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Because that the flower reminded me of potential album art, I cropped it to a square, and used a new light leak to make this one.
Because of … Passions
Last trip to Tokyo was really amazing, 6 days of stay filled with passions and friendships, imagery and life. Because of the love of Moleskine, I met again 2 Japanese friends whom I met 4 years ago and had some interesting intellectual discussions. Because of Traveler's Notebook's aesthetic, I explored the area of Nezu and found inspirations. Because of Mijonju's love of all things camera, I met auto half legend Ryu Itsuki san and his friend Nakamura san and explored the area of Isumi city. Because of my dream job at city'super, I got chances to roam in realms perhaps only a few can do.
A life without passions is a life not worth living for. So where is your passion? Don't be a shadow , don't be a machine, stay hungry, stay foolish.
More on Scription blog: scription.typepad.com/blog/2010/07/because-of-passions.html
Because of trackwork on the Sedalia sub the Ann Rutledge EB is detouring on the River sub. Seen here at the US HWY overpass west of Buckner mo. Photo taken circa 4/84
Because you and me baby, this right here makes perfect sense...
Melina Nastazia Photography and her hubby!!!!
Blue-winged Warblers are perplexing to me because it's often June before I hear or see one. That's much later than other warblers that typically arrive in early to mid-May. But, I think my perception on their timing might be incorrect. What I actually think is that this particular species just rarely shows up in urban areas, even during migration. In the 17 years I've been birding, I've only encountered one near home. Every other Blue-winged I've encountered has been at least 20 miles from home, on the outskirts of the Twin Cities metro area. Often, I see them in larger, regional parks. I'm typically not visiting these particular area until later in the season, so I think I'm just not crossing paths with them when they first arrive.
Regardless, I LOVE seeing this particular warbler, and their "wet buzzy" call is another that I associate with good habitat. I can't explain why, but to me, their call is reminiscent of Daffy Duck from Disney. There's a "wet" aspect to it that makes it distinct from other warbler calls. They are also quite beautiful, as you can see.
But capturing good photos of them has been a constant challenge for me. I see them with regularity now every spring/summer, but man, I have struggled to capture them well in photos. Even though I've approached them closely, they just never seem to be fully in good lighting. Usually a third or a half of the bird is in bright light, while the remainder is in dark shade. I guess that tells you a bit about where you'll see them -always tucked away in a tree or shrub.
I had the rare opportunity TWICE, on both this Saturday, and the previous Saturday, to watch a Blue-winged Warbler foraging on the very outer edges of a tree. In both cases, it was dangling upside down, holding onto the last few inches of a thin branch, while poking around at the last 3 or 4 leaves at the tip. In both cases, I captured the bird finding larva to eat. The lighting in both observations wasn't great, so the pics are dark. But, I may try to save them because it's pretty interesting behavior.
Pine Point Regional Park, Washington County, MN 06/20/26
A SHORT HISTORY OF YORK, YORKSHIRE, ENGLAND
By Tim Lambert
ROMAN YORK
The Romans founded the city of York. They invaded Yorkshire in 71 AD and built a fort between the rivers Ouse and Foss. By the mid 2nd century a small town grew up by the fort. Craftsmen and merchants came to live there because the soldiers in the fort provided a market for their goods and ships could sail up the River Ouse.
The Roman name for York was Eboracum, which may be derived from Celtic words meaning the place with yew trees. By the early 3rd century Roman York was protected by a stone wall. In the town there were public buildings such as a baths. Rich people lived in very comfortable houses with mosaic floors.
However in the 4th century Roman civilisation began to break down. The last Roman soldiers left Britain in 407 AD and afterwards Roman towns were abandoned and they fell into ruins.
To read about Roman Britain click here.
YORK IN THE MIDDLE AGES
After the Romans departed York was probably abandoned or nearly abandoned and the old Roman buildings fell into ruins. There may have been a few people living inside the walls farming the land outside but York ceased to be a town.
In 627 a bishop of York was appointed. A cathedral was built inside the walls of the Roman town and a bishop's palace was probably built there as well. It is possible the local Anglo Saxon king built a royal palace inside the Roman walls.
Then in the 8th and 9th centuries the town of York revived. Its position made it an ideal place for trade and so craftsmen came to live there. They probably started weekly markets and goods such as pottery were brought by ship from Europe. By the middle of the 9th century York was a flourishing town once again. However it was probably much smaller than the Roman town with a population of only about 2,000. It is believed that the town was called Eofer's wic (wic meant trading place). The Danes changed its name to Jorvik.
Then in 866 the Vikings conquered northern England and York became the capital of a new Viking kingdom. Viking York boomed and it grew much larger. In the town wool was woven. There were blacksmiths and potters. Other craftsmen made combs from bone and antler. The Danish word for street was gata, which in time became corrupted to 'gate'. Coppergate was cooper gata.
To read about the Vikings click here.
By the time of the Norman Conquest in 1066 York was booming and it probably had a population of 9,000 or 10,000.
William the Conqueror built a wooden castle in York. However in 1069 the north of England rebelled. The Normans in the castle were massacred. However William captured York and sacked it. He also built a second wooden castle to control the town.
In 1190 a horrific massacre took place in York. Jews took refuge in the main castle. Some committed suicide. The townspeople set fire to the castle and the rest were persuaded to surrender but they were murdered anyway. Cliffords Tower was built in the mid-13th century to replace the keep of the main castle which had been burned in 1190.
Then in 1212 King John gave York a charter, which allowed the city self-government.
Cliffords
Cliffords Tower by Wendy Pyatt
In the Middle Ages York was a flourishing port. Wine was imported from Europe. York was also a busy manufacturing centre. Wool was woven in York. It was then fulled. That means the wool was cleaned and thickened by pounding it in a mixture of water and clay. The wool was pounded by wooden hammers worked by watermills. Afterwards the wool was dyed. There was also an important leather industry in York. First leather was tanned (in Tanners Row). Then it was used to make goods such as gloves, shoes and saddles.
There were many other craftsmen in Medieval York such as butchers, bakers, blacksmiths, coopers, goldsmiths, barber-surgeons (who cut your hair, pulled your teeth and performed operations like setting bones) and many others.
By the 13th century York had 2 annual fairs. In the Middle Ages fairs were like markets but were held only once a year. People would come from all over Yorkshire for a York fair.
In the Middle Ages the church ran the only hospitals. In York there were several hospitals where the monks cared for the sick and poor as best they could. There was also an abbey dedicated to St Mary outside the town walls. There were also several priories (small monasteries) in York or immediately outside the walls.
In the 13th century friars came to York. The friars were like monks but instead of withdrawing from the world they went out to preach. In York there were several orders of friars, Franciscans (called grey friars because of their grey costumes), Dominicans (called black friars), Carmelites (called white friars) and Augustinians.
In 1349 the Black Death reached York and it may have killed half the population of the town. In the mid 14th century he population of York was around 13,000 but it fell to about 10,000 by 1500.
However in the late Middle Ages several great buildings were built in York. The Merchant Adventurers Hall was built in 1368. The Guildhall followed in 1453. York Minster was built in stages between 1220 and 1472. St Williams College was built in 1461 as a home for the priests of the Minister. (St William was William Fitzherbert who was made Archbishop of York in 1153).
YORK IN THE 16th CENTURY AND 17th CENTURY
In the 16th century and 17th century York was still the most important town in the north of England. The population of York was probably about 10,000 in 1500 but it rose to around 12,000 in 1600. This was despite the plague. It struck York in 1550-51, 1604, 1631 and 1645. Each time the plague struck it killed hundreds of people. Yet each time the population recovered.
In 1538 Henry VIII closed the friaries in York and the priories. In 1539 he closed St Marys Abbey, which stood immediately north of the town walls. Furthermore the number of parish churches in York was cut from 40 to 25. However a grammar school was founded in York in 1557.
The textile trade in York declined during the 16th century and 17th century because of competition from towns in the West Riding. In the 16th century York was still an international port but in the late 17th century it declined. This was largely due to the new colonies in North America and the West Indies. York was on the wrong side of the country to trade with them. York also faced growing competition from Hull.
However although international shipping to and from York declined there was still an important coastal trade. Ships carried goods to and from other ports in Britain.
In 1642 civil war between king and parliament began. Most of the people of York supported the king. However in April 1644 York was besieged by the parliamentarians. However the parliamentary soldiers left at the end of June when a royalist army came to relieve the town. Yet on 2 July 1644 the royalists were defeated at Marston Moor. The parliamentarians then laid siege to York again. The town surrendered on 16 July 1644.
In the late 17th century York gained a piped water supply (for those who could afford it). Water flowed along wooden pipes to houses. By the end of the 17th century York probably had a population of around 13,000.
YORK IN THE 18th CENTURY
In the 18th century York became less important as other northern towns grew rapidly. Nevertheless York was still quite large. It was a market town rather than an industrial town but it had many types of craftsmen like butchers, brewers, bakers, tailors, shoemakers, coopers, comb makers, jewellers and pipe makers. There were also book sellers and wine merchants. Meanwhile the port prospered.
There were also some improvements in York in the 18th century. The first newspaper in York was printed in 1719. In 1732 Assembly Rooms were built where the wealthy could attend balls and play cards and the first Theatre in York opened in 1736. New Street was built in 1746.
Meanwhile York County Hospital was built in 1740 and a lunatic asylum followed in 1777. Then in 1788 a dispensary was opened where the poor could obtain free medicines. Furthermore from 1786 a man called a scavenger cleaned the streets of animal dung and other rubbish.
YORK IN THE 19th CENTURY
In 1801, at the time of the first census, York had a population of 16,846. By the standards of the time it was quite a large town but it became less important during the 19th century. Many other towns in Yorkshire boomed with the industrial revolution. However in the early 19th century York stayed a market town with many craftsmen but no factories.
Nevertheless a railway was built from Leeds to York in 1839. Another railway was built from York to Scarborough in 1845. From 1865 York was connected to Hull by railway. Meanwhile in 1842 a repair workshop opened. Soon afterwards York became famous for making railway carriages. In the late 19th century confectionery and making cocoa also became major industries in York. So did flour milling. Also in the late 19th century making optical instruments was an important industry.
In the 19th century the population of York grew rapidly and houses spread across the fields outside the walls. In the 1840s many Irish immigrants arrived in York escaping a potato famine. Many of the new houses in York were overcrowded and like all 19th century towns York was dirty and unsanitary. In 1832 and 1849 York was struck by epidemics of cholera. Meanwhile there was also an epidemic of typhus (a disease spread by lice) in 1847. It killed 403 people.
However conditions in York did improve in the 19th century. From 1824 York had gas street lights. Then in 1825 an Act of Parliament formed a body of men called the Improvement Commissioners who were responsible for paving, lighting and cleaning the streets. They were replaced by a Board of Health in 1850.
Meanwhile the first modern police force in York was formed in 1836 and from 1880 horse drawn trams ran in the streets of York. York Art Gallery opened in 1892 and the first public library in York opened in 1893.
YORK IN THE 20th CENTURY
By 1901 the population of York was 77,914 and it continued to grow rapidly. In 1951 it reached 105,000. Meanwhile in 1909 the trams in York began running on electricity. However they were eventually replaced by motor buses. The last trams ran in 1935. In the early 20th century the confectionery industry in York expanded as rising living standards meant people had more money to spend on sweets. By the mid 20th century confectionery was the main industry in York. Other industries in York were sugar, making railway coaches, and optical instruments.
In the 1920s and 1930s York council cleared slums and built many council houses. During the Second World War York was bombed and some 87 people were killed in bombing raids. The worst bombing raid on York was on 29 April 1942. The church of St Martin le-Grand was badly damaged by fire.
However York soon recovered. After 1945 many more council houses were built in York and the city flourished. The first York Festival was held in 1951. York university was founded in 1963 and a ring road around the city was built in 1987.
Today tourism is a flourishing industry in York. The National Railway Museum opened in 1975. The Jorvik Viking Centre opened in 1984. ARC (Archaeological Resource Centre) opened in 1990. York now has several modern shopping centres. Monks Cross Shopping Park opened in 1998.
The Kitchen Cabinet Book, by Sunset Magazine (1931) has lots of really fun illustrations of the recipes being prepared. Illustrated by Ruth Taylor White.
Parish Church to the Holy Trinity and Franciscan Monastery
Object ID: 20593 Town Square 12
The late Baroque building, taking up the whole north side of the town square, is dominated by the Rococo façade. 1707 the Carmelite order at the request of the benefactor, Maria Antonia Montecuculi, settled down in St. Pölten, at the north side of the square the men convent should find its place. Although architect's plan and financial resources were available, was the start of construction not until 1757, there was missing the planning permission of Empress Maria Theresa. The church then was built to 1768 according to plans by Johann Pauli, the monastery was completed in 1773. Yet 10 years later, the monastery by Emperor Joseph II was repealed. Because of its strategic location, the church in 1785 became parish church, the pastoral care took over the by the dissolutions not affected Franciscan Order.
de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liste_der_denkmalgesch%C3%BCtzten_O...(Stadtteil)
(further information is available by clicking on the link at the end of page!)
History of the City St. Pölten
In order to present concise history of the Lower Austrian capital is in the shop of the city museum a richly illustrated full version on CD-ROM.
Tip
On the occasion of the commemoration of the pogroms of November 1938, the Institute for Jewish History of Austria its virtual Memorbuch (Memory book) for the destroyed St. Pölten Jewish community since 10th November 2012 is putting online.
Prehistory
The time from which there is no written record is named after the main materials used for tools and weapons: Stone Age, Bronze Age, Iron Age. Using the latest technologies, archaeologists from archaeological finds and aerial photographs can trace a fairly detailed picture of life at that time. Especially for the time from the settling down of the People (New Stone Age), now practicing agriculture and animal husbandry, in the territory of St. Pölten lively settlement activity can be proved. In particular, cemeteries are important for the research, because the dead were laid in the grave everyday objects and jewelry, the forms of burial changing over time - which in turn gives the archeology valuable clues for the temporal determination. At the same time, prehistory of Sankt Pölten would not be half as good documented without the construction of the expressway S33 and other large buildings, where millions of cubic meters of earth were moved - under the watchful eyes of the Federal Monuments Office!
A final primeval chapter characterized the Celts, who settled about 450 BC our area and in addition to a new culture and religion also brought with them the potter's wheel. The kingdom of Noricum influenced till the penetration of the Romans the development in our area.
Roman period, migrations
The Romans conquered in 15 BC the Celtic Empire and established hereinafter the Roman province of Noricum. Borders were protected by military camp (forts), in the hinterland emerged civilian cities, almost all systematically laid out according to the same plan. The civil and commercial city Aelium Cetium, as St. Pölten was called (city law 121/122), consisted in the 4th Century already of heated stone houses, trade and craft originated thriving urban life, before the Romans in the first third of the 5th Century retreated to Italy.
The subsequent period went down as the Migration Period in official historiography, for which the settlement of the Sankt Pöltner downtown can not be proved. Cemeteries witness the residence of the Lombards in our area, later it was the Avars, extending their empire to the Enns.
The recent archaeological excavations on the Cathedral Square 2010/2011, in fact, the previous knowledge of St.Pölten colonization not have turned upside down but enriched by many details, whose full analysis and publication are expected in the near future.
Middle Ages
With the submission of the Avars by Charlemagne around 800 AD Christianity was gaining a foothold, the Bavarian Benedictine monastery of Tegernsee establishing a daughter house here - as founder are mentioned the brothers Adalbert and Ottokar - equipped with the relics of St. Hippolytus. The name St. Ypolit over the centuries should turn into Sankt Pölten. After the Hungarian wars and the resettlement of the monastery as Canons Regular of St. Augustine under the influence of Passau St. Pölten received mid-11th Century market rights.
In the second half of the 20th century historians stated that records in which the rights of citizens were held were to be qualified as Town Charters. Vienna is indeed already in 1137 as a city ("civitas") mentioned in a document, but the oldest Viennese city charter dates only from the year 1221, while the Bishop of Passau, Konrad, already in 1159 the St. Pöltnern secured:
A St. Pöltner citizen who has to answer to the court, has the right to make use of an "advocate".
He must not be forced to rid himself of the accusation by a judgment of God.
A St. Pöltner citizen may be convicted only by statements of fellow citizens, not by strangers.
From the 13th Century exercised a city judge appointed by the lord of the city the high and low jurisdiction as chairman of the council meetings and the Municipal Court, Inner and Outer Council supported him during the finding of justice. Venue for the public verdict was the in the 13th Century created new marketplace, the "Broad Market", now the town hall square. Originally square-shaped, it was only later to a rectangle reduced. Around it arose the market district, which together with the monastery district, the wood district and the Ledererviertel (quarter of the leather goods manufacturer) was protected by a double city wall.
The dependence of St. Pölten of the bishop of Passau is shown in the municipal coat of arms and the city seal. Based on the emblem of the heraldic animal of the Lord of the city, so the Bishop of Passau, it shows an upright standing wolf holding a crosier in its paw.
Modern Times
In the course of the armed conflict between the Emperor Frederick III . and King Matthias of Hungary pledged the Bishop of Passau the town on the Hungarian king. From 1485 stood Lower Austria as a whole under Hungarian rule. The most important document of this period is the awarding of the city coat of arms by King Matthias Corvinus in the year 1487. After the death of the opponents 1490 and 1493 could Frederick's son Maximilian reconquer Lower Austria. He considered St. Pölten as spoils of war and had no intention of returning it to the diocese of Passau. The city government has often been leased subsequently, for instance, to the family Wellenstein, and later to the families Trautson and Auersperg.
That St. Pölten now was a princely city, found its expression in the coat of arms letter of the King Ferdinand I. from 1538: From now on, the wolf had no crosier anymore, and the from the viewer's point of view left half showed the reverse Austrian shield, so silver-red-silver.
To the 16th Century also goes back the construction of St. Pöltner City Hall. The 1503 by judge and council acquired house was subsequently expanded, rebuilt, extended and provided with a tower.
A for the urban history research important picture, painted in 1623, has captured scenes of the peasant uprising of 1597, but also allows a view to the city and lets the viewer read some of the details of the then state of construction. The economic inconveniences of that time were only exacerbated by the Thirty Years War, at the end of which a fifth of the houses were uninhabited and the citizenry was impoverished.
Baroque
After the successful defense against the Turks in 1683, the economy started to recover and a significant building boom began. Lower Austria turned into the land of the baroque abbeys and monasteries, as it is familiar to us today.
In St. Pölten, the change of the cityscape is closely connected to the Baroque architect Jakob Prandtauer. In addition to the Baroquisation of the interior of the cathedral, a number of buildings in St. Pölten go to his account, so the reconstruction of the castle Ochsenburg, the erection of the Schwaighof and of the core building of the Institute of the Blessed Virgin Mary (Englische Fräuleins - English Maidens) - from 1706 the seat of the first school order of St.Pölten - as well as of several bourgeois houses.
Joseph Munggenast, nephew and co-worker of Prandtauer, completed the Baroquisation of the cathedral, he baroquised the facade of the town hall (1727) and numerous bourgeois houses and designed a bridge over the Traisen which existed until 1907. In the decoration of the church buildings were throughout Tyroleans collaborating, which Jakob Prandtauer had brought along from his homeland (Tyrol) to St. Pölten, for example, Paul Troger and Peter Widerin.
Maria Theresa and her son Joseph II: Their reforms in the city of the 18th Century also left a significant mark. School foundings as a result of compulsory education, the dissolution of the monasteries and hereinafter - from 1785 - the new role of St. Pölten as a bishop's seat are consequences of their policies.
1785 was also the year of a fundamental alteration of the old Council Constitution: The city judge was replaced by one magistrate consisting of five persons, at the head was a mayor. For the first mayor the painter Josef Hackl was chosen.
The 19th century
Despite the Napoleonic Wars - St. Pölten in 1805 and 1809 was occupied by the French - and despite the state bankruptcy of 1811, increased the number of businesses constantly, although the economic importance of the city for the time being did not go beyond the near vicinity.
Against the background of monitoring by the state secret police, which prevented any political commitment between the Congress of Vienna and the 1848 revolution, the citizens withdrew into private life. Sense of family, fostering of domestic music, prominent salon societies in which even a Franz Schubert socialized, or the construction of the city theater were visible signs of this attitude.
The economic upswing of the city did not begin until after the revolution of the year 1848. A prerequisite for this was the construction of the Empress Elisabeth Western Railway, moving Vienna, Linz, soon Salzburg, too, in a reachable distance. The city walls were pulled down, St. Pölten could unfold. The convenient traffic situation favored factory start-ups, and so arose a lace factory, a revolver factory, a soap factory or, for example, as a precursor of a future large-scale enterprise, the braid, ribbon and Strickgarnerzeugung (knitting yarn production) of Matthias Salcher in Harland.
In other areas, too, the Gründerzeit (years of rapid industrial expansion in Germany - and Austria) in Sankt Pölten was honouring its name: The city got schools, a hospital, gas lanterns, canalization, hot springs and summer bath.
The 20th century
At the beginning of the 20th Century the city experienced another burst of development, initiated by the construction of the power station in 1903, because electricity was the prerequisite for the settlement of large companies. In particular, the companies Voith and Glanzstoff and the main workshop of the Federal Railways attracted many workers. New Traisen bridge, tram, Mariazell Railway and other infrastructure buildings were erected; St. Pölten obtained a synagogue. The Art Nouveau made it repeatedly into the urban architecture - just think of the Olbrich House - and inspired also the painting, as exponents worth to be mentioned are Ernst Stöhr or Ferdinand Andri.
What the outbreak of the First World War in broad outlines meant for the monarchy, on a smaller scale also St. Pölten has felt. The city was heavily impacted by the deployment of army units, a POW camp, a military hospital and a sick bay. Industrial enterprises were partly converted into war production, partly closed. Unemployment, housing emergency and food shortages long after the war still were felt painfully.
The 1919 to mayor elected Social Democrat Hubert Schnofl after the war tried to raise the standard of living of the people by improving the social welfare and health care. The founding of a housing cooperative (Wohnungsgenossenschaft), the construction of the water line and the establishment of new factories were further attempts to stimulate the stiffening economy whose descent could not be stopped until 1932.
After the National Socialist regime had stirred false hopes and plunged the world into war, St. Pölten was no longer the city as it has been before. Not only the ten devastating bombings of the last year of the war had left its marks, also the restrictive persecution of Jews and political dissidents had torn holes in the structure of the population. Ten years of Russian occupation subsequently did the rest to traumatize the population, but at this time arose from the ruins a more modern St. Pölten, with the new Traisen bridge, district heating, schools.
This trend continued, an era of recovery and modernization made the economic miracle palpable. Already in 1972 was - even if largely as a result of incorporations - exceeded the 50.000-inhabitant-limit.
Elevation to capital status (capital of Lower Austria), 10 July 1986: No other event in this dimension could have become the booster detonation of an up to now ongoing development thrust. Since then in a big way new residential and commercial areas were opened up, built infrastructure constructions, schools and universities brought into being to enrich the educational landscape. East of the Old Town arose the governmental and cultural district, and the list of architects wears sonorous names such as Ernst Hoffmann (NÖ (Lower Austria) Landhaus; Klangturm), Klaus Kada (Festspielhaus), Hans Hollein (Shedhalle and Lower Austrian Provincial Museum), Karin Bily, Paul Katzberger and Michael Loudon ( NÖ State Library and NÖ State Archive).
European Diploma, European flag, badge of honor, Europe Price: Between 1996 and 2001, received St. Pölten numerous appreciations of its EU commitment - as a sort of recognition of the Council of Europe for the dissemination of the EU-idea through international town twinnings, a major Europe exhibition or, for example, the establishment and chair of the "Network of European medium-sized cities".
On the way into the 21st century
Just now happened and already history: What the St. Pöltnern as just experienced sticks in their minds, travelers and newcomers within a short time should be told. The theater and the hospital handing over to the province of Lower Austria, a new mayor always on the go, who was able to earn since 2004 already numerous laurels (Tags: polytechnic, downtown enhancement, building lease scheme, bus concept) - all the recent changes are just now condensed into spoken and written language in order to make, from now on, the history of the young provincial capital in the 3rd millennium nachlesbar (checkable).
www.st-poelten.gv.at/Content.Node/freizeit-kultur/kultur/...
. . . in a gallery, and on a plinth. I know my place.
Part of the graduation show at Sunderland University.
Because of a track project on the northbound tracks in March 1995, a northbound Red Line train is crossed over to the southbound track as it passes the Wilson Avenue Shops. The shops were destroyed in a spectacular fire the following year.
{01.11.10}
sooc.
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Happy November flickr! :)
I hate Mondays.
I'm tired, again.
I hate school.
I have a shit school, and it's expensive shit.
Because of China network restrictions, before I can't login Flickr, now I'm back, I hope you did not forget me！！
HAHAHAHAHA.......
Photograph by: Ryan Nyenhuis
Sunday June 15th 2008, Fathers Day. Ryan and I woke with a plan. The plan being to sneak into the abandon R.L. Hearn Thermal Generation Power Plant which is located in the south east area of downtown Toronto. We wanted to photograph the beauty of decay.
We had made a trip over to the power plant a week prior to scout out the area, to see where guards were located and to find easy access inside.
Sneaking past the guard house located at the front of the property and making our way along the north west section of property towards the back of the plant where the barbed wire fence was weakest.
We then smoked three quarters of a joint together before working up the nerve to hop the fence. Ryan went first, watching him hop the fence and dart out into the yard and hiding behind scrap metal for cover then finally making it to the back of the building. Then it was my turn. What excitement that was, knowing your breaking the law to do something adventurous.
After getting onto the property we were standing at the back of the Hearn and looking for our way inside. To do so we had to hop up onto a metal fence post and from there had to reach up and grab a hold of plywood that covered up the tall entrance area. A good 15 foot climb up, over and in.
Once inside the first photo that was taken was the one of Ryan and I standing together, titled "final hours".
This place was like no other we had ever explored together. The shear size of it all was breathtaking and mind blowing at the same time. The beauty of destruction.
After the first photo was taken we started exploring the plant. Taking the necessary precautions we had come prepared with asbestos masks and flashlights.
We had made our way around on the ground floor, through locker rooms, showers, storage rooms. Then we started making our way up stairs to the 2nd and 3rd level offices, had the remainder of our joint together.
From the office levels we went back onto the factory area and started climbing the metal stairs up further still. Some photos show how high up we were in that building.
We then made ourselves up onto the roof. What a view from there looking out over the city core. Looking out over Lake Ontario we saw really dark storm clouds. Ryan pulled out a cigarette and had a smoke.
We were up on the roof for about a half hour before Ryan asked me "what do you want to do now man?". "Do you want to go home now or stay a bit longer and explore?". My camera battery had died at this point and being there any longer served no purpose for me. I was hesitant on a response because at the same time I wanted to keep exploring because the plan was to keep coming back weekend after weekend to explore and document the old structure.
I then agreed to keep exploring. We came in off the roof, coming down a level, walked through a doorway into a long looking dark room. All across the top level of The Hearn runs conveyor belts that run coal from one end to the other. Walking together along the metal grating flooring. Ryan was 2 feet in front of me.
I then ended up tripping over a small extruded piece of metal on the floor, and from that second on I pointed my flashlight directly onto the floor to see where I was walking.
Very shortly after this happens, in mid sentence Ryan just falls into blackness. All I see is from his waist up as he plunges into complete blackness and followed by about 4-5 seconds before hearing a sick crash far below.
I then look 2 feet in front of me and see there is no more floor. My imediant thought is that he is dead. Then my brain clicks "I have to get my best friend out of here".
I then tried my best to back track to get out of the building, taking a route that he and I had not taken to get to this point. All I knew is I had to get out of The Hearn and find someone that could help.
I don't even know how I got out of that place. When I did I came out on the back side of the building, ran around to the guard house screaming for help.
I screamed to the guard that my best friend just fell in there and is hurt really bad, he asked what we were doing in there and I told him we were just taking photos.
The guard then called like every paramedic, fire and police officer in the city. About 10 minutes after the call was made all I could hear were the sirens. Scared and relived at the same time I was.
Once they all showed up I told them Ryan was in there, that we were up high in the building and he fell. All the cops were telling me to retrace my steps, they wanted to see where we came in from. I screamed at them "we don't have time for that right now, my best friend is dying in there". I then started leading them to the front of the Hearn because I knew it was the closet way inside. We get to the front and all entrances were boarded up. One cops said to me "Ian there is no way in through this way, you have to show us where you came in from". I then demanded to the fire fighters that they bust this plywood down to get inside.
Once inside the cops started fucking with my mind, me being in total shock at the time they started asking me where we had explored, they wanted me to take them on what would have been a few hours of exploration, which we didn't have time for.
Then an officer finds his asbestos mask and glasses. My first thought is he was okay, that he somehow managed to crawl out under his own power. I was wrong. His mask and glasses had bounced off of objects on the fall and Ryan was nowhere to be found.
The police tried getting a hold of Rogers Communication to see if they could pin point his location with the cell phone he had on him. They ended up using thermal vision to locate him. He was trapped in a coal hopper located high up in the building.
I was escorted out at this point in time because I was too "hysterical" for the cops liking.
Two and a half hours went by, a fierce thunderstorm was passing through.
While they were working on getting Ryan out I was giving my statement to the police. Never gave one of those in my life. I told them everything that I am writing here right now, everything, even the joint smoking. I had Nothing to hide.
We went in undetected but I didn't care if the whole world was watching at this point, I was doing what any best friend would do. I was trying to save him. City Pulse News was there and I was trying to hide from them. I was scared that this is how his family would find out and how my family would find out, being Fathers days and all.
After two and a half hours of hell they finally got Ryan out. I watched them carry him out on a backboard and I yelled to him that I loved him.
Ryan was rushed to St. Micheal's Hospital, the best in all the city for trauma.
I followed about an hour after him, being escorted in a police car. On the drive one officer said to me "this is going to cost you and your buddy about a hundred thousand dollars for all that had to be done here today". What a jackass thing to say. I responded by saying "I don't give a fuck about money, take all I have from me I don't care, I'm loosing the most important person in my life right now".
We get to the hospital, I enter the trauma wing of St. Micheal's. They told me that I was going to be the one to call the home of the Nyenhuis'. I thought that was insane, and told them I could not make that call, that they would have to.
I then went into the waiting room, sat down. I remember the NBA finals were on the televisions in there and I ended up falling asleep somehow.
Waking to Stevie and Tammy's faces hours later (Stevie being Ryan's room mate and Tammy being Ryan's girlfriend).
Stevie told me that John and Cheryl were on their way and that we could go up stairs to the trauma ward to see Ryan.
The trauma centre, located on the 9th floor of St. Micheal's Hospital.
Hours passed by, as the night went on the news kept getting worse and worse about his condition.
I ended up leaving to come back to my apartment at 6am the following morning, I had to talk to my parents and try and shovel some food into my system. Still being in shock and never got treatment for shock when it happened.
I returned to the hospital at 3pm that day. Only to find nothing had changed with his condition.
Then came the worst words I ever had to hear, Ryan's father coming in the room and telling me it was time to say goodbye to Ryan.
We made our way into where he was being cared for. To see my best friend in the state he was in broke my heart. Blood coming out the back of his head, body black and blue bruised from head to toe, internal damage that could not be repaired, feeling his forehead and it being ice cold. He was laying there in front of us, dead. Machines were the only thing keeping him "alive".
I said my goodbyes to him, telling him that he can't leave me here, he can't leave the creation of Studies In Comfort behind, something that is so brilliant, that we were supposed to take over the world together and do all that was planned. I told him to haunt me.
I then looked at his eyes and saw tears. He may have been brain dead but I know he heard every word I said. Doctors did not give an explanation to what was coming out of his eyes.
If only I had said to Ryan "hey man watch your step" he might still be alive today. I have been told over and over again that I can not blame myself for what happened that day. I sometimes still do.
Ryan and I once had a conversation that if something ever happened to one of us that Studies In Comfort would stop, without a core creator there is no sense to continue it. Well I am going against those wishes. I can't lose what he and I created even before it took off the ground.
I now know my purpose in life. To carry on Studies In Comfort. I must continue on for him, finish off the 3 studio albums we had in the works and continue on with this art form.
Ryan died at the wheel and I have moved his lifeless body to the passengers seat and now a fucking insane madman is driving.
Ryan Nyenhuis, whos favourite artist was Nine Inch Nails, who lived on floor number 9, who wore a roman numeral 9 on his right arm, who died on the 9th floor at St. Micheal's Hospital, Toronto.
Thank you to 55 Division and all the paramedics and fire fighters who helped get Ryan out of that terrible dark place.
Ryan Nyenhuis is survived by his father, John, mother Cheryl, sisters, Jennifer and Leah, their beautiful children, myself and Studies In Comfort.
Ryan John Nyenhuis
July 28th 1981 - June 15th 2008
We love and miss you.
___________________________
All photographs were taken by Ryan Nyenhuis & Ian Levack with a Casio EX-Z1050 camera.
So unimpressed, but so in awe
Such a saint, but such a whore
So self-aware, so full of shit
So indecisive, so adamant
I'm contemplating, thinkin' about thinkin'
It's overrated, just get another drink and
Watch me come undone
They're selling razor blades and mirrors in the street
I pray when I'm coming down, you'll be asleep
If I ever hurt you, your revenge will be so sweet
Because I'm scum, and I'm your son
I come undone
I come undone
So rock 'n' roll, so corporate suit
So damn ugly, so damn cute
So well-trained, so animal
So need your love, so fuck you all
I'm not scared of dying, I just don't want to
If I stop lying, I'll just disappoint you
Come undone
They're selling razor blades and mirrors in the street
Come undone
I pray when I'm coming down, you'll be asleep
Come undone
If I ever hurt you, your revenge will be so sweet
Because I'm scum, and I'm your son
I come undone........................... www.youtube.com/watch?v=U9dbh2bMmWI
Because, apart from some of the underpinnings, the Spinner is not based on a real car, I had some difficulty working out the scale. Fortunately I managed to find some blueprints on line, used for building the models used in the movie, with (barely legible) measurements.
Because of the varying geographical regions and features of Texas, you could literally tour the entire state by jumping from cave to cave.
Because of the C-135/KC-135's large size, it easily lended itself to modification. It was a proven, reliable airframe, and since KC-135 fuselages were mostly empty cargo space, it was not terribly difficult to turn these aircraft into a wide variety of roles.
As a result, there are a dizzying amount of KC/C-135 variants--RC-135 strategic reconnaissance and Elint platforms, VC-135 executive transports, OC-135 Open Skies treaty compliance aircraft, NC-135 test aircraft, WC-135 weather reconnaissance aircraft, TC-135 crew trainers, and EC-135s--the latter could be anything from standoff ECM jamming aircraft to airborne command posts.
The majority of EC-135 variants were used as airborne command posts. Because it was thought likely that a Soviet nuclear first strike would annihilate ground stations, an airborne component would need to be in the air all the time, so that the ability to launch retaliatory strikes would still exist. This was the concept behind the Airborne Launch Control Centers, codenamed Looking Glass: even if ground-based LCCs were destroyed in a first strike, the ALCCs could still remotely launch the United States' Minuteman ICBMs. Other EC-135s served as airborne command posts for theater commanders, under the codenames Silk Purse, Scope Light, and Blue Eagle. Finally, an airborne command post for the President was created, codenamed Nightwatch; Nightwatch-configured "doomsday planes" would follow the President wherever they went, so that the President could run national affairs from the air in case of nuclear attack. The Nightwatch EC-135Js were replaced in the late 1970s by the current E-4 NEACP ("Kneecap") fleet.
When my friend Mr. John Osterholm took this picture of a somewhat anonymous Stratotanker taxiing into Tan Son Nhut International Airport, South Vietnam, he was unaware he was photographing the very first KC-135. 55-3118 first flew in August 1956 as the first production KC-135A, named "City of Renton," but ironically never flew a single operational (rather than experimental) refueling mission. Instead, it was used as a testbed by Boeing until it was modified into an EC-135K Head Dancer airborne command post in 1961. The role of the EC-135K was to provide radio support for Tactical Air Command fighters on long deployments. 55-3118 remained in this role until it was retired in 1996. Because it was the first Stratotanker, 55-3118 was saved for preservation and today is on display at McConnell AFB, Kansas.
55-3118 carried this color scheme of white over bare metal throughout most of its career. The TAC badge on the nose reflects which command it was attached to, unlike most EC-135s, which were assigned to SAC. At this time, it may have been assigned to the 552nd Air Warning and Control Wing at either Tinker AFB, Oklahoma or McClellan AFB, California.
This would have been an exceptional snapshot of history in any case (note the Royal Australian Air Force Caribou in the background), but the fact that this is the first of hundreds of KC-135s makes it all the better.
Oggi é arrivato questa simpatico completino fatto da una sartina americana. trovo che alla mia chanel stia davvero bene *__*
because my life is an endless torrent of ACTION and ADVENTURE, tonight i organized my underwear drawer! (i know, i know, you are jealous.)
found: lots and lots of butt floss, all bought during my freshman year of college when for some reason having a small piece of fabric crammed between my butt cheeks all day seemed like a good idea.
four strapless bras. four of them. i hardly ever find an occasion to wear a bra, nevermind a strapless one.
at least two pairs of undies with NO elastic in the legs. i mean none.
two bras with irreparable straps.
socks.
a dollar.
i divided what was still wearable into two sections: "everyday" and "on the rag."
i gathered up the worst offenders (panty lines be damned, you couldn't pay me enough to wear a thong) and gave them a seaside (next to the toilet) burial.
so long, grody undies.
I have visited Belfast a number of times but I have never had the opportunity to explore the city in detail until this weekend.
When I booked a room in the Ibis Hotel I did not realize that because of the Royal Wedding Friday was a bank holiday in Northern Ireland. Fortunately this did not have much of a negative impact on my activities and, in fact, it might have been to my advantage because the streets were less crowded.
At first glance Belfast (city centre) appeared to me to be more prosperous than Dublin but this impression may have been due to the fact that civic buildings and facilities are better maintained. The buildings and structures of Belfast comprise many styles of architecture ranging from Edwardian through to state-of-the-art modern buildings like the Waterfront Hall. The city's beautiful Edwardian buildings are notable for their display of large numbers of sculptures. Many of Belfast's Victorian landmarks, including the main Lanyon Building at Queens University in 1849, were designed by Sir Charles Lanyon.
After two days I began to notice that all was not as it appeared - there were many empty buildings and failed businesses in or near the centre. The city appears to have a number of problems which could impact on the tourist industry, the major one being the amount of on-street consumption of alcohol and judging by the notices posted around the city and in railway stations the authorities are well aware of the issue. On-street smoking by staff outside business premises is unattractive (we do have this problem in Dublin but not to the same extent).
Note: Northern Ireland uses sterling - the British pound. However, if you are visiting Northern Ireland, you need to be aware that while they accept Bank of England notes, they also have their own. Although these notes are legal tender in the rest of the United Kingdom, they are usually refused in shops and other places where money changes hands; you may have to go to a bank to "convert" them into Bank of England notes. During my visit I received nothing but Ulster Bank or Bank Of Ireland notes and based on previous experience I can tell you that they will be refused if you try to use them in England ( I don't know about Scotland or Wales ). To be fair to all involved they did replace the local currency with standard sterling notes when requested to do so. I must admit that I was a bit surprised by the universal reluctance to accept Euro … in the Central Railway Station despite the fact that the shop had a notice showing "Today's Euro Exchange Rate" they refused to accept payment in Euro (note: they do accept Euro payments on the Enterprise Express).
~ Adelbert von Chamisso
© All rights reserved. Please do not use my photo without my explicit permission.
i haven't been taking many pictures lately. i haven't been inspired and i'm feeling a bit low. i decided to do this type of photo simply because of the title, it's true. i've kind of based it on post secret, i might do more in this style. like a whole post-it note set.
i took this at 1:30am, i was led in bed feeling sorry for myself, thinking what could i do to make myself feel a bit better. and then i saw my camera on my chest of drawers. i started to think of picture ideas and this one came to mind. i was going to wait until morning to take it but i couldn't sleep.
i feel better now :)
Because Darth Vader likes cool space ship, he ordered this custom X-Wing in imperial.
I want the white X-wing, but at 85$ CND, I find it too expensive. I figured out that I probably have most pieces for a black one, so I made this. Mostly based on set 6212 and design cue from the container heist set of the space police line.
Because of the way train formations are marshalled , the back end of the Driving Van Luggage Trailers are not normally visible in their entirety .
But bringing up the rear of 5Z98 from Norwich Crown Point Depot to Crewe Electric Depot , is Abellio Greater Anglia DVT / DLT 82107 .
The reason for its journey is unknown , as work that cannot be carried out at Norwich . Is usually done at Cardiff Canton Depot .
Being towed by a pair of DRS Class 37 Diesel Locomotives 37402 & 37407 , it is approaching Platform 10 at Stratford Station in East London . Running about 20 mins early on its booked timings .
Tuesday lunchtime 08th-October-2019 .
This vehicle was originally built by BREL at Derby Litchurch Lane Carriage works In 1988 for use on the West Coast Main out of Euston Station .
I have no other outlet for this essay, so if you're just here to see the photograph, then that's just dandy, but if you have the time to read my essay, any feedback would be greatly appreciated.
Because We Can
There are few genuine human rights - rights which we should fight for, die for if necessary. These include the right to life and political participation, right to subsistence and rights to peace and clean environment. 1 There are rights which we can expect, which our local government has provided us. Then there are the “rights” Which many of us expect because society implies that that they are essential, often incorrectly, sometimes illegally and almost always inappropriately.
We live in a state of entitlement at the moment. I suspect this is something which may apply generally to the world, especially the western “civilised” world but, as it is the place I know best, I know it applies to England. There is a new motto on the lips of almost everybody in this fair country - “because we can”. People no longer choose to think about the moral, ethical or financial factors involved in their decisions. If I want to do something, I feel entitled to it, and therefore I will do it.
This attitude, this state of entitlement, has become particularly obvious in the last few days - the cry of “because we can” has been heard over the airwaves, seen on screen, written in text, tweeted, facebooked, and I’m sure, even google plussed, not just by the easily targetable social groups that some areas of the media and society have chosen to blame. Now we have entered the post-event analysis of causes, the common theme is commentators using the riots as evidence of their own specific issues; “the riots are clear confirmation of my long-held view that {insert pre-existing world view here}” 2 This is endemic in our country, and is ruining the nation and the state that we live in.
The much maligned annual educational statistics offer a prime example. “It is estimated that at least 1 in 4 of our economically active adults is functionally innumerate ... 22% of 16–19-year-olds are functionally innumerate” 3 "After 11 years of formal education, employers say they get kids coming to them who can't read, who can't write, who can't communicate, and don't have that work ethic."4 Is it the fault of the educators? Is it even the fault of the government? Or is this entitlement state also to blame? How many teachers out there have had students demanding that “they get them an A*”, as if the responsibility is that of the educator, not the educated? Work hard, and life will be your reward. If I had any belief that extending maths teaching from 5 to 16 to 5 to 18 would improve the aforementioned statistics, I would support this idea, but I know that just extending the course will do precisely nothing to extend the education. These children are being educated - there is no question that the education is there and is being provided. But if I teach the concept of differential equations to students who have spent their educated lives opting out with low attendance, submitting no homework, poor behaviour in class, they will not learn - they resist the teaching available. By the time they are 16, they would have had numerous maths teachers with many styles so no one teacher can be blamed. They will be just as unable to solve these equations as the child who has spent 2 terms learning how a compass point can be used to make patterns in a pencil tin lid. There is a huge portion of society out there that believes that leaving school before one has achieved any qualifications is justifiable, because the state will look after them - the benefits system will provide. Why shouldn’t we avoid all education? Because we can. Because it’s not my responsibility, and it’s my right to.
The situation is the same with smoking. Smoking is a legal right. Smoking is permissible in public in almost all countries. There are certain rules and regulations that have been introduced by various societies to try to curb the socially negative aspects of smoking, and taxes rise and rise on cigarettes to try to curb the purchase. Yet this is a habit which has not been suggested to have a link to various disease, but proven beyond almost all margins of statistical doubt to have both clinically and statistically significant links to disease, not even recently, but for over 60 years 5,6. It would be virtually impossible not to have been “educated” on the dangers of smoking, but it is easy to ignore this education, because we can. I condemn smoking, just as I am condemn the concept of “I smoke because I can, but I’m also going to demand free treatment because I can”. This tends to both follow and precede the need for lengthy, expensive and potentially preventable treatment for disease.
The same can also be said for alcohol. There are increasing numbers of the very young suffering illnesses related to long term alcohol abuse. They drank because they could. Because they did not understand that just because you can go out and get smashed and drink until you pass out, it doesn’t mean you should. Alcohol misuse appears to be the cause in around half of all violent crimes (1.2 million per annum) 7 There is a genuine issue with the state of entitlement when being allowed to drink means Friday night isn’t fun without a visit to A&E, or causing one. A recent study showed that 35% of the admissions to hospital (excluding long term care and pregnancy (although I suspect there is a significant proportion of them too)) is related to alcohol. This increases to 70% of admissions to A&E between the hours of midnight and 5am 8. The same report estimates the cost of alcohol to the NHS at £1.6 billion, although more recent estimates have been as high as £2.7 billion per annum.
I am a dentist when I am not writing and, while I shall not stand and bang my own drum too long, I see too many patients who believe that the upkeep of their teeth is my responsibility. The twice yearly (if they’re well behaved) cleaning of their teeth in my chair is the only time they are cleaned. Yet when it is suggested that their own participation in their own hygiene would improve matters they become indignant. Because they can.
There are socio-economic links here as well, primarily around the politics of cuts, welfare and benefits. While I have a basic knowledge of the issues surrounding who is claiming benefits, who can be and who shouldn’t be, I feel that I would expose myself potentially by expressing too strong a view on these issues. Suffice to say, the cry of “because we can” rings on the lips of many who perhaps are not using the system quite as it was intended.
In the news over the last few days, it may have been noticed that amid the turbulent markets, the surprise news that Apple is now the most valuable company in the world, starvation and famine in Somalia, that the National bank of Greece was the best performing bank and continuing uprising for democracy in Syria, there was a small incident of civil unrest in England. As I write this there are estimates of tens of millions pounds of damage, 5 dead, countless injured, some severely, more than 1000 people arrested 9. There was an initial peaceful protest over human and civil rights relating to a shooting. This quickly led to mass unrest, arson, looting and thuggery. The images that have been seen repeatedly are vile, disgusting and show some of the worst in human nature. An explicit discussion of the incident is not necessary here - there are hundreds of better sources for that information than me. What links in with this is the general attitude of the thugs, the criminals, the arsonists, the looters; why act the way you have? Because we can.
There are recordings of 14 year olds claiming that they were “retaking their taxes”, 18 year olds saying that if you can, why wouldn’t you steal hundreds of pounds worth of electronics and fashion goods. Be aware, these are not essential supplies that are being looted - this is luxury goods, which people feel entitled to, because they are available. If one can simply smash a window and grab one, why pay? If one can beat a 68 year old man to the brink of death, why not? Run 3 young boys over, killing them? Why not? Shall we burn down a 150 year old family business? Of course! And why? Because we can. These are not people with a message, a cause, moral reasoning for what they are doing. That much was obvious when they attacked the media. If you look at almost every past disturbance with a real cause behind it, the rioters, rebels, insurgents, call them what you will, will protect the media, because they know that is the best way of getting their message spread. When you attack the messenger, you clearly have no message.
So who should be responsible for curbing these behaviours? Who should back up the rights with responsibilities? Who should teach society (and it’s not just the young) that there are repercussions to every action? Parents need to teach their children that poor, antisocial behaviour is not tolerated? If your child comes home with a new 50” HDTV, they should be punished, not cherished for providing your house with another distraction from the poor behaviour. But there’s the rub. What if the parents do not know? What if they joined their children in looting and violence? If they have never learnt to control their children? If their parents, or their parents before them failed to impart these life lessons? We may be onto our nth generation of ASBO parents - their ignorance is not a whole excuse, but they cannot expect to teach something that they do not know themselves.
As a society we need to do something about this, not leave it solely to the parents. Teachers can help, but only with the respect and trust of both the students and the parents. If a child is punished for something at school, be it late or poor attendance, or physical and verbal abuse of both students and staff, shockingly becoming more prevalent, then the punishment needs to be supported, if not backed up at school. Too many parents, instead of supporting these issues, challenge and appeal against any and all forms of punishment, citing that “little timmy wouldn’t possibly sexually harass their teacher, it’s just not in his nature”. Except that it is, and he does it, because he can, because he will get away with it. Teachers are not blameless either - many incidents go totally unreported, simply because it’s easier not to bother with the hassle that will come from it. This then spreads up the line. The same can be said for extracurricular law makers - police will tolerate surprising levels of antisocial behaviour, because it is easier to ignore it - an arrest means paperwork, time off the street, lower police presence, and more antisocial behaviour. It is simply an excuse. I do not have the answers. I wish I did, but as a society we can work together to solve this.
So why should we try to resolve these issues? Why should we try to curb antisocial behaviour, binge drinking, rioting? Why should we stop people harming our communities and people within our community? Why should we care? Because we can.
Ben Matthews.
1. United Nations, The Universal Declaration of Human Rights, www.un.org/en/documents/udhr/
2. T. Harford, @timHarford twitter feed, 10 August 2011
3. C. Vorderman (Chair) “A world-class mathematics education for all our young people” August 2011
4. David Frost, director general of the British Chambers of Commerce, speaking on the BBC, July 2011
5. Doll, R. and A.B. Hill, Smoking and carcinoma of the lung. Preliminary report.British Medical Journal, 1950: p. ii:739-48
6. Wynder EL, G.E.A., Tobacco smoking as a possible etiologic factor in bronchogenic carcinoma. JAMA, 1950. 143: p. 329-36
7. Alcohol Harm Reduction Strategy for England, March 2004
8. Strategy Unit Alcohol Harm Reduction Project – Interim Analytical Report – September 2003
9. BBC news website, 11 August 2011.