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A friend and I were lucky enough to be invited on a tour of Draper's Hall in the City of London. This is the home of the Draper's Company, which is the third Livery Company of London. The original building on the site was a mansion built by Thomas Cromwell in the 1530s, but it was forfeited to Henry VIII in 1540 when Cromwell was executed. It was then sold on to the Draper's Company in 1543 for the sum of approx.£1200.
The Hall was destroyed by the Great Fire of London in1666, although, as it had large gardens, it acted as a fire break, and many people threw their valuables over the wall in order to save them.
It was rebuilt between 1667 and 1671, but in 1772 was badly damaged by another fire. It was rebuilt, and then the interiors were greatly changed in the 19th century by the Victorians.
It was virtually impossible to see the outside of the building as it is now surrounded by skyscrapers, and new building work.
www.thedrapers.co.uk/Company/History-And-Heritage/Drapers...
NYC: Battery Park / WFC (Ceiling)
World Financial Center (aka Brookfield Place)
Leica M-P (Typ 240) | Leica Elmar-M 3.8/24 ASPH
Slug: NAS/Great Hall.Date: 09-2009.Photographer: Virginia Photographer - Mark Finkenstaedt.Location: National Academy of Science C Street, NW Washington, DC.Caption: National Academy of Science Great Hall Dome. 21st & C Street, NW Washington, DC
Historic Environment Record for H BUILDING, Malvern, UK
The building, having military purposes and designated locally as H building, sits on a former Government Research site in Malvern, Worcestershire at Grid Ref SO 786 447. This site was the home of the Telecommunications Research Establishment (TRE) from 1946. It has been owned by QinetiQ since 2001 and is in the process (October 2017 to February 2018) of being sold for redevelopment.
This unique building has at its heart a ‘Rotor’ bunker with attached buildings to house radar screens and operators as well as plant such as emergency generators. Twenty nine Rotor operational underground bunkers were built in great urgency around Britain to modernise the national air defence network, following the Soviet nuclear test in 1949. Two factors make H building’s construction and purpose unique; this prototype is the only Rotor bunker built above ground and it was the home to National Air Defence government research for 30 years.This example of a ROTOR bunker is unique instead of being buried, it was built above ground to save time and expense, as it was not required to be below ground for its research purpose.
H Building was the prototype version of the Rotor project R4 Sector Operations Centre air defence bunkers. Construction began in August 1952 with great urgency - work went on 24 hours a day under arc lights. The main bunker is constructed from cross bonded engineering bricks to
form walls more than 2 feet thick in a rectangle approximately 65ft x 50ft. The two internal floors are suspended from the ceiling. The original surrounding buildings comprise, two radar control and operator rooms, offices and machine plant.
The building was in generally good order and complete. The internal layout of the bunker remains as originally designed. The internal surfaces and services have been maintained and modernised over the 55 years since its construction (Figure 3). The first floor has been closed over.
There are some later external building additions around the periphery to provide additional accommodation.
In parts of the building the suspended floor remains, with 1950s vintage fittings beneath such as patch panels and ventilation ducts.
The building has been empty since the Defence Science & Technology Laboratories [Dstl] moved out in October 2008
As lead for radar research, RRE was responsible for the design of both the replacement radars for the Chain Home radars and the command and control systems for UK National Air Defence.
Project Rotor was based around the Type 80 radar and Type 13 height finder. The first prototype type 80 was built at Malvern in 1953 code named Green Garlic. Live radar feeds against aircraft sorties, were fed into the building to carry out trials of new methods plotting and reporting air activity
A major upgrade of the UK radar network was planned in the late 1950s – Project ‘Linesman’ (military) / ‘Mediator’ (civil) – based around Type 84 / 85 primary radars and the HF200 height finder. A prototype type 85 radar (Blue Yeoman) was built adjacent to H Building in 1959. live radar returns were piped into H Building.
Subsequently a scheme to combine the military and civil radar networks was proposed. The building supported the research for the fully computerised air defence scheme known as Linesman, developed in the 1960s, and a more integrated and flexible system (United Kingdom Air Defence Ground Environment or UKADGE) in the 1970s.
The building was then used for various research purposes until the government relinquished the main site to QinetiQ in 2001. Government scientists continued to use the building until 2008. Throughout its life access was strictly controlled by a dedicated pass sytem.
Notable civil spin-offs from the research in this building include the invention of touch screens and the whole UK Civil Air Traffic Control system which set the standard for Europe.
Chronology
1952 - Construction work is begun. The layout of the bunker area duplicates the underground version built at RAF Bawburgh.
1953 - Construction work is largely completed.
1954 - The building is equipped and ready for experiments.
1956-1958 - Addition of 2nd storey to offices
1957-1960 - Experiments of automatic tracking, novel plot projection systems and data management and communications systems tested.
1960-1970 - Project Linesman mediator experiments carried out including a novel display technique known as a Touch screen ( A World First)
TOUCHSCREEN
A team led by Eric Johnson in H building at Malvern. RRE Tech Note 721 states: This device, the Touch Sensitive Electronic Data Display, or more shortly the ‘Touch Display’, appears to have the potential to provide a very efficient coupling between man and machine. (E A Johnson 1966). See also patent GB 1172222.
Information From Hugh Williams/mraths
1980-1990 - During this period experiments are moved to another building and H building is underused.
1990-1993 - The building was re-purposed and the bunker (room H57) had the first floor closed over to add extra floor area.
2008- The bunker was used until late 2008 for classified research / Joint intelligence centre
2019 - Visual Recording of the buildings interior by MRATHS. Be means of a LIDAR scan and photographs being taken. The exterior was mapped with a drone to allow a 3D Image of the building to be created via Photogrammetry. This was created in Autodesk Photo Recap.
2020 - Building demolished as part of the redevelopment of the site.
Information sourced from MRATHS
Quite surprised me to find her crouched on the floor, positioning the shot carefully to get this! She only had two attempts at it! Better than me! Quite an artistic eye I thought!
Back to my trip to Europe last year for a while!
Sforza Castle, Milan, day 6 of our Cosmos tour, October 5, 2012. We arrived late in the afternoon so didn't see all I wanted to see as we left very early the next morning. So not many good shots as it was too late in the day!
Castello Sforzesco (English: Sforza Castle) is a castle in Milan, Italy, that used to be the seat and residence of the Duchy of Milan and one of the biggest citadels in Europe. It now houses several of the city's museums and art collections.
The original construction on the site began in the 14th century. In 1450, Francesco Sforza began reconstruction of the castle, and it was further modified by later generations. A number of the rooms originally had elaborate internal decoration - the best known of these being the Sala Delle Asse, which contains ceiling paintings by Leonardo da Vinci.
After the French victory in the 1515 Battle of Marignano, the defeated Massimiliano Sforza, his Swiss mercenaries, and the cardinal-bishop of Sion retreated into the Castello Sforzesco. However, King Francis I of France followed them into Milan, and his sappers placed mines under the castle's foundations, whereupon the defenders capitulated.
Under the Spanish domination, the castle was developed: between 15th and 16th century, it had a garrison of some 1000 to 3000 men, and was one of the biggest citadels in Europe. It became a star fort, following the addition of 12 bastions. The external fortifications reached 3 km in length and covered an area of 25,9 hectares.
Most of the outer fortifications were demolished during the period of Napoleonic rule in Milan under the Cisalpine Republic. The semi-circular Piazza Castello was constructed around the city side of the castle, surrounded by a radial street layout of new urban blocks bounded by the Foro Buonoparte. The area on the "country" side of the castle was laid out as a vast 700m by 700m square parade ground known as Piazza d'Armi.
After the unification of Italy in the 19th century, the castle was transferred from military use to the city of Milan. Parco Sempione, one of the largest parks in the city, was created on the former parade grounds.
The government of Milan undertook restoration work, which was directed by Luca Beltrami. The Via Dante was cut through the medieval street layout in the 1880s to provide a direct promenade between the castle and the Duomo on axis with the main gate. The central Filarete tower above the main city entrance was rebuilt between 1900 and 1905 as a monument to King Umberto I.
Allied bombardment of Milan in 1943 during World War II severely damaged the castle. The post-war reconstruction of the building for museum purposes was undertaken by the BBPR architectural partnership.
Fro More Info: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sforza_Castle
For More Info on Milan: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milan
The Done House by Glenn Murcutt; The window right below the ceiling makes the barrel-vaulted ceiling appear lighter as if it is floating.
The Tudor ceiling of the Great Hall in Wollaton Hall, designed by Robert Smythson and completed in 1588.