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Ophiomorpha burrows in subtidal fossiliferous aragonitic limestones (Cockburn Town Member, Grotto Beach Formation, lower Upper Pleistocene, 114-127 k.y.) at Ophiomorpha Bay, Cockburn Town Fossil Reef, western margin of San Salvador Island, eastern Bahamas.
Trace fossils are indirect evidence of ancient life. They are structures representing the behavior of ancient organisms. Terrestrial traces are moderately common in the Quaternary limestones of San Salvador Island (& elsewhere in the Bahamas). The marine facies also have trace fossils.
Ophiomorpha is a moderately large, curvilinear, subcylindrical burrow having a externally pelleted lining that is constructed below the seafloor by callianassid shrimp (life.bio.sunysb.edu/marinebio/soft_05.jpg). Differential weathering and erosion often results in empty Ophiomorpha tubes (intraburrow porosity) and significant interburrow porosity. For more info. on this, see below (= my personal notes from a talk presented by Al Curran).
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"Macroporosity and Permeability Related to Callianassid Bioturbation and Ophiomorpha Ichnofabric in Pleistocene Shallow-Marine Carbonates: Examples from the Bahamas and South Florida"
Al Curran (Department of Geosciences, Smith College, Northampton, Massachusetts, USA)
Presented 18 June 2010 at the 15th Symposium on the Geology of the Bahamas and Other Carbonate Regions, Gerace Research Centre, San Salvador Island, Bahamas
Looking at callianassid bioturbation & Ophiomorpha ichnofabric & environments conducive to callianassid habitation.
Ophiomorpha consists of branching, lined burrows - the tubes are smooth on the interior and distinctly pelletted on the outside. Callianassid shrimp (life.bio.sunysb.edu/marinebio/soft_05.jpg) construct the lining. Ophiomorpha burrows can go quite deep. This ichnogenus goes back to the Middle Jurassic. The burrow is the habitation location for the shrimp - it hardly ever goes out after the larval stage.
Ophiomorpha architecture varies - shafts, tiered mazes, irregular boxworks. Shaft Ophiomorpha architecture is not found in the Bahamas or in carbonates.
Callianassids are decapod crustaceans (Thalassinidea). There are 155 living species of Family Callianassidae. Actually, there are now >200 species.
Callianassids are part of the marine benthos - they are mostly burrowers. They are gone north of Myrtle Beach. There’s a high number of species in the tropics. 95% of callianassids are intertidal to shallow marine.
Ichnofabric - all aspects of texture & internal structure of sediments from bioturbation.
Glypturus acanthocinus Stimpson, 1866 is the callianassid shrimp seen on San Salvador Island. This is the callianassid species that makes the mounded topography seen in Pigeon Creek in southeastern San Salvador Island, Bahamas - biogenic topography. Glypturus acanthocinus is an ecosystem engineer - it lives 1 to 1.5 m below the substrate. It’s hard to catch.
Glypturus acanthocinus burrow architecture - a tiered spiral is shown in the literature & by resin casts.
Callianassid tropical habitats - backreef lagoons, adjacent to & within coral reefs, leeward shelf of isolated platforms, platform shelves.
There’s probably >1 species of callianassid on San Salvador Island.
Shallow subtidal = backreef lagoonal environments & tidal channel environments.
Graham’s Harbour - it's ~1.5 m down to bedrock at the beach; bare areas are heavily callianassid burrowed & in grassbeds (despite what the literature says).
An excurrent structure occurs at the tip of the mound (sand volcano). An incurrent structure occurs at the base.
The pockets of burrows accumulate coarser-grained sediments, but this hasn’t been seen yet in the rock record.
Ophiomorpha walls are quite thick - up to 1 cm thick. Can get giant callianassid Ophiomorpha tunnels.
Ophiomorpha walls are a mix of sediments and fecal pellets (fine-grained sediments/mud).
Some have shafts/tunnels with blind endings (terminus structures).
Have also seen examples from Exuma and Rum Cay and from a stromatolite-bearing tidal channel at Lee Stocking Island (all in the Bahamas).
Some Ophiomorpha burrows have incorporated shells.
Shafts/tunnels are commonly 1.5 to 4 cm wide.
Favriina coprolites - callianassid fecal pellets - have networks of holes within them - the pattern is species-specific.
Ichnogenic macroporosity:
1) intraburrow porosity - tube interior
2) interburrow porosity - between burrows (in close proximity) - they form a framework - in such situations, the matrix is more likely to be removed than the framework itself.
Cockburn Town Fossil Reef on San Salvador Island - can see both intraburrow and interburrow porosity. Do the porosity patterns seen here occur at depth?
Miami Limestone & Biscayne Aquifer - the main water supply in southern Florida.
Floridan Aquifer - a deeper aquifer than Biscayne.
Biscayne Aquifer porosity - matrix porosity (mm scale or less) + macroporosity (caves & Ophiomorpha burrows).
Miami Limestone - cf. ooid shoals (intertidal/shallow subtidal of Joulter Cay - callianassids occur there).
Miami Zoo - the blocks that animals climb on & the facing stones there have Ophiomorpha ichnofabric.
Miami Limestone - air-rock - largely pore space - both intraburrow and interburrow porosity are present from lots of Ophiomorpha.
Florida's Alice Wainwright Park has Miami Limestone with Ophiomorpha, from Glypturus acanthochinus callianassid shrimp - have tiered spiral burrows. There is >1 Ophiomorpha maker species, apparently.
Examples of ichnogenic macroporosity:
1) Ophiomorpha macroporosity - Miami Limestone of southern Florida & Upper Pleistocene of Bahamas.
2) Thalassinoides (www.southampton.ac.uk/~imw/jpg-Portland-Harbour/8PTH-U-Sa...) (Ex: superperm in the Ghawar Oil Field, Arabia)
3) mangroves
et couraient le risque d’être précipités dans le fleuve.
Borderline personality disorder and border fantasies
Manipulative behavior to obtain nurturance is considered by the DSM-IV-TR and many mental health professionals to be a defining characteristic of borderline personality disorder.[150] However, Marsha Linehan notes that doing so relies upon the assumption that people with BPD who communicate intense pain, or who engage in self-harm and suicidal behavior, do so with the intention of influencing the behavior of others.[151] The impact of such behavior on others – often an intense emotional reaction in concerned friends, family members, and therapists – is thus assumed to have been the person's intention.[151]
However, since people with BPD lack the ability to successfully manage painful emotions and interpersonal challenges, their frequent expressions of intense pain, self-harming, or suicidal behavior may instead represent a method of mood regulation or an escape mechanism from situations that feel unbearable.[152] Linehan notes that if, for example, one were to withhold pain medication from burn victims and cancer patients, leaving them unable to regulate their severe pain, they would also exhibit "attention-seeking" and self-destructive behavior in order to cope.[153]
This is a cropped version of the previous image, with the chair and sweater of image #0827 canvased and cloned into the bottom, in order to make it a vertical image.
(little-brother-B_0821c)
An aerial photograph of a prescribed fire of a coastal marsh at Cedar Island NWR. A mosaic burn pattern is beneficial as it improves diversity in the habitat with islands of unburned habitat within the burn unit.
Leri Cavour - Ronsecco ( VC ). Piedmont - North Italy.
20 Agust 2011.
Camera Canon EOS 40 D and Tele 300 mm.Tokina.
Esposizione: 0,002 sec (1/500)
Apertura: f/7.1
ISO: 100
Exposure Bias: +2/3
Please, don't use this image on websites, blogs or other media without my explicit permission.
© All rights reserved.
Right whale Catalog #1701 and calf engaging in nursing behavior on January 25, 2015 off Cumberland Island, GA. If you look closely, you can see the grayish outline of the calf’s fluke under the water near its mother’s fluke.
Photo Taken: January 25, 2015
Photo Credit (full credit required for use):
Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, taken under NOAA research permit #15488.
This meeting will be convened by ITU and involves regulators, policy‐makers, and representatives from industry and civil society to gain insight into how current consumer trends in terms of behavior and demand of services and applications are forecasted to develop, and how this will affect the required bandwidth capacities.
The session serves to allow top-executive industry representatives to present their global outlooks and to allow stakeholders to share their experiences and perspectives on how to jointly best address the issues and challenges raised by these outlooks. The session is driven by stakeholders’ contributions on the topic at hand.
Day 2
14 May 2013
ITU/ Claudio Montesano Casillas
Older, more mature herd bulls are much slower in this manuever than young bulls like this one. Young bulls are always having to be defensive, alert to the herd bull coming to chase them out of the territory. Best viewed original. All rights reserved.
Lt Governor Rutherford chairs the Mental & Behavioral Health Commission by Joe Andrucyk at Governor's Reception Room, 100 State Circle, Annapolis MD 21401
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The projections at the end of the mandible is typical of falcons kites, and some accipiters. In allows them to slide their beak down the neck of their prey and sever the spinal cord. A quick, clean kill.
The late afternoon sky looks different from this angle.
I was lucky to have a patient bird.
Colombia
Potoos are nocturnal insectivores which lack the bristles around the mouth found in the true nightjars. They hunt from a perch like a shrike or flycatcher. During the day they perch upright on tree stumps, camouflaged to look like part of the stump. The single spotted egg is laid directly on the top of a stump. The mother sits in a cryptic pose with the chick on top of the stump.
I took this picture while on a photo tour led by Jeff Munoz of Rainforest Photo Tours (rainforestphototours.com).