www.mart.trento.it/antonellodamessina

Il Mart di Rovereto propone un’indagine articolata e uno sguardo originale sulla figura del grande pittore del Quattrocento e sul suo tempo, attraverso lo studio degli intrecci storico-artistici e delle controversie ancora aperte, presentati in questa sede come punti di forza attraverso i quali approfondire nuovi percorsi di interpretazione critica.

Il progetto espositivo, a cura di Ferdinando Bologna e Federico De Melis, ha l’ambizione di ricostruire l’ampia scena storica e geografica dalla quale emerge l’eccezionale individualità di Antonello: un pittore che, a metà del Quattrocento, si fa interprete di un fermento creativo mediterraneo ed europeo incentrato sull’incontro-scontro tra la civiltà fiamminga e quella italiana.

Photo by Fernando Guerra

THRACE, Perinthus. Octavia, first wife of Nero. Augusta, 54-62 AD. Æ 27mm (10.35 gm, 12h). OKTAOUIA SEBASTH, diademed and draped bust right / HRA PERINQIWN, cult statue of Hera of Samos left, holding filleted patera. Schönert cc en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Claudia_Octavia.jpg

Augustus: first emperor of the Roman world (27 BCE - 14 CE).

Names:

23 September 63 BCE: Gaius Octavius

8 May 44: Gaius Julius Caesar

November 40: Imperator Caesar Divi filius

2 September 31 BCE: sole ruler

16 January 27: Imperator Caesar Divi filius Augustus

19 August 14 CE: natural death

Historians sometimes call him Octavian, a title he never used.

Relatives:

father: Gaius Octavius

mother: Atia

married to:

Clodia (stepdaughter of Marc Antony)

Scribonia

Daughter: Julia

Livia

Youth

63 Born in Rome

60 Octavius' father Gaius Octavius becomes praetor

59 Death of Octavius Senior; Octavius Junior is educated by his stepfather Lucius Marcius Philippus

49 His uncle Julius Caesar launches the Second Civil War

48 Elected as pontifex

47 Prefect of the Latin Games

46 In Africa

45 To Spain; return; to Illyricum (Apollonia)

44 adopted by Julius Caesar

The road to power:

43 Battle of Mutina

43 Consul suffectus (with Quintus Pedius)

43 Second Triumvirate; marriage to Clodia

42 Philippi (battle)

41: End of marriage to Clodia

41/40 Siege of Perugia

40 Treaty of Brundisium

40 Marc Antony marries Octavia; Herod the Great king

40/39: Octavian marries Scribonia

39 Treaty of Misenum

39 birth of Julia; end of marriage to Scribonia

38 Octavian marries Livia (two stepsons: Drusus, Tiberius)

36 Defeat of Sextus Pompeius

34/34 Dalmatian war

33 Consul II (with Lucius Volcacius Tullus)

32 Marc Antony divorces Octavia

31 Consul III; naval battle of Actium (with Marcus Valerius Messalla Corvinus)

30 Consul IV (with Marcus Licinius Crassus); suicide of Marc Antony and Cleopatra VII Philopator; annexation of Egypt

Sole ruler:

29 Consul V (with Sextus Appuleius); triumph; Gates of Janus closed

28 Consul VI (with Marcus Agrippa II); purge of the Senate

27 Consul VII (with Marcus Agrippa III); restores the republic; accepts the title of Augustus (more...)

26 Consul VIII (with Titus Statilius Taurus): war in Spain

25 Consul IX (with Marcus Junius Silanus): war in Spain; annexation of Galatia; expedition to Arabia Felix; Ethiopian war; Gates of Janus closed

24 Consul X (with Gaius Norbanus Flaccus)

23 Consul XI (with Aulus Terentius Varro Murena); tribunicia potestas; Agrippa receives proconsular powers

23 Death of Marcellus; Nubians attack Egypt

22 Voyage to the east; punitive raid against Nubia

21 idem; Agrippa marries Julia

20 Parthian Empire surrenders standards

19 Return from the east; proconsular powers renewed

18 Second purge of the Senate; proconsular powers of Agrippa renewed

17 Secular games; Gaius Caesar and Lucius Caesar adopted; Lollius defeated

16 Voyage to Gaul; annexation of Noricum

15 Annexation of Raetia (commemorated, ten years later, by the monument of La Turbie)

13 proconsular powers of Agrippa renewed

12 Augustus becomes pontifex maximus; death of Agrippa; Drusus in Germania Inferior; Tiberius in Pannonia

11 Third purge of the Senate; Tiberius marries Julia; death of Augustus' sister Octavia

9 Death of Drusus

8 Death of Maecenas; census; Tiberius in Germania Inferior

6 Tiberius received tribunicia potestas; in voluntary exile

5 Consul XII (with Lucius Cornelius Sulla); Gaius Caesar princeps iuventutis

4 Death of king Herod; Quinctilius Varus in Judaea

2 Consul XIII (with Marcus Plautius Silvanus); pater patriae; Julia exiled

1 BCE Gaius Caesar to the East

1 CE Gaius Caesar consul

2 Death of Lucius Caesar; return of Tiberius

4 Death of Gaius Caesar; Tiberius adopted; fourth purge of the Senate; Lex Aelia Sentia

5 Tiberius in Germania

6 Herod Archelaus dethroned; annexation of Judaea by Quirinius

6-9 Pannonian revolt

9 Disaster in the Teutoburg Forest

13 Senate restrics the Vigintisexviri to equestrian order; Tiberius triumphant

14 Death of Augustus; publication of the Res Gestae

New legions:

V Macedonica; VI Victrix; X Fretensis; XV Apollinaris; XVI Gallica; XVII; XVIII; XIX; XX Valeria Victrix; XXI Rapax; XXII Deiotariana.

The Mausoleum of Augustus

Buildings (in Rome):

Forum Augusti with temple of Mars Ultor, many buildings on the Forum Romanum (temple of Caesar, arch of Augustus, Curia Julia, Basilica Julia, Basilica Aemilia), Porticus of Livia, Macellum Liviae, Porticus of Octavia, Theater of Marcellus, Theater and Crypta of Balbus, Mausoleum of Augustus, Aqua Marcia, Aqua Virgo, Aqua Julia, Aqua Alsietina, Baths of Agrippa, Horologium Augusti, Ara Pacis, Basilica of Neptune

Buildings (outside Rome):

Temple of Augustus (Ankara); Trophee at La Turbie

Contemporary events:

40 Virgil's Fourth Eclogue

37 Varro's De re rustica

34 Death of the historian Sallust

33 Death of Bochus II of Mauretania

31 King Herod completes the building of Masada

27 Death of Varro

25 Augustus makes Juba king of Mauretania

24 First publication of Strabo' Geography

23 Horace's Odes; Vitruvius' De Architectura

20 King Herod's starts to rebuild the Temple of Jerusalem

19 Death of Virgil; death of Tibullus

15 Death of Lucius Munatius Plancus

13 Dedication of the Theater of Marcellus; Drusus founds Mainz

12 Death of Propertius

10 Herod builds Caesarea

9 Ara Pacis inaugurated

8 Death of Horace; death of Maecenas

4 BCE Death of king Herod; birth of Jesus of Nazareth (?)

5 CE Death of Gaius Asinius Pollio

8 Ovid exiled; death of Marcus Valerius Messalla Corvinus

11 Death of Marcus Antistius Labeo

www.livius.org/au-az/augustus/augustus.html

Greek riders than once formed part of the Frieze around the roof of the Parthenon - part of the Elgin Marbles collection in the British Museum, London.

English: Double herm of Homer (Apollonius of Tyana type) and Menander. Pentelic marble, Roman copy from the Neronian or Flavian period after a Hellenistic originals. From the Barbuta area in Rome.

Français : Double pilier hermaïque représentant Homère (du type d'Apollonius de Tyane) et Ménandre. Marbre du Pentélique, copie romaine d'époque néronienne ou flavienne d'après des originaux hellénistiques. Provenance : zone de Barbuta, Rome.

Source/Photographer Jastrow (2006)

Augustus. 27 BC-AD 14. AR Denarius (18mm, 3.85 g, 5h). Spanish mint (Colonia Patricia?). Struck 19-18 BC. Laureate head right / Temple of Mars Ultor: domed, hexastyle temple with acroteria set on podium of three steps; within, aquila between two signa. RIC I 105a; RSC 190.

Augustus (Emperor from 27 BC to AD 14)

Circa 20 BC for the head. First third of the second century AD for the draped body.

Velletri (Italy)

Rome (Italy)?

Marble, free-standing sculpture

H. 2.07 m

Former Giustiniani collection; former Vatican collection. Acquired by Napoleon (Treaty of Tolentino), 1797. Exchanged in 1815.

Inventaire MR 100 (n° usuel Ma 1212)

Greek, Etruscan, and Roman Antiquities

Augustus (Emperor from 27 BC to AD 14)

The head of this statue of Augustus resembles the head of the statue (dated 20 BC) found in Livia's villa in Prima Porta, showing the emperor wearing a cuirass. In the eighteenth century the head was joined to a toga-clad body which is generally attributed to the Hadrianic period. The portrait is a prime example of Roman Augustan art: classical Greek idealism and Roman republican verism combine to extol the qualities of the emperor who restored peace and order to Rome.

Courtesy David Emery

www.mart.trento.it/antonellodamessina

Il Mart di Rovereto propone un’indagine articolata e uno sguardo originale sulla figura del grande pittore del Quattrocento e sul suo tempo, attraverso lo studio degli intrecci storico-artistici e delle controversie ancora aperte, presentati in questa sede come punti di forza attraverso i quali approfondire nuovi percorsi di interpretazione critica.

Il progetto espositivo, a cura di Ferdinando Bologna e Federico De Melis, ha l’ambizione di ricostruire l’ampia scena storica e geografica dalla quale emerge l’eccezionale individualità di Antonello: un pittore che, a metà del Quattrocento, si fa interprete di un fermento creativo mediterraneo ed europeo incentrato sull’incontro-scontro tra la civiltà fiamminga e quella italiana.

Photo by Fernando Guerra

Germanicus. Died AD 19. Æ Dupondius (15.76 g, 7h). Rome mint. Struck under Gaius (Caligula), AD 37-41. Germanicus driving triumphal quadriga right, holding eagle-tipped scepter and reins / Germanicus standing left, raising hand and holding aquila. RIC I 57 (Gaius). For more on Caligulan Numismatic Articles see: Coins courtesy cngoins.com

Related Articles of Caligula from American Numismatic Society Library Search

Library Catalog Search (Preliminary Version)

Full Record: Barrett, Anthony A. The invalidation of currency in the Roman Empire : the Claudian demonetization of Caligula's AES. (1999)

Full Record: Bost, Jean-Pierre. Routes, cits et ateliers montaires : quelques remarques sur les officines hispaniques entre les rgnes d'Auguste en de Caligula. (1999)

Full Record: Bibliothque Municipale d'Etude et d'Information de Grenoble. Grenoble : Bibliothque Municipale d'Etude et d'Information : catalogue des monnaies. II. Monnaies romaines. Monnaies impriales romaines. 2. Caligula - Neron . Index. / Bernard Rmy, Frdric Bontoux, Virginie Risler. (1998)

Full Record: Gainor, John R. The image of the Julio-Claudian dynasty from coins / by John R. Gainor.

Full Record: Martini, Rodolfo. Monete romane imperiali del Museo G. B. Adriani. Parte 3, Caius (37-41 d.C.) / Rodolfo Martini. (2001)

Full Record: ACCLA privy to presentation by Richard Baker on Caligula. (2002)

Full Record: Wend, David A. Caligula, the emperor as autocrat. Part 1. (2002)

Full Record: Wend, David A. Caligula, the emperor as autocrat. Part 2. (2002)

Full Record: Wend, David A. Caligula, the emperor as autocrat. Part 3. (2002)

Full Record: Kemmers, Fleur. Caligula on the Lower Rhine : Coin finds from the Roman Fort of Albaniana (The Netherlands) / Fleur Kemmers. (2004)

Full Record: Estiot, Sylviane. Le trsor de Meussia (Jura) : 399 monnaies d'argent d'poques rpublicaine et julio-claudienne / Sylviane Estiot, Isabelle Aymar. (2002)

Full Record: Gocht, Hans. Namenstilgungen an Bronzemünzen des Caligula und Claudius / Hans Gocht. (2003)

Full Record: Gomis Justo, Marivi. Ercavica : La emision de Caligula. Estimacion del numero de cunos originales.

Full Record: Sayles, Wayne G. Fakes on the Internet. (2002)

Full Record: Kemmers, Fleur. The coin finds from the Roman fort Albaniana, the Netherlands / Fleur Kemmers . (2005)

Full Record: Lopez Snchez, Fernando. La afirmacion soberana de Caligula y de Claudio y el fin de las acunaciones ciudadanas en occidente / Fernando Lopez Snchez. (2000)

Full Record: Besombes, Paul-Andr. Les monnaies hispaniques de Claude Ier des dpôts de la Vilaine (Rennes) et de Saint-Lonard (Mayenne) : tmoins de quel type de contact entre l'Armorique et la pninsule ibrique ? / Paul-Andr Besombes. (2005)

Full Record: Catalli, Fiorenzo. Le thesaurus de Sora / Fiorenzo Catalli et John Scheid.

Full Record: Giard, Jean-Baptiste. Faux deniers de Caligula de la Renaissance.

Full Record: Vermeule, Cornelius. Faces of Empire (Julius Caesar to Justinian). Part II(B), More young faces : Caligula again and Nero reborn / Cornelius Vermeule. (2005)

Full Record: Geranio, Joe. Portraits of Caligula : the seated figure? / Joe Geranio. (2007)

Full Record: Aguilera Hernandez, Alberto. Acerca de un as de Caligula hallado en Zaragoza / Alberto Aguilera Hernandez. (2007)

Full Record: Butcher, K. E. T. Caligula : the evil emperor. (1985)

Full Record: Fuchs, Michaela. Frauen um Caligula und Claudius : Milonia Caesonia, Drusilla und Messalina. (1990)

Full Record: Faur, Jean-Claude. Moneda de Caligula de Museo Arqueologico Provincial de Tarragona. (1979)

Full Record: British Museum. Dept. of coins and medals. Coins of the Roman Empire in the British museum. Vol. I: Augustus to Vitellius / by Harold Mattingly. (1976)

Full Record: Conrad, Edwin. A Caligula Isotope of Hadrian. (1968)

Full Record: Conrad, Edwin. The Metamorphosis of an Allegad 'As of Hadrian.' (1968)

Full Record: Bendall, Simon. A 'new' gold quinarius of Caligula. (1985)

Full Record: Cortellini, Nereo. Le monete di Caligola nel Cohen.

Full Record: Guey, Julien. Les "bains d'or" de Caligula "Immensi Avreorvm Acervi (Sutone, Cal., 42,3).

Full Record: Guey, J. Les "bains d'or" de Caligula : Sutone, Cal. 42, 3.

Full Record: Curry, Michael R. The Aes Quadrans of Caligula. (1968)

Full Record: Jonas, Elemr. L'emploi dar "damnatio memoriae" sur l'un des "dupondius" de Calgula. (1937)

Full Record: Julian, R. W. The coins of Caligula. (1994)

Full Record: Donciu, Ramiro. Cu privire la activitatea militara a lui Caius (Caligula) in anul 40 e.n. (1983)

Full Record: Hansen, Peter. A history of Caligula's Vesta. (1992)

Full Record: Kaenel, Hans-Markus von. Augustus, Caligula oder Caludius? (1978)

Full Record: Kaenel, Hans-Markus von. Die Organisation der Münzprgung Caligulas. (1987)

Full Record: Johansen, Flemming S. The sculpted portraits of Caligula. (1987)

Full Record: Carter, G. F. Chemical compositions of copper-based Roman coins. V : imitations of Caligula, Claudius, and Nero / G. F. Carter and others. (1978)

Full Record: Giard, Jean-Baptiste. L'atelier de Lyon sous Auguste : Tibre et Caligula. (1979)

Full Record: Giard, Jean-Baptiste. Les missions d'or et d'argent de Caligula dans l'atelier de Lyon. (1976)

Full Record: Giard, Jean-Baptiste. Le monnayage de l'atelier de Lyon des origines au rgne de Caligula (43 avant J.-C. - 41 aprs J.-C.). (1983)

Full Record: Nony, D. Quelques as d'imitation de Caligula trouves a Bordeaux (Gironde). (1981)

Full Record: Levy, Brooks Emmons. Caligula's radiate crown. (1988)

Full Record: Poulsen, Vagn. Un nouveau visage de Caligula. (1972)

Full Record: Price, Martin Jessop. Elephant in Crete? New light ona cistophorus of Caligula. (1973)

Full Record: MacInnis, H. Frank. Ego-driven emperor commits excesses. (1979)

Full Record: McKenna, Thomas P. The case of the curious coin of Caligula : a provincial bronze restruck with legend-only dies. (1994)

Full Record: Mowat, Robert. Bronzes remarquables de Tibre, de son fils, de ses petits-fils et de Caligula. (1911)

Full Record: Koenig, Franz E. Roma, monete dal Tevere : l'imperatore Gaio (Caligola). (1988)

Full Record: Kollgaard, Ron. Caligula's coins profile despot. (1993)

Full Record: Kollgaard, Ron. A numismatic mystery : "the Caligula quadrans." (1994)

Full Record: Martini, Rodolfo. Osservazioni su contromarche ed erosioni su assi de Caligula. (1980)

Full Record: Szaivert, Wolfgang. Moneta Imperii Romani. Band 2 und 3. Die Münzprgung der Kaiser Tiberius und Caius (Caligula) 14/41 / von Wolfgang Szaivert. (1984)

Full Record: Boschung, Dietrich. Die Bildnisse des Caligula. Kaenel, Hans-Markus von. Jucker, Hans. Deutsches Archaologisches Institut. Das Romische Herrscherbild. 1. Abt., Bd. 4, Die Bildnisse des Caligula / Dietrich Boschung ; mit einem Beitrag von Hans-Markus von Kaenel ; auf Grund der Vorarbeiten und Marterialsammlungen von Hans Jucker. (1989)

Full Record: Rosborough, Ruskin R. An epigraphic commentary on Suetonius's life of Gaius Caligula. A thesis...for the...Doctor of Philosophy. (1920)

Full Record: Richard, Jean-Claude. A propos de l'aureus de Caligula dcouvert Saint-Colomban-des-Villards (Savoie). (1982)

Full Record: Richard, Jean-Claude. Un aureus de Caligula dcouvert Saint-Colomban-des-Villards (Savoie). (1982)

Full Record: Ritter, Hans-Werner. Adlocutio und Corona Civica unter Caligula und Tiberius. (1971)

Full Record: Kumpikevicius, Gordon C. A numismatic look at Gaius. (1979)

Full Record: Savio, Adriano. La coerenza di Caligola nella gestione della moneta / Adriano Savio. (1988)

Full Record: Savio, Adriano. Note su alcune monete di Gaio-Caligola. (1973)

Full Record: Stylow, Armin U. Die Quadranten des Caligula als Propaganda-münzen.münzen" aus der stdtischen sammlung zu Osnabrück. (1971)

Full Record: Schwartz, Jacques. Le Monnayage Snatorial entre 37 et 42 P.C. (1951)

Full Record: Rodolfo Martini, ed. Sylloge nummorum Romanorum. Italia. Milano, Civiche Raccolte Numismatiche Vol. 1 Giulio-Claudii / a cura di Rodolfo Martini. (1990)

Full Record: Szaivert, Wolfgang. Zur Julisch-Claudischen Münzprgung. (1979)

Full Record: Vedrianus. The Roman Imperial series. V. Gaius. (1963)

Full Record: Tietze, Christian M. Kaiser Cajus Caesar, genannt Caligula. (1979)

Full Record: Wood, Susan. Diva Drusilla Panthea and the sisters of Caligula / Susan Wood. (1995)

Full Record: Sutherland, Carol Humphrey Vivian. Coinage in Roman imperial policy 31 B.C.-A.D. 68. (1951)

Full Record: Sutherland, C. H. V. The mints of Lugdunum and Rome under Gaius : an unsolved problem. (1981)

Full Record: Trillmich, Walter. Familienpropaganda der Kaiser Caligula und Claudius : Agrippina Maior und Antonia Augusta auf Münzen. (1978)

Full Record: Voirol, August. Eine Warenumsatzsteuer im antiken Rom und der numismatische Beleg inher Aufhebung : Centesima rerum venalium. (1943)

Full Record: Trillmich, Walter. Zur Münzprgung des Caligula von Caesaraugusta (Zaragoza). (1973)

English: Roman Inscription, Corbridge, Northumberland RIB 1137 (date: 162-8) SOLI INVICTO VEXILLATIO LEG VI VIC P F F SVB CVRA SEX CALPVRNI AGRICO LAE LEG AVG PR PR "To the Invincible Sun-god, a detachment of the Sixth Legion, Victorious, Loyal and Faithful (set this up) under the command of Sextus Calpurnius Agricola, Legate of the Augustus with pro-praetorian power."

Italiano: Iscrizione (RIB 1137) da un tempio dedicato al dio Sol Invictus eretto a Corbridge, Northumberland, nel 162-168, da soldati della Legio VI Victrix sotto Sesto Calpurnio Acricola:

SOLI INVICTO VEXILLATIO LEG VI VIC P F F SVB CVRA SEX CALPVRNI AGRICO LAE LEG AVG PR PR

"Al Sole Invitto, una vessillazione della Legio VI Victrix, Pia, Leale, per ordine di Sesto Calpurnio Agricola, legatus Augusti pro pretore"

L'iscrizione reca segni di cancellazione nella prima riga, in corrispondenza del nome del dio: si tratta probabilmente di una conseguenza della damnatio memoriae di Commodo o di Eliogabalo, con cui la divinità era associata.

Date 15 October 2005(2005-10-15), 10:43

Source Roman Inscription, Corbridge

Author Alun Salt from Derby and Leicester, UK

cc wiki

Augustus. 27 BC-AD 14. AR Denarius (18mm, 3.91 g, 8h). Rome mint; C. Marius C. f., moneyer. Struck 13 BC. Bare head of Augustus right; lituus to left / Diademed bust of Julia (as Diana) right; quiver to left. RIC I 403; RSC 1 (Julia and Augustus).

Julia was the only child of Augustus, born to his second wife Scribonia. Julia was betrothed, while still a baby, to Antony’s son Antyllus. Her first marriage was to Marcellus in 25 BC. On his death in 21 BC, she married Agrippa by whom she had five children. Her oldest, the twins Caius and Lucius, were intended for the eventual imperial succession. Upon the murder of Caius in 4 AD, Augustus reluctantly acknowledged his stepson as heir to the imperial throne.

If you are interested in Julio Claudian Iconography and portrait study you may enjoy these two links:

Julio Claudian Iconographic Association- Joe Geranio- Administrator at groups.yahoo.com/group/julioclaudian/

The Portraiture of Caligula- Joe Geranio- Administrator- at

portraitsofcaligula.com/

Both are non-profit sites and for educational use only.

Claudius, with Nero, as Caesar. AD 41-54. AV Aureus (20mm, 7.42 g). Rome mint. Struck AD 50-54. Laureate head of Claudius right / Bare-headed and draped bust of Nero left. RIC I 82. Fine, minor scrapes across Nero’s face.

Octavian. 31 BC. AR Denarius (3.30 g, 12h). Cyrene mint. L. Pinarius Scarpus, moneyer. AVGVR PONTIF, head of Jupiter Ammon right / IMP CAESAR/DIVI F in two lines across field, Victory standing right on globe, holding palm frond over left shoulder in left hand, and wreath tied with fillet in extended right hand. Crawford 546/4; RIC I 535; CRI 411; Sydenham 1281; RSC 125; BMCRE 690 = BMCRR Cyrenaica 4; BN 897.

Augustus. 27 BC-AD 14. AR Denarius (3.80 g, 3h). Emerita mint. P. Carisius, legate. Struck circa 25-23 BC. Bare head left / Round ornamented shield; above, spear head; below, curved sword with hilt. RIC I 2b; RSC 401; BMCRE 279 var. (rev. legend) = BMCRR Spain 112 var. (same); BN 1033-1034.

If you are interested in Julio Claudian Iconography and portrait study you may enjoy these two links:

Julio Claudian Iconographic Association- Joe Geranio- Administrator at groups.yahoo.com/group/julioclaudian/

The Portraiture of Caligula- Joe Geranio- Administrator- at

portraitsofcaligula.com/

Both are non-profit sites and for educational use only.

Eyre Crowe, A.R.A. 'The Forge', 1869, The Grohmann Museum, 'Man at Work' collection, Milwaukee, Wisconsin

Julius Caesar. 49-48 BC. AR Denarius (17mm, 3.96 g, 1h). Military mint traveling with Caesar. Elephant advancing right, trampling on horned serpent / Simpulum, sprinkler, axe (surmounted by wolf’s head), and apex. Crawford 443/1; CRI 9; Sydenham 1006; RSC 49.

If you are interested in Julio Claudian Iconography and portrait study you may enjoy these two links:

Julio Claudian Iconographic Association- Joe Geranio- Administrator at groups.yahoo.com/group/julioclaudian/

The Portraiture of Caligula- Joe Geranio- Administrator- at

portraitsofcaligula.com/

Both are non-profit sites and for educational use only.

Statue of a draped seated man, Republican or Early Imperial, 1st century b.c.

Roman

Marble

H. 51 1/2 in. (130.8 cm)

Rogers Fund, 1909 (09.221.4)

For the ancient Greeks, it was important to represent the entire figure in a portrait, not just the head as became popular in Roman portraiture. Although the head is missing from this statue, the turn of the upper body to the left, the three holes beneath the left shoulder, and the angular hollow at the inner side of the left arm suggest that the figure was playing the kithara (lyre) and, consequently, is best identified as a poet. The composition of the drapery with its massive folds, the dignified pose, and the skillful execution make this one of the best Greek seated portrait statues that have survived. The statue is likely to be a retrospective portrait of one of the great Greek poets of the Hellenistic age, such as Kallimachos or Theokritos, or perhaps one of the legendary bards of earlier days portrayed in Hellenistic style.

This marble statue is a Roman copy of a Hellenistic sculpture, signed by the Roman copyist Zeuxis, on the front of the seat, above the left foot.

Educational use only

Escena de triunfo. En el relieve aparece como figura central una guerrera identificada como Roma o Virtus. Patio octogonal. Museo Pío-Clementino. Museos Vaticanos.

English: Portrait of Augustus created ca. 20–30 BC; the head does not belong to the statue, dated middle 2nd century AD.

Français : Portrait d'Auguste, créé vers 20-30 av. J.-C. ; la tête n'appartient pas à la statue, datée du milieu du IIe siècle ap. J.-C.

Credit line Borghese Collection; purchase, 1807

Accession number Ma 1278 (MR 99)

Location Department of Greek, Etruscan and Roman Antiquities, Denon, ground floor, room 23

Source/Photographer Marie-Lan Nguyen (User:Jastrow), 2009-01-23

English: Partial view of the so-called Apotheosis of Claudius, of white marble. The sculpture of the eagle and the weapons is part of a funerary monument from the period of Emperor Augustus (27 BC–14 AD), and it was found in the country villa of General Marcus Valerius Messalla Corvinus (64 BC–8 AD). It probably adorned the upper part of a rectangular marble pedestal containing his cinerary urn. Around 1650, at the behest of Cardinal Girolamo Colonna, a bust of the Emperor Claudius (now lost) sculpted by Orfeo Boselli (1600–1667) was placed on top of the eagle. The sculpture then received the mistaken name The Apotheosis of Claudius. The pedestal used by Boselli to complete this monument was made by an unknown sculptor around 1620 for Alberico I Cybo Malaspina (1532–1623), the Prince of the Italian cities represented on its four sides. In 1664 Colonna gave the monument to Philip IV of Spain.

Luis García (Zaqarbal), 9 July 2006(2006-07-09).

Germanicus on left in basalt

Gaius Caesar on right

Roman, about AD 14-20

Probably made in Egypt

This bust shows the Roman general Germanicus (15 BC - AD 19) in military dress. Germanicus was the nephew and adopted son of Tiberius (reigned AD 14-37), the second emperor of Rome. He commanded the eight Roman legions on the Rhine frontier, apparently with some distinction, recovering two of the legionary standards lost after a military disaster in the Teutoberg forest (AD 9). However, it was mainly among the Roman people, rather than the army, that he commanded most affection. The Roman biographer Suetonius in his Life of Caligula III describes Germanicus' '... unexampled kindliness, and a remarkable desire and capacity for winning men's regard and inspiring their affection.' After his untimely death through illness at Antioch in AD 19 he was elevated to god-like status.

The polished surface of the stone is extremely smooth and glass-like, but this emphasizes the areas of damage on the chest and around the nose. While the latter may have been accidentally damaged, intentional mutilation is visible on the forehead, where a cross has been carved between the brows. Such mutilation, done largely by Christians in late antiquity, often took the form of crosses or random gouges on the brow, eyes or lips of statues. Religious fanatics thought that such marks were the only means of keeping at bay the demons which they believed to haunt the statues.

Basalt is commonly found in Egypt and it is quite likely that this bust was made there.

Height: 17.5 inches

Marble head of Gaius Caesar, Augustus' Grandson

Photo courtesy of David Emery

www.mart.trento.it/antonellodamessina

Il Mart di Rovereto propone un’indagine articolata e uno sguardo originale sulla figura del grande pittore del Quattrocento e sul suo tempo, attraverso lo studio degli intrecci storico-artistici e delle controversie ancora aperte, presentati in questa sede come punti di forza attraverso i quali approfondire nuovi percorsi di interpretazione critica.

Il progetto espositivo, a cura di Ferdinando Bologna e Federico De Melis, ha l’ambizione di ricostruire l’ampia scena storica e geografica dalla quale emerge l’eccezionale individualità di Antonello: un pittore che, a metà del Quattrocento, si fa interprete di un fermento creativo mediterraneo ed europeo incentrato sull’incontro-scontro tra la civiltà fiamminga e quella italiana.

Photo by Fernando Guerra

www.mart.trento.it/antonellodamessina

Il Mart di Rovereto propone un’indagine articolata e uno sguardo originale sulla figura del grande pittore del Quattrocento e sul suo tempo, attraverso lo studio degli intrecci storico-artistici e delle controversie ancora aperte, presentati in questa sede come punti di forza attraverso i quali approfondire nuovi percorsi di interpretazione critica.

Il progetto espositivo, a cura di Ferdinando Bologna e Federico De Melis, ha l’ambizione di ricostruire l’ampia scena storica e geografica dalla quale emerge l’eccezionale individualità di Antonello: un pittore che, a metà del Quattrocento, si fa interprete di un fermento creativo mediterraneo ed europeo incentrato sull’incontro-scontro tra la civiltà fiamminga e quella italiana.

Photo by Fernando Guerra

Nero. AD 54-68. AR Denarius (18mm, 3.28 g, 6h). Rome mint. Struck circa AD 64-65. Laureate head right / Nero, radiate, standing left on left, holding patera and sceptre; Messalina standing left on right, holding patera and double cornucopiae. RIC I 45; RSC 43.

Terracotta head of a woman

Cypriot, Classical, 4th century B.C.

This head once belonged to a large terracotta statue, which may have been installed as a votive in a sanctuary. It is attributed to the area near Paphos, a coastal city in the southwest of Cyprus.

Metropolitan Museum of Art

NYC

Augustus. 27 BC-AD 14. AR Denarius (20mm, 3.48 g). Spanish mint (Colonia Patricia?). Struck circa 19 BC. Bare head right / SIGNIS RECEPTIS, shield inscribed CL-V; S-P-Q-R around, aquila to right, signa on left. RIC I 86a; BMCRE 417; RSC 265. VF, small banker’s mark right of shield

Lugdunum, um 8 v. Chr. AVGVSTVS DIVI F. Portraitkopf mit Lorbeerkranz nach rechts. Perlkreis; Rs: [C. CAES]. Gaius Caesar mit Bulla um den Hals zu Pferde nach rechts galoppierend, in der rechten Hand Zügel, in der linken Hand Rundschild und Schwert haltend. Links im Hintergrund Legionsadler zwischen zwei Standarten. Im Abschnitt AVGVS F. Perlkreis. RIC 198; Calicó -, vgl. 174; BMCRE -, vgl. 498; BN -, vgl. 1459; Hunter -, vgl. 213; C. 39. 7,88g. St. 7.

If you are interested in Julio Claudian Iconography and portrait study you may enjoy these two links:

Julio Claudian Iconographic Association- Joe Geranio- Administrator at groups.yahoo.com/group/julioclaudian/

The Portraiture of Caligula- Joe Geranio- Administrator- at

portraitsofcaligula.com/

Both are non-profit sites and for educational use only.

www.mart.trento.it/antonellodamessina

Il Mart di Rovereto propone un’indagine articolata e uno sguardo originale sulla figura del grande pittore del Quattrocento e sul suo tempo, attraverso lo studio degli intrecci storico-artistici e delle controversie ancora aperte, presentati in questa sede come punti di forza attraverso i quali approfondire nuovi percorsi di interpretazione critica.

Il progetto espositivo, a cura di Ferdinando Bologna e Federico De Melis, ha l’ambizione di ricostruire l’ampia scena storica e geografica dalla quale emerge l’eccezionale individualità di Antonello: un pittore che, a metà del Quattrocento, si fa interprete di un fermento creativo mediterraneo ed europeo incentrato sull’incontro-scontro tra la civiltà fiamminga e quella italiana.

Photo by Fernando Guerra

www.mart.trento.it/antonellodamessina

Il Mart di Rovereto propone un’indagine articolata e uno sguardo originale sulla figura del grande pittore del Quattrocento e sul suo tempo, attraverso lo studio degli intrecci storico-artistici e delle controversie ancora aperte, presentati in questa sede come punti di forza attraverso i quali approfondire nuovi percorsi di interpretazione critica.

Il progetto espositivo, a cura di Ferdinando Bologna e Federico De Melis, ha l’ambizione di ricostruire l’ampia scena storica e geografica dalla quale emerge l’eccezionale individualità di Antonello: un pittore che, a metà del Quattrocento, si fa interprete di un fermento creativo mediterraneo ed europeo incentrato sull’incontro-scontro tra la civiltà fiamminga e quella italiana.

Photo by Fernando Guerra

Necrópolis romana.

Vía sepulcral de la Plaza de la Villa de Madrid.

Barcelona.

Augustus. 27 BC-AD 14. AR Denarius (19mm, 3.78 g, 1h). Pergamum mint. Struck 27 BC. CAESAR behind, bare head of Augustus right / AVGVSTVS above, bull standing right. RIC I 475; RSC 28; BMCRR East 284-285 = BMCRE 662-663; BN 941. Superb EF, handsome toning. Very rare without the usual flan crack. Outstanding strike on both sides. Exceptional.

The engravers of the Ionian region have long been reknown for producing some of the most beautifully crafted coinages. The Roman coinage of Pergamum, consisting of both Cistophoroi and denarii, was no exception. While the Cistophoroi continued to be struck for some time, denarius production ceased during the reign of Augustus. His Pergamum denarii are arguably his finest, and they were also among the first to be struck bearing his new name, Augustus.

Nero AE Sestertius. Lyons mint, ca 65 AD. NERO CLAVD CAESAR AVG GER P M TR P IMP P P, laureat bust left with globe at point / S-C, DEVCRSIO below, Nero on horseback, leaping right, bare-headed, cuirassed & with cloak flying free, right hand holding spear; beyond & behind him, soldier on horseback prancing right & holding vexillum.

Lucius Verus (Latin: Lucius Aurelius Verus Augustus; 15 December 130 – 169), was Roman co-emperor with Marcus Aurelius, from 161 until his death.

the British Museum

London, England

October 2000

Image (18)

Constantin-Emile Meunier 'Master Forger', The Grohmann Museum roof top sculptures, 'Man at Work' collection, Milwaukee, Wisconsin

www.mart.trento.it/antonellodamessina

Il Mart di Rovereto propone un’indagine articolata e uno sguardo originale sulla figura del grande pittore del Quattrocento e sul suo tempo, attraverso lo studio degli intrecci storico-artistici e delle controversie ancora aperte, presentati in questa sede come punti di forza attraverso i quali approfondire nuovi percorsi di interpretazione critica.

Il progetto espositivo, a cura di Ferdinando Bologna e Federico De Melis, ha l’ambizione di ricostruire l’ampia scena storica e geografica dalla quale emerge l’eccezionale individualità di Antonello: un pittore che, a metà del Quattrocento, si fa interprete di un fermento creativo mediterraneo ed europeo incentrato sull’incontro-scontro tra la civiltà fiamminga e quella italiana.

Photo by Fernando Guerra

Nero AE As. Lyons mint, ca 64 AD. NERO CLAVD CAESAR AVG GERMANICV, laureate head right / PONTIF MAX TR POT IMP P P S-C, Nero, as Apollo Citharoedus, advancing right. in flying robes, playing lyre.

If you are interested in Julio Claudian Iconography and portrait study you may enjoy these two links:

Julio Claudian Iconographic Association- Joe Geranio- Administrator at groups.yahoo.com/group/julioclaudian/

The Portraiture of Caligula- Joe Geranio- Administrator- at

portraitsofcaligula.com/

Both are non-profit sites and for educational use only.

Base for a decorative shaft (candelabrum)

Roman, Early Imperial Period, about 30–20 B.C.

Marble, from Mt. Pentelikon near Athens

Lot Description

A ROMAN MARBLE PORTRAIT HEAD OF THE EMPEROR NERO

CIRCA 59-64 A.D.

Depicted with a full, fleshy face, his wavy hair brushed forward, the individual strands delineated, with a part above the right eye, the long sideburns merging with the incised light beard, his unarticulated eyes set beneath prominent brows, his lips pursed, the chin bulbous, with a thick neck, traces of gilding in the hair, perhaps from a wreath

5¾ in. (14.6 cm.) high

Provenance

Austrian Private Collection, 1970s.

Lot Notes

The Emperor Nero (Nero Claudius Caesar Augustus Germanicus) was born December 15th, 37 A.D. to Gnaeus Domitius Ahenobarbus, first cousin of the Emperor Claudius, and Agrippina Minor, sister of the Emperor Caligula. Nero was later adopted by his uncle, the Emperor Claudius, and succeeded him in 54 A.D. He was the fifth and final ruler of the Julio-Claudian Dynasty.

The light beard and part above the right eye suggest that this portrait was commissioned late in Nero's life. For more on Nero's portrait types see p. 135-139 in Kleiner, Roman Sculpture.

Pre-Principate Caligula? La Spezia Head (Courtesy John Pollini)

Unknown

Roman, about A.D. 50

Marble

15 3/8 in.

78.AA.261

After many years of civil war, Augustus took complete power in Rome in 27 B.C. He claimed that he was re-establishing the Roman Republic, but he actually founded the Roman Empire. Visual signs emphasizing its power and legitimacy bolstered this new political order.

Portraits of Augustus served as symbols of his political agenda rather than corresponding to his physical features as described in written sources. Augustus is always shown in an ideal, classicizing style, and he never ages over the length of his reign. One constant feature of Augustus's portraits is his hairstyle, with its distinctive forked locks of hair on his forehead.

This portrait was carved about the middle of the first century A.D., after Augustus' death in A.D. 14. Posthumous portraits of Augustus were popular and were often used by his successors to legitimize their rule. This portrait, however, may originally have been a head of Caligula, a later emperor. The head's wide-open eyes and concave temples characterize Caligula's portraits. When the hated Caligula was murdered in A.D. 41, most portraits of him were destroyed, but some may have been re-carved into other, more popular emperors.

If you are interested in Julio Claudian Iconography and portrait study you may enjoy these two links:

Julio Claudian Iconographic Association- Joe Geranio- Administrator at groups.yahoo.com/group/julioclaudian/

The Portraiture of Caligula- Joe Geranio- Administrator- at

portraitsofcaligula.com/

Both are non-profit sites and for educational use only.

Statue cuirassée

Époque flavienne (69 - 96 après J.-C.) ; restaurée en Agrippa Postumus par Giovanni Pierantoni vers 1792

Gabies (site de Pantano), Italie, découvert entre 1792 et 1795

Marbre

H. : 2,06 m.

La statue a été restaurée par l'adjonction d'une tête antique dite de Caligula au XVIIIe siècle, en fait Agrippa Postumus, fils d'Agrippa et de Livie adopté par Auguste.

EDUCATIONAL USE ONLY

Julia Augusta (Livia). Augusta, AD 14-29. Æ Sestertius (36mm, 27.00 g, 2h). Rome mint. Struck under Tiberius, AD 22-23. Ornamented carpentum drawn right by two mules / Legend around large S • C. RIC I 51 (Tiberius).

Vespasian: and Titus

This naturalistic portrait of the emperor Vespasian (reigned AD 69-79) clearly shows the lined complexion of this battle-hardened emperor, and also the curious 'strained expression' which the Roman writer Suetonius said he had at all times. The loss of the nose is characteristic of the damage often suffered by ancient statues, either through deliberate mutilation or through falling or being toppled from their base.

Vespasian was born in the Roman town of Reate (Rieti), about forty miles (sixty-five kilometres) north-west of Rome in the Sabine Hills. Vespasian distinguished himself in military campaigns in Britain and later became a trusted aide of the emperor Nero. Together with one of his sons, Titus, Vespasian conquered Judaea in AD 75 and celebrated with a magnificent triumphal procession through Rome. Part of the event, in particular the displaying of the seven-branched candlestick or 'Menorah' from the Temple at Jerusalem, is shown on the Arch of Titus, in Rome. The proceeds from the conquest of Judaea provided funds for the building of the Colosseum and other famous buildings in Rome.

Vespasian was known for his wit as well as his military skills. When, during one of his attempts to boost the treasury, Vespasian raised a tax on public urinals. Titus complained that this was below imperial dignity. Vespasian is said to have held out a handful of coins from the new tax and said 'Now, do these smell any different?'. Even on his death bed Vespasian's wit did not desert him. He was perhaps parodying the idea of the deification of emperors, when he said 'Oh dear, I think I'm becoming a god'.

S. Walker, Greek and Roman portraits (London, The British Museum Press, 1995)

S. Walker, Roman art (London, 1991)

B. Levick, Vespasian (Routledge, 1999)

Description

Marble head from a statue of the emperor Titus.

Dimensions

Height: 12 inches

Educational Use only

Description

Marble head from a statue of the emperor Titus.

Dimensions

Height: 12 inches

Photo courtesy David Emery

Vespasian: and Titus

This naturalistic portrait of the emperor Vespasian (reigned AD 69-79) clearly shows the lined complexion of this battle-hardened emperor, and also the curious 'strained expression' which the Roman writer Suetonius said he had at all times. The loss of the nose is characteristic of the damage often suffered by ancient statues, either through deliberate mutilation or through falling or being toppled from their base.

Vespasian was born in the Roman town of Reate (Rieti), about forty miles (sixty-five kilometres) north-west of Rome in the Sabine Hills. Vespasian distinguished himself in military campaigns in Britain and later became a trusted aide of the emperor Nero. Together with one of his sons, Titus, Vespasian conquered Judaea in AD 75 and celebrated with a magnificent triumphal procession through Rome. Part of the event, in particular the displaying of the seven-branched candlestick or 'Menorah' from the Temple at Jerusalem, is shown on the Arch of Titus, in Rome. The proceeds from the conquest of Judaea provided funds for the building of the Colosseum and other famous buildings in Rome.

Vespasian was known for his wit as well as his military skills. When, during one of his attempts to boost the treasury, Vespasian raised a tax on public urinals. Titus complained that this was below imperial dignity. Vespasian is said to have held out a handful of coins from the new tax and said 'Now, do these smell any different?'. Even on his death bed Vespasian's wit did not desert him. He was perhaps parodying the idea of the deification of emperors, when he said 'Oh dear, I think I'm becoming a god'.

S. Walker, Greek and Roman portraits (London, The British Museum Press, 1995)

S. Walker, Roman art (London, 1991)

B. Levick, Vespasian (Routledge, 1999)

Description

Marble head from a statue of the emperor Titus.

Dimensions

Height: 12 inches

Educational Use only

Description

Marble head from a statue of the emperor Titus.

Dimensions

Height: 12 inches

Photo courtesy David Emery

Photo courtesy Prof. John Pollini

Portrait statues left to right:

Uncertain identity of seated female figure, cuirassed statue of a Julio Claudian prince (Agrippa?); statue wearing a hip mantle and shown with a star carved in relief over the forehead (Divus Julius?) Female portrait characterized as venus genetrix by the tiny figure of cupid (sometimes identified as Livia?) Augustus wearing his hip mantle and corona civica and rayed crown, with his left foot on globe; he once held a sceptre in his raised hand; in his left is preserved traces of a thunderbolt.

Usually dated to the reign of Claudius (41-54 A.D.)

Height 1.04 m.

Ravenna Musuem

There were two marble fragments found from the Claudian period? that now reside at the Museo National in Ravenna Italy. It could have been an altar or other monument, it was found near or in the mausoleum of Galla Placidia in the sixteenth century. The fragment relief was meant to depict a dynastic statuary group from the Julio Claudian dynasty. Who were these figures and what did they represent?

www.flickr.com/photos/julio-c...14320/sizes/o/

This is the first public relief (monument) to show the imperial family in full portrait frontality. There were republican funerary monuments that showed full frontality, but not of the imperial family. We can clearly see Augustus as Mars (Far Right) idnetified by his hairstyle and pyhsiognomy Augustus is also wearing the "Corona Civicta". (To the left) of Augustus we have Livia as Venus, Eros is on her left shoulder, and wearing a tiara. Her dress is based on Venus Genetrix of the fifth century B.C. (To the left) of Livia we have Germanicus, brother of Claudius. The figure to the left of Germanicus appears to be Drusus the elder, Patriae Claudiu. The seated figure on the (far left) has been identified as either Antonia (mother of Claudius or a representation of pietas.

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------