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The Chao Phraya begins at the confluence of the Ping and Nan rivers at Nakhon Sawan ( also called Pak Nam Pho ) in Nakhon Sawan province. It then flows south for 372 kilometres ( 231 miles ) from the central plains to Bangkok and the Gulf of Thailand. In Chainat, the river splits into the main course and the Tha Chin river, which then flows parallel to the main river and exits in the Gulf of Thailand about 35 kilometres ( 22 miles ) west of Bangkok in Samut Sakhon. In the low alluvial plain which begins below the Chainat Dam, many small canals ( khlong ) split off from the main river. The khlong are used for the irrigation of the region's rice paddies.
The lower Chao Phraya has undergone several modifications through man-made efforts during the Ayutthaya period. Several shortcut canals were constructed to bypass large meanders in the river, shortening the trip from the capital city to the sea. The course of the river has since changed to follow many of these canals.
In 1538, Thailand's first River engineering of 3 km ( 2 miles ) long canal was built by the order of King Chairachathirat, and it was called khlong Lat or today known as Khlong Bangkok Noi. It claims to shortcut the route by 13-14 km, for the merchant ship travels from Gulf of Siam to its capital city - Ayutthaya.
In 1542, two kilometres long canal Khlong Lat Bangkok was completed or today called Khlong Bangkok Yai. It said to have shortened the river merchant route by 14 km ( 9 miles ).
In 1608, seven kilometres long Khlong Bang Phrao canal was completed and have shorten Chao Phraya original route by 18 km ( 11 miles ).
In 1636, Khlong Lat Mueang Nonthaburi was completed.
In 1722, two kilometres long Khlong Lat Kret Noi had shortcut the Chao Phraya by 7 km ( 4 miles ). This route was from the island of Koh Kret. It's also one of the Bangkok Metropolitan attractions.
Cities along the Chao Phraya include Nakhon Sawan, Uthai Thani, Chainat, Singburi, Ang Thong, Ayutthaya, Pathum Thani, Nonthaburi, Bangkok and Samut Prakan, listed from north to south. These cities are among the most historically significant and densely populated settlements of Thailand because of their access to the waterway, with Bangkok alone having a population of over 12 million.
The major bridges that cross the Chao Phraya are in the province of Bangkok: the Rama VI rail-road bridge; Phra Pin-klao near the Grand Palace; Rama VIII, a single tower asymmetrical cable-stayed bridge; Rama IX, a semi-symmetric cable-stayed bridge; and Mega Bridge, part of the Industrial Ring Road. In Bangkok, the Chao Phraya is a major transportation artery for a vast network of river buses, cross-river ferries and water taxis, also known as long tails. More than 15 boat lines operate on the rivers and canals of the city, including commuter lines.
The principal tributaries of the Chao Phraya River are the Pa Sak River, the Sakae Krang River, the Nan River ( along with its principal confluent the Yom River ), the Ping River with its principal confluent the Wang River), and the Tha Chin River. Each of these tributaries ( and the Chao Phraya itself ) is further tributed by additional minor tributaries often referred to as khwae. All the tributaries, including the lesser khwae, form an extensive tree-like pattern, with branches flowing through nearly every province in central and northern Thailand. None of the tributaries of the Chao Phraya extend beyond the nation's borders. The Nan and the Yom River flow nearly parallel from Phitsanulok to Chumsaeng in the north of Nakhon Sawan province. The Wang River enters the Ping River near Sam Ngao district in Tak province.
The lowland areas of the Chao Phraya watershed in central Thailand have been designated as the Chao Phraya freshwater swamp forests, a tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests eco region, an area about 400 km ( 249 miles ) north to south and 180 km ( 112 miles ) wide. The original swamp forests have almost entirely been removed as the plain has been converted to rice paddies, other agriculture, and urban areas like the massive Bangkok, and much of the wildlife that once inhabited these plains has disappeared including many fish in the river systems, birds such as vultures, the Oriental Darter, White-eyed River Martin ( Pseudochelidon sirintarae ) and the Sarus Crane[ and animals such as tigers, Asian elephants, Javan Rhinoceroses and the much-hunted Schomburgk's Deer. Today we can only estimate a description of the original habitat and wildlife by comparing with that of neighbouring countries and it is believed that it would have consisted of freshwater swamps inland and salty mangroves on the coast and the river estuaries. The swamp would have been covered in Phragmites marsh grasses and today there is a small area of this remaining in Khao Sam Roi Yot National Park, a relic of the original landscape.
As so much has been cleared or altered the potential for creating large protected areas to preserve original habitat no longer exists. However much wildlife does remain in the rice fields and steps may be taken to preserve these as urban and industrial development on the plains is ongoing and the Industrial Estate Authority of Thailand has very little control or planning over this. Particular threats come from the conversion of rice paddies to large-scale production of prawns by pumping in seawater, and the use of pesticides to eliminate the introduced snail Pomacea canaliculata, which damages rice plants.
JALALABAD, 15 October 2016 - A boy looks on as a money changer goes about his business from a small shop in Talashi square, eastern Jalalabad city.
Money changers are a common sight in Afghanistan, sometimes standing on the roadside with fistfuls of cash, waiting for their next customer.
Photo UNAMA / Shafiqullah Waak.
Presided by Commander of Allied Maritime Command, Vice Admiral Keith Blount (COM MARCOM), the Change of Command Ceremony for the Standing NATO Maritime Group One take place Haakonshallen in Bergen, Norway, on Monday 9 December 2019. Commander Standing NATO Maritime Group One (SNMG1), Rear Admiral lower half edwrd Cashman (US Navy) is relieved by Commodore Yngne Skoglund (Royal NOR Navy).
NATO Photo by WO Stephane Dzioba (FRA N)
Photo showing the LINZ CHANGES pavilion from top of a Ferris Wheel.
The setting of the LINZ CHANGES presentation of Linz is a 20×37-meter pavilion, a striking venue designed by ANY:TIME. On the exterior, a 6½-meter-tall cube is completely surrounded by a strip of artificial turf, a green band meant to symbolize the successful environmental protection measures that have so tremendously enhanced the quality of life in Linz. On both sides of the entrance, this façade seems to have been rolled away to open up a view of the mirrored metal interior. This material transition from green artificial turf to polished metal alludes to the numerous layers on which the so-called “Linz System” is based. Plus, it reflects each individual visitor, who thus becomes a part of the whole.
credit: Robertba
Over breakfast this morning, I had the pleasure of hearing Sarah Murray talk about food. Although the subject wasn't my croissants and coffee, her new book covers almost everything else: Moveable Feasts: From Ancient Rome to the 21st Century, the Incredible Journeys of the Food We Eat.
In the photo above she is demonstrating the tiffin lunchbox in which hundreds of thousands of Indians receive their daily lunches through a hub-and-spoke network with an efficiency and error rate worthy of study by FedEx. (I won't attempt to retell the story here, but indeed even the Six Sigma Institute took a close look at the amazing "dabbawala" system).
From olive oil to bananas to boneless salmon, Sarah's talk was full of illuminating facts and figures. Much of this goes against conventional wisdom, particularly with regard to "carbon footprints" (the greenhouse gases produced in an activity).
One (allegedly delicious) example comes from Walker's Smoky Bacon potato crisps (i.e. chips):
- One bag has a carbon footprint of 74g
- Only 9% of that comes from transportation and distribution
- Largest source of CO2 is the frying/cooking of the potatoes, which takes much more energy with wet potatoes
- Farmers are paid on weight, so their incentive is to keep potatoes moist ( and farmers thus store potatoes in heated greenhouses, further using energy/producing CO2)
- Thus changing the pricing system away from wet weight would simulatenously benefit the farmers and the potato chip manufacturers, not to mention the environment.
Similarly, by filling trucks and containers more efficiently, load optimization software has arguable had a bigger impact on CO2 reduction than has local food production. Some may spin this as an argument for "big food," but it also offers hope for local/regional alliances of food producers to coordinate distribution more efficiently .
Ms. Murray doesn't pretend to provide simple solutions to these complicated issues, but her rich treatment of the subject offers insights for people from across the political and environmental spectrum.
While the subject is food, the book has tremendous relevance to the present debates over globalization, trade policy, biofuels, and national security. And of course I equally recommend it for all those who enjoy learning more about the often surprising provenance of the food they put in their mouths.
Sarah Murray's book is available here from Amazon. My thanks to the Aspen Institute for organizing this event.
More fun with the Deep Dream Generator, taking my own photos as base images and seeing where it goes.
This one was using ‘Full Fathom Five’ from The Tempest.
I'm like a proud mother, the caterpillars that turned into cocoons hatched into these lovely butterflys today.
Isn't nature wonderful
Within 15 minutes this evening, the sky in Richhill changed in so many ways and into so many different colours! Absolutely fantastic! ☀️
“You cannot change your destination overnight, but you can change your direction overnight”
~Jim Rohn
[Day 149/365]
First film through this
This section of the Berlin Wall sits outside Imperial War Museum London. The colourful artwork with the positive Change Your Life message was created by the graffiti artist 'Indiano', and is said to have been inspired by a Rainer Maria Rilke poem. The colourful front of the Wall was on the West side, whereas the reverse side – facing East – is dull and grey and forbidding.
London, UK
- Từ đâi t sẽ thâi đỗi
- Thâi đỗi thành 1 con ngừi khác
- Sẽ ko còn ai xa lánh t
- Sẽ ko còn ai khi dễ t nữa
- T péc t nợ tụi bâi wá nhìu ròi p~ hôg ... :)
- Từ bâi h` t sẽ trả hếc cho tụi bâi
COME BACK
- 1 con ngừi mới hoàn toàn ...
- Bon: Nhữg lúc t bùn mày là ngừi bên t
- Zúp t xua đi nhữg bùn phiền đó
- Còn nhìu nhìu nữa Bon àh ...
- T c.ơn mày rất nhìu :)
- P~ chăg t v' mày là b. thân
- Là zo có duyên v' nhau chăg ? ...
- T mứn nói v' mày 1 đìu thôi ...
- Đừg xa t nhé BUFFALO crazy :)
- T cần mày :)
- Mèo: Nếu thấy mah làm phiền con wá
- Thỳ con cứ nói :) ...
- Nói 1 tiếg mah sẽ ko làm phiền con n~
- Mah th* con lắm Mèo
- Mah chĩ mứn con đc zui ... đc h.p
- Níu như đó h` mah kó làm con bùn
- Thỳ cho mah xin lỗi :)
- Đừg bùn mah nha con :)
- Th* con ... c.gái :)
- Ck` kưn: Có thễ e đã ko mang lại h.p cho a ... E cũg hôg mứn a wen e màh a lại ko kó h.p ...
- Níu z. cứ nói cho e péc nha a :)
- E th* a lắm :)
- YANL Ty ạ ... :)
Local citizens in the Northampton, Massachusetts area have held Climate Dot signs--and one large one saying "No Tar Sands Pipeline--Stop Climate Change!"--every day at morning and evening rush hour from Monday to Friday of this week. These photos were taken Thursday and Friday, at the edge of the largest bridge in the valley with the highest volume of traffic. We'll be there again in even bigger numbers today!!
I feel THAT kind of change is coming. When you hear change, don't you think of the dreaded M word? No, not magical or marvelous but MENOPAUSE. Well, I am only moments away from the next hot flash. So, get a grip! (I am telling myself) For the group, Parallel Vision This week's word is Change.
I cannot endure to waste anything as precious as autumn sunshine by staying in the house. So I spend almost all the daylight hours in the open air.
~ Nathaniel Hawthorne
La vida cambia, y a veces lo hace en segundos. Puedes estar de lo más feliz por algo o alguien, y al medio minuto las lágrimas sustituyen esa magnífica sonrisa que ha brillado en tu rostro durante los días anteriores, ¡o durante esa mismísima mañana!
Las cosas cambian, la vida cambia, y sólo nos queda conformarnos con lo que vendrá y esperar que el futuro nos haga olvidar todo lo desagradable; o quizás no olvidarlo, pero sí suavizarlo.
HI
Here is my photo for India.
No coal mining in Australia.
Regards,
Catherine and Clive Carlyle
John and Kerry Probert
Mount Gambier and Naracoorte
South Australia
With the air temperature on the rise and leaf and flower buds starting to open, it is finally starting to feel like Spring. B and I just couldn’t spend the day inside. With car windows down and the smell of ocean breeze filling the car we took the road less traveled, complete with the old wooden toll bridge, on our way out to lunch.
Submitted to ODC/ topic ~ negative space
You all know how much I wanted to post another photo of “Baby Girl”.
Ha, ha! Not the best example of the camera's capabilities, hopefully! But I decided today to buy a cheap carry-aound camera to use on fully-auto, after getting fed up with my expensive one (and selling it for about 4x the price of this one). Using my phone camera has been OK, but I had planned to get an upgrade, which would have been pretty expensive, and not really necessary, so I'll see how this camera goes. I also got a selfie-stick (which I haven't looked at yet), and was pleased to find a couple of pairs of Crocs in the sale at SportsDirect. I had a quiet day with a bit of indulgence, which I felt I needed - watching TV and buying the above. Also did some food shopping and weeding, but no cleaning or sorting stuff for charity/tip, which made a pleasant change!
The giant wall screen in the Crystal Lobby on the cruise ship was used for Wii games throughout the day.
I noticed the "Change Mii" display - is that all it takes - the push of a button to "change mii" ?
This photo (and the following ones) was taken at the Election Night with NC Democratic Party event downtown Raleigh. This specific photo was taken few moments after the announcement of Obama's election.
I don't think I was ever hugged or high fived so much by complete strangers as tonight :>
And so many people were crying and laughing and jumping (including on top of my left foot :P).
After many years in the US, I can definitely say one thing: when this country needs to change, it does. And typically for the better.
Unfortunately, I can't say the same for Italy right now, where change is basically a synonym for "bad".
But it will!