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Yellow-billed Stork (Mycteria ibis) interacting in courtship behavior. The stork on the right had just brought in nesting material for the stork on the left. Image taken in Chobe National Park of Botswana.
The Garuda is a large bird-like creature, or humanoid bird that appears in both Hinduism and Buddhism. Garuda is the mount (vahana) of the Lord Vishnu. Garuda is the Hindu name for the constellation Aquila. The brahminy kite and phoenix are considered to be the contemporary representations of Garuda. Indonesia adopts a more stylistic approach to the Garuda's depiction as its national symbol, where it depicts a Javanese eagle (being much larger than a kite).
ABOUT GARUDA
In Hinduism, Garuda is a Hindu divinity, usually the mount (vahana) of the Lord Vishnu. Garuda is depicted as having the golden body of a strong man with a white face, red wings, and an eagle's beak and with a crown on his head. This ancient deity was said to be massive, large enough to block out the sun.
Garuda is known as the eternal sworn enemy of the Nāga serpent race and known for feeding exclusively on snakes, such behavior may have referred to the actual short-toed eagle of India. The image of Garuda is often used as the charm or amulet to protect the bearer from snake attack and its poison, since the king of birds is an implacable enemy and "devourer of serpent". Garudi Vidya is the mantra against snake poison to remove all kinds of evil.
His stature in Hindu religion can be gauged by the fact that a dependent Upanishad, the Garudopanishad, and a Purana, the Garuda Purana, is devoted to him. Various names have been attributed to Garuda - Chirada, Gaganeshvara, Kamayusha, Kashyapi, Khageshvara, Nagantaka, Sitanana, Sudhahara, Suparna, Tarkshya, Vainateya, Vishnuratha and others. The Vedas provide the earliest reference of Garuda, though by the name of Śyena, where this mighty bird is said to have brought nectar to earth from heaven. The Puranas, which came into existence much later, mention Garuda as doing the same thing, which indicates that Śyena (Sanskrit for eagle) and Garuda are the same. One of the faces of Śrī Pañcamukha Hanuman is Mahavira Garuda. This face points towards the west. Worship of Garuda is believed to remove the effects of poisons from one's body. In Tamil Vaishnavism Garuda and Hanuman are known as "Periya Thiruvadi" and "Siriya Thiruvadi" respectively.
In the Bhagavad-Gita (Ch.10, Verse 30), in the middle of the battlefield "Kurukshetra", Krishna explaining his omnipresence, says - " as son of Vinata, I am in the form of Garuda, the king of the bird community (Garuda)" indicating the importance of Garuda.
Garuda wears the serpent Adisesha on his left small toenail and the serpent Gulika on his right cerebral cortex. The serpent Vasuki forms his sacred thread. The cobra Takshaka forms his belt on his hip. The snake Karkotaka is worn as his necklace. The snakes Padma and Mahapadma are his ear rings. The snake Shankachuda adorns his divine hair. He is flanked by his two wives ‘Rudra’ and ‘Sukeerthi’ or (Sukirthi). These are all invoked in Vedanta Desika's Garuda Panchashath and Garuda Dandaka compositions. Garuda flanked with his consorts 'Rudra' and 'Sukirthi' can be seen worshipped in an ancient Soumya Keshava temple in Bindiganavile (or Mayura puri in Sanskrit ) in Karnataka state of India.
Garuda Vyuha is worshiped in Tantra for Abhichara and to protect against Abhichara. However, the interesting thing is that Garuda is the Sankarshna form of the lord who during creation primarily possesses the knowledge aspect of the lord (among Vasudeva, Sankarshana, Pradyumna and Aniruddha forms). The important point is that Garuda represents the five vayus within us : prana, apana, vyana, udana, samana through his five forms Satya, Suparna, Garuda, Tarkshya, Vihageshwara. These five vayus through yoga can be controlled through Pranayama which can lead to Kundalini awakening leading to higher levels of consciousness.
Garuda plays an important role in Krishna Avatar in which Krishna and Satyabhama ride on Garuda to kill Narakasura. On another occasion, Lord Hari rides on Garuda to save the devotee elephant Gajendra. It is also said that Garuda's wings when flying will chant the Vedas.
With the position of Garuda's hands and palms, he is also called 'Kai Yendhi Perumal', in Tamil.
IN THE MAHABHARATA
BIRTH AND DEEDS
The story of Garuda's birth and deeds is told in the first book of the great epic Mahabharata.[4] According to the epic, when Garuda first burst forth from his egg, he appeared as a raging inferno equal to the cosmic conflagration that consumes the world at the end of every age. Frightened, the gods begged him for mercy. Garuda, hearing their plea, reduced himself in size and energy.
Garuda's father was the creator-rishi Kasyapa. He had two wives, Vinata and Kadru, who were daughters of Prajapathi Daksha. Kasyapa, on the pleadings of his wives, granted them their wishes; Vinata wished for two sons and Kadru wished for thousand snakes as her sons. Both laid eggs, while the thousand eggs of Kadru hatched early (after steaming the eggs to hatch) into snakes, the hatching of two eggs of Vinata did not take place for a long time. Impatient, Vinata broke open one egg, which was half formed with the upper half only as a human and was thus deformed. Her half formed son cursed her that she would be slave for her sister (she was her rival) for a long time by which time her second son would be born who would save her from his curse; her first son who flew away and came to prominence as Aruna, the red spectacle seen as the Sun rises in the morning, and as also charioteer of the Sun. The second egg hatched after a long time during which period Vinata was the servant of her sister as she had lost a bet with her. When the second egg hatched, a fully grown, shining and of mighty sized bird form emerged as Garuda, the king of birds. Garuda was thus born.
One day, Vinata entered into and lost a foolish bet, as a result of which she became enslaved to her sister. Resolving to release his mother from this state of bondage, Garuda approached the serpents and asked them what it would take to purchase her freedom. Their reply was that Garuda would have to bring them the elixir of immortality, also called amrita. It was a tall order. The amrita at that time found itself in the possession of the gods, who guarded it zealously, since it was the source of their immortality. They had ringed the elixir with a massive fire that covered the sky. They had blocked the way to the elixir with a fierce mechanical contraption of sharp rotating blades. And finally, they had stationed two gigantic poisonous snakes next to the elixir as deadly guardians.
Undaunted, Garuda hastened toward the abode of the gods intent on robbing them of their treasure. Knowing of his design, the gods met him in full battle-array. Garuda, however, defeated the entire host and scattered them in all directions. Taking the water of many rivers into his mouth, he extinguished the protective fire the gods had thrown up. Reducing his size, he crept past the rotating blades of their murderous machine. And finally, he mangled the two gigantic serpents they had posted as guards. Taking the elixir into his mouth without swallowing it, he launched again into the air and headed toward the eagerly waiting serpents. En route, he encountered Vishnu. Rather than fight, the two exchanged promises. Vishnu promised Garuda the gift of immortality even without drinking from the elixir, and Garuda promised to become Vishnu's mount. Flying onward, he met Indra the god of the sky. Another exchange of promises occurred. Garuda promised that once he had delivered the elixir, thus fulfilling the request of the serpents, he would make it possible for Indra to regain possession of the elixir and to take it back to the gods. Indra in turn promised Garuda the serpents as food.At long last, Garuda alighted in front of the waiting serpents. Placing the elixir on the grass, and thereby liberating his mother Vinata from her servitude, he urged the serpents to perform their religious ablutions before consuming it. As they hurried off to do so, Indra swooped in to make off with the elixir. The serpents came back from their ablutions and saw the elixir gone but with small droplets of it on the grass. They tried to lick the droplets and thereby split their tongues in two. From then onwards, serpents have split tongues and shed their skin as a kind of immortality. From that day onward, Garuda was the ally of the gods and the trusty mount of Vishnu, as well as the implacable enemy of snakes, upon whom he preyed at every opportunity.
DESCENDANTS
According to the Mahabharata, Garuda had six sons (Sumukha, Suvarna, Subala, Sunaama, Sunethra and Suvarchas) from whom were descended the race of birds. The members of this race were of great might and without compassion, subsisting as they did on their relatives the snakes. Vishnu was their protector.
AS A SYMBOL
Throughout the Mahabharata, Garuda is invoked as a symbol of impetuous violent force, of speed, and of martial prowess. Powerful warriors advancing rapidly on doomed foes are likened to Garuda swooping down on a serpent. Defeated warriors are like snakes beaten down by Garuda. The field marshal Drona uses a military formation named after Garuda. Krishna even carries the image of Garuda on his banner.
IN BUDDHISM
In Buddhist mythology, the Garuda (Pāli: garuḷā) are enormous predatory birds with intelligence and social organization. Another name for the Garuda is suparṇa (Pāli: supaṇṇa), meaning "well-winged, having good wings". Like the Naga, they combine the characteristics of animals and divine beings, and may be considered to be among the lowest devas.
The exact size of the Garuda is uncertain, but its wings are said to have a span of many miles. This may be a poetic exaggeration, but it is also said that when a Garuda's wings flap, they create hurricane-like winds that darken the sky and blow down houses. A human being is so small compared to a Garuda that a man can hide in the plumage of one without being noticed (Kākātī Jātaka, J.327). They are also capable of tearing up entire banyan trees from their roots and carrying them off.
Garudas are the great golden-winged Peng birds. They also have the ability to grow large or small, and to appear and disappear at will. Their wingspan is 330 yojanas (one yojana being 8 miles long). With one flap of its wings, a Peng bird dries up the waters of the sea so that it can gobble up all the exposed dragons. With another flap of its wings, it can level the mountains by moving them into the ocean.
There were also the four garuda-kings: Great-Power-Virtue Garuda-King, Great-Body Garuda-King, Great-Fulfillment Garuda-King, and Free-At-Will Garuda-King, each accompanied by hundreds of thousands of attendants.
The Garudas have kings and cities, and at least some of them have the magical power of changing into human form when they wish to have dealings with people. On some occasions Garuda kings have had romances with human women in this form. Their dwellings are in groves of the simbalī, or silk-cotton tree.
The Garuda are enemies to the nāga, a race of intelligent serpent- or dragon-like beings, whom they hunt. The Garudas at one time caught the nāgas by seizing them by their heads; but the nāgas learned that by swallowing large stones, they could make themselves too heavy to be carried by the Garudas, wearing them out and killing them from exhaustion. This secret was divulged to one of the Garudas by the ascetic Karambiya, who taught him how to seize a nāga by the tail and force him to vomit up his stone (Pandara Jātaka, J.518).
The Garudas were among the beings appointed by Śakra to guard Mount Sumeru and the Trāyastriṃśa heaven from the attacks of the asuras.
In the Maha-samaya Sutta (Digha Nikaya 20), the Buddha is shown making temporary peace between the Nagas and the Garudas.
The Thai rendering of Garuda (ครุฑ Krut) as Vishnu vehicle and Garuda's quest for elixir was based on Indian legend of Garuda. It was told that Garuda overcame many heavenly beings in order to gain the ambrosia (amrita) elixir. No one was able to get the better of him, not even Narai (Vishnu). At last, a truce was called and an agreement was made to settle the rancor and smooth all the ruffled feathers. It was agreed that when Narai is in his heavenly palace, Garuda will be positioned in a superior status, atop the pillar above Narai's residence. However, whenever Narai wants to travel anywhere, Garuda must serve as his transport.
The Sanskrit word Garuda has been borrowed and modified in the languages of several countries. In Burmese, Garudas are called galone (ဂဠုန်). In Burmese astrology, the vehicle of the Sunday planet is the galone. In the Kapampangan language of the Philippines, the native word for eagle is galura. In Japanese a Garuda is called karura (however, the form Garuda ガルーダ is used in recent Japanese fiction - see below).
For the Mongols, the Garuda is called Khan Garuda or Khangarid (Mongolian: Хангарьд). Before and after each round of Mongolian wrestling, wrestlers perform the Garuda ritual, a stylised imitation of the Khangarid and a hawk.
In the Qing Dynasty fiction The Story of Yue Fei (1684), Garuda sits at the head of the Buddha's throne. But when a celestial bat (an embodiment of the Aquarius constellation) flatulates during the Buddha’s expounding of the Lotus Sutra, Garuda kills her and is exiled from paradise. He is later reborn as Song Dynasty General Yue Fei. The bat is reborn as Lady Wang, wife of the traitor Prime Minister Qin Hui, and is instrumental in formulating the "Eastern Window" plot that leads to Yue's eventual political execution. It is interesting to note The Story of Yue Fei plays on the legendary animosity between Garuda and the Nagas when the celestial bird-born Yue Fei defeats a magic serpent who transforms into the unearthly spear he uses throughout his military career. Literary critic C. T. Hsia explains the reason why Qian Cai, the book's author, linked Yue with Garuda is because of the homology in their Chinese names. Yue Fei's courtesy name is Pengju (鵬舉). A Peng (鵬) is a giant mythological bird likened to the Middle Eastern Roc. Garuda's Chinese name is Great Peng, the Golden-Winged Illumination King (大鵬金翅明王).
As a cultural and national symbol
In India, Indonesia and the rest of Southeast Asia the eagle symbolism is represented by Garuda, a large mythical bird with eagle-like features that appears in both Hindu and Buddhist mythology as the vahana (vehicle) of the god Vishnu. Garuda became the national emblem of Thailand and Indonesia; Thailand's Garuda is rendered in a more traditional anthropomorphic mythical style, while that of Indonesia is rendered in heraldic style with traits similar to the real Javan hawk-eagle.
INDIA
India primarily uses Garuda as a martial motif:
Garud Commando Force is a Special Forces unit of the Indian Air Force, specializing in operations deep behind enemy lines
Brigade of the Guards of the Indian Army uses Garuda as their symbol
Elite bodyguards of the medieval Hoysala kings were called Garudas
Kerala and Andhra pradesh state road transport corporations use Garuda as the name for a/c moffusil buses
Garuda rock, a rocky cliff in Tirumala in Andhra pradesh
13th century Aragalur chief, Magadesan's, insignia was Rishabha the sacred bull and the Garuda
INDONESIA
Indonesia uses the Garuda, called the Garuda Pancasila, as its national symbol, it is somewhat intertwined with the concept of the phoenix.
Garuda Pancasila is coloured or gilt gold, symbolizes the greatness of the nation and is a representation of the elang Jawa or Javan hawk-eagle Nisaetus bartelsi. The black color represents nature. There are 17 feathers on each wing, 8 on the lower tail, 19 on the upper tail and 45 on the neck, which represent the date Indonesia proclaimed its independence: 17 August 1945. The shield it carries with the Indonesian Panca Sila heraldry symbolizes self-defense and protection in struggle.
Indonesian national airline is Garuda Indonesia.
Indonesian Armed Forces United Nations peacekeeping missions is known as Pasukan Garuda or Garuda Contingent
Airlangga University, one of the oldest and leading university in Indonesia uses Garuda on its emblem. The emblem, containing a Garuda in a blue and yellow circle, is called "Garudamukha", and depicts Garuda as the bearer of knowledge, carrying a jug of Amrita, the water of eternity, symbolizing eternal knowledge.
In Bali and Java Garuda has become a cultural symbol, the wooden statue and mask of Garuda is a popular artworks and souvenirs.
In Bali, we can find the tallest Garuda statue of 18 metres tall made from tons of copper and brass. The statue is located in Garuda Wisnu Kencana complex.
Garuda has identified as Indonesian national football team in international games, namely "The Garuda Team".
The stylized brush stroke that resemble Garuda is appear in the logo of 2011 Southeast Asian Games, held in Palembang and Jakarta, Indonesia.
The stylized curves that took form of Garuda Pancasila is appear in the logo of Wonderful Indonesia tourism campaign.
THAILAND
Thailand uses the Garuda (Thai: ครุฑ, khrut) as its national symbol.
One form of the Garuda used in Thailand as a sign of the royal family is called Khrut Pha, meaning "Garuda, the vehicle (of Vishnu)."
The statue and images of Garuda adorned many Buddhist temples in Thailand, it also has become the cultural symbol of Thailand.
MONGOLIA
The Garuda, known as Khangarid, is the symbol of the capital city of Mongolia, Ulan Bator. According to popular Mongolian belief, Khangarid is the mountain spirit of the Bogd Khan Uul range who became a follower of Buddhist faith. Today he is considered the guardian of that mountain range and a symbol of courage and honesty.
The bird also gives its name to Hangard Aviation
Khangarid (Хангарьд), a football (soccer) team in the Mongolia Premier League also named after Garuda.
Garuda Ord (Гаруда Орд), a private construction and trading company based in Ulaanbaatar, also named after Garuda.
State Garuda (Улсын Гарьд) is a title given to the debut runner up in wrestling tournament during Mongolian National Festival Naadam.
SURINAME
In Suriname, there is a TV channel called Garuda. Suriname has a lot of people from Indonesia and Java, as it is a multicultural country.
WIKIPEDIA
I believe this to be the correct ID. The image was challenging in that I have not seen IDed published images of this species that are displaying such a large dorsal sail. If you have specific ID info re this guy please comment... I'm out of my home turf (comfort zone)!
IMG_5799; Brown Anole
Graduating students in the College Of Behavioral And Social Science (BSS) were honored during their Commencement Ceremony on Friday, May 18, 2018 in Chico, Calif.
(Jason Halley/University Photographer/CSU Chico)
She knows she's cute!
Don't forget to "Like" Charleston Canine Co. on Facebook! www.facebook.com/pages/Charleston-Canine-Co/207256299335685
This heavy mule deer buck has been hanging around our housing development for several days. This shot was from my back yard... in the foothills of the Sandia Mountains that tower over Albuquerque's eastern side. While we recently have seen bachelor herds of smaller bucks, this lone guy is likely the apex jefe in this area! He's on the prowl, and clearly advertising his intent! Small groups of does are also frequently seen here at this time of year... actually year round. They all munch on fruit tree bark and ornamental shrubbery. Most of our neighbors accept this behavior and are rewarded with visits like this!
IMG_9370; Mule Deer
VENICE, La. - Mr. Tom MacKenzie with U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service is documenting birds affected by the oil spill from Deepwater Horizon July 10, 2010. Mr. MacKenzie who works for external affairs records the overall behavior of birds on a daily basis to determine if human intervention is necessary. U.S. Air Force photo by Tech. Sgt. Polly Bennett
Lily balances a puzzle box on the top of her head while doing a puzzle...Why? You'll have to ask her!
My lovely and sweet girl Giusy with her huge and deep eyes...
(shot made using my friend Astragony's 5D and his 135L....cool stuff!!)
The Postcard
A Hartmann series postcard that was posted in Bournemouth on Saturday the 11th. March 1905 to a Miss Dido Lush who lived in Ealing, London W.
The message on the divided back of the card was as follows:
"Dear Little Dido,
We do think it so sweet of
you to send us a card.
Just as we were at our
wedding breakfast.
Hope you got our little
note.
J. is delighted with your
most useful present.
Again many thanks for it,
and for the p. card.
Love, Valerie & J".
Bournemouth
Bournemouth is a large coastal resort town on the south coast of England to the east of the Jurassic Coast, a World Heritage Site, 96 miles (155 km) long.
According to the 2011 census, the town has a population of 183,491, making it the largest settlement in Dorset. With Poole to the west and Christchurch in the east, Bournemouth forms the South East Dorset conurbation, which has a total population of over 465,000.
Before it was founded in 1810 by Lewis Tregonwell, the area was a deserted heathland occasionally visited by fishermen and smugglers.
Initially marketed as a health resort, the town received a boost when it appeared in Augustus Granville's 1841 book, The Spas of England.
Bournemouth's growth truly accelerated with the arrival of the railway.
The town centre has notable Victorian architecture, and the 202-foot (62 m) spire of St Peter's Church, one of three Grade-1 listed churches in the borough, is a local landmark.
Bournemouth's location has made it a popular destination for tourists, attracting over five million visitors annually with its beaches and popular nightlife.
The Lower, Central and Upper Gardens are Grade II* public parks, leading for several miles down the valley of the River Bourne through the centre of the town to the sea.
-- Decline
Many visitors and local residents express concern that Bournemouth's town centre has deteriorated, citing issues like empty shops, litter, and anti-social behavior, while the natural seafront and surrounding natural assets remain popular.
-- -- Town Centre and Public Spaces
-- Retail decline: High street store closures, vacant shopfronts, and shuttered bank branches have left parts of the commercial centre looking tired.
-- Maintenance and cleanliness: Public complaints frequently highlight overflowing bins, litter, broken car park lifts, and closed public toilets managed by BCP Council.
-- Social issues: Reports of street drinkers, begging, and anti-social behavior in areas like the town centre and lower gardens have impacted perceptions of safety.
-- -- The Coastline and Economy
-- The beach remains a draw: Bournemouth’s seven miles of sandy beaches and the immediate seafront continue to attract heavy tourist numbers and retain their core appeal.
-- Institutional stability: The presence of Bournemouth University alongside regional financial employers provides year-round economic activity that shields the area from complete stagnation.
-- Mixed local opinion: While critical letters in local papers such as the Bournemouth Echo emphasize a sharp decline, others argue that negative depictions exaggerate localized problems and overlook ongoing vitality.
'The Cingalee'
So what else happened on the day that the card was posted?
Well, the 11th. March 1905 marked the final performance in London of 'The Cingalee'.
'The Cingalee', or 'Sunny Ceylon' is a musical play in two acts by James T. Tanner, with music by Lionel Monckton, lyrics by Adrian Ross and Percy Greenbank, and additional material by Paul Rubens.
It opened at Daly's Theatre in London, managed by George Edwardes, on the 5th. March 1904, and ran until the 11th. March 1905 for a total of 365 performances.
The musical also had a short Broadway run, opening at the original Daly's Theatre in New York on the 24th. October 1904, and running for 33 performances.
'The Cingalee' is set in Ceylon, and concerns colonial tea planters (one of the most popular songs in the score is called simply 'Tea, tea, tea') in an era before the island became Sri Lanka. It was given a showy production, and was a success in London.
The fashion there for shows set in exotic Asian locales had been started by 'The Mikado' and was continued by 'The Geisha', 'San Toy', 'The Nautch Girl', 'A Chinese Honeymoon' and others. However there is little in the music to give 'The Cingalee' an Eastern flavour.
Monckton's catchy sextet, 'The Island of Gay Ceylon', his 'Pearl of Sweet Ceylon' and Ruben's 'White and Brown Girl', 'Sloe Eyes', 'Monkeys' and 'You and I' are highlights of the musical score.
The London cast included Hayden Coffin, Rutland Barrington, Huntley Wright and Isabel Jay. A young Lily Elsie also appeared in the show, as did Topsy Sinden.
Roles and Original Cast
Principal roles were:
- Harry Vereker (A Tea Planter) – C. Hayden Coffin
- Boobhamba (A Noble of Kandy) – Rutland Barrington
- Sir Peter Loftus (High Commissioner and Judge, Ceylon) – Fred Kaye
- Myamgah (An Indian Servant) – Willie Warde
- Bobby Warren, Dick Bosanquet, Freddie Lowther, Jack Clinton, Willie Wilson (Pupils of Vereker on the Tea Plantation)
- Captain of The Guard – Norman Greene
- Attendant – F. J. Blackman
- Chambhuddy Ram (A Baboo Lawyer) – Huntley Wright
- Nanoya (A Cingalese Girl) – Sybil Arundale
- Peggy Sabine – Gracie Leigh
- Naitooma, Sattambi, Mychellah, Coorowe (Four Tea Girls on Vereker's Plantation) – Carrie Moore, Alice d'Orme, Freda Vivian, Doris Severn
- Angy Loftus (Sir Peter's Daughter) – Doris Stocker
- Miss Pinkerton, Fräulein Weiner, Mademoiselle Chic, Signorina Tasso (Angy's Governesses) – Nina Sevening, Mary Fraser, Mabel Hirst, Joan Keddie
- Lady Patricia Vane – Isabel Jay
Synopsis of the Cingalee
Act I - Henry Vereker's Tea Plantation, Karagama, Ceylon
Seventeen year old Nanoya is a Cingalese girl who had been betrothed at the age of four to the potentate of Boobhamba as one of his many wives, each dressed in a different colour to prevent mistakes and consequent jealousy.
To avoid this fate, she had absconded and gone to work on a tea plantation belonging to Harry Vereker (but which has been fraudulently leased to him by a rascally lawyer, Chambuddy Ram). Harry falls in love with Nanoya and wishes to marry her.
Chambuddy has also expropriated a famous black pearl that formerly sat in the forehead of a great idol. It has found its way to London and, after a convoluted set of adventures, Harry buys it to adorn his intended.
Prince Boobhamba appeals to the British High Commissioner against Chambuddy, who is ordered to produce both Nanoya and the pearl within 24 hours. By chance he learns the true identity of Nanoya, and she is handed over, together with the pearl, to the Court.
Act II - Boobhamba's Palace by the Lake of Kandy
Harry, his mentor Lady Patricia Vane, Nanoya's 'teacher of deportment' Peggy Sabine and Chambuddy, to bolster his own position, all seek to rescue Nanoya from her fate, to inevitable failure.
Boobhamba then capriciously decides to marry Peggy Sabine instead, but she has words to say about that, and Chambuddy, in love with Peggy himself, backs her up. So Harry pairs off with Nanoya, Chambuddy pairs off with Peggy and Boobhamba is left with his existing harem.
Musical Numbers
Act I – Vereker's Tea Plantation, Karagama, Ceylon
1. Opening Chorus – 'Sleepy Ceylon.'
2. Octet: Tea Girls and Pupils – 'Girls on a tea plantation...'
3. Vereker – 'Beyond the bar of fair Manaar...'
4. Nanoya and Vereker – 'Little girl to school must go...'
5. Chorus and Scene – 'What on earth is that?'
6. March, Chorus and Song, Boobhamba – 'Hail the noble deeply venerated...'
7. Chambhuddy – 'Some years ago when a very chotah boy...'
8. Lady Patricia – 'As you have to decide on a bride...'
9. Naitooma and Tea Girls – 'Tea, Tea, Tea.'
10. Peggy and Chambhuddy – 'White and Brown Girl.'
11. Sextet – 'In the Island of Gay Ceylon.'
12. Nanoya – 'My Cinnamon Tree.'
13. Finale Act I – 'Have you found the girl?'
Act II – Boobhamba's Palace by the Lake of Kandy
14. Opening Chorus – 'At the Palace of Boobhamba...'
15. Nanoya, Tea Girls and Chorus – 'I'm a maiden merry, sorry to be sold...'
16. Concerted Number – 'I'm afraid I do not quite understand...'
17. Chambhuddy – 'If English Pot a rich man be...'
18. Vereker – 'My dear little Cingalee.'
19. Quartet – 'True Love.'
20. Naitooma and Chorus – 'A Cingalese Wedding.'
21. Chorus – 'On the quiet lake the moonbeams shimmer...'
22. Song - Boobhamba and Chorus – 'A Happy New Year.'
23. Song - Nanoya – 'You met a little girl one day...'
24. Duet - Peggy and Chambhuddy – 'In a jungle once on a time...'
25. Finale Act II – 'Cingalee, Cingalee...'
Critical Reception of Cingalee
Contemporary critics were overwhelmingly enamoured of the musical. The Stage commented:
'The Cingalee has all the elements that
make for long runs. It is elaborately set
and staged, charmingly dressed; the
music is in Mr. Monckton's best vein,
and the lyrics abound with graceful and
well-turned lines'.
The St. James's Gazette noted that:
'The first performance was received with
rapture on Saturday night by an enthusiastic
audience, and played with the most
admirable vivacity and smoothness by a
brilliant company".
In Lionel Monckton's music, The Daily Telegraph saw:
'A distinct leaning towards the traditions
of genuine comic opera, and in this
connection it is pleasant to find that what
may be called the Savoy manner has served
its composer as a bright answer'.
The Standard agreed, judging that:
'On the whole, this will be set down as
decidedly the best of Monckton's scores'.
Several critics commented that the second act was dramatically, if not visually, less effective than the first, although they offered different reasons, and a few papers regarded the piece ripe for pruning.
The Daily News stated that :
'A rather long interval helped to prolong
the performance until close on midnight'.
The Globe agreed that four hours was 'A little too much', but thought that 'The task of condensation will be easy'.
The Cingalee toured the British provinces, but then was only remounted on small scales, and only up to the pre-war 1940's. The condescending racial nature of the musical's libretto would be unacceptable today, and so the work is unlikely to be revived.
Litigation Surrounding the Cingalee
Captain Frederick John Fraser of the Indian Army sued George Edwardes, the producer of The Cingalee, in 1905 in King's Bench before Mr Justice Darling.
Fraser had written a comic opera called 'Hanjiahn', or 'The Lotus Girl'. He took this to Edwardes, who agreed to produce the opera within three years or pay a penalty of £300. Edwardes suggested that Fraser work with James T. Tanner to develop the work. Eventually, however, Edwardes returned the manuscript to Fraser unproduced.
Tanner went on to write, and Edwardes produced, 'The Cingalee'. Fraser sued on the basis of breach of copyright, claiming that his scenario had been used without his consent.
The defence countered that the libretti were not similar, that all plays hold points in common and that, if anything, both works used 'The Geisha' as their model. The jury found that an unfair use had indeed been made of Fraser's piece by the appropriation therefrom of characters, plot and other ideas. They assessed the damages at £3,000 plus court costs.
The case was noted in the press for the amount and quality of witty repartee among witnesses, counsel and Judge.
A 1930 memoir by one of Fraser's legal team assessed that the prosecution had erred by attacking the character of an obviously honourable man, and that the previously closely balanced case had been won by a legal ambush on one of the witnesses, the theatrical costume designer, Percy Anderson.
Anderson had written a sympathetic letter in April 1904 to the plaintiff indicating that Fraser had been badly treated by Edwardes, but when called as a witness by the defence, Anderson testified in support of Edwardes.
The plaintiff's counsel produced the forgotten letter in Anderson's handwriting, and made the unfortunate witness read it to the court, causing a sensation.
The jury, swayed by this evidence, were viewed as too generous in the damages awarded, and the defence appealed, primarily on that basis, with £2,000 being paid into court. An out of court settlement was reached for damages of this £2,000, plus costs, with all imputations by both sides being withdrawn, before the appeal could be argued.
For those of you here in the good ole USofA, you may or may not know what WIC is. I'm assuming that most of you non-Amerkuns (fer-nurs as they say here in Texas) don't have a clue.
WIC provides Federal grants to States for supplemental foods, health care referrals, and nutrition education for low-income pregnant, breastfeeding, and non-breastfeeding postpartum women, and to infants and children up to age five who are found to be at nutritional risk.
Now I happen to be an unapologetic liberal and believe strongly in a in this program. All you Tea Party patsies, anti-women's rights nit wits, right wing lunatics, Beck/Limbaugh sychophants and assorted other anti-governmental-program-only-use-my-tax-dollars-for-things-that-benefit-me folks (like my dad :o) may disagree but that's the way the shit stinks. It's for the CHILDREN (and they're not to blame).
Oh, speaking of shit, this just chaps my ass: Dirty diapers tossed out of a car and left for someone else to clean up. Now that's real nice isn't it. Bathroom in the building too far away? Trash can in the lot? I can only conjecture that the woman (girl?) who did this has twins but it could've been two moms making parking lot diaper changes (been there done that). People who walk their dogs and don't clean up after them piss me off. This is worse. Littering is bad enough.
Leãozinho Mingau, my grown up cat with 6 months and 4,200kg, drinking tap water, he loves to do that!
Smile is a gift, too, said Rasulullah (saw). Allah Ta'ala promised to give reward for one's sincere gift.
This is one of a number of species of sea urchins which put debris on top of themselves to protect themselves from UV, and to camouflage themselves. Interesting animal behavior, which I am currently researching.
I am currently in Malapascua, with the fantastic marine conservation NGO People and the Sea:
Fire behavior in a dense patch of saw palmetto understory at Florida Panther NWR in January of 2008. Photo by Josh O'Connor - USFWS
"Such behavior?", the cat said with a quizzical look. "My lady, this pink man is quite the con artist. He has stolen something very precious to me that I can never get back, so if you please, let me just give the wee fellow a good shaking, and be on my way".
Myth looked down at the peculiar pink man with a stern look. "Did you steal something from this cat, sir?", she said.
The pink man fumbled around a bit before answering "I may have done, but all in fun. I meant nothing by it, so please be quiet".
June 17, 2015 - WASHINGTON DC - "Triggering Behavior Change: Children's Role in Development". The World Bank and Sesame Workshop are educating boys and girls about safe access to water, sanitation, and hygiene, as well as better health and nutrition.
Sesame Street is the world's largest informal educator of children, reaching 156 million children in over 150 countries. The panelists will discuss the importance of behavior change, particularly the role children can play as agents of change.
World Bank Group President Jim Yong Kim; Sesame Workshop President & CEO Jeffrey Dunn; Sesame Street Health Ambassador Raya (left); Sesame Street Math Expert Count von Count. Photo: Simone D. McCourtie / World Bank
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This Week in Sex is a weekly summary of news and research related to sexual behavior, sexuality education, contraception, STIs, and more.
Contraceptive Pulled After Thousands of Complaints
Pharmaceutical giant Bayer announced last week that it was pulling its controversial contraceptive device, Essure, off the U.S. market after nearly 16,000 lawsuits. The company, however, suggests that its decision is based on declining sales due to “misleading information” on social media, not valid complaints.
Essure consists of two tiny coils made of a nickel alloy and a polyesterlike fiber. They are inserted into the fallopian tubes and cause scar tissue that blocks the tubes, thereby preventing sperm and egg from ever meeting. Essure was approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 2002 and lauded as the only nonsurgical method of sterilization; women could have the procedure done in a doctor’s office without incision or general anesthesia.
But problems emerged quickly. Between 2002 and 2017, 27,000 users have reported some negative effect to the FDA. In some, it failed to cause the scar tissue and left them unprotected from pregnancy. The FDA reports that the device can perforate the uterus or the fallopian tubes and travel to other parts of the body like the abdominal or pelvic cavities.
Other side effects listed on the FDA’s website include abdominal, pelvic, and back pain; headache; fatigue; weight changes; hair loss; mood changes; allergic reactions; joint or muscle pain; and muscle weakness. Some women who used the device claim that it caused other health issues including chronic pain, neurological problems, and even the development of autoimmune diseases like lupus and chronic fatigue syndrome.
Another issue: Because it was meant to be permanent, doctors were never trained in removal, which requires surgery of varying difficulty. With few doctors who could do the procedure, women who no longer wanted the device were often left with no or few options.
Advocates had put pressure on the FDA to pull its approval of the device with limited success. In 2016, the FDA agreed to put its strongest warning—called a “black box” warning—on it, which notes the possibility of serious side effects. This year, a follow-up decision required doctors and patients to sign a five-part checklist, acknowledging the potential risks before Essure could be inserted.
Despite this and claims filed by about 16,800 plaintiffs, the company stands behind its product. In April, Bayer spokesperson Steven Immergut told the New York Times: “We have experienced a decline in sales due to the broad dissemination of misleading and inaccurate information on social media that is influencing women’s choices.”
The FDA will continue to collect information on adverse side effects from users. But at the end of this year, Essure will no longer be available in the United States. It has already been taken off the market in Brazil, Canada, England, and France, among other countries.
New Pill Could Provide Relief to Those With Endometriosis
In better reproductive health news, the FDA announced approval of a new oral treatment for endometriosis, a condition that can make menstruation extremely painful. The new pill, which will be sold under the name Orilissa, has successfully reduced pain for participants in numerous clinical trials. But it comes with symptoms similar to menopause, including hot flashes and bone-density loss.
The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists estimates that one in ten women of reproductive age have endometriosis but many may not know they have it because it is often dismissed as regular menstrual pain. In the condition, uterine tissue grows outside the uterus—such as on the fallopian tubes, ovaries, bladder, or intestines, or in the space behind the uterus known as the cul de sac. Uterine tissue that grows outside the womb still thickens and fills with blood during the menstrual cycle, but it’s not shed through periods and that can trap a person in a cycle of escalating pain.
Those who have endometriosis often take the birth control pill, which can lessen menstrual flow and alleviate some of the pain. Others are given painkillers. More serious cases are treated with surgery to remove the tissue that has grown in the wrong place.
Orilissa is in a class of drugs known as gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor antagonists. They work by controlling the hormones that tell the body to make estrogen. This interrupts the cycle that thickens the lining of the uterus. In studies, this has been shown to dramatically reduce the pain that people with endometriosis experience during menstruation, between periods, and during intercourse.
Orilissa is not the first drug to work this way, but by only partially blocking the production of estrogen, it appears to work as well but have fewer side effects. And, because it is an oral medication and not an injection, doctors can try different doses and patients can stop taking it if the side effects become a problem.
As with any new drug, there are still some unanswered questions about Orilissa. The long-term effects are not known since participants only took it for about a year. Furthermore, studies comparing the drug to a placebo found that those taking it felt relief, but no studies were done comparing those on the new drug to those taking painkillers.
Orilissa could be available in several months.
Sperm Counts Are Going Down. Should We Worry?
Last summer, researchers announced the results of a meta-analysis that sperm counts are dramatically reduced from where they were 40 years ago. According to a piece in Thursday’s New York Times Style section, this announcement concerned researchers, intrigued entrepreneurs, and outraged those in the so-called men’s rights movement.
The research, conducted by an international team, looked at 185 studies that included semen samples from almost 43,000 men in 50 different countries collected between 1973 and 2011. The results show that sperm count in Western men dropped by 50 percent during those four decades.
Researchers don’t know what caused the decrease in sperm counts, but other studies have suggested that exposure to cigarettes, alcohol, and chemicals—including phthalates, a group of chemicals in plastics—in utero may lead to reduced sperm count. Obesity and stress may also play a role.
Efforts to do more research on the apparent sperm-count decreases have been hampered by lack of funding, but men’s rights activists think they have the answer. Shockingly, they blame women. Rollo Tomassi, who runs a site called The Rational Male, called the study “a watershed moment” and told the Times that he saw it as proof that society was weakening men. Daryush Valizadeh, who runs the men’s rights site The Return of Kings, trotted out more alarmist language by labeling the situation “a biological crisis.”
While men’s rights bloggers were blaming women, birth control, and soy (apparently it’s always soy), entrepreneurs are trying to find a way to profit from men’s fear about this newfound bio-deficit. Companies have created at-home sperm count tests (that run anywhere from $50 to $500), and cryobanking services are popping up to suggest young men freeze their sperm while their swimmers are still plenty and speedy.
We here at This Week in Sex think all of this is an overreaction. As Dr. Peter Schlegel, the chair of urology at Weill Cornell Medicine and New York-Presbyterian pointed out to the Times: “If you had a decrease in sperm count in the 50 to 60 percent range, we would expect the proportion of men with severe male infertility to be going up astronomically. And we don’t see that.”
So, let’s calm down. Sperm count is fickle. It can be down one day and up the next after a good rest. Before anyone buys a $600 centrifuge or starts freezing their fellers, ditch the “tighty whities” and skinny jeans, cut down on alcohol, stop smoking (pot and cigarettes), and eat healthier.
Plus, we need some research to see what might be destroying sperm and whether it matters for fertility. We’re pretty confident that women and soy are not to blame.
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"Ideo credendum quod incredibile."
[It is believable because it is unbelievable.]
– Robert Burton, "The Anatomy of Melancholy" (1621), Quoting Tertullian.
"Freud called rapport transference. He believed it was a revival of the original parent-child relationship. Psychoanalytically-trained hypnosis researchers believed trance obedience was rooted in an unconscious longing for, or regression to, a childhood behavior (or instinctual early programming) of total dependence on, and uncritical love of, the parent figures. Little children can believe anything."
– Carla Emery, in "A Textbook of Hypnotism".
"A man with a definite belief always appears bizarre, because he does not change with the world; he has climbed into a fixed star, and the earth whizzes below him like a zoetrope. Millions of mild black-coated men call themselves sane and sensible merely because they always catch the fashionable insanity, because they are hurried into madness after madness by the maelstrom of the world."
– Gilbert K. Chesterton, "Heretics" (1905).
Burkville, Virginia. Virginia Center for Behavior Rehabilitation.
Architect: Davis Carter Scott (2008).
Other project photos are at www.bfcollection.net/cities/usa/va/burkville/vcbr/vcbr.html