View allAll Photos Tagged behavior
The "walk" signal was on, meaning anybody could have had the right of way to walk across this street, but the motorist to my right was blocking the way. And they were being aggressive in constantly inching forward.
An adult Chipping Sparrow perches beside a begging juvenile, capturing a tender moment of parent-and-young behavior against a soft green background.
Southern Pacific was throwing everything at Tehachapi to find out what would stick - SD-9s, SD-35s, SD-39s, SD-40s, U30Cs, U-33Cs and more. Here five headend units (3 U-30Cs, an SD-39 and an SD-9) cross over their train just as a helper set of two SD-40s emerge from Tunnel 9. Units are 7929-5312-7915-7922-3957 + 8430-8434.
Three shot series. I watched this grebe for about 40 minutes as she diligently caught fish after fish and made sure both chicks were fed.
Best if viewed large. Maybe someone can explain this. I had just trimmed some bushes and placed the debris on the driveway. Went into the house for a few minutes, looked out the window and up came this cat. He went right to the brush pile, started sniffing and then chewing the cut ends. He stayed at it for over an hour. Sniffing and chewing. ???
Yellow-billed Stork (Mycteria ibis) interacting in courtship behavior. The stork on the right had just brought in nesting material for the stork on the left. Image taken in Chobe National Park of Botswana.
CMU's Alex Imas, a rising star in behavioral economics, talks to a CMU undergraduate student about the new B.A. in behavioral economics, policy and organizations.
Final Video Project for Interior Design Film Theory Class, spring 2007.
The topic was: THE OFFICE ENVIRONMENT.
PREMISE: The office is typically a masculine space, but one that ultimately emasculates its inhabitants. Themes like this are also explored in movies like Brazil, Being John Malkovich, Tron, and Office Space.
Furthermore, I was interested in how the emasculated office workers reclaim their identities. For instance, in Office Space, the main characters quit their jobs and smash up a copy machine. In Brazil, the main character escapes his demeaning workplace through fantasy (remember the glorious victorious winged hero, who, in his dreams looks a lot like David Bowie?). In Being John Malkovich, the main character escapes his belittling worklife by crawling through a trap door, through which he is able to inhabit and take over the body of famous actor, John Malkovich. I wanted to explore similar themes in my film. My main character (expertly played by Master Thespian John Thobe) escapes his frustrating work situation through furious bathroom masturbation. Enjoy!
PROCESS: No Script, No Plans, No Story Boards. 3 hours to shoot, 3 hours to edit. We made up the story completely on the fly. A few good friends in their business casual garb, one low quality hand-held cam, 2 university of cincinnati buildings, and a good clear night.
Thanxxx to My Goode Friends for Helping:
Protagonist: John Thobe
Antagonist: Nick Konwest
Pretty Lady: Ashley Smith
Camera, Creative Support: Steven Mingus, Andrew Reisert, Jessie LaRusso
I believe this to be the correct ID. The image was challenging in that I have not seen IDed published images of this species that are displaying such a large dorsal sail. If you have specific ID info re this guy please comment... I'm out of my home turf (comfort zone)!
IMG_5799; Brown Anole
She knows she's cute!
Don't forget to "Like" Charleston Canine Co. on Facebook! www.facebook.com/pages/Charleston-Canine-Co/207256299335685
This heavy mule deer buck has been hanging around our housing development for several days. This shot was from my back yard... in the foothills of the Sandia Mountains that tower over Albuquerque's eastern side. While we recently have seen bachelor herds of smaller bucks, this lone guy is likely the apex jefe in this area! He's on the prowl, and clearly advertising his intent! Small groups of does are also frequently seen here at this time of year... actually year round. They all munch on fruit tree bark and ornamental shrubbery. Most of our neighbors accept this behavior and are rewarded with visits like this!
IMG_9370; Mule Deer
VENICE, La. - Mr. Tom MacKenzie with U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service is documenting birds affected by the oil spill from Deepwater Horizon July 10, 2010. Mr. MacKenzie who works for external affairs records the overall behavior of birds on a daily basis to determine if human intervention is necessary. U.S. Air Force photo by Tech. Sgt. Polly Bennett
A red-winged blackbird perches along the boardwalk at Hendrie Valley Sanctuary, part of the Royal Botanical Gardens in Burlington, Ontario. Captured mid-song with its beak open and wings slightly lifted, the bird’s bright red and yellow shoulder patches stand out against the soft natural background. This dynamic moment showcases the beauty and vitality of Ontario’s wetland birdlife, perfect for themes related to birdwatching, wildlife behavior, and seasonal change.
Lily balances a puzzle box on the top of her head while doing a puzzle...Why? You'll have to ask her!
My lovely and sweet girl Giusy with her huge and deep eyes...
(shot made using my friend Astragony's 5D and his 135L....cool stuff!!)
For those of you here in the good ole USofA, you may or may not know what WIC is. I'm assuming that most of you non-Amerkuns (fer-nurs as they say here in Texas) don't have a clue.
WIC provides Federal grants to States for supplemental foods, health care referrals, and nutrition education for low-income pregnant, breastfeeding, and non-breastfeeding postpartum women, and to infants and children up to age five who are found to be at nutritional risk.
Now I happen to be an unapologetic liberal and believe strongly in a in this program. All you Tea Party patsies, anti-women's rights nit wits, right wing lunatics, Beck/Limbaugh sychophants and assorted other anti-governmental-program-only-use-my-tax-dollars-for-things-that-benefit-me folks (like my dad :o) may disagree but that's the way the shit stinks. It's for the CHILDREN (and they're not to blame).
Oh, speaking of shit, this just chaps my ass: Dirty diapers tossed out of a car and left for someone else to clean up. Now that's real nice isn't it. Bathroom in the building too far away? Trash can in the lot? I can only conjecture that the woman (girl?) who did this has twins but it could've been two moms making parking lot diaper changes (been there done that). People who walk their dogs and don't clean up after them piss me off. This is worse. Littering is bad enough.
Leãozinho Mingau, my grown up cat with 6 months and 4,200kg, drinking tap water, he loves to do that!
中文名称：消费者行为学(原书第7版)
英文名称： Consumer Behavior:Building Marketing Strategy(7th Edition)
作者: 德尔I.霍金斯 罗格J.贝斯特 肯尼思A.科尼 译者：符国群 等
市场价: ￥53.00
出版社: 机械工业出版社 ISBN：7-111-07557
出版日期:2000-8-1
丛书: 营销教材译丛
下载地址：右键点击此处另存。
译者序：
032c霍金斯.c贝斯特和科尼所著《消费者行为学》第1版问世于1980年,1后每隔3年修订一次.a本书是根据其最新一版即第7版译出.a1a1c1ac111c111a1a1
033c在西方众多的消费者行为学教科书中,2霍金斯等人的这部教材颇具特色,2而且在篇章结构与内容安排上比较符合东方人的思维方式与习惯.a全书分六大部分.a第一部分为导论,2介绍消费者行为的性质.c消费者行为在社会各个方面尤其是营销领域的运用,2暗含性地阐明了了解掌握消费者行为知识的意义与价值.a第二部分讨论了消费者行为的外部影响因素,2包括文化.c亚文化.c价值观.c性别.c角色.c人口与社会环境.c家庭和群体影响等.a虽然这一部分所引用的数据大部分来自美国,2但也有一部分材料(其中包括很多实例)来自其他国家或取自其他文化.a第三部分讨论消费者行为的内部影响因素,2包括知觉.c学习与记忆.c动机.c个性.c情绪.c态度.c自我概念与生活方式.a第四部分介绍消费者决策过程,2第五部分讨论组织购买行为,2最后一部分则集中审视和探讨消费者行为与营销规制方面的问题.a除第一部分以外,2其余各部分之后均附有若干与书本内容密切关联的案例.a另外,2书后两个附录对常用的消费者调研方法以及消费者行为审计做了简要介绍.a2a2c2ac222c222a2a2
034c本书内容全面.c广泛,3侧重从管理与运用角度对消费者行为进行讨论和分析.a每章后附有大量复习题.c讨论题和实践题.a所配的案例不仅紧密联系教材所介绍的概念.c原理,3而且短小精悍,3适合课堂阅读和讨论.a本书适合高等院校市场营销及相关专业本科生或研究生阅读,3也可作为有关理论与实际工作者的参考读物.a3a3c3ac333c333a3a3
035c各章翻译具体分工如下：前言及第1.c2章（符国群）,c第3章（肖本桥）,c第4章（吕万英）,c第5.c6.c7.c8章及第二部分案例（阴越）,c第9章（姚惠珍.c符国群）,c第10.c11.c12章（丁嘉丽）,c第13.c14章及第三部分案例（尹杞月.c符国群）,c第15.c16章（金葵.c符国群）,c第17章（张勤.c符国群）,c第18章（徐桂华.c阴越）,c第19章及第四部分案例（徐桂华.c符国群）,c第20.c21章及第五和第六部分案例（高丽）,c附录A.c附录B（符国群）.a全书由符国群校对.c定稿.a4a4c4ac444c444a4a4
036c由于时间紧迫,5加之译者水平有限,5错译和疏漏之处在所难免,5诚望广大读者和学术界同仁不吝赐教.a5a5c5ac555c555a5a5
037ccc符国群ccccccccccccccccc2000年元月于武昌珞珈山cc6a6c6ac666c666a6a6
前言
442c市场营销是一门试图影响消费者行为的学科.a试图影响消费者,1无论是对施加这种影响的企业.c被影响的个人还是整个社会,1无不具有深刻的含义.a每个人既是社会的一员,1又是一名消费者,1从这个意义上,1消费者行为以及试图影响它的尝试,1与我们每一个人的生活息息相关.a本书旨在提供对消费者行为的理解,1因为这种理解有助于我们成为更好的消费者.c更好的营销人员和更好的社会公民.a1a1c1ac111c111a1a1443c市场营销职业与消费者行为c本书的一个主要目的是从管理与运用角度为学生提供关于消费者行为的洞悉与理解.a大多数学习消费者行为课程的学生希望以市场营销管理.c销售或广告作为其职业,2他们希望通过这一课程的学习获得对其职业有益和有用的知识与技能.a不幸的是,2一些学生可能正在寻求会计学入门课程所提供的那类知识.a换句话说,2他们正在寻求那样一些相对不变.c放之四海而皆准的规则,2以便为其所面临的问题找到一种固定的答案.a对这些学生,2不断变化.c难以预料且固执己见的消费者带来的不确定性确实令人沮丧.a然而,2如果他们能够接受与消费者打交道就意味着无穷无尽的不确定性这一事实,2运用消费者行为知识发展市场营销战略与策略就会变得极富刺激和趣味盎然.a2a2c2ac222c222a2a2444c运用消费者行为学知识发展市场营销策略是一门艺术.a当然,3这并不意味着科学的原理和方法不能运用其中,3而是指这些原理成功运用于特定情境时需要人的判断,3这种判断远非几条固定的规则所能涵盖.a3a3c3ac333c333a3a3445c让我们更详细地讨论与艺术相类似的方面.a假设你想成为一名艺术家,4你就会学习那些公认的关于如何把不同颜色.c视角融为一体以获得良好视觉效果的原理.a然后,4你会在实践中运用这些原理,4直到形成能够创造“过得去”的艺术品的能力.a如果你具有某种自然天赋,4又巧遇良师,4并选择了合适的主题,4你甚至可能创造出艺术精品或佳作.a希望成为营销经理.c销售人员或广告经理的人也应当采取同样的方法.a对影响消费者行为的不同因素或原理应进行深入全面分析,4在此基础上,4再运用这些原理于实践以制定出“可以接受”的营销战略与策略.a虽然知识和实践一般能产生“可以接受”的策略,4但“与众不同”或“出奇制胜”的营销策略,4就像艺术珍品或佳作,4要求特别的天赋.c勤奋.c时机,4甚至某种程度的运气(要是蒙娜丽莎不想入画,4情况会怎样呢？).a4a4c4ac444c444a4a4446c艺术上的类比之所以有益,5还有另一层原因.a我们所有人,5无论是教师还是学生,5都会问这样的问题：“如何运用某个概念如社会阶层去发展成功的市场营销策略？”这与画家问“如何用蓝色创造一幅好画？”并无二致.a很明显,5仅仅靠蓝色本身不可能创造出伟大的艺术品.a要创造出上乘之作,5画家必须了解何时和如何使蓝色与图画中的其他颜色有机搭配.a同样,5营销经理要制定成功的营销策略必须了解何时和如何将社会阶层的知识与其他方面的知识相互融为一体.a5a5c5ac555c555a5a5447c本书是建立在如下信念的基础上：有关消费者行为影响因素的知识在实践中能够用于发展“坚实”的营销策略.a基于此,6我们试图做三个方面的事情.a首先,6对各种有助于理解消费者行为的概念和理论予以较详尽且全面的描述.a这一般在每章的开头部分或前面的内容里介绍.a我们认为,6只有对某个概念有透彻的理解,6才可能在不同情形下自如地运用这一概念.a6a6c6ac666c666a6a6448c其次,7提供了在营销策略形成与发展过程中这些概念如何被运用的实例.a我们也试图清楚地指出,7这些实例并非告诉你“如何运用这一概念”,7而是向你呈现“某个面临特定营销情境的组织是如何运用这一概念的”.a7a7c7ac777c777a7a7449c最后,8在每章和每部分的后面,8提供了一些要求学生运用这些概念予以分析的问题.c活动与案例.a8a8c8ac888c888a8a84410c消费与消费者行为c阅读本书的每一个人都是消费者.a大多数人用于购买和消费的时间要多于工作或睡眠的时间.a我们消费汽车.c燃料等产品,9也消费理发.c房屋维修等服务,9还消费戏剧.c电视等娱乐“产品”.a既然在消费上花费如此多的时间和精力,9我们就应当致力于成为精明的消费者.a消费者行为知识有助于提高我们更明智消费的能力.a9a9c9ac999c999a9a94411c营销者花费数以亿计的美元试图影响我们消费什么和何时何地以及如何消费.a它们不仅试图影响我们的行为,10而且花大量金钱研究我们的行为.a有了一定的消费者行为知识,10同时也了解了营销者如何运用这些知识,10我们就能研究营销者.a电视广告对于我们所喜爱的节目是一种令人烦心的不速之客,10然而,10它也给我们机会来揣测广告的目的.c目标受众以及隐含的行为假设.a既然广告无处不在,10了解它试图如何影响我们或周围的其他人对于把握我们生活的环境无疑极为必要.a10a10c10ac101010c101010a10a104412c本书提供了描述具体营销活动的各种实例.a通过研究这些实例以及建立在这些实例基础上的原理,11人们就能够形成甄别各种营销活动所潜藏逻辑的能力.a11a11c11ac111111c111111a11a114413c社会责任与消费者行为c对瞄准儿童的商业性网站是给予严格的限制.c完全禁止还是任其自然？这一问题目前引起了极大的争议.a作为受过良好教育的社会一员,12我们有责任参与这一争论并对其结果施加影响.a对这一问题发表富有见解的看法,12要求对儿童的信息处理有深入了解,12而这本身就是了解消费者行为的一个非常重要的方面.a12a12c12ac121212c121212a12a124414c上面描述的仅仅是很多要求有消费者行为知识相协助的争论之一.a本书中,13我们将提供一系列与此有关的论题,13目的是使学生在将这些知识运用到商业与个人事物之中的同时,13形成将它们使用到社会和规制问题中去的能力.a13a13c13ac131313c131313a13a134415c第7版新增内容c与世界的其他方面一样,14市场营销和消费者行为的发展异常迅速.a无论是消费者行为方式还是研究这些行为的实践都将继续演化.a为了跟上环境发展的步伐,14第7版增添了许多新的内容.a14a14c14ac141414c141414a14a144416c消费者透视c消费者透视就某一特别有趣的消费者问题或营销实践进行深入讨论,15并附有一些讨论题以鼓励学生对此做进一步的思考.a15a15c15ac151515c151515a15a154417c更多全球性实例c虽然以前的版本也包含有大量美国之外的其他国家的材料,16但这一版对这些材料做了进一步充实.c整合,16使之更好地与课文内容融为一体.a第2章和书中的一些案例专门涉及全球化问题.a16a16c16ac161616c161616a16a164418c涵盖各种伦理与社会问题c当营销者将消费者行为知识运用于营销实践时,17他们会遇到各种各样的伦理问题,17本书对此花了相当篇幅进行讨论.a第21章还专门论述了有关消费者保护运动和营销活动规制.a书中很多案例,17包括第六部分之后的所有案例都与伦理与规制问题有关.a17a17c17ac171717c171717a17a174419c网上查询c互联网正在迅速成为获取消费者行为数据的主要来源,18同时,18它也是营销者运用消费者行为知识影响消费者的重要媒介.a每章之后,18都给学生留有互联网查询的作业.a这有两重目的,18一是教学生如何运用它作为一种研究工具了解消费者和消费者行为,18二是加深学生对如何运用这一媒体接近消费者的理解.a18a18c18ac181818c181818a18a184420c每章特色c每章都附有一系列旨在加深学生对材料的理解,19同时又使材料更为有趣的内容.a19a19c19ac191919c191919a19a194421c背景资料c每章正文的前面都以一个实例来介绍这一章的材料与内容.a这些实例涉及企业.c政府和非盈利性组织运用或滥用消费者行为原理的各种情形.a20a20c20ac202020c202020a20a204422c复习题c每章后均附有复习题.a复习题能够帮助学生巩固对课文内容的掌握和理解.a这些复习题需要记忆,21而记忆是本课程中一个很重要的部分.a21a21c21ac212121c212121a21a214423c讨论题c讨论题用于帮助或测试学生对教材内容的理解.a回答这些问题要求学生运用课文材料提出建议或找到解决办法.a由于这些问题的答案不需求助于课外活动如顾客访问,22因此它们可以作为堂上作业.a22a22c22ac222222c222222a22a224424c实践活动c每章后的最后一项学习工具是有关实践方面的练习.a这些练习要求学生运用课文材料于外部实践活动中,23如走访商店以了解购物点的陈列,23访问顾客或管理人员,23评价电视广告,23等等.a就复杂程度而言,23这些练习题有的可能是要隔夜完成的家庭作业,23有的则是一个学期才能完成的研究项目.a23a23c23ac232323c232323a23a234425c其他学习工具c三种有用的学习材料不在教材正文之内,24它们是案例.c消费者研究方法.c消费者行为审计.a24a24c24ac242424c242424a24a244426c案例c除了导论部分之外,25每部分之后均附有案例.ac这些案例可以由学生在课堂阅读,25用于对某个特定问题进行讨论.a学生很喜欢这种方法,25很多教师也觉得这些案例对促进课堂讨论颇有益处.a25a25c25ac252525c252525a25a254427c有些案例相对复杂一些,26数据也多一些.a这些案例可能要花好几小时来分析.a另外,26也有少数案例可以作为学期研究课题来做.a比如,26“康百和男性皮肤护理市场”以及“宠物饮料”这两个案例就是作为学期课题布置给学生,26要求他们为这两个市场制定营销计划并清楚地指出计划中所运用的消费者行为概念,26结果相当成功.a26a26c26ac262626c262626a26a264428c每一个案例都可以从不同的角度来切入.a案例后附有一些讨论题,27但这并不排除运用另外一些问题来对案例进行讨论.a事实上,27很多案例可以运用散见于教材各处的诸多概念和观点进行分析.a27a27c27ac272727c272727a27a274429c消费者研究方法c附录A对消费者行为分析中普遍采用的一些方法做了简要介绍.a虽然这不能代替对营销调研课程的学习,28但对于已修过这门课的学生来说,28它仍不失为一种有益的回顾.a对于没有修过市场营销调研的学生,28附录A提供了一些相关术语和消费者调研中所必需的主要技术.a28a28c28ac282828c282828a28a284430c消费者行为审计c附录B提供了针对某一营销战略进行消费者行为审计的模式或方式.a制定营销战略应当回答很多消费者方面的问题,29消费者行为审计实际上就是将其中十分关键的一些问题罗列出来.a很多学生发现,29如果在学期课题或项目中将消费者行为与某个公司的或拟议中的营销战略联系起来,29此时,29消费者行为审计尤为有用.a29a29c29ac292929c292929a29a294431c致谢c在消费者行为领域从事教学.c科研与咨询活动的确其乐融融,30绝大多数同事和我们有同感.a如同以前的版本一样.a我们一直试图使本版教材受到学生的喜爱并激起他们对消费者行为这一主题的激情与兴趣.a30a30c30ac303030c303030a30a304432c很多个人和组织为本书的撰写提供了帮助和支持,31对此我们深表谢忱.a特别要提到的是麦格劳－希尔出版公司的前任编辑尼拉·麦古芬和现在的编辑卡恩·威斯托沃,31他们对本书的出版倾注了耐心和才智.a我们还要感谢麦格劳－希尔出版公司高等教育编辑部的各位编辑,31包括柯林·舒洁克.c南希·巴布尔.c玛格丽特·雷丝克.c马休·鲍德温.c派特·弗兰德克森.c凯里·约翰逊和琼·克里斯托弗.a我们要特别感谢很多给予我们帮助的人,31第7版的改进与他们的努力是分不开的：c丹佛大学的多拉德·培根,c南伊利诺伊大学的C.c布伦二世,c西华盛顿大学的温迪cJ·布里斯,c东伊利诺伊大学的E.c维恩·钱德勒,c中部佛罗里达大学的彼得·吉利,c长滩加州大学的帕玛纳·霍麦,c太平洋大学的罗纳德·霍威斯达,c亚利桑那州立大学的苏珊·克莱茵,c蒙卡托州立大学的安妮库茨曼,c中部密歇根大学的劳伦斯·莱比斯托,c罗伯特－莫里斯学院的盖勒·马可,c南佐治亚大学的摩根cJ·米尔斯,c阿灵顿得克萨斯大学的詹姆斯cE.c蒙奇,c阿肯色州立大学的梅劳迪·菲尔劳斯,c蒙罗社区学院的卡蒙·鲍尔斯,c梅涅斯州立大学的查里斯·拉德,c马里兰大学的梅劳迪cE.c舒维克,c康涅狄格大学的苏珊·丝比格,c加利福尼亚州立大学的盖尔·汤姆,c西肯塔基州立大学的劳·特里,c马里兰大学的詹妮特·瓦格勒,c里奇蒙德大学的特里·维森伯格,c中部俄克拉荷马大学的詹妮斯·威廉姆斯.a31a31c31ac313131c313131a31a314433c我们在俄勒冈大学的同事—戴维·布什.c玛丽恩·弗里斯塔,c林恩·卡尔.c潘益钢和彼德·怀特慷慨地给予各种协助.a对无法完全将他们的建议.c想法融入本书所造成的缺憾和不足,32他们不应受到丝毫的指责.a32a32c32ac323232c323232a32a324434c如果科尼仍能够与我们一起写作本书,33其质量一定会更高,33内容也会更加引人入胜.a再次以本书怀念他！科尼用他的生命告诉我们：33a33c33ac333333c333333a33a334435c珍惜你的梦c捍卫你的思想c享受生活c追求卓越34a34c34ac343434c343434a34a344436ccccc勇攀高峰！ccc德尔cI.c霍金斯c罗格cJ.c贝斯特cc35a35c35ac353535c353535a35a35
This is one of a number of species of sea urchins which put debris on top of themselves to protect themselves from UV, and to camouflage themselves. Interesting animal behavior, which I am currently researching.
I am currently in Malapascua, with the fantastic marine conservation NGO People and the Sea:
Fire behavior in a dense patch of saw palmetto understory at Florida Panther NWR in January of 2008. Photo by Josh O'Connor - USFWS
Anthropology faculty Ashley Kendell gives remarks during a presentation "It Takes a Village: Chico State Responds to the Camp Fire Disaster" as the College of Behavioral and Social Sciences hosted their Capital Alumni Luncheon event at the Tsakopoulos Library Galleria on Wednesday, February 27, 2019 in Sacramento, Calif.
(Jason Halley/University Photographer/CSU Chico)
The Garuda is a large bird-like creature, or humanoid bird that appears in both Hinduism and Buddhism. Garuda is the mount (vahana) of the Lord Vishnu. Garuda is the Hindu name for the constellation Aquila. The brahminy kite and phoenix are considered to be the contemporary representations of Garuda. Indonesia adopts a more stylistic approach to the Garuda's depiction as its national symbol, where it depicts a Javanese eagle (being much larger than a kite).
ABOUT GARUDA
In Hinduism, Garuda is a Hindu divinity, usually the mount (vahana) of the Lord Vishnu. Garuda is depicted as having the golden body of a strong man with a white face, red wings, and an eagle's beak and with a crown on his head. This ancient deity was said to be massive, large enough to block out the sun.
Garuda is known as the eternal sworn enemy of the Nāga serpent race and known for feeding exclusively on snakes, such behavior may have referred to the actual short-toed eagle of India. The image of Garuda is often used as the charm or amulet to protect the bearer from snake attack and its poison, since the king of birds is an implacable enemy and "devourer of serpent". Garudi Vidya is the mantra against snake poison to remove all kinds of evil.
His stature in Hindu religion can be gauged by the fact that a dependent Upanishad, the Garudopanishad, and a Purana, the Garuda Purana, is devoted to him. Various names have been attributed to Garuda - Chirada, Gaganeshvara, Kamayusha, Kashyapi, Khageshvara, Nagantaka, Sitanana, Sudhahara, Suparna, Tarkshya, Vainateya, Vishnuratha and others. The Vedas provide the earliest reference of Garuda, though by the name of Śyena, where this mighty bird is said to have brought nectar to earth from heaven. The Puranas, which came into existence much later, mention Garuda as doing the same thing, which indicates that Śyena (Sanskrit for eagle) and Garuda are the same. One of the faces of Śrī Pañcamukha Hanuman is Mahavira Garuda. This face points towards the west. Worship of Garuda is believed to remove the effects of poisons from one's body. In Tamil Vaishnavism Garuda and Hanuman are known as "Periya Thiruvadi" and "Siriya Thiruvadi" respectively.
In the Bhagavad-Gita (Ch.10, Verse 30), in the middle of the battlefield "Kurukshetra", Krishna explaining his omnipresence, says - " as son of Vinata, I am in the form of Garuda, the king of the bird community (Garuda)" indicating the importance of Garuda.
Garuda wears the serpent Adisesha on his left small toenail and the serpent Gulika on his right cerebral cortex. The serpent Vasuki forms his sacred thread. The cobra Takshaka forms his belt on his hip. The snake Karkotaka is worn as his necklace. The snakes Padma and Mahapadma are his ear rings. The snake Shankachuda adorns his divine hair. He is flanked by his two wives ‘Rudra’ and ‘Sukeerthi’ or (Sukirthi). These are all invoked in Vedanta Desika's Garuda Panchashath and Garuda Dandaka compositions. Garuda flanked with his consorts 'Rudra' and 'Sukirthi' can be seen worshipped in an ancient Soumya Keshava temple in Bindiganavile (or Mayura puri in Sanskrit ) in Karnataka state of India.
Garuda Vyuha is worshiped in Tantra for Abhichara and to protect against Abhichara. However, the interesting thing is that Garuda is the Sankarshna form of the lord who during creation primarily possesses the knowledge aspect of the lord (among Vasudeva, Sankarshana, Pradyumna and Aniruddha forms). The important point is that Garuda represents the five vayus within us : prana, apana, vyana, udana, samana through his five forms Satya, Suparna, Garuda, Tarkshya, Vihageshwara. These five vayus through yoga can be controlled through Pranayama which can lead to Kundalini awakening leading to higher levels of consciousness.
Garuda plays an important role in Krishna Avatar in which Krishna and Satyabhama ride on Garuda to kill Narakasura. On another occasion, Lord Hari rides on Garuda to save the devotee elephant Gajendra. It is also said that Garuda's wings when flying will chant the Vedas.
With the position of Garuda's hands and palms, he is also called 'Kai Yendhi Perumal', in Tamil.
IN THE MAHABHARATA
BIRTH AND DEEDS
The story of Garuda's birth and deeds is told in the first book of the great epic Mahabharata.[4] According to the epic, when Garuda first burst forth from his egg, he appeared as a raging inferno equal to the cosmic conflagration that consumes the world at the end of every age. Frightened, the gods begged him for mercy. Garuda, hearing their plea, reduced himself in size and energy.
Garuda's father was the creator-rishi Kasyapa. He had two wives, Vinata and Kadru, who were daughters of Prajapathi Daksha. Kasyapa, on the pleadings of his wives, granted them their wishes; Vinata wished for two sons and Kadru wished for thousand snakes as her sons. Both laid eggs, while the thousand eggs of Kadru hatched early (after steaming the eggs to hatch) into snakes, the hatching of two eggs of Vinata did not take place for a long time. Impatient, Vinata broke open one egg, which was half formed with the upper half only as a human and was thus deformed. Her half formed son cursed her that she would be slave for her sister (she was her rival) for a long time by which time her second son would be born who would save her from his curse; her first son who flew away and came to prominence as Aruna, the red spectacle seen as the Sun rises in the morning, and as also charioteer of the Sun. The second egg hatched after a long time during which period Vinata was the servant of her sister as she had lost a bet with her. When the second egg hatched, a fully grown, shining and of mighty sized bird form emerged as Garuda, the king of birds. Garuda was thus born.
One day, Vinata entered into and lost a foolish bet, as a result of which she became enslaved to her sister. Resolving to release his mother from this state of bondage, Garuda approached the serpents and asked them what it would take to purchase her freedom. Their reply was that Garuda would have to bring them the elixir of immortality, also called amrita. It was a tall order. The amrita at that time found itself in the possession of the gods, who guarded it zealously, since it was the source of their immortality. They had ringed the elixir with a massive fire that covered the sky. They had blocked the way to the elixir with a fierce mechanical contraption of sharp rotating blades. And finally, they had stationed two gigantic poisonous snakes next to the elixir as deadly guardians.
Undaunted, Garuda hastened toward the abode of the gods intent on robbing them of their treasure. Knowing of his design, the gods met him in full battle-array. Garuda, however, defeated the entire host and scattered them in all directions. Taking the water of many rivers into his mouth, he extinguished the protective fire the gods had thrown up. Reducing his size, he crept past the rotating blades of their murderous machine. And finally, he mangled the two gigantic serpents they had posted as guards. Taking the elixir into his mouth without swallowing it, he launched again into the air and headed toward the eagerly waiting serpents. En route, he encountered Vishnu. Rather than fight, the two exchanged promises. Vishnu promised Garuda the gift of immortality even without drinking from the elixir, and Garuda promised to become Vishnu's mount. Flying onward, he met Indra the god of the sky. Another exchange of promises occurred. Garuda promised that once he had delivered the elixir, thus fulfilling the request of the serpents, he would make it possible for Indra to regain possession of the elixir and to take it back to the gods. Indra in turn promised Garuda the serpents as food.At long last, Garuda alighted in front of the waiting serpents. Placing the elixir on the grass, and thereby liberating his mother Vinata from her servitude, he urged the serpents to perform their religious ablutions before consuming it. As they hurried off to do so, Indra swooped in to make off with the elixir. The serpents came back from their ablutions and saw the elixir gone but with small droplets of it on the grass. They tried to lick the droplets and thereby split their tongues in two. From then onwards, serpents have split tongues and shed their skin as a kind of immortality. From that day onward, Garuda was the ally of the gods and the trusty mount of Vishnu, as well as the implacable enemy of snakes, upon whom he preyed at every opportunity.
DESCENDANTS
According to the Mahabharata, Garuda had six sons (Sumukha, Suvarna, Subala, Sunaama, Sunethra and Suvarchas) from whom were descended the race of birds. The members of this race were of great might and without compassion, subsisting as they did on their relatives the snakes. Vishnu was their protector.
AS A SYMBOL
Throughout the Mahabharata, Garuda is invoked as a symbol of impetuous violent force, of speed, and of martial prowess. Powerful warriors advancing rapidly on doomed foes are likened to Garuda swooping down on a serpent. Defeated warriors are like snakes beaten down by Garuda. The field marshal Drona uses a military formation named after Garuda. Krishna even carries the image of Garuda on his banner.
IN BUDDHISM
In Buddhist mythology, the Garuda (Pāli: garuḷā) are enormous predatory birds with intelligence and social organization. Another name for the Garuda is suparṇa (Pāli: supaṇṇa), meaning "well-winged, having good wings". Like the Naga, they combine the characteristics of animals and divine beings, and may be considered to be among the lowest devas.
The exact size of the Garuda is uncertain, but its wings are said to have a span of many miles. This may be a poetic exaggeration, but it is also said that when a Garuda's wings flap, they create hurricane-like winds that darken the sky and blow down houses. A human being is so small compared to a Garuda that a man can hide in the plumage of one without being noticed (Kākātī Jātaka, J.327). They are also capable of tearing up entire banyan trees from their roots and carrying them off.
Garudas are the great golden-winged Peng birds. They also have the ability to grow large or small, and to appear and disappear at will. Their wingspan is 330 yojanas (one yojana being 8 miles long). With one flap of its wings, a Peng bird dries up the waters of the sea so that it can gobble up all the exposed dragons. With another flap of its wings, it can level the mountains by moving them into the ocean.
There were also the four garuda-kings: Great-Power-Virtue Garuda-King, Great-Body Garuda-King, Great-Fulfillment Garuda-King, and Free-At-Will Garuda-King, each accompanied by hundreds of thousands of attendants.
The Garudas have kings and cities, and at least some of them have the magical power of changing into human form when they wish to have dealings with people. On some occasions Garuda kings have had romances with human women in this form. Their dwellings are in groves of the simbalī, or silk-cotton tree.
The Garuda are enemies to the nāga, a race of intelligent serpent- or dragon-like beings, whom they hunt. The Garudas at one time caught the nāgas by seizing them by their heads; but the nāgas learned that by swallowing large stones, they could make themselves too heavy to be carried by the Garudas, wearing them out and killing them from exhaustion. This secret was divulged to one of the Garudas by the ascetic Karambiya, who taught him how to seize a nāga by the tail and force him to vomit up his stone (Pandara Jātaka, J.518).
The Garudas were among the beings appointed by Śakra to guard Mount Sumeru and the Trāyastriṃśa heaven from the attacks of the asuras.
In the Maha-samaya Sutta (Digha Nikaya 20), the Buddha is shown making temporary peace between the Nagas and the Garudas.
The Thai rendering of Garuda (ครุฑ Krut) as Vishnu vehicle and Garuda's quest for elixir was based on Indian legend of Garuda. It was told that Garuda overcame many heavenly beings in order to gain the ambrosia (amrita) elixir. No one was able to get the better of him, not even Narai (Vishnu). At last, a truce was called and an agreement was made to settle the rancor and smooth all the ruffled feathers. It was agreed that when Narai is in his heavenly palace, Garuda will be positioned in a superior status, atop the pillar above Narai's residence. However, whenever Narai wants to travel anywhere, Garuda must serve as his transport.
The Sanskrit word Garuda has been borrowed and modified in the languages of several countries. In Burmese, Garudas are called galone (ဂဠုန်). In Burmese astrology, the vehicle of the Sunday planet is the galone. In the Kapampangan language of the Philippines, the native word for eagle is galura. In Japanese a Garuda is called karura (however, the form Garuda ガルーダ is used in recent Japanese fiction - see below).
For the Mongols, the Garuda is called Khan Garuda or Khangarid (Mongolian: Хангарьд). Before and after each round of Mongolian wrestling, wrestlers perform the Garuda ritual, a stylised imitation of the Khangarid and a hawk.
In the Qing Dynasty fiction The Story of Yue Fei (1684), Garuda sits at the head of the Buddha's throne. But when a celestial bat (an embodiment of the Aquarius constellation) flatulates during the Buddha’s expounding of the Lotus Sutra, Garuda kills her and is exiled from paradise. He is later reborn as Song Dynasty General Yue Fei. The bat is reborn as Lady Wang, wife of the traitor Prime Minister Qin Hui, and is instrumental in formulating the "Eastern Window" plot that leads to Yue's eventual political execution. It is interesting to note The Story of Yue Fei plays on the legendary animosity between Garuda and the Nagas when the celestial bird-born Yue Fei defeats a magic serpent who transforms into the unearthly spear he uses throughout his military career. Literary critic C. T. Hsia explains the reason why Qian Cai, the book's author, linked Yue with Garuda is because of the homology in their Chinese names. Yue Fei's courtesy name is Pengju (鵬舉). A Peng (鵬) is a giant mythological bird likened to the Middle Eastern Roc. Garuda's Chinese name is Great Peng, the Golden-Winged Illumination King (大鵬金翅明王).
As a cultural and national symbol
In India, Indonesia and the rest of Southeast Asia the eagle symbolism is represented by Garuda, a large mythical bird with eagle-like features that appears in both Hindu and Buddhist mythology as the vahana (vehicle) of the god Vishnu. Garuda became the national emblem of Thailand and Indonesia; Thailand's Garuda is rendered in a more traditional anthropomorphic mythical style, while that of Indonesia is rendered in heraldic style with traits similar to the real Javan hawk-eagle.
INDIA
India primarily uses Garuda as a martial motif:
Garud Commando Force is a Special Forces unit of the Indian Air Force, specializing in operations deep behind enemy lines
Brigade of the Guards of the Indian Army uses Garuda as their symbol
Elite bodyguards of the medieval Hoysala kings were called Garudas
Kerala and Andhra pradesh state road transport corporations use Garuda as the name for a/c moffusil buses
Garuda rock, a rocky cliff in Tirumala in Andhra pradesh
13th century Aragalur chief, Magadesan's, insignia was Rishabha the sacred bull and the Garuda
INDONESIA
Indonesia uses the Garuda, called the Garuda Pancasila, as its national symbol, it is somewhat intertwined with the concept of the phoenix.
Garuda Pancasila is coloured or gilt gold, symbolizes the greatness of the nation and is a representation of the elang Jawa or Javan hawk-eagle Nisaetus bartelsi. The black color represents nature. There are 17 feathers on each wing, 8 on the lower tail, 19 on the upper tail and 45 on the neck, which represent the date Indonesia proclaimed its independence: 17 August 1945. The shield it carries with the Indonesian Panca Sila heraldry symbolizes self-defense and protection in struggle.
Indonesian national airline is Garuda Indonesia.
Indonesian Armed Forces United Nations peacekeeping missions is known as Pasukan Garuda or Garuda Contingent
Airlangga University, one of the oldest and leading university in Indonesia uses Garuda on its emblem. The emblem, containing a Garuda in a blue and yellow circle, is called "Garudamukha", and depicts Garuda as the bearer of knowledge, carrying a jug of Amrita, the water of eternity, symbolizing eternal knowledge.
In Bali and Java Garuda has become a cultural symbol, the wooden statue and mask of Garuda is a popular artworks and souvenirs.
In Bali, we can find the tallest Garuda statue of 18 metres tall made from tons of copper and brass. The statue is located in Garuda Wisnu Kencana complex.
Garuda has identified as Indonesian national football team in international games, namely "The Garuda Team".
The stylized brush stroke that resemble Garuda is appear in the logo of 2011 Southeast Asian Games, held in Palembang and Jakarta, Indonesia.
The stylized curves that took form of Garuda Pancasila is appear in the logo of Wonderful Indonesia tourism campaign.
THAILAND
Thailand uses the Garuda (Thai: ครุฑ, khrut) as its national symbol.
One form of the Garuda used in Thailand as a sign of the royal family is called Khrut Pha, meaning "Garuda, the vehicle (of Vishnu)."
The statue and images of Garuda adorned many Buddhist temples in Thailand, it also has become the cultural symbol of Thailand.
MONGOLIA
The Garuda, known as Khangarid, is the symbol of the capital city of Mongolia, Ulan Bator. According to popular Mongolian belief, Khangarid is the mountain spirit of the Bogd Khan Uul range who became a follower of Buddhist faith. Today he is considered the guardian of that mountain range and a symbol of courage and honesty.
The bird also gives its name to Hangard Aviation
Khangarid (Хангарьд), a football (soccer) team in the Mongolia Premier League also named after Garuda.
Garuda Ord (Гаруда Орд), a private construction and trading company based in Ulaanbaatar, also named after Garuda.
State Garuda (Улсын Гарьд) is a title given to the debut runner up in wrestling tournament during Mongolian National Festival Naadam.
SURINAME
In Suriname, there is a TV channel called Garuda. Suriname has a lot of people from Indonesia and Java, as it is a multicultural country.
WIKIPEDIA
These Jays up here are much more flighty than those in the more heavily frequented picnic areas of the nearby Sandia Mountains. They can, however, be tempted in closer here by offerings of peanuts... shelled or not. Even then, I have to sit patiently (practically motionless) for a considerable time before they get this close (~30 ft.) for a shot. Juveniles like this guy are much less wary. This juvie has limited white feathering on its head as yet... a sure sign of its young age for this population. Sexes are not determinable in the field.
IMG_5681; Steller's Jay