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Primaporte: courtyard with environmental garden murals
ca. 30-20 B.C. Roman (Augustan period) Museo Nazionale Romano, Rome
Educational Use Only
Augustus. 27 BC-AD 14. AR Denarius (18mm, 3.89 g). Spanish mint (Caesaraugusta?). Struck 18-17 BC. Laureate head right / Two laurel trees. RIC I 33a; BMCRE 352; RSC 47. cngcoins.com
MYSIA, Parium. Augustus. 27 BC-AD 14. Æ 23mm (5.59 g). Bare head right / Capricorn right, head reverted; cornucopia on its back. RPC I 2263.10 (this coin); SNG France 1434; SNG von Aulock 7438.
If you are interested in Julio Claudian Iconography and portrait study you may enjoy these two links:
Julio Claudian Iconographic Association- Joe Geranio- Administrator at groups.yahoo.com/group/julioclaudian/
The Portraiture of Caligula- Joe Geranio- Administrator- at
Both are non-profit sites and for educational use only.
Portrait of Roman Emperor Claudius in Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek, Copenhagen.
Presently located:
Kopenhagen, Dänemark, DK, Ny Carlsberg Glyptothek. Inv. no. 1423
Provenience:
Italien, Cerveteri / Caere ?, 1895 in Frascati gekauft
Category/Cultural Era/Function:
Rundplastik; Portrait
Cultural era: römisch
Dating:
Replik: claudisch, 1. Cent. n. Chr.
Technique:
Technique: Bildhauerei
Measurements / Material:
H 43 cm
Material: Marmor
Bibliography:
D. Boschung, Gens Augusta: Untersuchungen zu Aufstellung, Wirkung und Bedeutung der Statuengruppen des julisch-claudischen Kaiserhauses. MAR 32 (Mainz 2002) 87 Cat. no. 25.11 Pl. 71, 4;
K. Fittschen, Katalog der antiken Skulpturen in Schloss Erbach (Berlin 1977) 55
[Replik 4];
F. Johansen, Catalogue Roman Portraits I. Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek (1994) 144 Cat. no. 60;
F. Poulsen, Catalogue of Ancient Sculpture in the Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek (Kopenhagen 1951) 453 Cat. no. 648;
V. Poulsen, Les Portraits Romains I (Kopenhagen 1962) 92 f. Ill. 96. 97 Cat. no. 58;
Gaius (Caligula). AD 37-41. AV Aureus (19mm, 7.83 g, 12h). Lugdunum (Lyon) mint. 1st emission, AD 37. C • CAESAR • AVG • GERM • P • M • TR • POT • COS •, bare head of Gaius (Caligula) right / Radiate head of Divus Augustus right; two six-pointed stars flanking. RIC I 1; Lyon 156; Calicó 336a/b. cngcoins.comFor more on Caligulan Numismatic Articles see:
Related Articles of Caligula from American Numismatic Society Library Search
Library Catalog Search (Preliminary Version)
Full Record: Barrett, Anthony A. The invalidation of currency in the Roman Empire : the Claudian demonetization of Caligula's AES. (1999)
Full Record: Bost, Jean-Pierre. Routes, cits et ateliers montaires : quelques remarques sur les officines hispaniques entre les rgnes d'Auguste en de Caligula. (1999)
Full Record: Bibliothque Municipale d'Etude et d'Information de Grenoble. Grenoble : Bibliothque Municipale d'Etude et d'Information : catalogue des monnaies. II. Monnaies romaines. Monnaies impriales romaines. 2. Caligula - Neron . Index. / Bernard Rmy, Frdric Bontoux, Virginie Risler. (1998)
Full Record: Gainor, John R. The image of the Julio-Claudian dynasty from coins / by John R. Gainor.
Full Record: Martini, Rodolfo. Monete romane imperiali del Museo G. B. Adriani. Parte 3, Caius (37-41 d.C.) / Rodolfo Martini. (2001)
Full Record: ACCLA privy to presentation by Richard Baker on Caligula. (2002)
Full Record: Wend, David A. Caligula, the emperor as autocrat. Part 1. (2002)
Full Record: Wend, David A. Caligula, the emperor as autocrat. Part 2. (2002)
Full Record: Wend, David A. Caligula, the emperor as autocrat. Part 3. (2002)
Full Record: Kemmers, Fleur. Caligula on the Lower Rhine : Coin finds from the Roman Fort of Albaniana (The Netherlands) / Fleur Kemmers. (2004)
Full Record: Estiot, Sylviane. Le trsor de Meussia (Jura) : 399 monnaies d'argent d'poques rpublicaine et julio-claudienne / Sylviane Estiot, Isabelle Aymar. (2002)
Full Record: Gocht, Hans. Namenstilgungen an Bronzemünzen des Caligula und Claudius / Hans Gocht. (2003)
Full Record: Gomis Justo, Marivi. Ercavica : La emision de Caligula. Estimacion del numero de cunos originales.
Full Record: Sayles, Wayne G. Fakes on the Internet. (2002)
Full Record: Kemmers, Fleur. The coin finds from the Roman fort Albaniana, the Netherlands / Fleur Kemmers . (2005)
Full Record: Lopez Snchez, Fernando. La afirmacion soberana de Caligula y de Claudio y el fin de las acunaciones ciudadanas en occidente / Fernando Lopez Snchez. (2000)
Full Record: Besombes, Paul-Andr. Les monnaies hispaniques de Claude Ier des dpôts de la Vilaine (Rennes) et de Saint-Lonard (Mayenne) : tmoins de quel type de contact entre l'Armorique et la pninsule ibrique ? / Paul-Andr Besombes. (2005)
Full Record: Catalli, Fiorenzo. Le thesaurus de Sora / Fiorenzo Catalli et John Scheid.
Full Record: Giard, Jean-Baptiste. Faux deniers de Caligula de la Renaissance.
Full Record: Vermeule, Cornelius. Faces of Empire (Julius Caesar to Justinian). Part II(B), More young faces : Caligula again and Nero reborn / Cornelius Vermeule. (2005)
Full Record: Geranio, Joe. Portraits of Caligula : the seated figure? / Joe Geranio. (2007)
Full Record: Aguilera Hernandez, Alberto. Acerca de un as de Caligula hallado en Zaragoza / Alberto Aguilera Hernandez. (2007)
Full Record: Butcher, K. E. T. Caligula : the evil emperor. (1985)
Full Record: Fuchs, Michaela. Frauen um Caligula und Claudius : Milonia Caesonia, Drusilla und Messalina. (1990)
Full Record: Faur, Jean-Claude. Moneda de Caligula de Museo Arqueologico Provincial de Tarragona. (1979)
Full Record: British Museum. Dept. of coins and medals. Coins of the Roman Empire in the British museum. Vol. I: Augustus to Vitellius / by Harold Mattingly. (1976)
Full Record: Conrad, Edwin. A Caligula Isotope of Hadrian. (1968)
Full Record: Conrad, Edwin. The Metamorphosis of an Allegad 'As of Hadrian.' (1968)
Full Record: Bendall, Simon. A 'new' gold quinarius of Caligula. (1985)
Full Record: Cortellini, Nereo. Le monete di Caligola nel Cohen.
Full Record: Guey, Julien. Les "bains d'or" de Caligula "Immensi Avreorvm Acervi (Sutone, Cal., 42,3).
Full Record: Guey, J. Les "bains d'or" de Caligula : Sutone, Cal. 42, 3.
Full Record: Curry, Michael R. The Aes Quadrans of Caligula. (1968)
Full Record: Jonas, Elemr. L'emploi dar "damnatio memoriae" sur l'un des "dupondius" de Calgula. (1937)
Full Record: Julian, R. W. The coins of Caligula. (1994)
Full Record: Donciu, Ramiro. Cu privire la activitatea militara a lui Caius (Caligula) in anul 40 e.n. (1983)
Full Record: Hansen, Peter. A history of Caligula's Vesta. (1992)
Full Record: Kaenel, Hans-Markus von. Augustus, Caligula oder Caludius? (1978)
Full Record: Kaenel, Hans-Markus von. Die Organisation der Münzprgung Caligulas. (1987)
Full Record: Johansen, Flemming S. The sculpted portraits of Caligula. (1987)
Full Record: Carter, G. F. Chemical compositions of copper-based Roman coins. V : imitations of Caligula, Claudius, and Nero / G. F. Carter and others. (1978)
Full Record: Giard, Jean-Baptiste. L'atelier de Lyon sous Auguste : Tibre et Caligula. (1979)
Full Record: Giard, Jean-Baptiste. Les missions d'or et d'argent de Caligula dans l'atelier de Lyon. (1976)
Full Record: Giard, Jean-Baptiste. Le monnayage de l'atelier de Lyon des origines au rgne de Caligula (43 avant J.-C. - 41 aprs J.-C.). (1983)
Full Record: Nony, D. Quelques as d'imitation de Caligula trouves a Bordeaux (Gironde). (1981)
Full Record: Levy, Brooks Emmons. Caligula's radiate crown. (1988)
Full Record: Poulsen, Vagn. Un nouveau visage de Caligula. (1972)
Full Record: Price, Martin Jessop. Elephant in Crete? New light ona cistophorus of Caligula. (1973)
Full Record: MacInnis, H. Frank. Ego-driven emperor commits excesses. (1979)
Full Record: McKenna, Thomas P. The case of the curious coin of Caligula : a provincial bronze restruck with legend-only dies. (1994)
Full Record: Mowat, Robert. Bronzes remarquables de Tibre, de son fils, de ses petits-fils et de Caligula. (1911)
Full Record: Koenig, Franz E. Roma, monete dal Tevere : l'imperatore Gaio (Caligola). (1988)
Full Record: Kollgaard, Ron. Caligula's coins profile despot. (1993)
Full Record: Kollgaard, Ron. A numismatic mystery : "the Caligula quadrans." (1994)
Full Record: Martini, Rodolfo. Osservazioni su contromarche ed erosioni su assi de Caligula. (1980)
Full Record: Szaivert, Wolfgang. Moneta Imperii Romani. Band 2 und 3. Die Münzprgung der Kaiser Tiberius und Caius (Caligula) 14/41 / von Wolfgang Szaivert. (1984)
Full Record: Boschung, Dietrich. Die Bildnisse des Caligula. Kaenel, Hans-Markus von. Jucker, Hans. Deutsches Archaologisches Institut. Das Romische Herrscherbild. 1. Abt., Bd. 4, Die Bildnisse des Caligula / Dietrich Boschung ; mit einem Beitrag von Hans-Markus von Kaenel ; auf Grund der Vorarbeiten und Marterialsammlungen von Hans Jucker. (1989)
Full Record: Rosborough, Ruskin R. An epigraphic commentary on Suetonius's life of Gaius Caligula. A thesis...for the...Doctor of Philosophy. (1920)
Full Record: Richard, Jean-Claude. A propos de l'aureus de Caligula dcouvert Saint-Colomban-des-Villards (Savoie). (1982)
Full Record: Richard, Jean-Claude. Un aureus de Caligula dcouvert Saint-Colomban-des-Villards (Savoie). (1982)
Full Record: Ritter, Hans-Werner. Adlocutio und Corona Civica unter Caligula und Tiberius. (1971)
Full Record: Kumpikevicius, Gordon C. A numismatic look at Gaius. (1979)
Full Record: Savio, Adriano. La coerenza di Caligola nella gestione della moneta / Adriano Savio. (1988)
Full Record: Savio, Adriano. Note su alcune monete di Gaio-Caligola. (1973)
Full Record: Stylow, Armin U. Die Quadranten des Caligula als Propaganda-münzen.münzen" aus der stdtischen sammlung zu Osnabrück. (1971)
Full Record: Schwartz, Jacques. Le Monnayage Snatorial entre 37 et 42 P.C. (1951)
Full Record: Rodolfo Martini, ed. Sylloge nummorum Romanorum. Italia. Milano, Civiche Raccolte Numismatiche Vol. 1 Giulio-Claudii / a cura di Rodolfo Martini. (1990)
Full Record: Szaivert, Wolfgang. Zur Julisch-Claudischen Münzprgung. (1979)
Full Record: Vedrianus. The Roman Imperial series. V. Gaius. (1963)
Full Record: Tietze, Christian M. Kaiser Cajus Caesar, genannt Caligula. (1979)
Full Record: Wood, Susan. Diva Drusilla Panthea and the sisters of Caligula / Susan Wood. (1995)
Full Record: Sutherland, Carol Humphrey Vivian. Coinage in Roman imperial policy 31 B.C.-A.D. 68. (1951)
Full Record: Sutherland, C. H. V. The mints of Lugdunum and Rome under Gaius : an unsolved problem. (1981)
Full Record: Trillmich, Walter. Familienpropaganda der Kaiser Caligula und Claudius : Agrippina Maior und Antonia Augusta auf Münzen. (1978)
Full Record: Voirol, August. Eine Warenumsatzsteuer im antiken Rom und der numismatische Beleg inher Aufhebung : Centesima rerum venalium. (1943)
Full Record: Trillmich, Walter. Zur Münzprgung des Caligula von Caesaraugusta (Zaragoza). (1973)
Gaius (Caligula). AD 37-41. Æ “Medallic” Sestertius (30.30 g, 7h). Rome mint. Struck AD 37-38. Pietas seated left, holding patera and resting arm on small draped figure standing facing on basis / Gaius standing left, holding patera over garlanded altar; victimarius holding bull for sacrifice and attendant holding a patera standing on either side; garlanded hexastyle temple of Divus Augustus in background; pediment decorated with sacrificial scene; quadriga and Victories as acroteria; statues of Romulus and Aeneas along roof line. RIC I 36.
This coin commemorates the dedication of the temple of Divus Augustus, completed in 37 AD, with a remarkable scene of Gaius Caligula in his role of pontifex maximus leading the sacrificial ceremonies.
Augustus, with Divus Julius Caesar. 27 BC-AD 14. AR Denarius (3.69 g, 5h). Rome mint. M. Sanquinius, moneyer. Struck 17 BC. AVGVST • DI-VI • F • LVDOS • SAE, herald of the secular games standing left, wearing long robe reaching to ankles and helmet with two long feathers, and holding winged caduceus upright in right hand and round shield, ornamented with six-pointed star, in left / M • SANQVI-NIVS • III • VIR, youthful, laureate head of deified Julius Caesar right; above, a comet with four rays and a tail. RIC I 340; RSC -; BMCRE 70 = BMCRR Rome 4584; BN 273-276.
www.mart.trento.it/antonellodamessina
Il Mart di Rovereto propone un’indagine articolata e uno sguardo originale sulla figura del grande pittore del Quattrocento e sul suo tempo, attraverso lo studio degli intrecci storico-artistici e delle controversie ancora aperte, presentati in questa sede come punti di forza attraverso i quali approfondire nuovi percorsi di interpretazione critica.
Il progetto espositivo, a cura di Ferdinando Bologna e Federico De Melis, ha l’ambizione di ricostruire l’ampia scena storica e geografica dalla quale emerge l’eccezionale individualità di Antonello: un pittore che, a metà del Quattrocento, si fa interprete di un fermento creativo mediterraneo ed europeo incentrato sull’incontro-scontro tra la civiltà fiamminga e quella italiana.
Photo by Fernando Guerra
Male portrait (Gaius Octavius?). Marble. 50?25 B.C. Rome, Roman National Museum, Palazzo Massimo alle Terme.
The Tampa Museum of Art is home for a fine body of classical artefacts. They include this statue of Neptune/Poseidon along with diving dolphin that dates from the 1st century AD. The sculpture is believed to be Greek in origin.
PHRYGIA, Laodicea ad Lycum. Augustus. 27 BC-AD 14. Æ 17mm (4.09 g, 12h). Zeuxis philalethes, ‘magistrate’. Struck circa 15 BC. Bare head right; lituus to right / Serpent-entwined staff. RPC 2895; BMC 153; SNG von Aulock 3836-7.
Roman Bronze Portrait of Emperor Vespasian - X.0147
Origin: Mediterranean
Circa: 69 AD to 79 AD
Dimensions: 10.75" (27.3cm) high
Collection: Classical Antiquities
Style: Roman Imperial
Medium: Bronze
educational use only
Unknown 'Dissection from an Old Book', The Grohmann Museum, 'Man at Work' collection, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
The attribution of the sestertii of Britannicus has been a matter of some speculation. Formerly, the issue had been attributed to Rome around the end of Claudius’ reign when Britannicus adopted the toga virilis. Mattingly, however, demonstrated that such an attribution was problematic, since the Rome mint was not producing aes at that time. Instead, he assigned the type to the early years of Titus, when many restoration and commemorative issues were being struck, a logical assumption given the reported close friendship between the two. More recently, substantial numbers of Latin coins (sestertii and dupondii) in the name of Britannicus, Agrippina Jr., Nero Caesar, and Nero Augustus have been found in the Balkan region, and von Kaenel argued for a Thracian origin for the series. Von Kaenel’s analysis is plausible, since the style and fabric of the coins, as well as the find spots, indeed suggest a Thracian mint, and such local issues would have been struck for use by the legions servicing the border.
Tiberius Claudius Germanicus was born on 12 February AD 41, only a few weeks after his father Claudius became emperor. After Claudius' conquest of Britain in AD 43, the boy's name was changed to Tiberius Claudius Caesar Britannicus, and the sources refer to him simply as Britannicus. In AD 55 while dining with friends, he was poisoned and died. The murder was almost certainly ordered by Nero who wanted to clear the way for his own succession to the throne.
www.mart.trento.it/antonellodamessina
Il Mart di Rovereto propone un’indagine articolata e uno sguardo originale sulla figura del grande pittore del Quattrocento e sul suo tempo, attraverso lo studio degli intrecci storico-artistici e delle controversie ancora aperte, presentati in questa sede come punti di forza attraverso i quali approfondire nuovi percorsi di interpretazione critica.
Il progetto espositivo, a cura di Ferdinando Bologna e Federico De Melis, ha l’ambizione di ricostruire l’ampia scena storica e geografica dalla quale emerge l’eccezionale individualità di Antonello: un pittore che, a metà del Quattrocento, si fa interprete di un fermento creativo mediterraneo ed europeo incentrato sull’incontro-scontro tra la civiltà fiamminga e quella italiana.
Photo by Fernando Guerra
Estatuilla de una divinidad. Posiblemente perteneciente a un lararium. Utilizada como elemento decorativo o amuleto.
Cultura romana.
Siglo I-III d. C.
Museo Arqueológico de Barcelona.
Mosaico polícromo de teselas de mármol.
Finales del siglo III d. C.
Villa romana de Bell-lloc.
Girona.
Museo Arqueológico de Barcelona.
Tiberius, 14 - 37 n. Chr. Aureus (7,93 g.), 14 - 16 n. Chr. Mzst. Lugdunum. Vs.: TI CAESAR DIVI AVG F AVGVSTVS, Kopf des Tiberus mit Lorbeerkranz n. r. Rs.: DIVOS AVGVST DIVI F, Kopf des Augustus mit Lorbeerkranz n. r., darüber Stern. Calicó 311a; RIC 24; C. 3; BMC 29; BN 1.
Friedrich von Keller 'Drop Forge' , The Grohmann Museum, 'Man at Work' collection, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
Ti · Caesar · Divi · Avg · F · Avgvs · P · M · .
C · Caesar · Ti · N · Qvinq · In · V · I · N · K ·For more on Caligulan Numismatic Articles see: Coins courtesy cngoins.com
Related Articles of Caligula from American Numismatic Society Library Search
Library Catalog Search (Preliminary Version)
Full Record: Barrett, Anthony A. The invalidation of currency in the Roman Empire : the Claudian demonetization of Caligula's AES. (1999)
Full Record: Bost, Jean-Pierre. Routes, cits et ateliers montaires : quelques remarques sur les officines hispaniques entre les rgnes d'Auguste en de Caligula. (1999)
Full Record: Bibliothque Municipale d'Etude et d'Information de Grenoble. Grenoble : Bibliothque Municipale d'Etude et d'Information : catalogue des monnaies. II. Monnaies romaines. Monnaies impriales romaines. 2. Caligula - Neron . Index. / Bernard Rmy, Frdric Bontoux, Virginie Risler. (1998)
Full Record: Gainor, John R. The image of the Julio-Claudian dynasty from coins / by John R. Gainor.
Full Record: Martini, Rodolfo. Monete romane imperiali del Museo G. B. Adriani. Parte 3, Caius (37-41 d.C.) / Rodolfo Martini. (2001)
Full Record: ACCLA privy to presentation by Richard Baker on Caligula. (2002)
Full Record: Wend, David A. Caligula, the emperor as autocrat. Part 1. (2002)
Full Record: Wend, David A. Caligula, the emperor as autocrat. Part 2. (2002)
Full Record: Wend, David A. Caligula, the emperor as autocrat. Part 3. (2002)
Full Record: Kemmers, Fleur. Caligula on the Lower Rhine : Coin finds from the Roman Fort of Albaniana (The Netherlands) / Fleur Kemmers. (2004)
Full Record: Estiot, Sylviane. Le trsor de Meussia (Jura) : 399 monnaies d'argent d'poques rpublicaine et julio-claudienne / Sylviane Estiot, Isabelle Aymar. (2002)
Full Record: Gocht, Hans. Namenstilgungen an Bronzemünzen des Caligula und Claudius / Hans Gocht. (2003)
Full Record: Gomis Justo, Marivi. Ercavica : La emision de Caligula. Estimacion del numero de cunos originales.
Full Record: Sayles, Wayne G. Fakes on the Internet. (2002)
Full Record: Kemmers, Fleur. The coin finds from the Roman fort Albaniana, the Netherlands / Fleur Kemmers . (2005)
Full Record: Lopez Snchez, Fernando. La afirmacion soberana de Caligula y de Claudio y el fin de las acunaciones ciudadanas en occidente / Fernando Lopez Snchez. (2000)
Full Record: Besombes, Paul-Andr. Les monnaies hispaniques de Claude Ier des dpôts de la Vilaine (Rennes) et de Saint-Lonard (Mayenne) : tmoins de quel type de contact entre l'Armorique et la pninsule ibrique ? / Paul-Andr Besombes. (2005)
Full Record: Catalli, Fiorenzo. Le thesaurus de Sora / Fiorenzo Catalli et John Scheid.
Full Record: Giard, Jean-Baptiste. Faux deniers de Caligula de la Renaissance.
Full Record: Vermeule, Cornelius. Faces of Empire (Julius Caesar to Justinian). Part II(B), More young faces : Caligula again and Nero reborn / Cornelius Vermeule. (2005)
Full Record: Geranio, Joe. Portraits of Caligula : the seated figure? / Joe Geranio. (2007)
Full Record: Aguilera Hernandez, Alberto. Acerca de un as de Caligula hallado en Zaragoza / Alberto Aguilera Hernandez. (2007)
Full Record: Butcher, K. E. T. Caligula : the evil emperor. (1985)
Full Record: Fuchs, Michaela. Frauen um Caligula und Claudius : Milonia Caesonia, Drusilla und Messalina. (1990)
Full Record: Faur, Jean-Claude. Moneda de Caligula de Museo Arqueologico Provincial de Tarragona. (1979)
Full Record: British Museum. Dept. of coins and medals. Coins of the Roman Empire in the British museum. Vol. I: Augustus to Vitellius / by Harold Mattingly. (1976)
Full Record: Conrad, Edwin. A Caligula Isotope of Hadrian. (1968)
Full Record: Conrad, Edwin. The Metamorphosis of an Allegad 'As of Hadrian.' (1968)
Full Record: Bendall, Simon. A 'new' gold quinarius of Caligula. (1985)
Full Record: Cortellini, Nereo. Le monete di Caligola nel Cohen.
Full Record: Guey, Julien. Les "bains d'or" de Caligula "Immensi Avreorvm Acervi (Sutone, Cal., 42,3).
Full Record: Guey, J. Les "bains d'or" de Caligula : Sutone, Cal. 42, 3.
Full Record: Curry, Michael R. The Aes Quadrans of Caligula. (1968)
Full Record: Jonas, Elemr. L'emploi dar "damnatio memoriae" sur l'un des "dupondius" de Calgula. (1937)
Full Record: Julian, R. W. The coins of Caligula. (1994)
Full Record: Donciu, Ramiro. Cu privire la activitatea militara a lui Caius (Caligula) in anul 40 e.n. (1983)
Full Record: Hansen, Peter. A history of Caligula's Vesta. (1992)
Full Record: Kaenel, Hans-Markus von. Augustus, Caligula oder Caludius? (1978)
Full Record: Kaenel, Hans-Markus von. Die Organisation der Münzprgung Caligulas. (1987)
Full Record: Johansen, Flemming S. The sculpted portraits of Caligula. (1987)
Full Record: Carter, G. F. Chemical compositions of copper-based Roman coins. V : imitations of Caligula, Claudius, and Nero / G. F. Carter and others. (1978)
Full Record: Giard, Jean-Baptiste. L'atelier de Lyon sous Auguste : Tibre et Caligula. (1979)
Full Record: Giard, Jean-Baptiste. Les missions d'or et d'argent de Caligula dans l'atelier de Lyon. (1976)
Full Record: Giard, Jean-Baptiste. Le monnayage de l'atelier de Lyon des origines au rgne de Caligula (43 avant J.-C. - 41 aprs J.-C.). (1983)
Full Record: Nony, D. Quelques as d'imitation de Caligula trouves a Bordeaux (Gironde). (1981)
Full Record: Levy, Brooks Emmons. Caligula's radiate crown. (1988)
Full Record: Poulsen, Vagn. Un nouveau visage de Caligula. (1972)
Full Record: Price, Martin Jessop. Elephant in Crete? New light ona cistophorus of Caligula. (1973)
Full Record: MacInnis, H. Frank. Ego-driven emperor commits excesses. (1979)
Full Record: McKenna, Thomas P. The case of the curious coin of Caligula : a provincial bronze restruck with legend-only dies. (1994)
Full Record: Mowat, Robert. Bronzes remarquables de Tibre, de son fils, de ses petits-fils et de Caligula. (1911)
Full Record: Koenig, Franz E. Roma, monete dal Tevere : l'imperatore Gaio (Caligola). (1988)
Full Record: Kollgaard, Ron. Caligula's coins profile despot. (1993)
Full Record: Kollgaard, Ron. A numismatic mystery : "the Caligula quadrans." (1994)
Full Record: Martini, Rodolfo. Osservazioni su contromarche ed erosioni su assi de Caligula. (1980)
Full Record: Szaivert, Wolfgang. Moneta Imperii Romani. Band 2 und 3. Die Münzprgung der Kaiser Tiberius und Caius (Caligula) 14/41 / von Wolfgang Szaivert. (1984)
Full Record: Boschung, Dietrich. Die Bildnisse des Caligula. Kaenel, Hans-Markus von. Jucker, Hans. Deutsches Archaologisches Institut. Das Romische Herrscherbild. 1. Abt., Bd. 4, Die Bildnisse des Caligula / Dietrich Boschung ; mit einem Beitrag von Hans-Markus von Kaenel ; auf Grund der Vorarbeiten und Marterialsammlungen von Hans Jucker. (1989)
Full Record: Rosborough, Ruskin R. An epigraphic commentary on Suetonius's life of Gaius Caligula. A thesis...for the...Doctor of Philosophy. (1920)
Full Record: Richard, Jean-Claude. A propos de l'aureus de Caligula dcouvert Saint-Colomban-des-Villards (Savoie). (1982)
Full Record: Richard, Jean-Claude. Un aureus de Caligula dcouvert Saint-Colomban-des-Villards (Savoie). (1982)
Full Record: Ritter, Hans-Werner. Adlocutio und Corona Civica unter Caligula und Tiberius. (1971)
Full Record: Kumpikevicius, Gordon C. A numismatic look at Gaius. (1979)
Full Record: Savio, Adriano. La coerenza di Caligola nella gestione della moneta / Adriano Savio. (1988)
Full Record: Savio, Adriano. Note su alcune monete di Gaio-Caligola. (1973)
Full Record: Stylow, Armin U. Die Quadranten des Caligula als Propaganda-münzen.münzen" aus der stdtischen sammlung zu Osnabrück. (1971)
Full Record: Schwartz, Jacques. Le Monnayage Snatorial entre 37 et 42 P.C. (1951)
Full Record: Rodolfo Martini, ed. Sylloge nummorum Romanorum. Italia. Milano, Civiche Raccolte Numismatiche Vol. 1 Giulio-Claudii / a cura di Rodolfo Martini. (1990)
Full Record: Szaivert, Wolfgang. Zur Julisch-Claudischen Münzprgung. (1979)
Full Record: Vedrianus. The Roman Imperial series. V. Gaius. (1963)
Full Record: Tietze, Christian M. Kaiser Cajus Caesar, genannt Caligula. (1979)
Full Record: Wood, Susan. Diva Drusilla Panthea and the sisters of Caligula / Susan Wood. (1995)
Full Record: Sutherland, Carol Humphrey Vivian. Coinage in Roman imperial policy 31 B.C.-A.D. 68. (1951)
Full Record: Sutherland, C. H. V. The mints of Lugdunum and Rome under Gaius : an unsolved problem. (1981)
Full Record: Trillmich, Walter. Familienpropaganda der Kaiser Caligula und Claudius : Agrippina Maior und Antonia Augusta auf Münzen. (1978)
Full Record: Voirol, August. Eine Warenumsatzsteuer im antiken Rom und der numismatische Beleg inher Aufhebung : Centesima rerum venalium. (1943)
Full Record: Trillmich, Walter. Zur Münzprgung des Caligula von Caesaraugusta (Zaragoza). (1973)
www.mart.trento.it/antonellodamessina
Il Mart di Rovereto propone un’indagine articolata e uno sguardo originale sulla figura del grande pittore del Quattrocento e sul suo tempo, attraverso lo studio degli intrecci storico-artistici e delle controversie ancora aperte, presentati in questa sede come punti di forza attraverso i quali approfondire nuovi percorsi di interpretazione critica.
Il progetto espositivo, a cura di Ferdinando Bologna e Federico De Melis, ha l’ambizione di ricostruire l’ampia scena storica e geografica dalla quale emerge l’eccezionale individualità di Antonello: un pittore che, a metà del Quattrocento, si fa interprete di un fermento creativo mediterraneo ed europeo incentrato sull’incontro-scontro tra la civiltà fiamminga e quella italiana.
Photo by Fernando Guerra
Drinking cup (kylix)
Greek, Archaic Period, about 510 B.C.
Skythes
Place of Manufacture: Athens, Attica, Greece
Ceramic, Red Figure
www.mart.trento.it/antonellodamessina
Il Mart di Rovereto propone un’indagine articolata e uno sguardo originale sulla figura del grande pittore del Quattrocento e sul suo tempo, attraverso lo studio degli intrecci storico-artistici e delle controversie ancora aperte, presentati in questa sede come punti di forza attraverso i quali approfondire nuovi percorsi di interpretazione critica.
Il progetto espositivo, a cura di Ferdinando Bologna e Federico De Melis, ha l’ambizione di ricostruire l’ampia scena storica e geografica dalla quale emerge l’eccezionale individualità di Antonello: un pittore che, a metà del Quattrocento, si fa interprete di un fermento creativo mediterraneo ed europeo incentrato sull’incontro-scontro tra la civiltà fiamminga e quella italiana.
Photo by Fernando Guerra
www.mart.trento.it/antonellodamessina
Il Mart di Rovereto propone un’indagine articolata e uno sguardo originale sulla figura del grande pittore del Quattrocento e sul suo tempo, attraverso lo studio degli intrecci storico-artistici e delle controversie ancora aperte, presentati in questa sede come punti di forza attraverso i quali approfondire nuovi percorsi di interpretazione critica.
Il progetto espositivo, a cura di Ferdinando Bologna e Federico De Melis, ha l’ambizione di ricostruire l’ampia scena storica e geografica dalla quale emerge l’eccezionale individualità di Antonello: un pittore che, a metà del Quattrocento, si fa interprete di un fermento creativo mediterraneo ed europeo incentrato sull’incontro-scontro tra la civiltà fiamminga e quella italiana.
Photo by Fernando Guerra
Tiberius & Germanicus Gemellus. AD 19-37/8 and 19-23/4, respectively. Æ Sestertius (32mm, 25.97 g, 12h). Rome mint. Struck under Tiberius, AD 22-23. Crossed cornucopias, each surmounted by the bust of a boy, vis-à-vis; winged caduceus between / Large S•C. RIC I 42 (Tiberius). cngcoins.com
From CNG: This issue, commemorating the birth of twin sons to Drusus, the son of the second emperor Tiberius, and his wife Livilla, was part of the series issued in AD 22 to promote the dynastic solidity of Tiberius’ family. One of the twins died in infancy, but the other, Tiberius Gemellus (meaning "twin") was named an heir along with his cousin Gaius (Caligula). Within a year of Caligula’s accession, however, the new emperor had Tiberius Gemellus murdered.
From Richard Beal (Roma): "This sestertius was struck in 22/23, nearly three years after the death of Germanicus, Tiberius’ nephew and first heir. In the interim Tiberius had named no heir, but with the nine coins in his dated aes of 22/23 he announces a ‘Tiberian dynasty’ that includes his son Drusus, his daughter-in-law (and niece) Livilla, and his twin grandsons Tiberius Gemellus and Germanicus Gemellus, whose heads decorate the crossed cornucopias on this sestertius.
Since it is the only coin in the aes of 22/23 without an obverse inscription, we must presume its design was believed sufficient to communicate the fact that the twin boys were portrayed. Though this type usually is thought to celebrate the birth of the twins, that event had occurred two and one half years before this coin was struck. Rather, it is best seen in light of early Julio-Claudian dynastic rhetoric in which male heirs were celebrated as twins (even if they were not literally twins, or even biological brothers) and were routinely likened to the Dioscuri, the heavenly twins Castor and Pollux.
The crossed-cornucopias design is familiar on ancient coinage, and here the cornucopias, grape clusters, grape leaves and pine cones seemingly allude to Bacchus or Liber in a reference to fecundity. In terms of dynastic appeal, the design boasts of the prosperity and fruitfulness of the Tiberian line, with the caduceus symbolizing Mercury as the messenger of the gods and the bringer of good fortune.
Despite the hopefulness represented by this series of coins, tragedy struck on two fronts. The ‘Tiberian dynasty’ collapsed within months of its being announced when both Drusus and his son Germanicus Gemellus (the boy whose head is shown on the right cornucopia) died in 23.
Poor fates awaited the remaining two members: Drusus’ wife Livilla became increasingly associated with Tiberius’ prefect Sejanus, and she died shamefully in the aftermath of his downfall in 31, and the second grandson, Tiberius Gemellus, survived long enough to be named co-heir of Tiberius with Caligula, but after Tiberius’ death he was pushed into a subsidiary role and soon was executed by Caligula, who would not tolerate a second heir to the throne." - Ars Antiqua, 2008 CNGCOINS>COM
Augustus. 27 BC-AD 14. AV Aureus (7.78 g, 6h). Spanish mint - Tarraco. Struck circa 18 BC. CAESARI AVGVSTO, laureate head left / S • P • Q • R • in exergue, Temple of Mars Ultor: round-domed, tetra-style temple set on podium of three steps; within, is a chariot, carrying an aquila and a miniature, galloping quadriga right. RIC I 116; Calicó 285; BMCRE 387 = BMCRR Rome 4425; BN 1218 var. (head right).
The Gemma Claudia, Roman, 49 C.E.(?). Five-layered onyx, height: 12 cm. Setting: gold rim. Inv.#. IX A 63. In the Collection of Greek and Roman Antiquities in the Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna. Depicts on the left side the Emperor Claudius and his fourth wife Empress Agrippina minor. Opposite the couple are the parents of Agrippina, Germanicus and Agrippina maior.
Date June 2006(2006-06)
Source Own work
Author Gryffindor
Permission
(Reusing this file) Image may be used for any purpose
www.mart.trento.it/antonellodamessina
Il Mart di Rovereto propone un’indagine articolata e uno sguardo originale sulla figura del grande pittore del Quattrocento e sul suo tempo, attraverso lo studio degli intrecci storico-artistici e delle controversie ancora aperte, presentati in questa sede come punti di forza attraverso i quali approfondire nuovi percorsi di interpretazione critica.
Il progetto espositivo, a cura di Ferdinando Bologna e Federico De Melis, ha l’ambizione di ricostruire l’ampia scena storica e geografica dalla quale emerge l’eccezionale individualità di Antonello: un pittore che, a metà del Quattrocento, si fa interprete di un fermento creativo mediterraneo ed europeo incentrato sull’incontro-scontro tra la civiltà fiamminga e quella italiana.
Photo by Fernando Guerra
www.mart.trento.it/antonellodamessina
Il Mart di Rovereto propone un’indagine articolata e uno sguardo originale sulla figura del grande pittore del Quattrocento e sul suo tempo, attraverso lo studio degli intrecci storico-artistici e delle controversie ancora aperte, presentati in questa sede come punti di forza attraverso i quali approfondire nuovi percorsi di interpretazione critica.
Il progetto espositivo, a cura di Ferdinando Bologna e Federico De Melis, ha l’ambizione di ricostruire l’ampia scena storica e geografica dalla quale emerge l’eccezionale individualità di Antonello: un pittore che, a metà del Quattrocento, si fa interprete di un fermento creativo mediterraneo ed europeo incentrato sull’incontro-scontro tra la civiltà fiamminga e quella italiana.
Photo by Fernando Guerra
A ROMAN GLASS RIBBED BOWL
Circa Late 1st Century B.C.-Early 1st Century A.D.
Amber in color, the hemispherical bowl sagged with sixteen vertical ribs, with three horizontal wheel cut grooves on the interior, two in the center of the bowl and one just below the rounded rim, on a flat base
2¼ in. (5.7 cm) high; 4½ in. (11.4 cm) diameter
educational use only
Octavian. Autumn 30-summer 29 BC. AR Denarius (28mm, 3.70 g, 8h). Italian (Rome?) mint. Laureate head of Octavian (as Apollo) right / Statue of Octavian standing facing, holding spear and parazonium, atop rostral column ornamented with two anchors and six beaks of galleys. RIC I 271; CRI 423; RSC 124.
www.mart.trento.it/antonellodamessina
Il Mart di Rovereto propone un’indagine articolata e uno sguardo originale sulla figura del grande pittore del Quattrocento e sul suo tempo, attraverso lo studio degli intrecci storico-artistici e delle controversie ancora aperte, presentati in questa sede come punti di forza attraverso i quali approfondire nuovi percorsi di interpretazione critica.
Il progetto espositivo, a cura di Ferdinando Bologna e Federico De Melis, ha l’ambizione di ricostruire l’ampia scena storica e geografica dalla quale emerge l’eccezionale individualità di Antonello: un pittore che, a metà del Quattrocento, si fa interprete di un fermento creativo mediterraneo ed europeo incentrato sull’incontro-scontro tra la civiltà fiamminga e quella italiana.
Photo by Fernando Guerra
Lid of a ceremonial box, late 1st century B.C.–early 1st century A.D.; Augustan
Roman
Gilt silver; H. 1 in. (2.5 cm), W. 3 1/4 in. (8.3 cm), D. 2 5/8 in. (6.7 cm)
Purchase, Marguerite and Frank A. Cosgrove Jr. Fund and Mr. and Mrs. Christos G. Bastis Gift, 2000 (2000.26)
The exquisite craftsmanship of this lid only adds to the curiosity about its subject matter and function. It is decorated in high relief with sacrificial animals and religious objects, packed tightly on a stippled background within the rectangular frame. Featured prominently are the heads of three domestic animals—a ram, a bull, and a goat—that were commonly used as offerings at major public ceremonies. Below them are two more sacrificial animals, a rooster and a kid with its legs bound, together with a sheathed knife, a libation bowl, a burning torch, a pomegranate, a floral garland, and a bundle of wooden staves. Such elaborate and symbolic decoration strongly suggests that the box to which the lid belonged had some religious function. The decoration is unusual but not unique; another lid in the Staatliche Museen zu Berlin (attached to an ancient but alien silver box) has a very similar design, though there the projecting horn of the bull's head serves as the only handle to the lid.
Educational Use Only
Augustus. 27 BC-AD 14. AR Denarius (20mm, 3.54 g). Emerita mint. P. Carisius, legate propraetore. Struck circa 25-23 BC. Bare head left / Trophy on heap of arms. RIC I 4b; BMCRE 284; RSC 402. VF, banker’s mark on obverse,
Tiberius & Germanicus Gemellus. AD 19-37/8 and 19-23/4, respectively. Æ Sestertius (25.99 g, 12h). Rome mint. Struck under Tiberius, AD 22-23. Crossed cornucopia, each surmounted by the bust of a boy, vis-à-vis; winged caduceus between / Legend around large S C. RIC I 42 (Tiberius).
From CNG: This issue, commemorating the birth of twin sons to Drusus, the son of the second emperor Tiberius, and his wife Livilla, was part of the series issued in AD 22 to promote the dynastic solidity of Tiberius’ family. One of the twins died in infancy, but the other, Tiberius Gemellus (meaning "twin") was named an heir along with his cousin Gaius (Caligula). Within a year of Caligula’s accession, however, the new emperor had Tiberius Gemellus murdered.
From Richard Beal (Roma): "This sestertius was struck in 22/23, nearly three years after the death of Germanicus, Tiberius’ nephew and first heir. In the interim Tiberius had named no heir, but with the nine coins in his dated aes of 22/23 he announces a ‘Tiberian dynasty’ that includes his son Drusus, his daughter-in-law (and niece) Livilla, and his twin grandsons Tiberius Gemellus and Germanicus Gemellus, whose heads decorate the crossed cornucopias on this sestertius.
Since it is the only coin in the aes of 22/23 without an obverse inscription, we must presume its design was believed sufficient to communicate the fact that the twin boys were portrayed. Though this type usually is thought to celebrate the birth of the twins, that event had occurred two and one half years before this coin was struck. Rather, it is best seen in light of early Julio-Claudian dynastic rhetoric in which male heirs were celebrated as twins (even if they were not literally twins, or even biological brothers) and were routinely likened to the Dioscuri, the heavenly twins Castor and Pollux.
The crossed-cornucopias design is familiar on ancient coinage, and here the cornucopias, grape clusters, grape leaves and pine cones seemingly allude to Bacchus or Liber in a reference to fecundity. In terms of dynastic appeal, the design boasts of the prosperity and fruitfulness of the Tiberian line, with the caduceus symbolizing Mercury as the messenger of the gods and the bringer of good fortune.
Despite the hopefulness represented by this series of coins, tragedy struck on two fronts. The ‘Tiberian dynasty’ collapsed within months of its being announced when both Drusus and his son Germanicus Gemellus (the boy whose head is shown on the right cornucopia) died in 23.
Poor fates awaited the remaining two members: Drusus’ wife Livilla became increasingly associated with Tiberius’ prefect Sejanus, and she died shamefully in the aftermath of his downfall in 31, and the second grandson, Tiberius Gemellus, survived long enough to be named co-heir of Tiberius with Caligula, but after Tiberius’ death he was pushed into a subsidiary role and soon was executed by Caligula, who would not tolerate a second heir to the throne." - Ars Antiqua, 2008 CNGCOINS>COM
He married Antonia in 18/16 BC and fathered Germanicus, Livilla and Claudius. He was an exceptional soldier and beloved by his brother, the future emperor Tiberius, as well as Augustus. Antonia refused to marry again and outlived him by 46 years.
For Nero Claudius Drusus under Claudius. Aureus 41/45, Rome. NERO CLAVDIVS DRVSVS GERMANICVS IMP Laureate head of Nero Drusus to l. Rev. Triumphal arch, on architrave DE / GERM. On top equestrian statue of Nero Drusus to r., with flying cloak and spear in r. hand. On l. trophy with captive German, hands tied behind back, to r. On r. trophy with captive German seated facing, cross-legged and hands tied behind in back. 7, 74 g. Calicó 315. RIC 69. BMC 95. C. 1.
English: Goddess Ceres. Sitting statue sculpted in marble towards the 1st century CE. It is at the National Museum of Roman Art of Merida. There is a copy in front of the Roman Theatre of the same city.
Español: Diosa Ceres, estatua sedente realizada en mármol hacia el siglo I d.C. Se encuentra en el Museo Nacional de Arte Romano de Mérida. Existe una copia en la fachada del Teatro Romano de la misma ciudad.
Date 7 April 18(0018-04-07)
Source Own work
Author Óscar Marín Repoller
LYDIA, Philadelphia. Tiberius Gemellus(?), co-heir of Tiberius. Æ 16mm (3.18 gm). Struck circa 35-37 AD. TIBERION [CEBACTON], bare head of Tiberius Gemellus(?) right / N[EO]KEC"PEIC, winged thunderbolt. RPC I 3017 (same obverse die as those plated); SNG Leypold 1111 (same dies); SNG Copenhagen 373 (same obverse die). Extremely rare. See Classical Numismatic Group Auction 47 (16 September 1998),
Tiberius Gemellus was born in 19 AD as twin brother to Germanicus Gemellus. They were the sons of Livilla, the sister of Germanicus and Claudius, and given to her husband Drusus, the son of the emperor Tiberius. However, it is probable that they were actually fathered by Sejanus, the ambitious prefect of Tiberius. During the last years of Tiberius' life, his options for a youthful heir had narrowed to his only 'grandson' Tiberius Gemellus and his grandnephew Caligula. Both young men were adopted as co-heirs in 35. However, when Tiberius died in 37, the prefect Macro declared Caligula to be the new emperor, just as the two had pre-arranged. For appearances' sake, Tiberius Gemellus was hailed princeps iuventutis, but within months was executed for treason. Suetonius tells us that that the smell on the unfortunate boy's breath was not a poison antidote, but merely a cough medicine. This portrait is especially important because it depicts him not as a child, but as a teen and heir to the throne. All of the coins from this issue share the same obverse die. cng
Nero. AD 54-68. Æ As (24mm, 6.98 g, 6h). Rome mint. Struck circa AD 64. Radiate head right / Nero, as Apollo Citharoedus, advancing right, playing lyre; I. RIC I 211; WCN 272.
Nero felt his musical talents were a wonder to behold and so shared them with everyone he could force to listen. He won prizes at every competition at which he performed while touring Greece, and upon his return to Italy, he led a procession to the capital where he was cheered by the incredulous spectators along the way. He caused to be set up many statues of himself playing the lyre along the route, and Suetonius even mentions a coin with the same device. This is no doubt that same type.