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When I was younger and so naive, I wanted to join the armed forces.
I figured out, the country does things I don't necessarily agree with before it was too late.
Memorial Day 2007
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A fitness lifestyle brand dedicated to committed athletes of all kinds. Whether you're a wknd warrior or a 24/7 pro- You live the life, now wear the gear..."We are Fitness Apparel."..#transformationtuesday.#mcm.#wcw.#fitfam.#fitspo.#fitness.#gymtime gym time.#treadmill.#gainz.#workout.#getStrong.#getfit.#justdoit.#youcandoit.#bodybuilding.#fitspiration.#cardio.#ripped.#gym.#geekabs.#crossfit.#beachbody.#exercise.#weightraining.#training.#shredded.#abs.#sixpacks.#muscle.#strong.#lift.#weights.#Getfit.#weightloss.#wod.#aesthetic.#squad.#shreadding.#personaltrainer.#cleaneating.#healthy.#cleanrecipes.#healthychoice.#cleanRecipe.#eatclean.#glutenfree.#vegan.#paleo.#fitfood.#healthylifestyle.#healthyrecipes.#eatclean.#organic.#foodporn.#protein.#dreambitviral.#quote.#quotes.#inspiring.#motivation.#fitnessquote.#youcandoit.#justbringit.#dreambig.#success.#staypositive.#noexcuses.#marathon.#running.#run.#instarunner.#trailrunner.#halfmarathon.#ultramarathon.#5k.#10k.#yogi.#yoga.#handstand.#yogapose.#soul.#spirituality.#meditate.#trueself.#balance.#meditation.#Igyoga.#theloyalbrand.#loyal.#fitnessapparel.#apparel.#mma.#stongman.#powerlifting.#crossfit.#bench.#deadlift.
March 29, 2014. Boston, MA.
The Women's Dinner Party a benefit for Fenway Health.
Fenway Health presented Elyse Cherry, CEO of Boston Community Capital (BCC), with the Dr. Susan M. Love Award. Boston Community Capital has a mission of building healthy communities through socially responsible investment. Personally committed to economic justice and equality, and to health equality for women and families throughout Boston and the Commonwealth, she has served as CEO for 16 years, during which time Boston Community Capital has invested in child care facilities serving nearly 10,000 children and health care facilities providing care to over 66,000 patients.
A fitness lifestyle brand dedicated to committed athletes of all kinds. Whether you're a wknd warrior or a 24/7 pro- You live the life, now wear the gear..."We are Fitness Apparel."..#transformationtuesday.#mcm.#wcw.#fitfam.#fitspo.#fitness.#gymtime gym time.#treadmill.#gainz.#workout.#getStrong.#getfit.#justdoit.#youcandoit.#bodybuilding.#fitspiration.#cardio.#ripped.#gym.#geekabs.#crossfit.#beachbody.#exercise.#weightraining.#training.#shredded.#abs.#sixpacks.#muscle.#strong.#lift.#weights.#Getfit.#weightloss.#wod.#aesthetic.#squad.#shreadding.#personaltrainer.#cleaneating.#healthy.#cleanrecipes.#healthychoice.#cleanRecipe.#eatclean.#glutenfree.#vegan.#paleo.#fitfood.#healthylifestyle.#healthyrecipes.#eatclean.#organic.#foodporn.#protein.#dreambitviral.#quote.#quotes.#inspiring.#motivation.#fitnessquote.#youcandoit.#justbringit.#dreambig.#success.#staypositive.#noexcuses.#marathon.#running.#run.#instarunner.#trailrunner.#halfmarathon.#ultramarathon.#5k.#10k.#yogi.#yoga.#handstand.#yogapose.#soul.#spirituality.#meditate.#trueself.#balance.#meditation.#Igyoga.#theloyalbrand.#loyal.#fitnessapparel.#apparel.#mma.#stongman.#powerlifting.#crossfit.#bench.#deadlift.
Untitled (Abstraction) - ca. 1960
Felrath Hines (1913 - 1993)
Medium - Oil on linen
Felrath Hines was committed to the idea that abstract forms could bring out universal connections because they did not reference a specific person, place, or thing. Untitled (Abstraction) shows a progression from Hine’s abstractions of the 1950s to his geometric abstractions of the 1970s. Throughout his career, he continued to explore the use of color and shape. Like the Abstract Expressionists Hele Frakenthaler and Mark Rothko, whose works are on view nearby, Hines strove to create universal expression of truth and feeling through his paintings.
Although Hines participated in many group art exhibitions during his lifetime, he was not able to make a living by selling his work. He became an art conservator, working at major American art museums including The Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden in Washington, DC, where he retired as chief conservator in 1984. Hine’s skill led fellow artist Georgia O’Keeffe to request his help in preserving the Alfred Stieglitz Collection- a collection Crystal Bridges now shares with Fisk University.
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This World Class attraction was everything we expected and more. Construction has just begun on a major expansion, but that has been managed in such a way that it does not in any way detract from the experience now.
This album focuses on the artwork inside the buildings and on the other interior spaces including the Eleven Restaurant and the Gift Shop. A separate album posted a few days ago is devoted to the two April mornings that we spent exploring just some of the trails that crisscross the 120 acres of Arkansas forest around the museum.
Alice Walton and her co-creative team can be proud of the vision and execution of everything on this 120 acre site.
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"Crystal Bridges Museum of American Art is a museum of American art in Bentonville, Arkansas. The museum, founded by Alice Walton and designed by Moshe Safdie, officially opened on 11 November 2011. It offers free public admission.
Alice Walton, the daughter of Walmart founder Sam Walton, spearheaded the Walton Family Foundation's involvement in developing Crystal Bridges. The museum's glass-and-wood design by architect Moshe Safdie and engineer Buro Happold features a series of pavilions nestled around two creek-fed ponds and forest trails. The 217,000 square feet complex includes galleries, several meeting and classroom spaces, a library, a sculpture garden, a museum store designed by architect Marlon Blackwell, a restaurant and coffee bar, named Eleven after the day the museum opened, "11/11/11". Crystal Bridges also features a gathering space that can accommodate up to 300 people. Additionally, there are outdoor areas for concerts and public events, as well as extensive nature trails. It employs approximately 300 people, and is within walking distance of downtown Bentonville."
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal_Bridges_Museum_of_American_Art
crystalbridges.org/nature-trails/
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A fitness lifestyle brand dedicated to committed athletes of all kinds. Whether you're a wknd warrior or a 24/7 pro- You live the life, now wear the gear..."We are Fitness Apparel."..#transformationtuesday.#mcm.#wcw.#fitfam.#fitspo.#fitness.#gymtime gym time.#treadmill.#gainz.#workout.#getStrong.#getfit.#justdoit.#youcandoit.#bodybuilding.#fitspiration.#cardio.#ripped.#gym.#geekabs.#crossfit.#beachbody.#exercise.#weightraining.#training.#shredded.#abs.#sixpacks.#muscle.#strong.#lift.#weights.#Getfit.#weightloss.#wod.#aesthetic.#squad.#shreadding.#personaltrainer.#cleaneating.#healthy.#cleanrecipes.#healthychoice.#cleanRecipe.#eatclean.#glutenfree.#vegan.#paleo.#fitfood.#healthylifestyle.#healthyrecipes.#eatclean.#organic.#foodporn.#protein.#dreambitviral.#quote.#quotes.#inspiring.#motivation.#fitnessquote.#youcandoit.#justbringit.#dreambig.#success.#staypositive.#noexcuses.#marathon.#running.#run.#instarunner.#trailrunner.#halfmarathon.#ultramarathon.#5k.#10k.#yogi.#yoga.#handstand.#yogapose.#soul.#spirituality.#meditate.#trueself.#balance.#meditation.#Igyoga.#theloyalbrand.#loyal.#fitnessapparel.#apparel.#mma.#stongman.#powerlifting.#crossfit.#bench.#deadlift
For my next step may not have even touched the ground: it doesn't take long (especially when you're as light as me) to be scooped up into the air in a paraglider.
This is the launch site at Mystic, where I've done most of my flying from. I've only taken about 2 steps forward, in that time the wing that was flat on the ground behind me has risen and inflated, transforming into a flying machine, capable of holding me in the air before I finish my next 2 steps.
Tripple Em has a clear vision to reach its customers in every nook & corner of urban & rural areas of Pakistan to satisfy their appetite for tasty & nutritious snacks. We as a market leader are committed to strictly observe the food safety rules and produce highest quality snacks with the latest state of the art technology. Being in the Global business, we are adequately equipped ourselves with Quality Management Systems to cater the requirements of our domestic as well as foreign customers.
We are on the move with innovative ideas to shape the customer desires into products and this marathon will go on and on, Insha Allah.
Thus, reviewing this aim and avoiding the milestone in the road of success of Tripple-Em, HU organized this vist for the students; to enhance there exposure in terms of understanding organization behavior of one of the oldest company in Pakistan and to provide them with practical knowledge of how Tripple-Em operates in fierce competition. It was an excellent opportunity for Students to do Professional Networking with the Management, and consider Tripple-Em as their future employer.
30 Commerce students of Hajvery University (HU) along with a faculty member, Lect. Ghulam Ahmad Rana, set off for Tripple-Em factory at Kot lakhpat, Lahore at 10am. After reception, students were divided in different groups; from there they were taken to the production area. There students observed the operations of Tripple-Em, its packaging and were told that every day they produce 700,000 variety of packs.
The tour was followed by Q&A session; students showed great interest regarding different company’s operation and gained a lot by the detailed answers and observations. In, the end students were given gift packs by the company’s reps.
As a reputed Crane Service provider in Nashik, we are well-versed with our qualified operators who do the operations with great care and meet all the safety requirements. We are fully committed to providing a safe working environment for cranes, crew, and the site. We provide complete maintenance services for overhead cranes and forklifts. We are specialists in supplying machine maintenance providers that are exceptionally accurate and have received training for preserving and sustaining all types of industrial equipment.https://www.rmnerectors.in/industrial-maintenance-service-in-nashik.php
Regarding industrial maintenance, industrial equipment of all types can be thoroughly inspected and repaired by our effective services at our Nashik industrial maintenance company. In addition, we provide services to all locations in Nashik and offer services for our nationwide clients by keeping their requirements and conditions. The motive of our organization is to plan and forecast finances for your relocation but completely do the unpacking and organize the new setting space, moreover, we help in reconnecting technology and configuring new office furnishings.
As corporations have a bright future in the manufacturing sector, buildings and machinery are needed to be maintained and repaired regularly for their effective functioning. With growing years of expertise and domain excellence, we continue to provide a full range of industrial plant maintenance services at Nashik. As a team of talented professionals, who perceive the importance of a healthy industrial plant for conducting varied applications.
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I committed to do a Maple Leaf block but when I used all of the colors in the Olympic Flag, the design looks more like a flower. Rather than start over, the blocks were given a new name. ;)
The U.S. Army Japan and I Corps (Forward) change of responsibility ceremony was held on Aug. 27 in the hanger at Camp Zama’s Kastner Airfield where outgoing Command Sgt. Maj. Steven L. Payton changed responsibility to incoming Command Sgt. Maj. Eric C. Dostie. (U.S. Army photos by Kiyoshi Tokeshi)
About the United States Army Garrison Japan:
The United States Army Garrison Japan and its 16 supported installation sites are located in the island of Honshu and Okinawa in Japan. The USAG Japan mission is to support the Headquarters, U.S. Army Japan / I Corps (fwd) to ensure mission readiness and the quality of life of the Army community in a sustainable, transforming joint and combined environment.
The USAG-J area of responsibility spans 1,500 miles from north to south of Japan. Camp Zama, home for both HQ USARJ and USAG-J is located approximately 25 miles southwest of Tokyo in the cities of Zama and Sagamihara in Kanagawa Prefecture, Japan. The Camp Zama base cluster includes Sagamihara Housing Area and Sagami General Depot.
Akasaka Press Center is located in the center of Tokyo. The Akizuki/Kure area near Hiroshima is an ammunition depot. Yokohama North Dock is a port facility in the city of Yokohama, a major commerce port and a popular shopping area. USAG Torii Station is located 980 miles southwest of Camp Zama on the island of Okinawa.
We are the Army's home in Japan and the "Garrison of Choice" for Soldiers, Civilians and their Family members. We are committed in becoming the leader in the U.S. Army Installation Management Command by providing world-class installation services.
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To learn more about USAG Japan, please visit:
Official Website - www.usagj.jp.pac.army.mil
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Clifford’s Tower is one of the best-loved landmarks in York. It is the largest remaining part of York Castle, once the centre of government for the north of England. The 11th-century timber tower on top of the earth mound was burned down in 1190, after York’s Jewish community, some 150 strong, was besieged here by a mob and committed mass suicide. The present 13th-century stone tower was probably used as a treasury and later as a prison.
Archaeological evidence shows that there was activity in this area in Roman times (with a Roman cemetery lying across the site) and perhaps even earlier, but it was William the Conqueror who first established a castle here. When he marched north in 1068 to suppress a rebellion against his rule, he built a series of castles as he went, including one here where Clifford’s Tower now stands.
The Norman motte-and-bailey castle saw several violent incidents during its earliest years, including further revolts and an attack by Danish invaders. As the political situation settled down in the 1070s, however, the damage of these early years was repaired, and the castle, built largely of earth and timber, probably survived relatively unaltered through most of the 12th century.
The Mass Suicide and Massacre of 1190
The castle of York was the setting for one of the most notorious events in English history: the mass suicide and massacre in March 1190 of York’s Jewish community.
Tensions between Christians and Jews had been increasing throughout England during the 12th century, partly because many people were in debt to Jewish moneylenders and partly because much crusading propaganda was directed not only against Muslims but also against Jews. Anti-Jewish riots in several cities followed the coronation of the crusader king Richard I in 1189, and a rumour (untrue) was put about that he had ordered a massacre of the Jews.
In York, as described by William of Newburgh and other contemporary chroniclers, about 150 people from the Jewish community were given protective custody in the royal castle, probably the site of Clifford’s Tower.
Somehow, though, trust between the royal officials and the Jews broke down. The officials, finding themselves shut out from the tower, summoned reinforcements to recapture it. These troops were joined by a large mob, which soon ran out of control, incited by both anti-Jewish preachers and local gentry eager to escape their debts.
On 16 March, the eve of the Sabbath before Passover, when the Jews realised that there would be no safe way out for them, a rabbi urged his fellow-inmates in the tower to commit suicide rather than fall into the hands of their persecutors. Heads of households killed their own families before killing themselves, and the wooden tower itself was set on fire.
According to several accounts a number of Jews did survive and came out of the tower under an amnesty, only to be murdered by the attackers. A plaque at the base of the mound, commemorating these events, was installed in 1978.
Though Jewish life did in fact revive in York within a few years of the massacre, it came to an end a hundred years later, in 1290, when Edward I expelled all Jews from England. This time their exile lasted until the 17th century.
The Medieval Castle
The tower burnt down in 1190 was rebuilt very shortly afterwards. Further repairs and rebuilding, some in stone, took place in the castle during the early 13th century. Then in the middle years of that century, as war with Scotland loomed, King Henry III decided to build a completely new stone tower on the mound.
A writ of March 1245 may refer to the construction of the tower. It orders Master Henry the mason and Master Simon the carpenter to advise the sheriff on strengthening the castle’s defences. Master Henry is often identified as Henry of Reyns, master mason of the new abbey at Westminster. At the abbey, as at Clifford’s Tower, English architectural detailing was applied to a plan influenced by French prototypes.
Documentary sources show that construction was intermittent and the tower was probably not finished until the 1270s, possibly not until the 1290s.
Despite the regional and national importance of York, its royal castle did not generally act as a royal residence. Together with Clifford’s Tower it was instead used chiefly for administrative purposes, notably for imprisonment, for storage and for judicial sessions. Occasionally it acted as a home for the Exchequer and its various treasuries when wars against the Scots caused the government to relocate to the north of England. It also housed an important royal mint.
The castle’s buildings, particularly Clifford’s Tower, whose mound was scoured by floods of the river Fosse, fell more than once into disrepair. By 1360, several of the structural defects which are visible today had already appeared.
The Tower in Decay
The history of the castle and Clifford’s Tower during the 15th and 16th centuries is obscure. Accounts of Henry VI, Richard III and Henry VIII suggest that several buildings were ruinous, and efforts were concentrated on maintaining a small number of them as gaols.[14] In 1540, just three years after Robert Aske (one of the leaders of the Pilgrimage of Grace) had been hanged ‘on the height of the castle dungeon’, John Leland wrote that the ‘arx is all in ruin’.
In 1596–7 a public scandal arose when the aldermen of York accused the gaoler, Robert Redhead, of trying to demolish the derelict tower and sell the stone for lime-burning. Contemporary correspondence about these events contains the first recorded use of the name ‘Clifford’s Tower’.
The name is sometimes interpreted as evidence that the Clifford family claimed the post of constable to be hereditary. Alternatively, it may refer to the rebel Roger de Clifford, who was executed after the Battle of Boroughbridge in 1322 and whose body was displayed on a gibbet at the castle.
War and Explosion
After a brief period when Clifford’s Tower passed out of royal ownership, in 1643 it was occupied again by a royal garrison during the Civil War. The building was re-roofed and re-floored, apparently at the behest of Queen Henrietta Maria, creating storage rooms for ammunition and a gun platform on the roof. The forebuilding was largely reconstructed.
The city fell to Parliamentarians the following year. The tower continued to be occupied by a garrison of between 40 and 80 men and it may also have served occasionally as a prison. The Quaker George Fox was imprisoned here for two nights in 1665, on his way to Scarborough Castle.
The garrison’s dissolute behaviour caused discontent among the citizens of York, who called for the demolition of the tower, scathingly nicknamed ‘the Minced Pie’. On 23 April 1684 the interior was partly gutted by fire, allegedly as a result of the firing of a ceremonial salute for St George’s Day. Destruction was not total, though, and parts of the building remained in use for storage, while cannon were still positioned on the roof.
By 1699, however, when Clifford’s Tower was released to freeholders, sketches of the interior by Francis Place show that it was completely roofless.
Gaol and Monument
The 18th century was a period of changing ownership for the tower and mound. Clifford’s Tower was treated as a garden folly and possibly as a stable or cattle shed.
In marked contrast, the former bailey of the castle was redeveloped as a prison. New courthouses and gaol buildings were built, until in the 1820s and 1830s the prison encompassed the entire castle area. The mound and tower were enclosed and effectively hidden from view. Clifford’s Tower was accessible only with permission from a magistrate.
In 1902 a radical campaign of repairs and investigations was undertaken by Mr Basil Mott, including the partial reconstruction of the mound in an effort to underpin the south-east lobe of the tower with buried concrete ‘flying buttresses’. During these works, the most detailed archaeological investigation to date of the internal structure of the mound was carried out.
On 30 March 1915, Clifford’s Tower was taken into state guardianship. The structure was repaired and public access improved in 1935 with the demolition of the surviving 19th-century prison buildings, notably the wall enclosing the mound on its north and west sides. The lower parts of the slope were restored to their presumed medieval profile, and a stairway leading up to the forebuilding in a straight line was created, replacing a spiral path.
Jennifer Keesmaat is committed to creating places where people flourish. Having poured her coherent, comprehensive, and collaborative approach into cities throughout North America – and doing the same in her role as the Chief Planner for the City of Toronto – Keesmaat speaks with passion on her belief that now is the time to engage in city building and take ownership of our shared future.
Over the past decade Keesmaat has worked in municipalities across Canada – including Moncton, Halifax, Mississauga, Peterborough, London, Winnipeg, Regina, Saskatoon, and Vancouver – on the development of site plans, urban design guidelines, official plan reviews, corridor studies, culture plans, secondary plans and university campus master plans. Her planning practice is characterized by an emphasis on collaborations across sectors, and broad engagement with municipal staff, councils, developers, business leaders, NGO’s and residents associations.
Photos by Luana Siciu (luanasuciu.com)
SPEAKER: Jennifer Keesmaat, Chief Planner, City of Toronto
SPONSOR: Konrad Group (konradgroup.com)
VENUE SPONSOR: Swipe Design (swipe.com/)
VENUE: 401 Richmond (www.401richmond.net/)
BREAKFAST: Sense Appeal (senseappeal.ca)
PHOTOGRAPHER: Luana Siciu (luanasuciu.com)
SIGN-UP: bit.ly/intoCMTO
About CreativeMornings Toronto:
CreativeMornings is a monthly breakfast lecture series for creative people. Each event is free of charge, and includes a 20 minute talk, plus coffee+breakfast!
TWITTER: twitter.com/Toronto_CM
FACEBOOK: www.facebook.com/CreativeMorningsTO
March 29, 2014. Boston, MA.
The Women's Dinner Party a benefit for Fenway Health.
Fenway Health presented Elyse Cherry, CEO of Boston Community Capital (BCC), with the Dr. Susan M. Love Award. Boston Community Capital has a mission of building healthy communities through socially responsible investment. Personally committed to economic justice and equality, and to health equality for women and families throughout Boston and the Commonwealth, she has served as CEO for 16 years, during which time Boston Community Capital has invested in child care facilities serving nearly 10,000 children and health care facilities providing care to over 66,000 patients.
One Coventry is the narrative that describes Coventry City Council’s objectives, key strategies and approaches. It includes the Council’s vision and priorities; new ways of working; and core areas of activity. One Coventry will help improve the city and improve people’s lives; deliver the Council Plan; better use resources to deliver better outcomes for people; and help the Council meet the challenges of increasing demand and reduction in funding.
Read the One Coventry Plan Annual Performance Report 2018-19 at smarturl.it/CovPerf1819
Browse the Citywide Intelligence Hub at smarturl.it/CitywideIntelHubOCP
Find out more at www.coventry.gov.uk/councilplan/
Insight Team, Coventry City Council
August 2019
Graffiti (plural; singular graffiti or graffito, the latter rarely used except in archeology) is art that is written, painted or drawn on a wall or other surface, usually without permission and within public view. Graffiti ranges from simple written words to elaborate wall paintings, and has existed since ancient times, with examples dating back to ancient Egypt, ancient Greece, and the Roman Empire (see also mural).
Graffiti is a controversial subject. In most countries, marking or painting property without permission is considered by property owners and civic authorities as defacement and vandalism, which is a punishable crime, citing the use of graffiti by street gangs to mark territory or to serve as an indicator of gang-related activities. Graffiti has become visualized as a growing urban "problem" for many cities in industrialized nations, spreading from the New York City subway system and Philadelphia in the early 1970s to the rest of the United States and Europe and other world regions
"Graffiti" (usually both singular and plural) and the rare singular form "graffito" are from the Italian word graffiato ("scratched"). The term "graffiti" is used in art history for works of art produced by scratching a design into a surface. A related term is "sgraffito", which involves scratching through one layer of pigment to reveal another beneath it. This technique was primarily used by potters who would glaze their wares and then scratch a design into them. In ancient times graffiti were carved on walls with a sharp object, although sometimes chalk or coal were used. The word originates from Greek γράφειν—graphein—meaning "to write".
The term graffiti originally referred to the inscriptions, figure drawings, and such, found on the walls of ancient sepulchres or ruins, as in the Catacombs of Rome or at Pompeii. Historically, these writings were not considered vanadlism, which today is considered part of the definition of graffiti.
The only known source of the Safaitic language, an ancient form of Arabic, is from graffiti: inscriptions scratched on to the surface of rocks and boulders in the predominantly basalt desert of southern Syria, eastern Jordan and northern Saudi Arabia. Safaitic dates from the first century BC to the fourth century AD.
Some of the oldest cave paintings in the world are 40,000 year old ones found in Australia. The oldest written graffiti was found in ancient Rome around 2500 years ago. Most graffiti from the time was boasts about sexual experiences Graffiti in Ancient Rome was a form of communication, and was not considered vandalism.
Ancient tourists visiting the 5th-century citadel at Sigiriya in Sri Lanka write their names and commentary over the "mirror wall", adding up to over 1800 individual graffiti produced there between the 6th and 18th centuries. Most of the graffiti refer to the frescoes of semi-nude females found there. One reads:
Wet with cool dew drops
fragrant with perfume from the flowers
came the gentle breeze
jasmine and water lily
dance in the spring sunshine
side-long glances
of the golden-hued ladies
stab into my thoughts
heaven itself cannot take my mind
as it has been captivated by one lass
among the five hundred I have seen here.
Among the ancient political graffiti examples were Arab satirist poems. Yazid al-Himyari, an Umayyad Arab and Persian poet, was most known for writing his political poetry on the walls between Sajistan and Basra, manifesting a strong hatred towards the Umayyad regime and its walis, and people used to read and circulate them very widely.
Graffiti, known as Tacherons, were frequently scratched on Romanesque Scandinavian church walls. When Renaissance artists such as Pinturicchio, Raphael, Michelangelo, Ghirlandaio, or Filippino Lippi descended into the ruins of Nero's Domus Aurea, they carved or painted their names and returned to initiate the grottesche style of decoration.
There are also examples of graffiti occurring in American history, such as Independence Rock, a national landmark along the Oregon Trail.
Later, French soldiers carved their names on monuments during the Napoleonic campaign of Egypt in the 1790s. Lord Byron's survives on one of the columns of the Temple of Poseidon at Cape Sounion in Attica, Greece.
The oldest known example of graffiti "monikers" found on traincars created by hobos and railworkers since the late 1800s. The Bozo Texino monikers were documented by filmmaker Bill Daniel in his 2005 film, Who is Bozo Texino?.
In World War II, an inscription on a wall at the fortress of Verdun was seen as an illustration of the US response twice in a generation to the wrongs of the Old World:
During World War II and for decades after, the phrase "Kilroy was here" with an accompanying illustration was widespread throughout the world, due to its use by American troops and ultimately filtering into American popular culture. Shortly after the death of Charlie Parker (nicknamed "Yardbird" or "Bird"), graffiti began appearing around New York with the words "Bird Lives".
Modern graffiti art has its origins with young people in 1960s and 70s in New York City and Philadelphia. Tags were the first form of stylised contemporary graffiti. Eventually, throw-ups and pieces evolved with the desire to create larger art. Writers used spray paint and other kind of materials to leave tags or to create images on the sides subway trains. and eventually moved into the city after the NYC metro began to buy new trains and paint over graffiti.
While the art had many advocates and appreciators—including the cultural critic Norman Mailer—others, including New York City mayor Ed Koch, considered it to be defacement of public property, and saw it as a form of public blight. The ‘taggers’ called what they did ‘writing’—though an important 1974 essay by Mailer referred to it using the term ‘graffiti.’
Contemporary graffiti style has been heavily influenced by hip hop culture and the myriad international styles derived from Philadelphia and New York City Subway graffiti; however, there are many other traditions of notable graffiti in the twentieth century. Graffiti have long appeared on building walls, in latrines, railroad boxcars, subways, and bridges.
An early graffito outside of New York or Philadelphia was the inscription in London reading "Clapton is God" in reference to the guitarist Eric Clapton. Creating the cult of the guitar hero, the phrase was spray-painted by an admirer on a wall in an Islington, north London in the autumn of 1967. The graffito was captured in a photograph, in which a dog is urinating on the wall.
Films like Style Wars in the 80s depicting famous writers such as Skeme, Dondi, MinOne, and ZEPHYR reinforced graffiti's role within New York's emerging hip-hop culture. Although many officers of the New York City Police Department found this film to be controversial, Style Wars is still recognized as the most prolific film representation of what was going on within the young hip hop culture of the early 1980s. Fab 5 Freddy and Futura 2000 took hip hop graffiti to Paris and London as part of the New York City Rap Tour in 1983
Commercialization and entrance into mainstream pop culture
Main article: Commercial graffiti
With the popularity and legitimization of graffiti has come a level of commercialization. In 2001, computer giant IBM launched an advertising campaign in Chicago and San Francisco which involved people spray painting on sidewalks a peace symbol, a heart, and a penguin (Linux mascot), to represent "Peace, Love, and Linux." IBM paid Chicago and San Francisco collectively US$120,000 for punitive damages and clean-up costs.
In 2005, a similar ad campaign was launched by Sony and executed by its advertising agency in New York, Chicago, Atlanta, Philadelphia, Los Angeles, and Miami, to market its handheld PSP gaming system. In this campaign, taking notice of the legal problems of the IBM campaign, Sony paid building owners for the rights to paint on their buildings "a collection of dizzy-eyed urban kids playing with the PSP as if it were a skateboard, a paddle, or a rocking horse".
Tristan Manco wrote that Brazil "boasts a unique and particularly rich, graffiti scene ... [earning] it an international reputation as the place to go for artistic inspiration". Graffiti "flourishes in every conceivable space in Brazil's cities". Artistic parallels "are often drawn between the energy of São Paulo today and 1970s New York". The "sprawling metropolis", of São Paulo has "become the new shrine to graffiti"; Manco alludes to "poverty and unemployment ... [and] the epic struggles and conditions of the country's marginalised peoples", and to "Brazil's chronic poverty", as the main engines that "have fuelled a vibrant graffiti culture". In world terms, Brazil has "one of the most uneven distributions of income. Laws and taxes change frequently". Such factors, Manco argues, contribute to a very fluid society, riven with those economic divisions and social tensions that underpin and feed the "folkloric vandalism and an urban sport for the disenfranchised", that is South American graffiti art.
Prominent Brazilian writers include Os Gêmeos, Boleta, Nunca, Nina, Speto, Tikka, and T.Freak. Their artistic success and involvement in commercial design ventures has highlighted divisions within the Brazilian graffiti community between adherents of the cruder transgressive form of pichação and the more conventionally artistic values of the practitioners of grafite.
Graffiti in the Middle East has emerged slowly, with taggers operating in Egypt, Lebanon, the Gulf countries like Bahrain or the United Arab Emirates, Israel, and in Iran. The major Iranian newspaper Hamshahri has published two articles on illegal writers in the city with photographic coverage of Iranian artist A1one's works on Tehran walls. Tokyo-based design magazine, PingMag, has interviewed A1one and featured photographs of his work. The Israeli West Bank barrier has become a site for graffiti, reminiscent in this sense of the Berlin Wall. Many writers in Israel come from other places around the globe, such as JUIF from Los Angeles and DEVIONE from London. The religious reference "נ נח נחמ נחמן מאומן" ("Na Nach Nachma Nachman Meuman") is commonly seen in graffiti around Israel.
Graffiti has played an important role within the street art scene in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA), especially following the events of the Arab Spring of 2011 or the Sudanese Revolution of 2018/19. Graffiti is a tool of expression in the context of conflict in the region, allowing people to raise their voices politically and socially. Famous street artist Banksy has had an important effect in the street art scene in the MENA area, especially in Palestine where some of his works are located in the West Bank barrier and Bethlehem.
There are also a large number of graffiti influences in Southeast Asian countries that mostly come from modern Western culture, such as Malaysia, where graffiti have long been a common sight in Malaysia's capital city, Kuala Lumpur. Since 2010, the country has begun hosting a street festival to encourage all generations and people from all walks of life to enjoy and encourage Malaysian street culture.
The modern-day graffitists can be found with an arsenal of various materials that allow for a successful production of a piece. This includes such techniques as scribing. However, spray paint in aerosol cans is the number one medium for graffiti. From this commodity comes different styles, technique, and abilities to form master works of graffiti. Spray paint can be found at hardware and art stores and comes in virtually every color.
Stencil graffiti is created by cutting out shapes and designs in a stiff material (such as cardboard or subject folders) to form an overall design or image. The stencil is then placed on the "canvas" gently and with quick, easy strokes of the aerosol can, the image begins to appear on the intended surface.
Some of the first examples were created in 1981 by artists Blek le Rat in Paris, in 1982 by Jef Aerosol in Tours (France); by 1985 stencils had appeared in other cities including New York City, Sydney, and Melbourne, where they were documented by American photographer Charles Gatewood and Australian photographer Rennie Ellis
Tagging is the practice of someone spray-painting "their name, initial or logo onto a public surface" in a handstyle unique to the writer. Tags were the first form of modern graffiti.
Modern graffiti art often incorporates additional arts and technologies. For example, Graffiti Research Lab has encouraged the use of projected images and magnetic light-emitting diodes (throwies) as new media for graffitists. yarnbombing is another recent form of graffiti. Yarnbombers occasionally target previous graffiti for modification, which had been avoided among the majority of graffitists.
Theories on the use of graffiti by avant-garde artists have a history dating back at least to the Asger Jorn, who in 1962 painting declared in a graffiti-like gesture "the avant-garde won't give up"
Many contemporary analysts and even art critics have begun to see artistic value in some graffiti and to recognize it as a form of public art. According to many art researchers, particularly in the Netherlands and in Los Angeles, that type of public art is, in fact an effective tool of social emancipation or, in the achievement of a political goal
In times of conflict, such murals have offered a means of communication and self-expression for members of these socially, ethnically, or racially divided communities, and have proven themselves as effective tools in establishing dialog and thus, of addressing cleavages in the long run. The Berlin Wall was also extensively covered by graffiti reflecting social pressures relating to the oppressive Soviet rule over the GDR.
Many artists involved with graffiti are also concerned with the similar activity of stenciling. Essentially, this entails stenciling a print of one or more colors using spray-paint. Recognized while exhibiting and publishing several of her coloured stencils and paintings portraying the Sri Lankan Civil War and urban Britain in the early 2000s, graffitists Mathangi Arulpragasam, aka M.I.A., has also become known for integrating her imagery of political violence into her music videos for singles "Galang" and "Bucky Done Gun", and her cover art. Stickers of her artwork also often appear around places such as London in Brick Lane, stuck to lamp posts and street signs, she having become a muse for other graffitists and painters worldwide in cities including Seville.
Graffitist believes that art should be on display for everyone in the public eye or in plain sight, not hidden away in a museum or a gallery. Art should color the streets, not the inside of some building. Graffiti is a form of art that cannot be owned or bought. It does not last forever, it is temporary, yet one of a kind. It is a form of self promotion for the artist that can be displayed anywhere form sidewalks, roofs, subways, building wall, etc. Art to them is for everyone and should be showed to everyone for free.
Graffiti is a way of communicating and a way of expressing what one feels in the moment. It is both art and a functional thing that can warn people of something or inform people of something. However, graffiti is to some people a form of art, but to some a form of vandalism. And many graffitists choose to protect their identities and remain anonymous or to hinder prosecution.
With the commercialization of graffiti (and hip hop in general), in most cases, even with legally painted "graffiti" art, graffitists tend to choose anonymity. This may be attributed to various reasons or a combination of reasons. Graffiti still remains the one of four hip hop elements that is not considered "performance art" despite the image of the "singing and dancing star" that sells hip hop culture to the mainstream. Being a graphic form of art, it might also be said that many graffitists still fall in the category of the introverted archetypal artist.
Banksy is one of the world's most notorious and popular street artists who continues to remain faceless in today's society. He is known for his political, anti-war stencil art mainly in Bristol, England, but his work may be seen anywhere from Los Angeles to Palestine. In the UK, Banksy is the most recognizable icon for this cultural artistic movement and keeps his identity a secret to avoid arrest. Much of Banksy's artwork may be seen around the streets of London and surrounding suburbs, although he has painted pictures throughout the world, including the Middle East, where he has painted on Israel's controversial West Bank barrier with satirical images of life on the other side. One depicted a hole in the wall with an idyllic beach, while another shows a mountain landscape on the other side. A number of exhibitions also have taken place since 2000, and recent works of art have fetched vast sums of money. Banksy's art is a prime example of the classic controversy: vandalism vs. art. Art supporters endorse his work distributed in urban areas as pieces of art and some councils, such as Bristol and Islington, have officially protected them, while officials of other areas have deemed his work to be vandalism and have removed it.
Pixnit is another artist who chooses to keep her identity from the general public. Her work focuses on beauty and design aspects of graffiti as opposed to Banksy's anti-government shock value. Her paintings are often of flower designs above shops and stores in her local urban area of Cambridge, Massachusetts. Some store owners endorse her work and encourage others to do similar work as well. "One of the pieces was left up above Steve's Kitchen, because it looks pretty awesome"- Erin Scott, the manager of New England Comics in Allston, Massachusetts.
Graffiti artists may become offended if photographs of their art are published in a commercial context without their permission. In March 2020, the Finnish graffiti artist Psyke expressed his displeasure at the newspaper Ilta-Sanomat publishing a photograph of a Peugeot 208 in an article about new cars, with his graffiti prominently shown on the background. The artist claims he does not want his art being used in commercial context, not even if he were to receive compensation.
Territorial graffiti marks urban neighborhoods with tags and logos to differentiate certain groups from others. These images are meant to show outsiders a stern look at whose turf is whose. The subject matter of gang-related graffiti consists of cryptic symbols and initials strictly fashioned with unique calligraphies. Gang members use graffiti to designate membership throughout the gang, to differentiate rivals and associates and, most commonly, to mark borders which are both territorial and ideological.
Graffiti has been used as a means of advertising both legally and illegally. Bronx-based TATS CRU has made a name for themselves doing legal advertising campaigns for companies such as Coca-Cola, McDonald's, Toyota, and MTV. In the UK, Covent Garden's Boxfresh used stencil images of a Zapatista revolutionary in the hopes that cross referencing would promote their store.
Smirnoff hired artists to use reverse graffiti (the use of high pressure hoses to clean dirty surfaces to leave a clean image in the surrounding dirt) to increase awareness of their product.
Graffiti often has a reputation as part of a subculture that rebels against authority, although the considerations of the practitioners often diverge and can relate to a wide range of attitudes. It can express a political practice and can form just one tool in an array of resistance techniques. One early example includes the anarcho-punk band Crass, who conducted a campaign of stenciling anti-war, anarchist, feminist, and anti-consumerist messages throughout the London Underground system during the late 1970s and early 1980s. In Amsterdam graffiti was a major part of the punk scene. The city was covered with names such as "De Zoot", "Vendex", and "Dr Rat". To document the graffiti a punk magazine was started that was called Gallery Anus. So when hip hop came to Europe in the early 1980s there was already a vibrant graffiti culture.
The student protests and general strike of May 1968 saw Paris bedecked in revolutionary, anarchistic, and situationist slogans such as L'ennui est contre-révolutionnaire ("Boredom is counterrevolutionary") and Lisez moins, vivez plus ("Read less, live more"). While not exhaustive, the graffiti gave a sense of the 'millenarian' and rebellious spirit, tempered with a good deal of verbal wit, of the strikers.
I think graffiti writing is a way of defining what our generation is like. Excuse the French, we're not a bunch of p---- artists. Traditionally artists have been considered soft and mellow people, a little bit kooky. Maybe we're a little bit more like pirates that way. We defend our territory, whatever space we steal to paint on, we defend it fiercely.
The developments of graffiti art which took place in art galleries and colleges as well as "on the street" or "underground", contributed to the resurfacing in the 1990s of a far more overtly politicized art form in the subvertising, culture jamming, or tactical media movements. These movements or styles tend to classify the artists by their relationship to their social and economic contexts, since, in most countries, graffiti art remains illegal in many forms except when using non-permanent paint. Since the 1990s with the rise of Street Art, a growing number of artists are switching to non-permanent paints and non-traditional forms of painting.
Contemporary practitioners, accordingly, have varied and often conflicting practices. Some individuals, such as Alexander Brener, have used the medium to politicize other art forms, and have used the prison sentences enforced on them as a means of further protest. The practices of anonymous groups and individuals also vary widely, and practitioners by no means always agree with each other's practices. For example, the anti-capitalist art group the Space Hijackers did a piece in 2004 about the contradiction between the capitalistic elements of Banksy and his use of political imagery.
Berlin human rights activist Irmela Mensah-Schramm has received global media attention and numerous awards for her 35-year campaign of effacing neo-Nazi and other right-wing extremist graffiti throughout Germany, often by altering hate speech in humorous ways.
In Serbian capital, Belgrade, the graffiti depicting a uniformed former general of Serb army and war criminal, convicted at ICTY for war crimes and crimes against humanity, including genocide and ethnic cleansing in Bosnian War, Ratko Mladić, appeared in a military salute alongside the words "General, thank to your mother". Aleks Eror, Berlin-based journalist, explains how "veneration of historical and wartime figures" through street art is not a new phenomenon in the region of former Yugoslavia, and that "in most cases is firmly focused on the future, rather than retelling the past". Eror is not only analyst pointing to danger of such an expressions for the region's future. In a long expose on the subject of Bosnian genocide denial, at Balkan Diskurs magazine and multimedia platform website, Kristina Gadže and Taylor Whitsell referred to these experiences as a young generations' "cultural heritage", in which young are being exposed to celebration and affirmation of war-criminals as part of their "formal education" and "inheritance".
There are numerous examples of genocide denial through celebration and affirmation of war criminals throughout the region of Western Balkans inhabited by Serbs using this form of artistic expression. Several more of these graffiti are found in Serbian capital, and many more across Serbia and Bosnian and Herzegovinian administrative entity, Republika Srpska, which is the ethnic Serbian majority enclave. Critics point that Serbia as a state, is willing to defend the mural of convicted war criminal, and have no intention to react on cases of genocide denial, noting that Interior Minister of Serbia, Aleksandar Vulin decision to ban any gathering with an intent to remove the mural, with the deployment of riot police, sends the message of "tacit endorsement". Consequently, on 9 November 2021, Serbian heavy police in riot gear, with graffiti creators and their supporters, blocked the access to the mural to prevent human rights groups and other activists to paint over it and mark the International Day Against Fascism and Antisemitism in that way, and even arrested two civic activist for throwing eggs at the graffiti.
Graffiti may also be used as an offensive expression. This form of graffiti may be difficult to identify, as it is mostly removed by the local authority (as councils which have adopted strategies of criminalization also strive to remove graffiti quickly). Therefore, existing racist graffiti is mostly more subtle and at first sight, not easily recognized as "racist". It can then be understood only if one knows the relevant "local code" (social, historical, political, temporal, and spatial), which is seen as heteroglot and thus a 'unique set of conditions' in a cultural context.
A spatial code for example, could be that there is a certain youth group in an area that is engaging heavily in racist activities. So, for residents (knowing the local code), a graffiti containing only the name or abbreviation of this gang already is a racist expression, reminding the offended people of their gang activities. Also a graffiti is in most cases, the herald of more serious criminal activity to come. A person who does not know these gang activities would not be able to recognize the meaning of this graffiti. Also if a tag of this youth group or gang is placed on a building occupied by asylum seekers, for example, its racist character is even stronger.
By making the graffiti less explicit (as adapted to social and legal constraints), these drawings are less likely to be removed, but do not lose their threatening and offensive character.
Elsewhere, activists in Russia have used painted caricatures of local officials with their mouths as potholes, to show their anger about the poor state of the roads. In Manchester, England, a graffitists painted obscene images around potholes, which often resulted in them being repaired within 48 hours.
In the early 1980s, the first art galleries to show graffitists to the public were Fashion Moda in the Bronx, Now Gallery and Fun Gallery, both in the East Village, Manhattan.
A 2006 exhibition at the Brooklyn Museum displayed graffiti as an art form that began in New York's outer boroughs and reached great heights in the early 1980s with the work of Crash, Lee, Daze, Keith Haring, and Jean-Michel Basquiat. It displayed 22 works by New York graffitists, including Crash, Daze, and Lady Pink. In an article about the exhibition in the magazine Time Out, curator Charlotta Kotik said that she hoped the exhibition would cause viewers to rethink their assumptions about graffiti.
From the 1970s onwards, Burhan Doğançay photographed urban walls all over the world; these he then archived for use as sources of inspiration for his painterly works. The project today known as "Walls of the World" grew beyond even his own expectations and comprises about 30,000 individual images. It spans a period of 40 years across five continents and 114 countries. In 1982, photographs from this project comprised a one-man exhibition titled "Les murs murmurent, ils crient, ils chantent ..." (The walls whisper, shout and sing ...) at the Centre Georges Pompidou in Paris.
In Australia, art historians have judged some local graffiti of sufficient creative merit to rank them firmly within the arts. Oxford University Press's art history text Australian Painting 1788–2000 concludes with a long discussion of graffiti's key place within contemporary visual culture, including the work of several Australian practitioners.
Between March and April 2009, 150 artists exhibited 300 pieces of graffiti at the Grand Palais in Paris.
Spray paint has many negative environmental effects. The paint contains toxic chemicals, and the can uses volatile hydrocarbon gases to spray the paint onto a surface.
Volatile organic compound (VOC) leads to ground level ozone formation and most of graffiti related emissions are VOCs. A 2010 paper estimates 4,862 tons of VOCs were released in the United States in activities related to graffiti.
In China, Mao Zedong in the 1920s used revolutionary slogans and paintings in public places to galvanize the country's communist movement.
Based on different national conditions, many people believe that China's attitude towards Graffiti is fierce, but in fact, according to Lance Crayon in his film Spray Paint Beijing: Graffiti in the Capital of China, Graffiti is generally accepted in Beijing, with artists not seeing much police interference. Political and religiously sensitive graffiti, however, is not allowed.
In Hong Kong, Tsang Tsou Choi was known as the King of Kowloon for his calligraphy graffiti over many years, in which he claimed ownership of the area. Now some of his work is preserved officially.
In Taiwan, the government has made some concessions to graffitists. Since 2005 they have been allowed to freely display their work along some sections of riverside retaining walls in designated "Graffiti Zones". From 2007, Taipei's department of cultural affairs also began permitting graffiti on fences around major public construction sites. Department head Yong-ping Lee (李永萍) stated, "We will promote graffiti starting with the public sector, and then later in the private sector too. It's our goal to beautify the city with graffiti". The government later helped organize a graffiti contest in Ximending, a popular shopping district. graffitists caught working outside of these designated areas still face fines up to NT$6,000 under a department of environmental protection regulation. However, Taiwanese authorities can be relatively lenient, one veteran police officer stating anonymously, "Unless someone complains about vandalism, we won't get involved. We don't go after it proactively."
In 1993, after several expensive cars in Singapore were spray-painted, the police arrested a student from the Singapore American School, Michael P. Fay, questioned him, and subsequently charged him with vandalism. Fay pleaded guilty to vandalizing a car in addition to stealing road signs. Under the 1966 Vandalism Act of Singapore, originally passed to curb the spread of communist graffiti in Singapore, the court sentenced him to four months in jail, a fine of S$3,500 (US$2,233), and a caning. The New York Times ran several editorials and op-eds that condemned the punishment and called on the American public to flood the Singaporean embassy with protests. Although the Singapore government received many calls for clemency, Fay's caning took place in Singapore on 5 May 1994. Fay had originally received a sentence of six strokes of the cane, but the presiding president of Singapore, Ong Teng Cheong, agreed to reduce his caning sentence to four lashes.
In South Korea, Park Jung-soo was fined two million South Korean won by the Seoul Central District Court for spray-painting a rat on posters of the G-20 Summit a few days before the event in November 2011. Park alleged that the initial in "G-20" sounds like the Korean word for "rat", but Korean government prosecutors alleged that Park was making a derogatory statement about the president of South Korea, Lee Myung-bak, the host of the summit. This case led to public outcry and debate on the lack of government tolerance and in support of freedom of expression. The court ruled that the painting, "an ominous creature like a rat" amounts to "an organized criminal activity" and upheld the fine while denying the prosecution's request for imprisonment for Park.
In Europe, community cleaning squads have responded to graffiti, in some cases with reckless abandon, as when in 1992 in France a local Scout group, attempting to remove modern graffiti, damaged two prehistoric paintings of bison in the Cave of Mayrière supérieure near the French village of Bruniquel in Tarn-et-Garonne, earning them the 1992 Ig Nobel Prize in archeology.
In September 2006, the European Parliament directed the European Commission to create urban environment policies to prevent and eliminate dirt, litter, graffiti, animal excrement, and excessive noise from domestic and vehicular music systems in European cities, along with other concerns over urban life.
In Budapest, Hungary, both a city-backed movement called I Love Budapest and a special police division tackle the problem, including the provision of approved areas.
The Anti-social Behaviour Act 2003 became Britain's latest anti-graffiti legislation. In August 2004, the Keep Britain Tidy campaign issued a press release calling for zero tolerance of graffiti and supporting proposals such as issuing "on the spot" fines to graffiti offenders and banning the sale of aerosol paint to anyone under the age of 16. The press release also condemned the use of graffiti images in advertising and in music videos, arguing that real-world experience of graffiti stood far removed from its often-portrayed "cool" or "edgy'" image.
To back the campaign, 123 Members of Parliament (MPs) (including then Prime Minister Tony Blair), signed a charter which stated: "Graffiti is not art, it's crime. On behalf of my constituents, I will do all I can to rid our community of this problem."
In the UK, city councils have the power to take action against the owner of any property that has been defaced under the Anti-social Behaviour Act 2003 (as amended by the Clean Neighbourhoods and Environment Act 2005) or, in certain cases, the Highways Act. This is often used against owners of property that are complacent in allowing protective boards to be defaced so long as the property is not damaged.
In July 2008, a conspiracy charge was used to convict graffitists for the first time. After a three-month police surveillance operation, nine members of the DPM crew were convicted of conspiracy to commit criminal damage costing at least £1 million. Five of them received prison sentences, ranging from eighteen months to two years. The unprecedented scale of the investigation and the severity of the sentences rekindled public debate over whether graffiti should be considered art or crime.
Some councils, like those of Stroud and Loerrach, provide approved areas in the town where graffitists can showcase their talents, including underpasses, car parks, and walls that might otherwise prove a target for the "spray and run".
Graffiti Tunnel, University of Sydney at Camperdown (2009)
In an effort to reduce vandalism, many cities in Australia have designated walls or areas exclusively for use by graffitists. One early example is the "Graffiti Tunnel" located at the Camperdown Campus of the University of Sydney, which is available for use by any student at the university to tag, advertise, poster, and paint. Advocates of this idea suggest that this discourages petty vandalism yet encourages artists to take their time and produce great art, without worry of being caught or arrested for vandalism or trespassing.[108][109] Others disagree with this approach, arguing that the presence of legal graffiti walls does not demonstrably reduce illegal graffiti elsewhere. Some local government areas throughout Australia have introduced "anti-graffiti squads", who clean graffiti in the area, and such crews as BCW (Buffers Can't Win) have taken steps to keep one step ahead of local graffiti cleaners.
Many state governments have banned the sale or possession of spray paint to those under the age of 18 (age of majority). However, a number of local governments in Victoria have taken steps to recognize the cultural heritage value of some examples of graffiti, such as prominent political graffiti. Tough new graffiti laws have been introduced in Australia with fines of up to A$26,000 and two years in prison.
Melbourne is a prominent graffiti city of Australia with many of its lanes being tourist attractions, such as Hosier Lane in particular, a popular destination for photographers, wedding photography, and backdrops for corporate print advertising. The Lonely Planet travel guide cites Melbourne's street as a major attraction. All forms of graffiti, including sticker art, poster, stencil art, and wheatpasting, can be found in many places throughout the city. Prominent street art precincts include; Fitzroy, Collingwood, Northcote, Brunswick, St. Kilda, and the CBD, where stencil and sticker art is prominent. As one moves farther away from the city, mostly along suburban train lines, graffiti tags become more prominent. Many international artists such as Banksy have left their work in Melbourne and in early 2008 a perspex screen was installed to prevent a Banksy stencil art piece from being destroyed, it has survived since 2003 through the respect of local street artists avoiding posting over it, although it has recently had paint tipped over it.
In February 2008 Helen Clark, the New Zealand prime minister at that time, announced a government crackdown on tagging and other forms of graffiti vandalism, describing it as a destructive crime representing an invasion of public and private property. New legislation subsequently adopted included a ban on the sale of paint spray cans to persons under 18 and increases in maximum fines for the offence from NZ$200 to NZ$2,000 or extended community service. The issue of tagging become a widely debated one following an incident in Auckland during January 2008 in which a middle-aged property owner stabbed one of two teenage taggers to death and was subsequently convicted of manslaughter.
Graffiti databases have increased in the past decade because they allow vandalism incidents to be fully documented against an offender and help the police and prosecution charge and prosecute offenders for multiple counts of vandalism. They also provide law enforcement the ability to rapidly search for an offender's moniker or tag in a simple, effective, and comprehensive way. These systems can also help track costs of damage to a city to help allocate an anti-graffiti budget. The theory is that when an offender is caught putting up graffiti, they are not just charged with one count of vandalism; they can be held accountable for all the other damage for which they are responsible. This has two main benefits for law enforcement. One, it sends a signal to the offenders that their vandalism is being tracked. Two, a city can seek restitution from offenders for all the damage that they have committed, not merely a single incident. These systems give law enforcement personnel real-time, street-level intelligence that allows them not only to focus on the worst graffiti offenders and their damage, but also to monitor potential gang violence that is associated with the graffiti.
Many restrictions of civil gang injunctions are designed to help address and protect the physical environment and limit graffiti. Provisions of gang injunctions include things such as restricting the possession of marker pens, spray paint cans, or other sharp objects capable of defacing private or public property; spray painting, or marking with marker pens, scratching, applying stickers, or otherwise applying graffiti on any public or private property, including, but not limited to the street, alley, residences, block walls, and fences, vehicles or any other real or personal property. Some injunctions contain wording that restricts damaging or vandalizing both public and private property, including but not limited to any vehicle, light fixture, door, fence, wall, gate, window, building, street sign, utility box, telephone box, tree, or power pole.
To help address many of these issues, many local jurisdictions have set up graffiti abatement hotlines, where citizens can call in and report vandalism and have it removed. San Diego's hotline receives more than 5,000 calls per year, in addition to reporting the graffiti, callers can learn more about prevention. One of the complaints about these hotlines is the response time; there is often a lag time between a property owner calling about the graffiti and its removal. The length of delay should be a consideration for any jurisdiction planning on operating a hotline. Local jurisdictions must convince the callers that their complaint of vandalism will be a priority and cleaned off right away. If the jurisdiction does not have the resources to respond to complaints in a timely manner, the value of the hotline diminishes. Crews must be able to respond to individual service calls made to the graffiti hotline as well as focus on cleanup near schools, parks, and major intersections and transit routes to have the biggest impact. Some cities offer a reward for information leading to the arrest and prosecution of suspects for tagging or graffiti related vandalism. The amount of the reward is based on the information provided, and the action taken.
When police obtain search warrants in connection with a vandalism investigation, they are often seeking judicial approval to look for items such as cans of spray paint and nozzles from other kinds of aerosol sprays; etching tools, or other sharp or pointed objects, which could be used to etch or scratch glass and other hard surfaces; permanent marking pens, markers, or paint sticks; evidence of membership or affiliation with any gang or tagging crew; paraphernalia including any reference to "(tagger's name)"; any drawings, writing, objects, or graffiti depicting taggers' names, initials, logos, monikers, slogans, or any mention of tagging crew membership; and any newspaper clippings relating to graffiti crime.
The Des Moines Police Department's 2015 Crime Fighter Awards Luncheon. The program is made possible by IMT Insurance which provides the support and funding of the program. These people were recognized for their contribution to the DMPD by their unselfish actions in the apprehension of people who committed or were committing a criminal act, some at the risk of injury or possible loss of life.
The Maryland National Guard is committed to protecting and preserving it’s natural resources. The MDNG Environmental Office and the Department of Natural Resources are working to clean out and restore the Honor Grove next to the Fallen Warrior Memorial at Camp Fretterd Military Reservation in Reisterstown, Md. Earth Day 2016, members from the Environmental Office, cadets from the Freestate ChalleNGe Academy, and Maryland Army National Guard soldiers plant Dogwood and Hawthorn saplings to create the treelined path to the Honor Grove. (Photo by Sgt. 1st Class Thaddeus Harrington, Maryland National Guard Public Affairs Office)
March 29, 2014. Boston, MA.
The Women's Dinner Party a benefit for Fenway Health.
Fenway Health presented Elyse Cherry, CEO of Boston Community Capital (BCC), with the Dr. Susan M. Love Award. Boston Community Capital has a mission of building healthy communities through socially responsible investment. Personally committed to economic justice and equality, and to health equality for women and families throughout Boston and the Commonwealth, she has served as CEO for 16 years, during which time Boston Community Capital has invested in child care facilities serving nearly 10,000 children and health care facilities providing care to over 66,000 patients.
Dr Douglas Sanford Jr, DC serves the Brentwood, Maryland Farms and Nashville Tennessee areas. Dr. Steiner Douglas Sanford's clinic is committed to improving your health and maintaining the lifestyle you enjoy.
"If you're committed enough, you can make any story work. I once told a woman I was Kevin Costner, and it worked because I believed it."
- Saul Goodman
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May was a committed Socialist, participating fully in political debates and demonstrations. She socialised with radicals exploring common interests in music and the theatre. May and Eleanor Marx shared an interest in the new dramas of Ibsen and acted in socialist plays and entertainments with George Bernard Shaw. Another contact was American writer and feminist Charlotte Perkins Gilman, author of The Yellow Wallpaper.
The photo shows May (wearing a fur collar, seated on the front row) in a gathering of the Hammersmith Branch of the Socialist League. May was a founding member of the League, actively involved in recruiting speakers fro the meetings. Meetings were held almost weekly at Kelmscott House, the Morris family's home. The letter with 64 signatures came with a gift of books to May and Henry Halliday Sparling, on the occasion of their wedding in 1890 from the Hammersmith Branch of the Socialist League. The bookplate was another gift on that occasion, designed by Walter Crane with May's face as the centre of a rose, with inscription 'From the Branch to its Flower'.
The handmade valentine, with coloured lower border was created by May for George Bernard Shaw in 1886, and which contained many witty allusions to his love of music and writing as a music and theatre critic. They shared a romantic attachment but Shaw was unwilling to marry and later withdrew from the relationship. This revived later when May had married Henry Sparling (whom she divorced after a short marriage).
After 2 years of faithful service my old BAe Hawk committed suicide yesterday in the desert just outside Joshua Tree, CA.
The preflight check looked normal, all control surfaces looked to be operating correctly and in trim, the takeoff roll looked normal, it rotated fine and took to the air with authority as it always does and then it became immediately obvious that something was very wrong, it banked left very severely. Applying full right aileron and hitting the right aileron trim as many times as I could in a few seconds seemed to have no effect, she stayed in a knife edge type attitude for as long as I could hold her there ... and without a rudder, that was not very long. So, the earth came up to meet her and it was all over.
Those of you old enough to remember the opening sequence to the TV show The Six Million Dollar Man will know exactly what the crash looked like, she tumbled across the desert floor and came to rest in a cloud a dust, never to fly again.
Fortunately all of the electronics and the fan unit seem to have survived just fine, I'll just buy another airframe and transfer all the bits and I'll be flying my favorite plane again soon.
As far as what happened... I can only guess at this point. Perhaps an aileron servo chose that moment to loose it's mind? Perhaps in these very hot days we've been having, one of the wings developed a slight twist? Maybe the old gal just had enough and decided it was time to retire?
A man known as “Prisoner X” has committed suicide in an Israeli jail, in a strange spy drama twist you might see on an episode of Burn Notice. Ben Zygier, 34-year-old Australian immigrant was reportedly recruited by Israel's Mossad spy agency and charged with grave crimes before taking his own life while incarcerated. Israeli criminal attorney Avigdor Feldman – who wouldn’t elaborate about the charges – says he met with Zygier the day before his death and that there were ongoing negotiations for a plea deal in the case.
“I met with a balanced person, given the tragic outcome, who was rationally weighing his legal options,” Feldman told Israel’s Channel 10 television. “His interrogators told him he could expect lengthy jail time and be ostracized from his family and the Jewish community,” Feldman said, adding “There was no heart string they did not pull, and I suppose that ultimately brought about the tragic end.”
Reporting in Israel on the case has been subject to strict government censorship, however this week the government broke its silence after the Australian Broadcasting Corporation (ABC) reported that Zygier was being held in isolation over his suspected misconduct while spying for the Mossad. In partially lifting their gag order on the case, an Israeli court said a dual-nationality citizen had been imprisoned secretly under a false name for “security reasons” and was found dead in his cell in what was eventually ruled a suicide.
The hush-hush nature of the case has raised questions in both Australia and Israel about the circumstances behind Zygier’s 2010 detention and subsequent death and have led some to question Mossad’s suspected use of dual Australian-Israeli nationals in their espionage work. According to the Sydney Morning Herald, Zygier was one of at least three Australian-Israeli citizens suspected of working with the Mossad intelligence agency.
Israel’s Mossad, America’s CIA, Britain’s MI-6, and the old Russian KGB are perhaps the most well known spy agencies and frequently appear in spy thriller novels, movies and television shows. Nations utilize these services in an attempt to find out what adversaries – and even friends – are up to as they try to learn each other’s secrets. While the nature of Ben Zygier’s spy work isn’t known, he reportedly traveled to Iran, Syria and Lebanon for Mossad. Pray for the agency’s efforts as they attempt to keep Israel safe from foreign enemies and pray for the family Ben Zygier leaves behind.
For more on this story, visit: Jerusalem Prayer Team Articles Page.
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Servcorp are committed to being the world’s best serviced office and virtual office provider. The Servcorp Virtual Office is the important first step for start-ups to present professionally to their clients. Servcorp offers a professional transition from virtual to physical offices with first-class facilities around the world.
Their sponsorship of the Business Plan Competition consists of two prize packages.
The first of the prizes from Servcorp is a 2-month Platinum Virtual Office package.
The second of the prizes from Servcorp is the Award for Business Excellence, a 12-month Virtual Office Platinum Package, for the team whose business plan displays clarity of concept and will complement Servcorp’s high technology provision and powerful communications network.
March 29, 2014. Boston, MA.
The Women's Dinner Party a benefit for Fenway Health.
Fenway Health presented Elyse Cherry, CEO of Boston Community Capital (BCC), with the Dr. Susan M. Love Award. Boston Community Capital has a mission of building healthy communities through socially responsible investment. Personally committed to economic justice and equality, and to health equality for women and families throughout Boston and the Commonwealth, she has served as CEO for 16 years, during which time Boston Community Capital has invested in child care facilities serving nearly 10,000 children and health care facilities providing care to over 66,000 patients.
Portuguese Minister of State for Foreign Affairs Augusto Santos Silva (R) attends a European Union and Mercosur Business Conference committed to Sustainability included in the official program of the Portuguese Presidency of the EU Council in Lisbon, Portugal, 30 April 2021. ANTONIO PEDRO SANTOS/LUSA
March 29, 2014. Boston, MA.
The Women's Dinner Party a benefit for Fenway Health.
Fenway Health presented Elyse Cherry, CEO of Boston Community Capital (BCC), with the Dr. Susan M. Love Award. Boston Community Capital has a mission of building healthy communities through socially responsible investment. Personally committed to economic justice and equality, and to health equality for women and families throughout Boston and the Commonwealth, she has served as CEO for 16 years, during which time Boston Community Capital has invested in child care facilities serving nearly 10,000 children and health care facilities providing care to over 66,000 patients.
Committed. Kilmore's Ryan Adler, Karl Lewis and Niall McCarthy close down Downpatrick's Peter Telford.
Project Self-Discovery
30 Days of Achilyse - Day 1
"I love my ink. It's Gaelic for "The grace of God is found between the saddle and the ground."
You can't commit to anything
You're as fickle as the sea
If you had half my passion
You'd be as marked as me.
We are committed to offering a wide variety of fine Barong Tagalog for men and Filipiniana Dresses for women. Our mission has always been to offer a strong sense of style and comfort into our products, and while providing reasonable prices and the convenience of on-line shopping. We strive to design collections that are stylish yet classic; apparel that will continue to wear well through the changes of both season and fashion cycle.
Our products are hand made by skilled people with decad es of experience using the finest materials available. Barongs R Us’ products are exclusively of the highest quality. They affirm a style based on elegance and refinement, crafted into every line and detail.
Barongs R Us dresses the man or woman who is subtle yet demanding, classic but original, practical and always elegant. The person who is wearing our design cannot pass without being unnoticed.
Beware of the little dog on the porch. This handsome old cottage is located on Claiborne Drive, between Clermont and Berwick Street in the area of Jefferson Parish known as Shrewsbury. This home, and it's lawn and gardens are always beautifully maintained.
This is part of the Hoey's Basin. The Hoey's Basin Drainage Alliance was formed by concerned citizens of Jefferson Parish representing all of the Hoey's neighborhoods. We are committed to working together with our neighbors, business and civic leaders, and elected officials to create a permanent drainage solution to rebuild and keep our neighborhoods 'dry'. This issue not only impacts over 3,000 households and businesses, but the entire parish as well. Indeed, this area provides over $14,000,000 in annual property taxes to the parish and includes some of the most valuable real estate in the parish, often referred to as it's 'crown Jewel'. The Hoey's Basin also includes vital commercial and industrial infrastructures.
Most professionals agree that 'PUMP TO THE RIVER' with its additional capacity, as an alternative to continued pumping to the 17th Street Canal, provides the best
solution to the drainage problems of the Hoey's Basin, which is up to 6 feet below sea level. Such a solution would address the well known old and new problems in the 17th Street Canal, and remove both rain water as well as flood water.
Our official website addresses are www.pumptotheriver.com or www.hoeysbasindrainagealliance .com
Stay tuned for exciting updates and details.
After Compliments,
Dear Prospective Student,
Academy of Art & Design offers several professional courses in art, design and allied fields. We are committed to providing our students with quality & professional educational experience. Many opportunities to enhance your education are provided beyond the traditional classroom experience. You'll have the opportunity to participate in profession related organizations, specialized workshops, guest lectures, field trips, and study programs.
Selecting a career in ART & DESIGN can be the correct choice for you if you desire to be in a creative field that combines artistic abilities with technical knowledge and skills.
These are exhilarating times. Life moves fast and is ever-changing. Every day we are bombarded with information and images that stimulates and energizes our imagination. In this exciting climate, design professionals are being called upon to bring order to the environments that we experience daily-the places we live, work and play. Academy of Art & Design is devoted to preparing students and professionals to respond and compete in this expanding field. This is an exciting time.You are on the threshold of an important decision. Clearly one of the most important decisions that you'll ever have to make. Your "CAREER."
We have also started short-term professional courses, which may be of your interest. You can take admission in any of our professional course and avail the best education in the field. We recommend that you apply early no matter what course you are interested. Call on 0091 9987002023 / 2771 4343 to discuss getting started today or for further details, WhatsApp your name, course, location & email id on 00919987002023.
Our expert core faculties :
Ms. Shabnam Deshmukh, Director – Fashion Design & Technology –
Responsible for generating good clientele for our ever-growing business. She is a visiting faculty in many reputed colleges in Mumbai & Navi Mumbai.
Prof. Salam Khan, HOD - Interior Design & Space Management –
Responsible for achieving the set target and developing new designs & layouts. He is a visiting lecturer many reputed colleges in Mumbai & Navi Mumbai.
Kindly check our Academys details on :
www.facebook.com/Institute.of.InteriorDesign.FashionDesign
Sincerely,
Ms. S. Deshmukh. – 9987002023
(Director - Academy of Art & Design )
Creative Educational & Charitable Trust (Govt. Regd.)
Academy of Art & Design - Institute of Interior Design & Fashion Design
C-212, 2nd Floor, Nerul Railway Station Complex,
Near Mahesh Tutorials, Nerul (E), Navi Mumbai – 400706.
Tel. : +91 22 27714343 Cell. : +91 9987002023
Email : academyenquiry@gmail.com
Website : www.designcareer.co.in
Facebook : www.facebook.com/Institute.of.InteriorDesign.FashionDesign
Office Timings : All 7 Days of the week from 10 am to 6:30 pm
The late Donald Green, a Pearl Harbor survivor and USS Pyro (AE1) Sailor was remembered in an intimate sunrise ceremony in which his ashes were committed into the waters of Pearl Harbor near the Arizona Memorial, May 14. Commander Submarine Force; U.S. Pacific Fleet, Rear Adm. Frank Caldwell, wife Kim and Chaplain Cmdr. Jeffrey Logan were on hand to help honor Green by presiding over the ceremony. (U.S. Navy photo by Mass Communication Specialist 2nd Class Steven Khor/Released)
A fitness lifestyle brand dedicated to committed athletes of all kinds. Whether you're a wknd warrior or a 24/7 pro- You live the life, now wear the gear..."We are Fitness Apparel."..#transformationtuesday.#mcm.#wcw.#fitfam.#fitspo.#fitness.#gymtime gym time.#treadmill.#gainz.#workout.#getStrong.#getfit.#justdoit.#youcandoit.#bodybuilding.#fitspiration.#cardio.#ripped.#gym.#geekabs.#crossfit.#beachbody.#exercise.#weightraining.#training.#shredded.#abs.#sixpacks.#muscle.#strong.#lift.#weights.#Getfit.#weightloss.#wod.#aesthetic.#squad.#shreadding.#personaltrainer.#cleaneating.#healthy.#cleanrecipes.#healthychoice.#cleanRecipe.#eatclean.#glutenfree.#vegan.#paleo.#fitfood.#healthylifestyle.#healthyrecipes.#eatclean.#organic.#foodporn.#protein.#dreambitviral.#quote.#quotes.#inspiring.#motivation.#fitnessquote.#youcandoit.#justbringit.#dreambig.#success.#staypositive.#noexcuses.#marathon.#running.#run.#instarunner.#trailrunner.#halfmarathon.#ultramarathon.#5k.#10k.#yogi.#yoga.#handstand.#yogapose.#soul.#spirituality.#meditate.#trueself.#balance.#meditation.#Igyoga.#theloyalbrand.#loyal.#fitnessapparel.#apparel.#mma.#stongman.#powerlifting.#crossfit.#bench.#deadlift.
A fitness lifestyle brand dedicated to committed athletes of all kinds. Whether you're a wknd warrior or a 24/7 pro- You live the life, now wear the gear..."We are Fitness Apparel."..#transformationtuesday.#mcm.#wcw.#fitfam.#fitspo.#fitness.#gymtime gym time.#treadmill.#gainz.#workout.#getStrong.#getfit.#justdoit.#youcandoit.#bodybuilding.#fitspiration.#cardio.#ripped.#gym.#geekabs.#crossfit.#beachbody.#exercise.#weightraining.#training.#shredded.#abs.#sixpacks.#muscle.#strong.#lift.#weights.#Getfit.#weightloss.#wod.#aesthetic.#squad.#shreadding.#personaltrainer.#cleaneating.#healthy.#cleanrecipes.#healthychoice.#cleanRecipe.#eatclean.#glutenfree.#vegan.#paleo.#fitfood.#healthylifestyle.#healthyrecipes.#eatclean.#organic.#foodporn.#protein.#dreambitviral.#quote.#quotes.#inspiring.#motivation.#fitnessquote.#youcandoit.#justbringit.#dreambig.#success.#staypositive.#noexcuses.#marathon.#running.#run.#instarunner.#trailrunner.#halfmarathon.#ultramarathon.#5k.#10k.#yogi.#yoga.#handstand.#yogapose.#soul.#spirituality.#meditate.#trueself.#balance.#meditation.#Igyoga.#theloyalbrand.#loyal.#fitnessapparel.#apparel.#mma.#stongman.#powerlifting.#crossfit.#bench.#deadlift
A fitness lifestyle brand dedicated to committed athletes of all kinds. Whether you're a wknd warrior or a 24/7 pro- You live the life, now wear the gear..."We are Fitness Apparel."..#transformationtuesday.#mcm.#wcw.#fitfam.#fitspo.#fitness.#gymtime gym time.#treadmill.#gainz.#workout.#getStrong.#getfit.#justdoit.#youcandoit.#bodybuilding.#fitspiration.#cardio.#ripped.#gym.#geekabs.#crossfit.#beachbody.#exercise.#weightraining.#training.#shredded.#abs.#sixpacks.#muscle.#strong.#lift.#weights.#Getfit.#weightloss.#wod.#aesthetic.#squad.#shreadding.#personaltrainer.#cleaneating.#healthy.#cleanrecipes.#healthychoice.#cleanRecipe.#eatclean.#glutenfree.#vegan.#paleo.#fitfood.#healthylifestyle.#healthyrecipes.#eatclean.#organic.#foodporn.#protein.#dreambitviral.#quote.#quotes.#inspiring.#motivation.#fitnessquote.#youcandoit.#justbringit.#dreambig.#success.#staypositive.#noexcuses.#marathon.#running.#run.#instarunner.#trailrunner.#halfmarathon.#ultramarathon.#5k.#10k.#yogi.#yoga.#handstand.#yogapose.#soul.#spirituality.#meditate.#trueself.#balance.#meditation.#Igyoga.#theloyalbrand.#loyal.#fitnessapparel.#apparel.#mma.#stongman.#powerlifting.#crossfit.#bench.#deadlift.
A dramatic backdrop of rocks and islands and a community committed to conserving and sharing its natural and cultural heritage are hallmarks of the California Coastal National Monument at Trinidad Head.
About 30 miles north of Eureka, California lies the majestic and culturally important promontory that encompasses several prominent historic sites along with the rocky ledges that provide their setting, such as the Trinidad Head Light Station, which first operated in 1871 and is still active today.
Accompanied by a small wooden bell house, it sits atop sheer cliffs overlooking crashing waves and rugged sea stacks.
Outdoor adventurers can choose a hike around Trinidad Head for great views of the coastal rocks and islands, stroll along the beaches or view the more than 75,000 birds, including cormorants, common murres, and occasionally tufted puffins that call Trinidad Head home.
Photo by Leisyka Parrott, BLM.