal ville, or manor, which in the vulgar pronunciation was called Easterige), which shews the antient pre-eminence and rank of this place, for these villæ regales, or regiæ, as Bede calls them, of the Saxons, were usually placed upon or near the spot, where in former ages the Roman stations had been before; and its giving name both to the lath and hundred in which it is situated corroborates the superior consequence it was then held in. Egbert, king of Kent, was in possession of it about the year 670, at which time his two cousins, Ethelred and Ethelbright, sons of his father's elder brother Ermenfrid, who had been entrusted to his care by their uncle, the father of Egbert, were, as writers say, murdered in his palace here by his order, at the persuasion of one Thunnor, a slattering courtier, lest they should disturb him in the possession of the crown. After which Thunnor buried them in the king's hall here, under the cloth of estate, from whence, as antient tradition reports, their bodies were afterwards removed to a small chapel belonging to the palace, and buried there under the altar at the east end of it, and afterwards again with much pomp to the church of Ramsey abbey. To expiate the king's guilt, according to the custom of those times, he gave to Domneva, called also Ermenburga, their sister, a sufficient quantity of land in the isle of Thanet, on which she might found a monastery.
How long it continued among the royal domains, I have not found; but before the termination of the Saxon heptarchy, THE MANOR OF EASTRY was become part of the possessions of the see of Canterbury, and it remained so till the year 811, when archbishop Wilfred exchanged it with his convent of Christchurch for their manor of Bourne, since from the archbishop's possession of it called Bishopsbourne. After which, in the year 979 king Ægelred, usually called Ethelred, increased the church's estates here, by giving to it the lands of his inheritance in Estrea, (fn. 2) free from all secular service and siscal tribute, except the repelling of invasions and the repairing of bridges and castles, usually stiled the trinoda necessitas; (fn. 3) and in the possession of the prior and convent bove-mentioned, this manor continued at the taking of the survey of Domesday, being entered in it under the general title of Terra Monachorum Archiepi; that is, the land of the monks of the archbishop, as follows:
In the lath of Estrei in Estrei hundred, the archbishop himself holds Estrei. It was taxed at Seven sulings. The arable land is . . . . In demesne there are three carucates and seventy two villeins, with twenty-two borderers, having twenty-four carucates. There is one mill and a half of thirty shillings, and three salt pits of four shillings, and eighteen acres of meadow. Wood for the pannage of ten hogs.
After which, this manor continued in the possession of the priory, and in the 10th year of king Edward II. the prior obtained a grant of free-warren in all his demesne lands in it, among others; about which time it was valued at 65l. 3s. after which king Henry VI. in his 28th year, confirmed the above liberty, and granted to it a market, to be held at Eastry weekly on a Tuesday, and a fair yearly, on the day of St. Matthew the Apostle and Evangelist; in which state it continued till the dissolution of the priory in the 31st year of king Henry VIII. when it came in to the king's hands, where it did not remain long, for he settled it, among other premises, in the 33d year of his reign, on his new created dean and chapter of Canterbury, part of whose possessions it continues at this time. A court leet and court baron is held for this manor.
The manerial rights, profits of courts, royalties, &c. the dean and chapter retain in their own hands; but the demesne lands of the manor, with the courtlodge, which is a large antient mansion, situated adjoining to the church-yard, have been from time to time demised on a benesicial lease. The house is large, partly antient and partly modern, having at different times undergone great alterations. In the south wall are the letters T. A. N. in flint, in large capitals, being the initials of Thomas and Anne Nevinson. Mr. Isaac Bargrave, father of the present lessee, new fronted the house, and the latter in 1786 put the whole in complete repair, in doing which, he pulled down a considerable part of the antient building, consisting of stone walls of great strength and thickness, bringing to view some gothic arched door ways of stone, which proved the house to have been of such construction formerly, and to have been a very antient building. The chapel, mentioned before, is at the east end of the house. The east window, consisting of three compartments, is still visible, though the spaces are filled up, it having for many years been converted into a kitchen, and before the last alteration by Mr. Bargrave the whole of it was entire.
At this mansion, then in the hands of the prior and convent of Christ-church, archbishop Thomas Becket, after his stight from Northampton in the year 1164, concealed himself for eight days, and then, on Nov. 10, embarked at Sandwich for France. (fn. 4)
The present lessee is Isaac Bargrave, esq. who resides at the court-lodge, whose ancestors have been lessees of this estate for many years past.
THE NEVINSONS, as lessees, resided at the courtlodge of Eastry for many years. They were originally of Brigend, in Wetherell, in Cumberland. They bore for their arms, Argent, a chevron, between three eagles displayed, azure. Many of them lie buried in Eastry church. (fn. 5)
THE FAMILY of Bargrave, alias Bargar, was originally of Bridge, and afterwards of the adjoining parish of Patrixbourne; where John Bargrave, eldest son of Robert, built the seat of Bifrons, and resided at it, of whom notice has already been taken in vol. ix. of this history, p. 280. Isaac Bargrave, the sixth son of Robert above-mentioned, and younger brother of John, who built Bifrons, was ancestor of the Bargraves, of Eastry; he was S. T. P. and dean of Canterbury, a man of strict honour and high principles of loyalty, for which he suffered the most cruel treatment. He died in 1642, having married in 1618 Elizabeth, daughter of John Dering, esq. of Egerton, by Elizabeth, sister of Edward lord Wotton, the son of John Dering, esq. of Surrenden, by Margaret Brent. Their descendant, Isaac Bargrave, esq. now living, was an eminent solicitor in London, from which he has retired for some years, and now resides at Eastry-court, of which he is the present lessee. He married Sarah, eldest daughter of George Lynch, M. D. of Canterbury, who died at Herne in 1787, S.P. They bear for their arms, Or, on a pale gules, a sword, the blade argent, pomelled, or, on a chief vert three bezants.
SHRINKLING, alias SHINGLETON, the former of which is its original name, though now quite lost, is a small manor at the south-west boundary of this pa Kent, anno 1619. rish, adjoining to Nonington. It is within the borough of Heronden, or Hardonden, as it is now called, and as such, is within the upper half hundred of Downhamford. This manor had antiently owners of the same name; one of whom, Sir William de Scrinkling, held it in king Edward I.'s reign, and was succeeded by Sir Walter de Scrinkling his son, who held it by knight's service of Hamo de Crevequer, (fn. 6) and in this name it continued in the 20th year of king Edward III.
Soon after which it appears to have been alienated to William Langley, of Knolton, from which name it passed in like manner as Knolton to the Peytons and the Narboroughs, and thence by marriage to Sir Thomas D'Aeth, whose grandson Sir Narborough D'Aeth, bart. now of Knolton, is at present entitled to it.
There was a chapel belonging to this manor, the ruins of which are still visible in the wood near it, which was esteemed as a chapel of ease to the mother church of Eastry, and was appropriated with it by archbishop Richard, Becket's immediate successor, to the almory of the priory of Christ-church; but the chapel itself seems to have become desolate many years before the dissolution of the priory, most probably soon after the family of Shrinkling became extinct; the Langleys, who resided at the adjoining manor of Knolton, having no occasion for the use of it. The chapel stood in Shingleton wood, near the south east corner; the foundations of it have been traced, though level with the surface, and not easily discovered. There is now on this estate only one house, built within memory, before which there was only a solitary barn, and no remains of the antient mansion of it.
HERONDEN, alias HARDENDEN, now usually called HERONDEN, is a district in this parish, situated about a mile northward from Shingleton, within the borough of its own name, the whole of which is within the upper half hundred of Downhamford. It was once esteemed as a manor, though it has not had even the name of one for many years past, the manor of Adisham claiming over it. The mansion of it was antiently the residence of a family of the same name, who bore for their arms, Argent, a heron with one talon erect, gaping for breath, sable. These arms are on a shield, which is far from modern, in Maidstone church, being quarterly, Heronden as above, with sable, three escallop shells, two and one, argent; and in a window of Lincoln's Inn chapel is a coat of arms of a modern date, being that of Anthony Heronden, esq. Argent, a heron, azure, between three escallops, sable. One of this family of Heronden lies buried in this church, and in the time of Robert Glover, Somerset herald, his portrait and coat of arms, in brass, were remaining on his tombstone. The coat of arms is still extant in very old rolls and registers in the Heralds office, where the family is stiled Heronden, of Heronden, in Eastry; nor is the name less antient, as appears by deeds which commence from the reign of Henry III. which relate to this estate and name; but after this family had remained possessed of this estate for so many years it at last descended down in king Richard II.'s reign, to Sir William Heronden, from whom it passed most probably either by gift or sale, to one of the family of Boteler, or Butler, then resident in this neighbourhood, descended from those of this name, formerly seated at Butler's sleet, in Ash, whose ancestor Thomas Pincerna, or le Boteler, held that manor in king John's reign, whence his successors assumed the name of Butler, alias Boteler, or as they were frequently written Botiller, and bore for their arms, One or more covered cups, differently placed and blazoned. In this family the estate descended to John Boteler, who lived in the time of king Henry VI. and resided at Sandwich, of which town he was several times mayor, and one of the burgesses in two parliaments of that reign; he lies buried in St. Peter's church there. His son Richard, who was also of Sandwich, had a grant of arms in 1470, anno 11th Edward IV. by Thomas Holme, norroy, viz. Gyronny of six, argent and sable, a covered cup, or, between three talbots heads, erased and counterchanged of the field, collared, gules, garnished of the third. His great-grandson Henry Boteler rebuilt the mansion of Heronden, to which he removed in 1572, being the last of his family who resided at Sandwich. He had the above grant of arms confirmed to him, and died in 1580, being buried in Eastry church. Richard Boteler, of Heronden, his eldest son by his first wife, resided at this seat, and in 1589 obtained a grant from Robert Cook, clarencieux, of a new coat of arms, viz. Argent, on three escutcheons, sable, three convered cups, or. Ten years after which, intending as it should seem, to shew himself a descendant of the family of this name, seated at Graveney, but then extinct, he obtained in 1599 a grant of their arms from William Dethic, garter, and William Camden, clarencieux, to him and his brother William, viz. Quarterly, first and fourth, sable, three covered cups, or, within a bordure, argent; second and third, Argent, a fess, chequy, argent and gules, in chief three cross-croslets of the last, as appears (continues the grant) on a gravestone in Graveney church. He died in 1600, and was buried in Eastry church, leaving issue among other children Jonathan and Thomas. (fn. 7) Jonathan Boteler, the eldest son, of Hernden, died unmarried possessed of it in 1626, upon which it came to his next surviving brother Thomas Boteler, of Rowling, who upon that removed to Hernden, and soon afterwards alienated that part of it, since called THE MIDDLE FARM, to Mr. Henry Pannell, from whom soon afterwards, but how I know not, it came into the family of Reynolds; from which name it was about fifty years since alienated to John Dekewer, esq. of Hackney, who dying in 1762, devised it to his nephew John Dekewer, esq. of Hackney, the present possessor of it.
THIS PARISH is within the ECCLESIASTICAL JURISDICTION of the diocese of Canterbury, and deanry of Sandwich.
The church, which is exempted from the archdeacon, is dedicated to St. Mary; it is a large handsome building, consisting of a nave and two side isles, a chancel at the east end, remarkably long, and a square tower, which is very large, at the west end, in which are five very unmusical bells. The church is well kept and neatly paved, and exhibits a noble appearance, to which the many handsome monuments in it contribute much. The arch over the west door is circular, but no other parts of the church has any shew of great antiquity. In the chancel are monuments for the Paramors and the Fullers, of Statenborough, arms of the latter, Argent, three bars, and a canton, gules. A monument for several of the Bargrave family. An elegant pyramidial one, on which is a bust and emblematical sculpture for John Broadley, gent. many years surgeon at Dover, obt. 1784. Several gravestones, with brasses, for the Nevinsons. A gravestone for Joshua Paramour, gent. buried 1650. Underneath this chancel are two vaults, for the families of Paramour and Bargrave. In the nave, a monument for Anne, daughter of Solomon Harvey, gent. of this parish, ob. 1751; arms, Argent, on a chevron, between three lions gambs, sable, armed gules, three crescents, or; another for William Dare, esq. late of Fenderland, in this parish, obt. 1770; arms, Gules, a chevron vaire, between three crescents, argent, impaling argent, on a cross, sable, four lions passant, quardant of the field, for Read.—Against the wall an inscription in Latin, for the Drue Astley Cressemer, A. M. forty-eight years vicar of this parish, obt. 1746; he presented the communion plate to this church and Worth, and left a sum of money to be laid out in ornamenting this church, at which time the antient stalls, which were in the chancel, were taken away, and the chancel was ceiled, and the church otherwise beautified; arms, Argent, on a bend engrailed, sable, three cross-croslets, fitchee, or. A monument for several of the Botelers, of this parish; arms, Boteler, argent, on three escutcheons, sable, three covered cups, or, impaling Morrice. Against a pillar, a tablet and inscription, shewing that in a vault lieth Catherine, wife of John Springett, citizen and apothecary of London. He died in 1770; arms, Springett, per fess, argent and gules, a fess wavy, between three crescents, counterchanged, impaling Harvey. On the opposite pillar another, for the Rev. Richard Harvey, fourteen years vicar of this parish, obt. 1772. A monument for Richard Kelly, of Eastry, obt. 1768; arms, Two lions rampant, supporting a castle. Against the wall, an elegant sculptured monument, in alto relievo, for Sarah, wise of William Boteler, a daughter of Thomas Fuller, esq. late of Statenborough, obt. 1777, æt. 29; she died in childbed, leaving one son, William Fuller Boteler; arms at bottom, Boteler, as above, an escutcheon of pretence, Fuller, quartering Paramor. An elegant pyramidal marble and tablet for Robert Bargrave, of this parish, obt. 1779, for Elizabeth his wife, daughter of Sir Francis Leigh, of Hawley; and for Robert Bargrave, their only son, proctor in Doctors Commons, obt. 1774, whose sole surviving daughter Rebecca married James Wyborne, of Sholdon; arms, Bargrave, with a mullet, impaling Leigh. In the cross isle, near the chancel called the Boteler's isle, are several memorials for the Botelers. Adjoining to these, are three other gravestones, all of which have been inlaid, but the brasses are gone; they were for the same family, and on one of them was lately remaining the antient arms of Boteler, Girony of six pieces, &c. impaling ermine of three spots. Under the church are vaults, for the families of Springett, Harvey, Dare, and Bargrave. In the church-yard, on the north side of the church, are several altar tombs for the Paramors; and on the south side are several others for the Harveys, of this parish, and for Fawlkner, Rammell, and Fuller. There are also vaults for the families of Fuller, Rammell, and Petman.
There were formerly painted in the windows of this church, these arms, Girony of six, sable and argent, a covered cup, or, between three talbots heads, erased and counter changed of the field, collared, gules; for Boteler, of Heronden, impaling Boteler, of Graveny, Sable, three covered cups, or, within a bordure, argent; Boteler, of Heronden, as above, quartering three spots, ermine; the coat of Theobald, with quarterings. Several of the Frynnes, or as they were afterwards called, Friends, who lived at Waltham in this parish in king Henry VII.'s reign, lie buried in this church.
In the will of William Andrewe, of this parish, anno 1507, mention is made of our Ladie chapel, in the church-yard of the church of Estrie.
The eighteen stalls which were till lately in the chancel of the church, were for the use of the monks of the priory of Christ church, owners both of the manor and appropriation, when they came to pass any time at this place, as they frequently did, as well for a country retirement as to manage their concerns here; and for any other ecclesiastics, who might be present at divine service here, all such, in those times, sitting in the chancels of churches distinct from the laity.
The church of Eastry, with the chapels of Skrinkling and Worth annexed, was antiently appendant to the manor of Eastry, and was appropriated by archbishop Richard (successor to archbishop Becket) in the reign of king Henry II. to the almonry of the priory of Christ-church, but it did not continue long so, for archbishop Baldwin, (archbishop Richard's immediate successor), having quarrelled with the monks, on account of his intended college at Hackington, took this appropriation from them, and thus it remained as a rectory, at the archbishop's disposal, till the 39th year of king Edward III.'s reign, (fn. 10) when archbishop Simon Islip, with the king's licence, restored, united and annexed it again to the priory; but it appears, that in return for this grant, the archbishop had made over to him, by way of exchange, the advowsons of the churches of St. Dunstan, St. Pancrase, and All Saints in Bread-street, in London, all three belonging to the priory. After which, that is anno 8 Richard II. 1384, this church was valued among the revenues of the almonry of Christ-church, at the yearly value of 53l. 6s. 8d. and it continued afterwards in the same state in the possession of the monks, who managed it for the use of the almonry, during which time prior William Sellyng, who came to that office in Edward IV.'s reign, among other improvements on several estates belonging to his church, built a new dormitory at this parsonage for the monks resorting hither.
On the dissolution of the priory of Christ-church, in the 31st year of king Henry VIII.'s reign, this appropriation, with the advowson of the vicarage of the church of Eastry, was surrendered into the king's hands, where it staid but a small time, for he granted it in his 33d year, by his dotation charter, to his new founded dean and chapter of Canterbury, who are the present owners of this appropriation; but the advowson of the vicarage, notwithstanding it was granted with the appropriation, to the dean and chapter as above-mentioned, appears not long afterwards to have become parcel of the possessions of the see of Canterbury, where it continues at this time, his grace the archbishop being the present patron of it.
This parsonage is entitled to the great tithes of this parish and of Worth; there belong to it of glebe land in Eastry, Tilmanstone, and Worth, in all sixtynine acres.
THERE IS A SMALL MANOR belonging to it, called THE MANOR OF THE AMBRY, OR ALMONRY OF CHRIST-CHURCH, the quit-rents of which are very inconsiderable.
The parsonage-house is large and antient; in the old parlour window is a shield of arms, being those of Partheriche, impaling quarterly Line and Hamerton. The parsonage is of the annual rent of about 700l. The countess dowager of Guildford became entitled to the lease of this parsonage, by the will of her husband the earl of Guildford, and since her death the interest of it is become vested in her younger children.
As to the origin of a vicarage in this church, though there was one endowed in it by archbishop Peckham, in the 20th year of king Edward I. anno 1291, whilst this church continued in the archbishop's hands, yet I do not find that there was a vicar instituted in it, but that it remained as a rectory, till near three years after it had been restored to the priory of Christchurch, when, in the 42d year of king Edward III. a vicar was instituted in it, between whom and the prior and chapter of Canterbury, there was a composition concerning his portion, which he should have as an endowment of this vicarage; which composition was confirmed by archbishop Simon Langham that year; and next year there was an agreement entered into between the eleemosinary of Christ-church and the vicar, concerning the manse of this vicarage.
The vicarage of Eastry, with the chapel of Worth annexed, is valued in the king's books at 19l. 12s. 1d. and the yearly tenths at 1l. 19s. 2½d. In 1588 it was valued at sixty pounds. Communicants three hundred and thirty-five. In 1640 here were the like number of communicants, and it was valued at one hundred pounds.
The antient pension of 5l. 6s. 8d. formerly paid by the priory, is still paid to the vicar by the dean and chapter, and also an augmentation of 14l. 13s. 4d. yearly, by the lessee of the parsonage, by a convenant in his lease.
The vicarage-house is built close to the farm-yard of the parsonage; the land allotted to it is very trifling, not even sufficient for a tolerable garden; the foundations of the house are antient, and probably part of the original building when the vicarage was endowed in 1367.
¶There were two awards made in 1549 and 1550, on a controversy between the vicar of Eastry and the mayor, &c. of Sandwich, whether the scite of St. Bartholomew's hospital, near Sandwich, within that port and liberty, was subject to the payment of tithes to the vicar, as being within his parish. Both awards adjudged the legality of a payment, as due to the vicar; but the former award adjudged that the scite of the hospital was not, and the latter, that it was within the bounds of this parish. (fn. 12)
This isn't an Easy Company 506th site, but this set is dedicated to all of the paratroopers, and I think you'll be interested in this.
In this picture, I'm standing on the La Fiere Bridge over the Merderet River, about 1-2 km west of Ste Mere Eglise. On D-Day, this field was flooded. The Germans had jammed the lock on a dam to flood a lot of fields that were potential airborne landing site.
One thing I learned about the consequence is visible in this picture. If you were a paratrooper and you landed in that field, you were in about three feet of water. If you landed in the river, you were in over your head. I read the account of one trooper who landed in the river and had to use his Mae West life preserver to surface. Then as he gasped for air, he had to cut himself out of his harness with his knife, then was able to drag himself to safety. Another account I read was about a trooper who landed in this field, and wind gusts blew him, face down (so he was drowning) across the field until he was able to turn over and get out of his chute.
The Germans were massed to the left of the river, and a small contingent of men from the 82nd Airborne and the 505th of the 101st formed a defense on the right side. They were there for one job: prevent the Germans from counterattacking with armor across the Merderet and hitting the paratroops from their left flank (Ste Mere Eglise would have been totally exposed if they didn't hold this bridge. At first, they had rifles, carbines and a light mortar, and then they got more equipment. Here are some downloads I clipped from the internet to illustrate
La Fiere Bridge: D-Day June 6, 1944
Around 1:00 a.m. on June 6, 1944, Marcus Heim jumped out of a C-47 transport plane over Normandy, France. Heim was part of A Company, 505, their specific objective was to seize and hold the La Fiere Bridge over the Merderet River until reinforcements from the amphibious portion of the Allied invasion arrived.
"In all of the airborne operations of the ETO, the Merderet Bridgehead was the one attended by the greatest difficulty and hardships of the individual assemblies … these conditions so frequently brought forth the finest characteristics of the American soldier." - S L A Marshall
Enclosed are Marcus Heim’s recollections of June 6. That day, their small four-man team set up a roadblock next to the La Fiere Bridge and was responsible for repelling several powerful German counter attacks.
I landed about twenty-five feet from a road and before I could get my rifle assembled, I heard a motorcycle approaching. I remained still as I did not have time to assemble my rifle, and watched two German soldiers pass by. After they passed and I had my rifle together I found other paratroopers and our equipment bundle and set off for the bridge over the Merderet River. We were to hold the bridge until the soldiers who landed on the beach arrived later that day, but it was three days before they reached our position.
As you stand at the La Fiere Bridge looking in the direction of Ste Mere- Eglise, the Manor House is on the right and was the living quarters. There were several buildings, one a large barn, which was close to the Merderet River. The Germans had occupied the Manor House and were driven out by "A" Company, 505, after heavy fighting. As you pass the Manor House toward Ste Mere-Eglise, the road goes up hill and curves to the left. Across from the Manor House there was a pathway which was about four feet wide and now is a causeway was narrow and had brush and trees on each side, some hung over the causeway. The fields were completely flooded right up to the causeway. The town on Cauquigny was about 800 to 900 yards from the bridge, and it was in German hands. The causeway curved to the right about 60 or 65 yards from the bridge.
Map of The La Fiere Bridge Head. Heim's position is near the bottomof the map (U.S. Army).
When we arrived at the bridge, men were placed down the pathway to the right and to the left of the Manor House and out buildings. The four bazooka men included: Lenold Peterson, and myself, John Bolderson and Gordon Pryne. Peterson and I took up positions on the Manor House side facing Cauquigny, below the driveway. There was a concrete telephone pole just in front of us and we dug in behind it. We knew that when the Germans started the attack with their tanks, we would have to get out of our foxhole and reveal our position to get a better view of the tanks. Bolderson and Pryne were on the right side of the road just below the pathway. I do not remember how many paratroopers were around us, all I saw was a machine gun set up in the Manor House yard. On the right side down the pathway a few riflemen took up positions.
There was a 57-millimeter cannon up the road in back of us along with another machine gun. We carried antitank mines and bazooka rockets from the landing area. These mines were placed across the causeway about 50 or 60 feet on the other side of the bridge. There was a broken down German truck by the Manor House, which we pushed and dragged across the bridge and placed it across the causeway. All that afternoon the Germans kept shelling our position, and the rumor was that the Germans were going to counter attack. Around 5:00 in the afternoon the Germans started the attack. Two tanks with infantry on each side and in the rear following them was a third tank with more infantry following it. As the lead tank started around the curve in the road the tank commander stood up in the turret to take a look and from our left the machine gun let loose a burst and killed the commander. At the same time the bazookas, 57 millimeter and everything else we had were firing at the Germans and they in turn were shooting at us with cannons, mortars, machine guns and rifle fire. Lenold Peterson and I (the loader), in the forward position got out of the foxhole and stood behind the telephone pole so we could get a better shot at the tanks. We had to hold our fire until the last minute because some of the tree branches along the causeway were blocking our view. The first tank was hit and started to turn sideways and at the same time was swinging the turret around and firing at us. We had just moved forward around the cement telephone pole when a German shell hit it and we hat to jump out of the way to avoid being hit as it was falling. I was hoping that Bolderson and Pryne were also firing at the tanks for with all that was happening in front of us there was not time to look around to see what others were doing. We kept firing at the first tank until it was put out of action and on fire. The second tank came up and pushed the first tank out of the way. We moved forward toward the second tank and fired at it as fast as I could load the rockets in the bazooka. We kept firing at the second tank and we hit it in the turret where it is connected to the body, also in the track and with another hit it also went up in flames. Peterson and I were almost out of rockets, and the third tank was still moving. Peterson asked me to go back across the road and see if Bolderson had any extra rockets. I ran across the road and with all the crossfire I still find it hard to believe I made it to the other side in one piece. When I got to the other side I found one dead soldier and Bolderson and Pryne were gone. Their bazooka was lying on the ground and it was damaged by what I thought were bullet holes. Not finding Bolderson or Pryne I presumed that either one or both were injured. I found the rockets they left and then had to return across the road to where I left Peterson. The Germans were still firing at us and I was lucky again, I return without being hit. Peterson and I put the new found rockets to use on the third tank. After that one was put out of action the Germans pulled back to Cauquigy and continued shelling us for the rest of the night. They also tried two other counter attacks on our position, which also failed.
During the battles, one does not have time to look around to see how others are doing. We were told that when we took up our position by the bridge that we have to hold it at all cost until the men from the beach arrived, for if the Germans broke through they would have a good chance of going all the way to the beach. Our job was to be in the forward position by the La Fiere Bridge with our bazooka to stop any German tanks from advancing over the bridge and onto Ste Mere-Eglise and the beaches. This we accomplished all the while the Germans were continuously firing everything they had at us. After I went across the road and found more rockets for the bazooka and returned, the third tank was put out of action and the Germans retreated. When the Germans pulled back, we looked around did not see anyone, we than moved back to our foxhole. Looking back up the road toward Ste Mere-Eglise, we saw that the 57-millimeter cannon and the machine gun were destroyed. Looking down the pathway across from the Manor House we could not see any of our men. We were thinking that we were all alone and that maybe we should move from here, then someone came and told us to hold our position and he would find more men to place around us for the Germans may try again to breach our lines. We found out later, of the few that were holding the bridge at this time, most were either killed or wounded. Why we were not injured or killed only the good Lord knows.
Marcus Heim recieves the DSC from General Omar Bradley.
For holding their position and repelling the Germans on June 6, 1944, Heim, Peterson, Bolderson and Pryne were each awarded the Distinguished Service Cross.
The following letter is from John "Red Dog" Dolan, Company Commander of A Company 505 PIR, to General James Gavin. Wriiten in 1959, at the urging of Robert Murphy, the letter provides a very detailed account of A Company's legendary actions at La Fiere Bridge. General Gavin's transmittal letter to famed author Cornelius Ryan is also enclosed.
JOHN J. DOLAN
ATTORNEY AT LAW
BOX 1272, 141 MILK STREET
BOSTON 4, MASS.
March 15, 1959
Lt. General James N. Gavin
c/o Arthur D. Little, Inc.
30 Memorial Drive
Cambridge, Mass.
Dear General Gavin:
Thank you for your letter of March 10, 1959. It had always been my intention of answering the questionnaire of Cornelius Ryan; but realizing that it would take considerable time to give a detailed and accurate account, I kept putting it aside and then completely forgot about it until Bob Murphy spoke to me about it a few days before receipt of your letter.
I shall try to cover as much detail without making this letter too voluminous, leaving it to your judgment and discretion to delete any portion that you deem unfavorable to the outfit. You may recall that I was in command of Company "A", 505 Parachute Infantry, with the rank of First Lieutenant. The specific mission of the Company "A" was to seize and defend the bridge crossing the Merderet River on the road that ran East to West from Ste. Mere Eglise, with the purpose of preventing the movement of German troops down to the beach-head.
I don’t recall exactly what time the first Battalion jumped but it was between 1:00 and 2:00 a.m. on D-Day. We hit our drop zone right on the nose, because within twenty minutes to one-half hour, I knew our exact location. I was able to identify a "T" intersection, dirt roads 8 to 10 feet wide, near our drop zone. The upper arm of which ran generally east to west, the vertical arm running north to south, to meet the road running from Ste. Mere Eglise to our objective, the bridge at the Merderet River.
We had the usual problems of re-organization in the dark; however, about an hour before dawn, Company "A" moved out from the drop zone with about ninety (90) per cent of the men accounted for. (This was not due to luck alone, but to the cooperation of Officers, Non-Coms, and last but not least, training. Men who have to fight in the night should be trained in nighttime fighting, not just taken on a night march and digging foxholes.) We moved along this dirt road which I previously referred to as being the North-South arm of the "T" intersection, and just around here, I ran into Major McGinity. He moved out with us.
The order of march was first, Co. Headquarters, third and second platoons in that order. When we reached the road running East-West from Ste. Mere Eglise, a German motorcycle passed us going toward Ste. Mere Eglise. At this time, it was still dark, but daylight was starting to break. We crossed the road and started west toward the bridge,with a hedge row to our right between us and the road. Just about this time, contact was lost with the first platoon, so the third platoon took the lead.
About seven to eight hundred yards from the bridge, we came upon a dirt road running southeasterly from the road to the bridge. Hedgerows were on either side of this road; and beyond it in the direction of the bridge, was an open, flat field, about 100 yards deep and about 75 yards wide. It was here that I figured the Germans would defend if they intended a defense of the bridge.
I directed Lt. Donald Coxon to send his scouts out. This he did, and he also went out with them. He had plenty of personal courage but he didn’t have the heart to order them out without going with them.
A few moments later, a German machine gun opened up, killing Lt. Coxon and one of his scouts, Fergueson. Their fire was returned; and, with Major McGinity and myself leading, a few men holding and returning frontal fire, the platoon flanked to the left. At the same time, I directed Lt. Presnell to re-cross the road and attack along the northern side down to the bridge. This was done, and the second platoon didn't meet with any fire until they arrived at the bridge.
The third platoon continued its flanking move and cut back in toward the road to the bridge. Because of the fire, we calculated that there was just one machine gun crew that was in our way. It later turned out that there must have been at least a squad dug in at this point, with at least two of them armed with machine pistols. Prisoners captured later, in addition to the German dead, amounted to about the size of one of our platoons. There were no German officers captured. I don’t know whether or not any of their enlisted men escaped.
To continue, we cut back toward the road, travelling in a Northerly direction. Major McGinity was leading and I was about three’ or four paces behind, and slightly to the right. There was a high, thick hedgerow to our left, and it was in here that I figured the machine gun was located.
When we had traveled about two-thirds of the way up the hedgerow, they opened up on us with rifle, and at least two machine pistols. I returned the fire with my Thompson Sub-Machine Gun at a point where I could see leaves in the hedgerow fluttering. Major McGinity was killed instantly. As luck would have it, there was a German foxhole to my left which I jumped into and from where I continued to fire I could only guess where to shoot, but I had to as part of the Third platoon was exposed to their fire. Lt. McLaughlin, the assistant platoon leader was wounded and died later that day. His radio operator was also killed the platoon by now was under fire from two directions, from the point where I was pinned down, and also from the direction of the bridge.
I can’t estimate how long we were pinned down in this fashion, but it was at least an hour. I made several attempts to move, but drew their fire. On my last attempt, I drew no fire. They obviously had pulled out. During all of this time, I could hear rifle and machine gunfire down by the bridge on the north side. This ceased about this time I returned to the rest of the third platoon, instructed the Non-Coms to re-organize and to maintain their present position. I then crossed the road and located the first platoon commanded by Lt. Oakley on the north side. They were moving toward the bridge, so I instructed them to continue and dig in on the right side. I went down to the bridge and found that we had received an assist from some of the 508 Prcht. Infantry about this time, I ran into Col. Eckman, and sent for my third platoon to dig in on the left or south side of the bridge. The first was already digging in on the north side.
I thought that all of the Germans had retreated; but unknown to us, there were about ten or twelve Germans holed up on the second floor of a stucco-type farmhouse. At the time they started firing. Col. Eckman and I were casually looking the situation over. It lasted about twenty minutes with about ten or twelve Germans surrendering. About a squad of men from the 508 made the actual capture.
We dug in, the disposition of my Company as follows: First platoon on the north side of the road, the third on the south and the second in reserve, about 4OO yards back, so that it could also protect the rear.
Major Kellam arrived at the bridge with Capt. Roysden, his S-3. He had most of his C.P. unit with him. I don’t know whether or not a Battalion C.P. had ever been set up as planned, at least, I don’t recall having had any communication with it. Down at the bridge now was most of Company "A", about one platoon or Company "B", a platoon of the Division Engineers (mission to blow the bridge if necessary), about half of Battalion Headquarters Company with mortars awl machine gun sections and several stray men from other regiments. The Company dug in well and quickly. I had just completed my inspection of the forward positions when we knew that an attack was coming. You will recall that in front of our position, west of the Merderet River, was a marsh at least 1000 yards wide at its narrowest point. The road running west from the bridge could better be described as a causeway.
As I recall, the mission of the 508 was to occupy a position beyond this causeway. In addition to the men who assisted us in capturing the bridge at least a company of the 508 passed through our position and moved over the causeway to their objective. They were gone at least an hour when we saw several of them retreating back across the marsh. I remember that we helped several of them out of the river, which was quite shallow.
The machine gun fire from the Germans was very heavy by now. We didn’t return their fire as there were no visible targets and our ammunition supply was limited. They attacked with three tanks, which I was unable to identify for sure; but they appeared to be similar to the German Mark IV type, or maybe a little lighter. The tanks were firing on us with machine guns and cannon.
Just about a half-hour before this attack, a 57MM A. T. gun was assigned to Company "A". I located this gun about 150 yards from the bridge on the road where it curves to the right as you approach the bridge. Incidentally, this was my C.P. and later the Battalion C.P. This gave the gun excellent cover and a good field of fire.
On the bridge I had three bazooka teams. Two of them were from Company "A" and the third was either from "B" or "C" Company. The two Company "A" bazookas were dug in to the left and right of the bridge. Because of the fact that the road itself was the causeway type, they were as of necessity dug in below the level of the road, so that in order to fire, they had to get out of their foxholes. The third bazooka was over more to the south where better cover was available.
To continue, I had just completed my inspection of our defenses and was 40 to 50 yards from the bridge. Major Kellam and Captain Royaden were nearby. The first two tanks were within 15 Qr 20 yards of each other, the third was back about 50 yards. When the lead tank was about 40 or 50 yards away from the bridge, the two Company "A" bazooka teams got up just like clock work to the edge of the road. They were under the heaviest small arms fire from the other side of the causeway, and from the cannon and machine gun fire from the tanks. To this day, I’ll never be able to explain why all four of them were not killed. They fired and reloaded with the precision of well-oiled machinery. Watching them made it hard to believe that this was nothing but a routine drill. I don’t think that either crew wasted a shot. The first tank received several direct hits. The treads were knocked off, and within a matter of minutes it was on fire. Then they went to work on the second tank, and within about 30 seconds, it was on fire. They fired every rocket that they had and then jumped into their foxholes. The 57mm during this time was firing and eventually knocked out the last tank. The gun crew did an excellent job.
My two bazooka crews called for more ammunition. Major Kellam ran up toward the bridge with a bag of rockets followed by Captain Roysden. When they were within 15 or 20 yards of the bridge, the Germans opened up with mortar fire on the bridge. Major Kellam was killed and Captain Roysden was rendered unconscious from the concussion. He died later that day. Both of the bazookas were destroyed by the mortar fire. Lt. Weir (Reg. Hq. Co.) and I carried Captain Roysden back. I then took over command of the battalion, being the senior officer present.
Company "B" was put into reserve in the perimeter of Company "A", so that we had almost a 560 degree perimeter defense. The rest of the day we were under heavy mortar and machine gun fire. The mortar fire was very effective as against the two forward platoons because of tree bursts. It took very little imagination on the part of the Krauts to figure out just where we would be dug in. As I recall, there was less than a seventy-five yard frontage on either side of the bridge from where we could effectively defend, so they could throw their mortar fin in our general direction with good results. During the night, the fire let up, but they started early the next morning and kept it up. My third platoon took the worst beating, as they were in a heavier wooded area, (tree bursts).
The second tank attack came on the afternoon of the second day. I was over on the north side of the bridge with the first platoon. For about an hour before the attack, they increased their mortar fire to the extent that the third platoon was just about knocked out, but not quite. I was not aware of this at the time. In addition to already heavy casualties, Sgt. Monahan, the platoon Sgt. was fatally wounded.
I learned second hand that some other troops had retreated through the third platoon’s position, and then through my C.P. Rumors were around that we were going to give up the bridge. As a result of this, the 57MM A.T. crew took off. I didn’t have an Executive Officer at the time. Earlier that day, he (Tom Furey) was put in command of "C" Company. My First Sergeant was a jump casualty, so my Company Headquarters at the time was non-existent except for runners and radio operators. I can’t recall why, but our radios were not working. The only way that we could communicate was through runners.
The first platoon was under heavy fire also. The platoon leader, Lt. Oakley, who had been doing an excellent job, was fatally wounded, and Sgt. Ricci was leaving the junior squad leader, Sgt. Owens, in command. You will recall that we have had some communication about Sgt. Owens in the past as to his personal courage and the way he commanded the platoon at this most critical time. I recommended Sgt. Owens and my tour bazooka men for the D.S.C. The bazooka men were awarded the D.S.C., but Sgt. Owens was not. This is a story in itself.
The second attack was with two tanks and infantry. I was unable to estimate the size. The tanks stayed out of effective bazooka range. (We had one bazooka left.) Not hearing any fire from the 57MM, I went over to it and found it unmanned. I tried to fire it, but the crew had taken the firing mechanism. I organized five or six men behind the hedge on the southerly side of the road with Gammon grenades, and just about this time, two of the gun crew returned with the firing mechanism. They knocked out the two tanks. They were two youngsters not more than 17 or 18 years old, who returned on their own initiative. I recommended them for Silver Stars.
The rest of our stay at the bridge was uneventful, except for the continued mortar fire, and at the end, artillery fire which damaged the 57MM. Lt. Col. Mark Alexander took over command of the battalion later that day and continued to command it for most of the operation. Without exception, he was the finest battalion commander I ever served under. My second son, Mark Alexander Dolan, was named after him.
In conclusion, we held the bridge until relieved. In Co. "A" alone, in those days (three in all), we had seventeen known dead and about three times that number wounded. The rest of the battalion also had heavy casualties.
I have tried to give you an accurate picture of what happened however, after fifteen years, the foregoing may contain some minor inaccuracies I will be glad to give Mr. Ryan any additional information he may require. You may assure him that I will be happy to cooperate with him in every detail.
Very truly yours,
JJD:eg
P.S. Since writing this Letter, I have read the account by David Howarth in the Saturday Evening Post, and I agree with you that it contains many inaccuracies. You will probably note that some of the events related tie in with what I have told you in this letter.
The most glaring inaccuracy is about the bridge being lost. For the record, this bridge was held by Company "A" from the time of its capture on "D" Day, until we were relieved.
The battle around La Fière Bridge
When the main Airborne force landed around midnight Robert Murphey's job as a pathfinder was done. He had marked the way for the others and now he stayed behind on the dropzone and helped gathering the supply-bundles that had landed with the paratroopers. At first light, which must have been around eight or eight-thirty Murphey's platoonleader 1st Lt. Lightchester (commander of the 1st Pathfinder Bn.) told him to go look for Lt. John J (Red Dog) Dolan. Lt. Dolan was the commander of A Co. at that time. This company's goal was to take and hold the La Fière Bridge.
The La Fiere bridge is located just west of Ste. Mere d'Eglise, the primary target of the 82nd Airborne Division. The bridge runs across the small river the Merderet. Holding the bridge ment holding the western entrance of ste. Mere d'Eglise.
This city was so important because it was the crossing of the road from Carentan to Cherbourg and the road running from the west side of the peninsula to the beach that was code-named Utah Beach. If the Germans wanted to launch a full scale counterattack on the men coming in on the beaches from the sea, then they certainly had to bypass ste. Mere d'Eglise at La Fière Bridge. A large German counterattack in the first hours of the invasion could endanger the whole operation.
When Murphey arrived at the bridge, a defense-line had already been established. The paratroopers had pulled a German truck onto the bridge, to prevent any vehicles from passing. Anti-tank mines were laid in front of the truck to add to the roadblock.
The Germans had flooded the grasslands, prior to the invasion and the road alone was the sticking out above the water, because it was on a dike. Parachutes and supply-bundles could be see floating in the water and it was obvious that paratroopers had drowned in these fields on landing. The paratroopers had no choice then to dig in on the sides of the road, and even their they could dig very deep without getting water in their foxholes.
The artillery support that the defenders had was only one 57mm canon that had been flown in by glider. Murphey was not the only soldier joining the men from A Co. at that time. A group of soldiers from the 508th had been trapped in Coccagny during the night and had now gotten away and pulled back across the bridge.
Just as the men from the 508th had crossed the bridge, German 88th' s were zeroing in on the bridge. These shells were particularly feared by the Americans because you couldn't hear them coming in. Mortar shells and rockets also started to land within the American defense-line.
Three German tanks advanced towards the bridge as soon as the shelling had stopped. It were French Renault tanks which the Germans had captured during their drive into France in 1940. Although not very modern they still posed a serious threat for the weakly armed Airborne soldiers. The infantry followed the tanks in their advance, using the tanks as cover.
Two American bazooka-teams jumped up as soon as the tanks got within range. Each team had two men, one aimer and one loader. John D Boldison and Gordon Poya made the first team and Leonard Peterson, a Swedish airborne soldier that barely spoke English and Marcus Huyme made the second team. The aimers had to stand-up in their foxholes when they fired their bazooka's. This ment that they had to expose themselves to all enemy fire. The didn't pay attention to the German fire and placed several hits on the first two tanks, disabling both. The third tank also received some damage, but it managed to pull back.
A German officer climbed out of the first tank, in an attempt to run off to safety. There was not much feeling of compassion with the Germans among the Airborne soldiers and several men opened fire on the officer as soon as he had lifted himself from on the turret. The officer was killed at the spot.
The Infantry also remained at a distance once they had lost the support of their tanks. The battle was still far from being over. More critical hours were still ahead of A Co. of the 505th Parachute Infantry Regiment. Relief came in the night of June 8th. The 325th Glider Infantry Regiment of the same 82nd Airborne division took the positions at the bridge over from A Co. By that time more canons had been brought in for the paratroopers. For Robert Murphey the relief ment the end of his activities in Normandy. He had been hit by shrapnel in his back as a result from the continuous German shelling. He was taken back to England where he spend several weeks in a hospital.
© normandy44
To all fans, my book, "From Toccoa to the Eagle's Nest: Discoveries in the Boosteps of the Band of Brothers" is now available on Amazon, Booksurge and Alibris Thanks Dalton
Italien / Lombardei - Lago di Como
seen from Rifugio Menaggio on the way to Monte Grona. In the background you can see Monte Legnone (2,609 m).
gesehen vom Rifugio Menaggio auf dem Weg zum Monte Grona. Im Hintergrund sieht man den Monte Legnone (2.609 m).
Lake Como (Italian: Lago di Como [ˈlaːɡo di ˈkɔːmo], locally [ˈkoːmo]; Western Lombard: Lagh de Còmm [ˈlɑː‿dːe ˈkɔm],[a] Cómm [ˈkom] or Cùmm [ˈkum]), also known as Lario (Italian: [ˈlaːrjo]; after the Latin: Larius Lacus), is a lake of glacial origin in Lombardy, Italy.
It has an area of 146 square kilometres (56 sq mi), making it the third-largest lake in Italy, after Lake Garda and Lake Maggiore. At over 400 metres (1,300 ft) deep, it is the fifth deepest lake in Europe and the deepest outside Norway; the bottom of the lake is 227 metres (745 ft) below sea level. One notable characteristic is its distinctive "Y" shape.
Lake Como has been a popular retreat for aristocrats and wealthy people since Roman times, and a very popular tourist attraction with many artistic and cultural gems. It has many villas and palaces such as Villa Olmo, Villa Serbelloni, and Villa Carlotta. Many famous people have owned homes on the shores of Lake Como, including George Clooney, Madonna, and Donatella Versace.
In 2014, The Huffington Post described it as the most beautiful lake in the world for its microclimate and environment with prestigious villas and villages.
Etymology
The lake's official name is Lario (derived from the Latin Larius), but it is rarely used informally, while it is still used in formal language; it is also found in the toponym of some villages along the lake such as Pognana Lario and Mandello del Lario; Italians usually call it Lago di Como.
Geography
The lake is shaped much like an inverted letter "Y". The northern branch begins at the town of Colico, while the towns of Como and Lecco sit at the ends of the southwestern and southeastern branches respectively. The small towns of Bellagio, Menaggio and Varenna are situated at the intersection of the three branches of the lake: a boat service operates a triangular route between them.
Lake Como is fed primarily by the Adda, which enters the lake near Colico and flows out at Lecco. This geological conformation makes the southwestern branch a dead end, and so Como, unlike Lecco, is sometimes flooded.
The mountainous pre-alpine territory between the two southern arms of the lake (between Como, Bellagio, and Lecco) is known as the Larian Triangle, or Triangolo lariano. The source of the river Lambro is here. At the centre of the triangle, the town of Canzo is the seat of the Comunità Montana del Triangolo lariano, an association of the 31 municipalities that represent the 71,000 inhabitants of the area.
History
At the beginning of the first millennium B.C. during the Iron Age, the Comum oppidum was born and the civilization of Como developed, inserted in the broader Golasecca culture. In 196 B.C. the army of the consul Claudius Marcellus defeats the Celts tribe of the Comenses and conquered the city. Comum was then strengthened and rebuilt after a raid by Rhaetian and repopulated with 3,000 settlers in 77 BC. Finally, after having reclaimed the marshy area, in 59 B.C. it was re-founded with the name of Novum Comun in its current location on the lake shore at the behest of Gaius Julius Caesar. Pliny the Younger, in one of his Epistulae, describes the lake and its surrounding area as providing plentiful opportunities for fishing and hunting. According to the Notitia Dignitatum, at least since the 4th century, a Praefectus commanding a Roman military fleet was present on the lake.
During the Middle Ages and the Renaissance, the waters of the lake were the scene of military clashes, such as in the 12th century during the war of Milan against Como, which saw the Como fleet in action against the ships of the Milanese and their allies or between 1525 and 1532 due to the Musso war unleashed by Gian Giacomo Medici.
On 28 April 1945, deposed Italian dictator Benito Mussolini was executed in the lakeside village of Giulino, about 180 metres (590 ft) from the waterfront.
Tourism
As a tourist destination, Lake Como is popular for its landscapes, wildlife, and spas. It is a venue for sailing, windsurfing, and kitesurfing.
Although generally considered safe, bathers aiming to find relief from the heat and swimming enthusiasts alike should exercise caution, as a prevailing regulation prohibits diving and swimming both in the city of Como and in the various small villages along the lake. Exceptions are found only in privately managed lidos or designated public beaches where explicit signage permits swimming activities. This prohibition stems from the danger posed by the lake's waters that swiftly transition from shallow to deep near the shoreline and from unpredictable aquatic conditions, which have led to numerous incidents, including drowning cases attributed to sudden thermal shock.
Transportation
Lake Como is served by a public transport system connecting the various villages on the lake. A motorized service began in 1826 when a steamship with sails, the Lario, was launched by the newly established Società privilegiata per l'impresa dei battelli a vapore nel Regno Lombardo Veneto. Since 1952 the fleet has been managed by a government organisation named Gestione Commissariale Governativa and later Gestione Governativa Navigazione Laghi, which is also responsible for transport services on Lake Maggiore and Lake Garda.
There exist three primary services:
Motorship services along the western branch and north towards Colico and back to Como, with additional shuttles to the mid-lake area;
Fast services that broadly follow the same route but with fewer stops; the service, which is more expensive, is operated by hydrofoils;
Ferries able to carry passengers and cars across the popular tourist destinations Menaggio, Bellagio,Varenna and Cadenabbia.
Economy
Lake Como attracts visitors from around the world and as a consequence the economy of the towns surrounding Lake Como is predominantly dependent on tourism and related activities. The tourism sector stimulates local businesses, including hospitality, restaurants and retail, while also fostering the growth of ancillary services such as transportation, cultural tours and recreational activities. This reliance on tourism has led to significant investments in infrastructure and amenities to accommodate and enhance the visitor experience, making it a vital component of the regional economy.
In literature and the arts
Letitia Elizabeth Landon's poem The Lake of Como was published in Fisher's Drawing Room Scrap Book, in 1837. It illustrates a painting by Samuel Prout, engraved by William Miller.
In 1818 Percy Bysshe Shelley wrote to Thomas Love Peacock: "This lake exceeds anything I ever beheld in beauty, except the arbutus islands of Killarney. It is long and narrow, and has the appearance of a mighty river winding among the mountains and the forests."
(Wikipedia)
Monte Grona is a mountain of Lombardy, Italy. It has an elevation of 1,736 metres and belongs to the province of Como.
SOIUSA classification
According to the SOIUSA (International Standardized Mountain Subdivision of the Alps) the mountain can be classified in the following way:
main part = Western Alps
major sector = North Western Alps
section = Lugano Prealps
subsection = Prealpi Comasche
supergroup = Catena Gino-Camoghè-Fiorina
group = Gruppo del Gino
code = I/B-11.I-A.1
(Wikipedia)
Der Comer See (Schweizer Schreibweise Comersee, italienisch Lago di Como oder Lario, lombardisch Lagh de Comm; lateinisch Lacus Larius) ist einer der oberitalienischen Seen. Er liegt vollständig in der Region Lombardei.
Charakteristisch sind die zahlreichen am Ufer liegenden kleinen Dörfer, von denen viele ihren eigenen Charakter bis heute erhalten haben. Viele der Villen (u. a. Villa Carlotta, Villa d’Este) stammen aus dem 15. Jahrhundert, als die Bewohner der Region durch die Seidenraupenzucht und die dadurch entstandene Seidenindustrie zu Reichtum gelangten. Während der Zeit Napoleons erbaute der Vizepräsident der italienischen Republik (1802–1805) Francesco Melzi d’Eril die Villa Melzi.
Durch das mediterrane Klima gedeihen viele subtropische Pflanzen wie z. B. Palmen, Zitrusfrüchte, Zypressen und Olivenbäume.
Geografie
Der Comer See, von den Einheimischen auch Lario genannt, ist 146 km² groß, 51 km lang und maximal 4,2 km breit. Damit ist er nach dem Gardasee und dem Lago Maggiore, gemessen an der Wasserfläche, der drittgrößte See Italiens. Mit einer durch seine charakteristische Form bedingten Uferlinie von 170 km übertrifft er die beiden vorgenannten Seen in diesem Punkt. Seine maximale Tiefe – vor Nesso – beträgt 425 m; damit ist er der tiefste See Europas außerhalb Norwegens.
Der Comer See wird von der Adda durchflossen. Er liegt in einem Zungenbecken des ehemaligen Addagletschers, das sich vor der Alta Brianza in die Arme von Como und Lecco teilt, und hat so die Form eines (umgekehrten) Y. Die Adda mündet bei Colico in den nördlichen Teil des Sees und verlässt ihn bei Lecco; der südwestliche Arm, an dem Como liegt, hat keinen anderen Abfluss.
Die einzige Insel im Comer See ist die etwa 7,5 ha große Isola Comacina. Sie war bereits in der Antike besiedelt, nach Zerstörung der Siedlungen im 12. Jahrhundert durch Truppen Comos aber lange unbewohnt.
Tourismus
Der Comer See ist ein Touristenziel mit zahlreichen Kurorten, Parks und Golfplätzen. Auf seiner Westseite liegt der Sacro Monte di Ossuccio, der 2003 in die Liste der Weltkulturerbe der UNESCO aufgenommen wurde. Die umliegenden Berge bieten Wander- und Klettermöglichkeiten. Durch das milde Klima gibt es eine reiche Vegetation. Jährlich im Frühjahr findet das Oldtimerevent Concorso d’Eleganza Villa d’Este statt.
Prominente wie George Clooney besitzen ein Feriendomizil am Comer See. Dieser dient immer wieder als Filmkulisse, beispielsweise wurde hier für Star Wars: Episode II, Casino Royale oder Ocean’s 12 gedreht.
Der deutsche Bundeskanzler Konrad Adenauer (1876–1967) verbrachte dort auf seinem Anwesen in Cadenabbia viel Zeit. Nach der Niederlegung seines Amtes, kurz vor seinem Tod, schrieb er dort einen großen Teil seiner Memoiren. Die 1899 erbaute Villa La Collina mit ihrem Park wird seit 1977 als internationale Tagungsstätte von der Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung genutzt.
Schifffahrt
Täglich fahren mehrere Boote zwischen Como und Colico, des Weiteren gibt es verschiedene Routen zwischen Como und Lecco oder Menaggio und Como bzw. Lecco. Es existiert eine Fährverbindung zwischen Lierna, Varenna, Menaggio und Bellagio.
Wassersport
Zwischen Bellagio und Colico herrscht ein reges Treiben von Wassersportlern, da dort zuverlässige Windverhältnisse herrschen.
Laut Berichten aus dem Jahr 2010 lässt die Wasserqualität an gewissen Stellen (durch fehlende Kläranlagen) zu wünschen übrig.
Windverhältnisse
Außer im Winter weht im oberen Teil des Comer Sees praktisch täglich ein thermischer Wind, die Breva. Am Morgen beginnt der Wind etwa ab 10 Uhr mit 1 bis 3 Bft und frischt am Nachmittag auf 3 bis 6 Bft auf. Juni bis September sind die besten Monate zum Wind- und Kitesurfen. Im Oktober lässt die Breva nach, um dann bis Anfang Februar ganz einzuschlafen.
Der Südwind Breva hat seinen Gegenpart im nördlichen Fallwind Tivano, der bei großem Luftdruckunterschied zwischen der nördlichen und der südlichen Seite der Alpen entsteht. Der Tivano weht bereits am frühen Morgen und ist oft stärker als die Breva, am stärksten in der Region von Lecco. Im Süden des Sees, im Larian-Dreieck, dem Gebiet zwischen den beiden Seearmen, bietet auch er gute Voraussetzungen zum Wind- und Kitesurfen.
(Wikipedia)
Der Monte Grona ist ein 1736 m s.l.m. hoher Berg in den südlichen Alpen (Tambogruppe bzw. Luganer Voralpen) zwischen dem Luganersee und dem Comer See in der Lombardei in Italien.
Routen zum Gipfel
Talort ist Breglia nördlich von Menaggio. Ein Bergweg beginnt an den Monti di Breglia (996 m). Er führt zunächst zu einer Schutzhütte (Rifugio Menaggio, 1.380 m). Von dort aus führen neben dem Normalanstieg noch zwei weitere Bergwege zum Gipfel: Ein direkter Steilanstieg („Direttissima“) und ein Aussichtsweg („Sentiero Panoramico“). Der vierte Weg auf den Gipfel ist ein Klettersteig („Ferrata del Centenario CAO“).
(Wikipedia)
Der Aufstieg zum Monte Grona gehört zum Pflichtprogramm eines Comer See-Aufenthalts. Auch die Bewohner der Gemeinde Menaggio besteigen zu Saisonbeginn, veranstaltet vom hiesigen Alpenverein, den Gipfel. Auf dem Weg nach oben gehört der Besuch des Rifugio Menaggio dazu.
Der Monte Grona hat eine Bomben-Hütte
Der Hüttenwirt bereitet bis auf einen kurzen Zeitraum von Januar bis Februar das ganze Jahr über einfache lokale Speisen und Getränke zu. Der Monte Grona ist 1 736 m hoch und bietet vom Gipfel einen Rundumblick über die gesamte Region bis zum Luganer See. Der Aufstieg beginnt in Breglia oder dem Parkplatz kurz oberhalb des Ortes, nach 2h ist der Gipfel erreicht.
Das Rifugio Menaggio, bis weit über den Comer See hinaus bekannt, wurde 1952 als Schutzhütte für Bergsteiger geplant und gebaut. 1960 folgte die feierliche Eröffnung und 1970 wurde die Schutzhütte dann zu ihrer heutigen Form erweitert. Die Hütte ist weitgehend autonom, bezieht das Wasser aus einer nahe gelegenen Quelle, Strom liefert die Sonne mit Hilfe einer Photovoltaik-Anlage.
Die Lebensmittelversorgung wird über eine Lastenseilbahn von einem Forstweg (ca. 150 m unterhalb der Hütte) organisiert. Das Rifugio verfügt über zwanzig Schlafmöglichkeiten, eine Küche, zwei Aufenthaltsräume und ein Bad mit Warmwasser.
Tourbeschreibung: Die äußerst attraktive Bergwanderung beginnt man sinnvollerweise oberhalb von Breglia an einem Parkplatz. Die Anfahrt dorthin ist im Gegensatz zu anderen Bergen eher angenehm, mehr als 10 min. sollte sie nicht dauern. Wer viel Power hat, parkt natürlich in Breglia selbst bei der Kirche, ca. 30 m. vom Platz beginnt der Wanderweg. Er führt allerdings anfangs immer wieder ein bisschen an der Straße entlang, sodass viele den oberen Startpunkt wählen. Vom (Berg-)Parkplatz aus geht es dann in ca. 1h durch zunächst niedrigen Wald, später auf offener Strecke zum Rifugio Menaggio auf 1 383 m. Höhe.
Die Strecke ist durchgehend ausgeschildert und eigentlich nicht zu verfehlen. Am Rifugio angekommen, erfrischt man sich mit Wasser aus dem Brunnen oder in der Berghütte. Neben Getränken gibt es auch kleinere einfache Speisen: Polenta mit Fleisch, Käse oder Würstchen und Spaghetti mit verschiedenen Soßen. Viel grüne Fläche in der Sonne und im Schatten lädt zum Verweilen ein, die Sicht ist grandios.
Der weitere Weg auf den Monte Grona führt rechts an der Hütte vorbei. Nach wenigen Schritten geht es ab zum nahe gelegenen Klettersteig (Ferrata), der aber nur für geübte Kletterer empfohlen wird. Folgen Sie lieber der Hauptstrecke, die sich nach einigen Metern erneut teilt: Sie haben nun die Wahl zwischen der sog. ‚Diretissima‘ und dem ‚Via normale‘. Letzterer ist 10 min. länger.
Beide Strecken liegen wunderschön im Gelände, am besten man begeht beide, eine beim Aufstieg, eine beim Abstieg. Der Via normale führt über viele enge und teils extrem ausgewaschene Pfade inmitten faszinierender Natur bis zum Sattel zwischen Monte Grona und Monte Santa Amata, einem kleineren Nachbarberg, in dessen Verlauf der Monte Bregagno schon zu sehen ist. Folgen Sie dem Weg zum Monte Grona links, auf dem Schild werden 30 min. ausgewiesen, und entdecken Sie die schönsten Seiten der Comenser Bergwelten.
Bald erreicht man über schmale teils auch felsige Strecken den Gipfel mit einer Traumaussicht in alle Himmelsrichtungen. Für die letzten zehn Meter ist zur Sicherheit noch ein Seil gespannt, das man aber eigentlich nicht benötigt. Im Westen der Luganer See, dahinter die Bergkette des Monte Rosa, dem höchsten Berg der Schweiz, gegenüber der Monte Legnone, mit 2 609 m., der höchste Berg am Lago di Como.
Im Süden die hohen Vertreter der Grigne-Gruppe von Lecco, unterhalb der Ort Menaggio. Für 2 h Anstrengung erhält man an diesem Berg eine ganze Menge hochalpiner Eindrücke. Zurück am Rifugio genießt man am besten die Abendstimmung bei einer Tasse Cappuccino. Ausklang: In Menaggio gibt es direkt an der Piazza Garibaldi (auch Tourist-Office) eine Gelateria mit gutem Eis und einige Cafés.
Tourvarianten 1. Kurz nach dem oberen Parkplatz führt bei der Abzweigung ein weiterer Weg unterhalb zum Rifugio (ausgeschildert). Der Weg ist zunächst etwas flacher und breiter, verjüngt sich aber später ebenfalls. Man erreicht das Rifugio im Gegensatz zur anderen Strecke von unten. 2. Während des Aufstiegs zum Monte Grona gibt es eine gut beschilderte Abzweigung zum Monte Bregagno, mit 2 143 m. ein stattlicher Berg der Region.
Man steigt zunächst diagonal zum Berg an, überquert dann, schon auf dem Bergkamm laufend, den kleinen Bruder des Bregagno und erreicht nach weiteren 1,5 h auf weichem Wiesenuntergrund den grünen Gipfel. Von hier führt auch ein Abstieg zur Via Monti Lariani (VML), an der Kreuzung liegt die Kirche San Bernardo, die zum Bergdorf Labbio gehört.
Dort befindet sich das Agriturismo Labbio, in dem man übernachten kann (www.agriturismolabbio.it). Allen anderen bleibt nur der beschwerliche Abstieg über unzählige Serpentinen nach Musso oder der Weitermarsch auf dem VML nach Dongo. 3. Auf halber Strecke zum Monte Bregagno liegt das Kirchlein Sant‘Amate, das von vielen als (Zwischen-)Ziel gewählt wird.
(comersee-info.de)
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