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News article obtained from the Northwest Herald:

WOODSTOCK – They walked past Engine 32 and into the church where Michael Wurtz, in his final months, reconnected to his faith.

More than 360 uniformed firefighters from departments as far away as the Champaign area filtered into Woodstock Assembly of God, saluting the open casket of Wurtz one-by-one during a fire department walk-through. The departments came together with Wurtz' friends and family to lay to rest the 47-year-old firefighter, who died Friday of cancer.

Those who spoke before and during the ceremony remembered a fearless firefighter who lived to serve – for his family, his friends and his community. They talked of his adventurous spirit, his exhaustive work ethic, the way everyone who met him seemed to feel a special connection. They remembered that smirk, which somehow toed the line between business-like and light-hearted.

They tried to put into words what Wurtz meant to the world.

"We seem larger than life," Woodstock Fire Chief Ralph Webster said during the ceremony. "But quite honestly, that's not what makes us so special. That's not what made Mike special. It's the little things he did to serve others."

Giving the service's eulogy, Pastor Roger Willis harkened back to conversations he'd had with Wurtz over the last four and a half months, since the two met. He explained several words that Wurtz's memory called to mind: adventure, selfless, honor.

He said his next sermon would be called "Lessons from 1325 Dean Street," the address of the nearby Woodstock Fire/Rescue District Station 2. Being around Wurtz firsthand showed him the honor the department felt Wurtz was due.

"If we treat one another how you all treat one another, it's going to go a long, long way," Willis said.

Willis added a fourth word: rest. He talked about the peaceful nature of a visit he'd had with Wurtz in January. The two discussed faith, and Wurtz opened up about a spiritual road made rocky by his dad's death at a young age.

"I was hoping this visit would go in this direction," Willis remembered Wurtz saying.

Firefighters lifted the American flag from its resting spot on Wurtz's casket, folded it and presented it to Wurtz's wife. They gave his helmet and badge to the family. Each of his children was presented an honorary badge from the local firefighters union.

"We're having his service, but we're serving her today," Webster said of Wurtz's wife. "Her and her family."

To the blare of bagpipes and drums, service men carried the casket out the church, past rows of firefighters frozen in salute. The body was raised onto Engine 32, where it would soon fall into a procession that traveled past each of the three Woodstock fire stations.

First, the rows of firefighters were ordered out of their salute. Several finally wiped the tears from their eyes.

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This article is about the capital of the Czech Republic. For other uses, see Prague (disambiguation).

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Prague

Praha

Capital city

Hlavní město Praha

  

Prague (/prɑːɡ/; Czech: Praha [ˈpraɦa] ( listen), German: Prag) is the capital and largest city in the Czech Republic, the 14th largest city in the European Union[7] and also the historical capital of Bohemia. Situated in the north-west of the country on the Vltava river, the city is home to about 1.3 million people, while its larger urban zone is estimated to have a population of 2.2 million.[8] The city has a temperate climate, with warm summers and chilly winters.

Prague has been a political, cultural and economic centre of central Europe complete with a rich history. Founded during the Romanesque and flourishing by the Gothic, Renaissance and Baroque eras, Prague was the capital of the kingdom of Bohemia and the main residence of several Holy Roman Emperors, most notably of Charles IV (r. 1346–1378).[9] It was an important city to the Habsburg Monarchy and its Austro-Hungarian Empire. The city played major roles in the Bohemian and Protestant Reformation, the Thirty Years' War and in 20th-century history as the capital of Czechoslovakia, during both World Wars and the post-war Communist era.[10]

Prague is home to a number of famous cultural attractions, many of which survived the violence and destruction of 20th-century Europe. Main attractions include the Prague Castle, the Charles Bridge, Old Town Square with the Prague astronomical clock, the Jewish Quarter, Petřín hill and Vyšehrad. Since 1992, the extensive historic centre of Prague has been included in the UNESCO list of World Heritage Sites.

The city has more than ten major museums, along with numerous theatres, galleries, cinemas and other historical exhibits. An extensive modern public transportation system connects the city. Also, it is home to a wide range of public and private schools, including Charles University in Prague, the oldest university in Central Europe.[11]

Prague is classified as a "Beta+" global city according to GaWC studies[12] and ranked sixth in the Tripadvisor world list of best destinations in 2016.[13] Its rich history makes it a popular tourist destination and as of 2014, the city receives more than 6.4 million international visitors annually. Prague is the fifth most visited European city after London, Paris, Istanbul and Rome.[14]

 

History[edit]

Main articles: History of Prague and Timeline of Prague

  

During the thousand years of its existence, the city grew from a settlement stretching from Prague Castle in the north to the fort of Vyšehrad in the south, becoming the capital of a modern European country, the Czech Republic, a member state of the European Union.

 

Early history[edit]

  

The Prague astronomical clock was first installed in 1410, making it the third-oldest astronomical clock in the world and the oldest one still working.

The region was settled as early as the Paleolithic age.[15] Around the fifth and fourth century BC, the Celts appeared in the area, later establishing settlements including an oppidum in Závist, a present-day suburb of Prague, and giving name to the region of Bohemia, "home of the Boii".[15][16] In the last century BC, the Celts were slowly driven away by Germanic tribes (Marcomanni, Quadi, Lombards and possibly the Suebi), leading some to place the seat of the Marcomanni king Maroboduus on the southern Prague's site Závist.[17][18] Around the area where present-day Prague stands, the 2nd century map of Ptolemaios mentioned a Germanic city called Casurgis.[19]

In the late 5th century AD, during the great Migration Period following the collapse of the Western Roman Empire, the Germanic tribes living in Bohemia moved westwards and, probably in the 6th century, the Slavic tribes (Venedi) settled Central Bohemian Region. In the following two centuries, the Czech tribes built several fortified settlements in the area, most notably in the Šárka valley, Butovice and later in Levý Hradec.[15]

The construction of what came to be known as the Prague Castle began near the end of the 9th century, with a fortified settlement already existing on the site in the year 800.[20] The first masonry under Prague Castle dates from the year 885 at the latest.[21] The other prominent Prague fort, the Přemyslid fort Vyšehrad, was founded in the 10th century, some 70 years later than Prague Castle.[22] Prague Castle is dominated by the cathedral, which was founded in 1344, but completed in the 20th century.

  

The legendary origins of Prague attribute its foundation to the 8th century Czech duchess and prophetess Libuše and her husband, Přemysl, founder of the Přemyslid dynasty. Legend says that Libuše came out on a rocky cliff high above the Vltava and prophesied: "I see a great city whose glory will touch the stars." She ordered a castle and a town called Praha to be built on the site.[15]

A 17th century Jewish chronicler David Solomon Ganz, citing Cyriacus Spangenberg, claimed that the city was founded as Boihaem in c. 1306 BC by an ancient king, Boyya.[18]

The region became the seat of the dukes, and later kings of Bohemia. Under Roman Emperor Otto II the area became a bishopric in 973. Until Prague was elevated to archbishopric in 1344, it was under the jurisdiction of the Archbishopric of Mainz.

Prague was an important seat for trading where merchants from all of Europe settled, including many Jews, as recalled in 965 by the Hispano-Jewish merchant and traveller Ibrahim ibn Ya'qub. The Old New Synagogue of 1270 still stands. Prague contained an important slave market.[23]

At the site of the ford in the Vltava river, King Vladislaus I had the first bridge built in 1170, the Judith Bridge (Juditin most), named in honour of his wife Judith of Thuringia. This bridge was destroyed by a flood in 1342. Some of the original foundation stones of that bridge remain.

In 1257, under King Ottokar II, Malá Strana ("Lesser Quarter") was founded in Prague on the site of an older village in what would become the Hradčany (Prague Castle) area. This was the district of the German people, who had the right to administer the law autonomously, pursuant to Magdeburg rights. The new district was on the bank opposite of the Staré Město ("Old Town"), which had borough status and was bordered by a line of walls and fortifications.

  

The era of Charles IV[edit]

  

Prague flourished during the 14th-century reign (1346–1378) of Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor and the king of Bohemia of the new Luxembourg dynasty. As King of Bohemia and Holy Roman Emperor, he transformed Prague into an imperial capital and it was at that time the third-largest city in Europe (after Rome and Constantinople).

He ordered the building of the New Town (Nové Město) adjacent to the Old Town and laid out the design himself. The Charles Bridge, replacing the Judith Bridge destroyed in the flood just prior to his reign, was erected to connect the east bank districts to the Malá Strana and castle area. On 9 July 1357 at 5:31 am, Charles IV personally laid the first foundation stone for the Charles Bridge. The exact time of laying the first foundation stone is known because the palindromic number 135797531 was carved into the Old Town bridge tower having been chosen by the royal astrologists and numerologists as the best time for starting the bridge construction.[24] In 1347, he founded Charles University, which remains the oldest university in Central Europe.

 

He began construction of the Gothic Saint Vitus Cathedral, within the largest of the Prague Castle courtyards, on the site of the Romanesque rotunda there. Prague was elevated to an archbishopric in 1344, the year the cathedral was begun.

The city had a mint and was a centre of trade for German and Italian bankers and merchants. The social order, however, became more turbulent due to the rising power of the craftsmen's guilds (themselves often torn by internal fights), and the increasing number of poor people.

The Hunger Wall, a substantial fortification wall south of Malá Strana and the Castle area, was built during a famine in the 1360s. The work is reputed to have been ordered by Charles IV as a means of providing employment and food to the workers and their families.

Charles IV died in 1378. During the reign of his son, King Wenceslaus IV (1378–1419), a period of intense turmoil ensued. During Easter 1389, members of the Prague clergy announced that Jews had desecrated the host (Eucharistic wafer) and the clergy encouraged mobs to pillage, ransack and burn the Jewish quarter. Nearly the entire Jewish population of Prague (3,000 people) perished.[25][26]

 

Jan Hus, a theologian and rector at the Charles University, preached in Prague. In 1402, he began giving sermons in the Bethlehem Chapel. Inspired by John Wycliffe, these sermons focused on what were seen as radical reforms of a corrupt Church. Having become too dangerous for the political and religious establishment, Hus was summoned to the Council of Constance, put on trial for heresy, and burned at the stake in Constanz in 1415.

Four years later Prague experienced its first defenestration, when the people rebelled under the command of the Prague priest Jan Želivský. Hus' death, coupled with Czech proto-nationalism and proto-Protestantism, had spurred the Hussite Wars. Peasant rebels, led by the general Jan Žižka, along with Hussite troops from Prague, defeated Emperor Sigismund, in the Battle of Vítkov Hill in 1420.

During the Hussite Wars when the City of Prague was attacked by "Crusader" and mercenary forces, the city militia fought bravely under the Prague Banner. This swallow-tailed banner is approximately 4 by 6 feet (1.2 by 1.8 metres), with a red field sprinkled with small white fleurs-de-lis, and a silver old Town Coat-of-Arms in the centre. The words "PÁN BŮH POMOC NAŠE" (The Lord is our Relief) appeared above the coat-of-arms, with a Hussite chalice centred on the top. Near the swallow-tails is a crescent shaped golden sun with rays protruding.

One of these banners was captured by Swedish troops in Battle of Prague (1648), when they captured the western bank of the Vltava river and were repulsed from the eastern bank, they placed it in the Royal Military Museum in Stockholm; although this flag still exists, it is in very poor condition. They also took the Codex Gigas and the Codex Argenteus. The earliest evidence indicates that a gonfalon with a municipal charge painted on it was used for Old Town as early as 1419. Since this city militia flag was in use before 1477 and during the Hussite Wars, it is the oldest still preserved municipal flag of Bohemia.

In the following two centuries, Prague strengthened its role as a merchant city. Many noteworthy Gothic buildings[28][29] were erected and Vladislav Hall of the Prague Castle was added.

  

Habsburg era[edit]

 

In 1526, the Bohemian estates elected Ferdinand I of the House of Habsburg. The fervent Catholicism of its members was to bring them into conflict in Bohemia, and then in Prague, where Protestant ideas were gaining popularity.[30] These problems were not pre-eminent under Holy Roman Emperor Rudolf II, elected King of Bohemia in 1576, who chose Prague as his home. He lived in the Prague Castle, where his court welcomed not only astrologers and magicians but also scientists, musicians, and artists. Rudolf was an art lover too, and Prague became the capital of European culture. This was a prosperous period for the city: famous people living there in that age include the astronomers Tycho Brahe and Johannes Kepler, the painter Arcimboldo, the alchemists Edward Kelley and John Dee, the poet Elizabeth Jane Weston, and others.

In 1618, the famous second defenestration of Prague provoked the Thirty Years' War, a particularly harsh period for Prague and Bohemia. Ferdinand II of Habsburg was deposed, and his place as King of Bohemia taken by Frederick V, Elector Palatine; however his army was crushed in the Battle of White Mountain (1620) not far from the city. Following this in 1621 was an execution of 27 Czech leaders (involved in the uprising) in Old Town Square and the exiling of many others. The city suffered subsequently during the war under Saxon (1631) and Battle of Prague (1648).[31] Prague began a steady decline which reduced the population from the 60,000 it had had in the years before the war to 20,000. In the second half of the 17th century Prague's population began to grow again. Jews had been in Prague since the end of the 10th century and, by 1708, they accounted for about a quarter of Prague's population.[32]

  

In 1689, a great fire devastated Prague, but this spurred a renovation and a rebuilding of the city. In 1713–14, a major outbreak of plague hit Prague one last time, killing 12,000 to 13,000 people.[33]

In 1744 Frederick the Great of Prussia invaded Bohemia. He took Prague after a severe and prolonged siege in the course of which a large part of the town was destroyed.[34] In 1757 the Prussian Prussian bombardment[34] destroyed more than one quarter of the city and heavily damaged St. Vitus Cathedral. However a month later Frederick the Great was defeated and to retreat from Bohemia.

The economy of the city continued to improve during the 18th century. The population increased to 80,000 inhabitants by 1771. Many rich merchants and nobles enhanced the city with a host of palaces, churches and gardens full of art and music, creating a Baroque city renowned throughout the world to this day.

In 1784, under Joseph II, the four municipalities of Malá Strana, Nové Město, Staré Město, and Hradčany were merged into a single entity. The Jewish district, called Josefov, was included only in 1850. The Industrial Revolution had a strong effect in Prague, as factories could take advantage of the coal mines and ironworks of the nearby region. A first suburb, Karlín, was created in 1817, and twenty years later the population exceeded 100,000.

The revolutions in Europe in 1848 also touched Prague, but they were fiercely suppressed. In the following years the Czech National Revival began its rise, until it gained the majority in the town council in 1861. Prague had a German-speaking majority in 1848, but by 1880 the number of German speakers had decreased to 14% (42,000), and by 1910 to 6.7% (37,000), due to a massive increase of the city's overall population caused by the influx of Czechs from the rest of Bohemia and Moravia and also due to return of social status importance of the Czech language.

  

20th century[edit]

  

First Czechoslovak Republic[edit]

Main article: First Czechoslovak Republic

World War I ended with the defeat of the Austro-Hungarian Empire and the creation of Czechoslovakia. Prague was chosen as its capital and Prague Castle as the seat of president Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk. At this time Prague was a true European capital with highly developed industry. By 1930, the population had risen to 850,000.

Second World War[edit]

  

Further information: German occupation of Czechoslovakia

Hitler ordered the German Army to enter Prague on 15 March 1939, and from Prague Castle proclaimed Bohemia and Moravia a German protectorate. For most of its history, Prague had been a multi-ethnic city with important Czech, German and (mostly native German-speaking) Jewish populations.[citation needed] From 1939, when the country was occupied by Nazi Germany, and during the Second World War, most Jews were deported and killed by the Germans. In 1942, Prague was witness to the assassination of one of the most powerful men in Nazi Germany – Reinhard Heydrich – during Operation Anthropoid, accomplished by Czechoslovak national heroes Jozef Gabčík and Jan Kubiš. Hitler ordered bloody reprisals.

At the end of the war, Prague suffered several bombing raids by the US Army Air Forces. 701 people were killed, more than 1,000 people were injured and some of buildings, factories and historical landmarks (Emmaus Monastery, Faust House, Vinohrady Synagogue) were destroyed.[35] Many historic structures in Prague, however, escaped the destruction of the war and the damage was small compared to the total destruction of many other cities in that time. According to American pilots, it was the result of a navigational mistake.

On 5 May 1945, two days before Germany capitulated, an uprising against Germany occurred. Four days later, the 3rd Shock Army of the Red Army took the city, with fierce fighting until 11th May 1945. The majority (about 50,000 people) of the German population of Prague either fled or were expelled by the Beneš decrees in the aftermath of the war.

Cold War[edit]

Main article: History of Czechoslovakia (1948–89)

  

Prague was a city in the territory of military and political control of the Soviet Union (see Iron Curtain). The biggest Stalin Monument was unveiled on Letná hill in 1955 and destroyed in 1962. The 4th Czechoslovakian Writers' Congress held in the city in June 1967 took a strong position against the regime.[36] On 31 October 1967 students demonstrated at Strahov. This spurred the new secretary of the Communist Party, Alexander Dubček, to proclaim a new deal in his city's and country's life, starting the short-lived season of the "socialism with a human face". It was the Prague Spring, which aimed at the renovation of institutions in a democratic way. The other Warsaw Pact member countries, except Romania and Albania, reacted with the invasion of Czechoslovakia and the capital on 21 August 1968 by tanks, suppressing any attempt at reform. Jan Palach and Jan Zajíc committed suicide by self-immolation in January and February 1969 to protest against the "normalization" of the country.

  

After Velvet Revolution[edit]

  

In 1989, after the riot police beat back a peaceful student demonstration, the Velvet Revolution crowded the streets of Prague, and the Czechoslovak capital benefited greatly from the new mood. In 1993, after the split of Czechoslovakia, Prague became the capital city of the new Czech Republic. From 1995 high-rise buildings began to be built in Prague in large quantities. In the late 1990s, Prague again became an important cultural centre of Europe and was notably influenced by globalisation[clarification needed]. In 2000, IMF and World Bank summits took place in Prague. In 2002, Prague suffered from widespread floods that damaged buildings and its underground transport system.

Prague launched a bid for the 2016 Summer Olympics,[37] but failed to make the candidate city shortlist. In June 2009, as the result of financial pressures from the global recession, Prague's officials also chose to cancel the city's planned bid for the 2020 Summer Olympics.[38]

Name[edit]

See also: Names in different languages

  

The Czech name Praha is derived from an old Slavic word, práh, which means "ford" or "rapid", referring to the city's origin at a crossing point of the Vltava river.[39] The same etymology is associated with the Praga district of Warsaw.[40]

Another view to the origin of name is also related to the Czech word práh (in the mean of a threshold) and a legendary etymology connects the name of the city with princess Libuše, prophetess and a wife of mythical founder of the Přemyslid dynasty. She is said to have ordered the city "to be built where a man hews a threshold of his house". The Czech práh might thus be understood to refer to rapids or fords in the river, the edge of which could have acted as a means of fording the river – thus providing a "threshold" to the castle.

Another derivation of the name Praha is suggested from na prazě, the original term for the shale hillside rock upon which the original castle was built. At that time, the castle was surrounded by forests, covering the nine hills of the future city – the Old Town on the opposite side of the river, as well as the Lesser Town beneath the existing castle, appeared only later.[41]

The English spelling of the city's name is borrowed from French. Prague is also called the "City of a Hundred Spires", based on a count by 19th century mathematician Bernard Bolzano, today's count is estimated by Prague Information Service at 500.[42] Nicknames for Prague have also included: the Golden City, the Mother of Cities and the Heart of Europe.[43]

Geography[edit]

Prague is situated on the Vltava river, at 50°05"N and 14°27"E.[44] in the centre of the Bohemian Basin. Prague is approximately at the same latitude as Frankfurt, Germany;[45] Paris, France;[46] and Vancouver, Canada.[47]

  

Climate[edit]

  

Prague has a humid continental climate (Köppen Dfb). The winters are relatively cold with average temperatures at about freezing point, and with very little sunshine. Snow cover can be common between mid-November and late March although snow accumulations of more than 20 cm (8 in) are infrequent. There are also a few periods of mild temperatures in winter. Summers usually bring plenty of sunshine and the average high temperature of 24 °C (75 °F). Nights can be quite cool even in summer, though. Precipitation in Prague (and most of the Bohemian lowland) is rather low (just over 500 mm [20 in] per year) since it is located in the rain shadow of the Sudetes and other mountain ranges. The driest season is usually winter while late spring and summer can bring quite heavy rain, especially in form of thundershowers. Temperature inversions are relatively common between mid-October and mid-March bringing foggy, cold days and sometimes moderate air pollution. Prague is also a windy city with common sustained western winds and an average wind speed of 16 km/h (9.9 mph) that often help break temperature inversions and clear the air in cold months.

  

Culture[edit]

Historic Centre of Prague

 

Includes

Historic Centre of Prague and Průhonice Park

Criteria

Cultural: ii, iv, vi

Reference

616

Inscription

1992 (16th Session)

Area

1,106.36 ha

Buffer zone

9,887.09 ha

 

Prague Congress Centre has hosted the IMF-WBG meeting and NATO summit

The city is traditionally one of the cultural centres of Europe, hosting many cultural events. Some of the significant cultural institutions include the National Theatre (Národní Divadlo) and the Estates Theatre (Stavovské or Tylovo or Nosticovo divadlo), where the premières of Mozart's Don Giovanni and La clemenza di Tito were held. Other major cultural institutions are the Rudolfinum which is home to the Czech Philharmonic Orchestra and the Municipal House which is home to the Prague Symphony Orchestra. The Prague State Opera (Státní opera) performs at the Smetana Theatre.

The city has many world-class museums, including the National Museum (Národní muzeum), the Museum of the Capital City of Prague, the Jewish Museum in Prague, the Alfons Mucha Museum, the African-Prague Museum, the Museum of Decorative Arts in Prague, the Náprstek Museum (Náprstkovo Muzeum), the Josef Sudek Gallery and The Josef Sudek Studio, the National Library and the National Gallery, which manages the largest collection of art in the Czech Republic.

There are hundreds of concert halls, galleries, cinemas and music clubs in the city. It hosts music festivals including the Prague Spring International Music Festival, the Prague Autumn International Music Festival, the Prague International Organ Festival and the Prague International Jazz Festival. Film festivals include the Febiofest, the One World Film Festival and Echoes of the Karlovy Vary International Film Festival. The city also hosts the Prague Writers' Festival, the Prague Folklore Days, Prague Advent Choral Meeting the Summer Shakespeare Festival,[55] the Prague Fringe Festival, the World Roma Festival, as well as the hundreds of Vernissages and fashion shows.

Many films have been made at Barrandov Studios and at Prague Studios. Hollywood films set in Prague include Mission Impossible, xXx, Blade II, Alien vs. Predator, Doom, Chronicles of Narnia, Hellboy, Red Tails, Children of Dune and Van Helsing.[56] Other Czech films shot in Prague include Empties, EuroTrip, Amadeus and The Fifth Horseman is Fear. Also, the romantic music video "Never Tear Us Apart" by INXS, "Diamonds from Sierra Leone" by Kanye West was shot in the city, and features shots of the Charles Bridge and the Astronomical Clock, among other famous landmarks. Rihanna's "Don't Stop the Music" video was filmed at Prague's Radost FX Club. The city was also the setting for the film Dungeons and Dragons in 2000. The music video "Silver and Cold" by AFI, an American rock band, was also filmed in Prague. Many Indian films have also been filmed in the city including Yuvraaj, Drona and Rockstar. Early 2000's europop hit "Something" by "Lasgo" was filmed at the central train station in Prague.

With the growth of low-cost airlines in Europe, Prague has become a popular weekend city destination allowing tourists to visit its many museums and cultural sites as well as try its famous Czech beers and hearty cuisine.

The city has many buildings by renowned architects, including Adolf Loos (Villa Müller), Frank O. Gehry (Dancing House) and Jean Nouvel (Golden Angel).

Recent major events held in Prague:

•International Monetary Fund and World Bank Summit 2000

•NATO Summit 2002

•International Olympic Committee Session 2004

•IAU General Assembly 2006 (Definition of planet)

•EU & USA Summit 2009

•Czech Presidency of the Council of the European Union 2009

•USA & Russia Summit 2010 (signing of the New START treaty)

  

Cuisine[edit]

In 2008 the Allegro restaurant received the first Michelin star in the whole of the post-Communist part of Central Europe. It retained its star until 2011. As of 2016 there are three Michelin-starred restaurants in Prague: Alcron, La Degustation, Bohême Bourgeoise, and Field.

In Malá Strana, Staré Město, Žižkov and Nusle there are hundreds of restaurants, bars and pubs, especially with Czech beer. Prague also hosts the Czech Beer Festival (Český pivní festival), which is the largest beer festival in the Czech Republic, held for 17 days every year in May. At the festival, more than 70 brands of Czech beer can be tasted.

Prague is home to many breweries including:

•Pivovary Staropramen (Praha 5)

•První novoměstský restaurační pivovar (Praha 1)

•Pivovar U Fleků (Praha 1)

•Klášterní pivovar Strahov (Praha 1)

•Pivovar Pražský most u Valšů (Praha 1)

•Pivovarský Hotel U Medvídků (Praha 1)

•Pivovarský dům (Praha 2)

•Jihoměstský pivovar (Praha 4)

•Sousedský pivovar U Bansethů (Praha 4)

•Vyukový a výzkumný pivovar – Suchdolský Jeník (Praha 6)

•Pivovar U Bulovky (Praha 8)

  

Economy[edit]

 

Prague's economy accounts for 25% of the Czech GDP[57] making it the highest performing regional economy of the country. According to the Eurostat, as of 2007, its GDP per capita in purchasing power standard is €42,800. Prague ranked the 5th best-performing European NUTS two-level region at 172 percent of the EU-27 average.[58]

The city is the site of the European headquarters of many international companies.[citation needed]

Prague employs almost a fifth of the entire Czech workforce, and its wages are significantly above average (~+25%). In December 2015, average salaries available in Prague reached 35,853 CZK, an annual increase of 3.4%, which was nevertheless lower than national increase of 3.9% both in nominal and real terms. (Inflation in Prague was 0.5% in December, compared with 0.1% nationally.)[58][59] Since 1990, the city's economic structure has shifted from industrial to service-oriented. Industry is present in sectors such as pharmaceuticals, printing, food processing, manufacture of transport equipment, computer technology and electrical engineering. In the service sector, financial and commercial services, trade, restaurants, hospitality and public administration are the most significant. Services account for around 80 percent of employment. There are 800,000 employees in Prague, including 120,000 commuters.[57] The number of (legally registered) foreign residents in Prague has been increasing in spite of the country's economic downturn. As of March 2010, 148,035 foreign workers were reported to be living in the city making up about 18 percent of the workforce, up from 131,132 in 2008.[60] Approximately one-fifth of all investment in the Czech Republic takes place in the city.

Almost one-half of the national income from tourism is spent in Prague. The city offers approximately 73,000 beds in accommodation facilities, most of which were built after 1990, including almost 51,000 beds in hotels and boarding houses.

  

From the late 1990s to late 2000s, the city was a popular filming location for international productions such as Hollywood and Bollywood motion pictures. A combination of architecture, low costs and the existing motion picture infrastructure have proven attractive to international film production companies.

The modern economy of Prague is largely service and export-based and, in a 2010 survey, the city was named the best city in Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) for business.[61]

In 2005, Prague was deemed among the three best cities in Central and Eastern Europe according to The Economist's livability rankings.[62] The city was named as a top-tier nexus city for innovation across multiple sectors of the global innovation economy, placing 29th globally out of 289 cities, ahead of Brussels and Helsinki for innovation in 2010 in 2thinknow annual analysts Innovation Cities Index.[63] Na příkopě in New Town is the most expensive street in the whole of Central Europe.[64]

In the Eurostat research, Prague ranked fifth among Europe's 271 regions in terms of gross domestic product per inhabitant, achieving 172 percent of the EU average. It ranked just above Paris and well above the country as a whole, which achieved 80 percent of the EU average.[65][66]

Companies with highest turnover in the region in 2014:[67]

Name

Turnover, mld. Kč

ČEZ

200.8

Agrofert

166.8

RWE Supply & Trading CZ

146.1

Prague is also the site of some of the most important offices and institutions of the Czech Republic.

•President of the Czech Republic

•The Government and both houses of Parliament

•Ministries and other national offices (Industrial Property Office, Czech Statistical Office, National Security Authority etc.)

•Czech National Bank

•Czech Television and other major broadcasters

•Radio Free Europe – Radio Liberty

•Galileo global navigation project

•Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic

  

Oneness Pentecostalism

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Oneness Pentecostalism is a movement of Pentecostal Christianity that believes in the atoning death of Jesus Christ, His resurrection, His soon return, and the Word of God as contained in the Bible, but differs from mainstream Pentecostalism by following the doctrine of Oneness. Oneness Pentecostalism teaches a literal interpretation of the biblical teaching of salvation with emphasis on the teaching of Jesus Christ & His Apostles, citing "John 3:1-12 & Acts 2:38 experience" as necessary for salvation and places special emphasis on the direct personal experience of God through the baptism of the Holy Spirit, as shown in the Biblical account of the Day of Pentecost. It teaches that personal conversion is to be followed by holy living and exhibiting the fruit of the Spirit (Galatians 5:22).

Contents

[hide]

 

* 1 Overview

* 2 History

o 2.1 The early Church

o 2.2 Modern History

* 3 Doctrine and theology

o 3.1 God

o 3.2 Salvation

o 3.3 Holiness

* 4 Common misunderstandings

o 4.1 Jesus' Name vs. Jesus Only

o 4.2 Oneness Theology IS NOT Unitarianism

* 5 Followers of Oneness Pentecostalism

o 5.1 Gospel and Contemporary Christian artists

* 6 References

* 7 See also

* 8 External links

o 8.1 Articles, indexes, & other resources

+ 8.1.1 Favoring views

+ 8.1.2 Comparative articles

+ 8.1.3 Other

* 9 Oneness Pentecostal Groups

o 9.1 North America

o 9.2 Other countries

 

[edit] Overview

 

Although both Oneness and Trinitarian denominations acknowledge the God of the Bible as the only God in existence, and that Jesus was born, died, and resurrected, Oneness doctrine differs from mainstream Christian denominations in that the traditional concept of the Trinity is rejected as an inadequate and inaccurate description of God. According to the United Pentecostal Church International, the largest Oneness Pentecostal body in the United States, Oneness Pentecostals identify Jesus essentially as the human manifestation of God (Jehovah), i.e. God incarnate. [1].

 

Citing 1Timothy 2:5, the Oneness doctrine affirms that God is indivisibly one, and sees the biblical distinction between God the Father and the man Jesus, as being a proper, observable father-son distinction, except between an incorporeal, transcendent, eternal God as Father, and a human, begotten man as Son, in whom God manifested Himself for the purpose of salvation. Oneness doctrine affirms the full deity of Jesus, by holding that God incarnate manifested Himself to humanity in the man Jesus. It refutes the Trinitarian proposal that the one, true God is composed of three co-divine, co-equal, co-eternal, co-powerful persons. In the sense that the one God and one man of 1Timothy 2:5 co-exist simultaneously, they teach that Jesus exists simultaneously both as man Jesus and as God (God the Father an invisible, transcendent, Spirit) inseparably united (see John 10:30) as the Son of God. Citing John 4:24 (God is a Spirit), Oneness doctrine uses the terms God the Father and Holy Spirit as references to the same one God, who is Spirit. It affirms that the Holy Spirit and God the Father are one in the same Godhead, but only as separate manifestations or relationships of the one person or being that is God.

 

"Oneness", "Apostolic" and "Jesus' Name" are adherents' preferred self-designations.[1].

 

Oneness Pentecostals have also been identified as "Holy Rollers" for their lively style of worship, which can include running church aisles, known as victory marches, as well as jumping, dancing, shouting, and clapping. The church services are also punctuated at times with acts of speaking in tongues (glossolalia), interpretations of tongues, prophetical messages, and the laying of hands for the purposes of healing. These events can happen spontaneously during normal service with no forewarning or direct guidance by the leader of the service, or more often at massive altar calls where the entire congregation is encouraged to come and pray together for various purposes at the altar.

 

Oneness Pentecostals commonly refer to all saved Christians as saints and often refer to the men as brothers and the women as sisters, often as a title (i.e. Bro. Smith or Sis. Henderson),in their normal day-to-day speech both in and outside of church.

 

While the UPCI, PAW, and other Oneness Pentecostal churches do allow women to serve as pastors and evangelize, some Oneness Pentecostals hold the belief that women ministers are unscriptural. Ministers at all levels are allowed to marry and have children. Homosexual marriages are forbidden under all circumstances.

 

[edit] History

 

Many people believe that the Oneness doctrine came into existence only in the early 20th century during the latter days of the Azusa Street Revival. Church historians, however, such as Dr. Curtis Ward, William Chalfant, Talmadge French, Dr. David Bernard, and Thomas Weisser in their research and writings argue there were Oneness believers long before the Azusa Street Revival that lead all the way to the beginning of the first century Christian church. Dr. Ward has proposed the view of an unbroken Church lineage and has chronologically traced its perpetuity throughout history. (see Matthew 16:18). Dr. Reckart has also done significant research in this area. Others teach the Apostolic church went into apostasy and became the Catholic Church. They believe modern Pentecostalism is a total restoration culminating after a step by step separation within Protestantism until the early Apostolic Church was fully restored (Acts 2:38 baptism and Oneness being the final restorations).

 

There are indications that the pioneering Oneness Pentecostal figures in the early twentieth century were guided and inspired by prior restorations within Protestantism. Yet none of them had any influence upon them by the ancient Modalists such as Sabellius, Noetus or Praxeas. Modern Oneness people respect the prior restorations within Protestantism but still stress dependence solely upon God and the Bible for the formation of their doctrines, seeking guidance not from ante and post-Nicene writings of men, but from illumination by the Holy Spirit upon the Scriptures. Pre and ante Nicene church history is deemed by Oneness people to be of great interest, but the neo-platoism, dogmas, creeds, and private interpretations are not binding upon them for their faith or doctrinal views. Thus, they are unorthodox to trinitarians but orthodox according to the literal sense of the word. Oneness Christians regard the historic Ecumenical Councils and creeds to be the opinions of men within an apostate falling away from the first Church. In contrast, Nicene (Catholic & Protestant) Christians (by their very definition of orthodox) regard all post-apostolic doctrinal developments as being guided by God's will using the councils and church leadership. As such all of the post-biblical stream of creeds, dogmas, decrees, papal decisions, and judgments of the councils and church leaders as binding upon them for their doctrinal views. Oneness discovered within trinitarian writings that the post-biblical interpretation of the trinity taken not from the Bible but classical Greek philosophy. It cannot be both Apostolic and a Greek invention thrust upon the Council of Nicaea. Catholics claim if Oneness Pentecostals deny the creeds and the actions of Catholic Bishops, they should not accept the Bible, as it was allegedly collected, compiled, and canonized by councils who believed in the Trinity. Oneness counter this by saying there was no Catholic church when the New Testament was written, therefore it was compiled and in a collected form two centuries before the Catholic church was born in 325AD. There are references to this collection before Nicaea and any such canonizing councils. In addition, sola scriptures, defines Oneness faith and that additional creeds, dogmas, papal decrees are unacceptable for doctrine, faith, and practice.

 

In the New Testament, Jews are described as rejecting Jesus' claims to divinity, accusing him of blasphemy. In the Gospel of Mark, for instance, Jesus forgives a man's sins and some Jewish teachers thought to themselves: "Why does this fellow talk like that? He's blaspheming! Who can forgive sins but God alone?" In the Gospel of John, some Jews began to stone Jesus, explaining that they did so "for blasphemy, because you, a mere man, claim to be God." This is the origin of dynamic monarchianism (Jesus is not God only a man). (see Unitarianism, Iglesia Ni Cristo, To God Be The Glory by Joel Hemphill, and Islam.

 

[edit] The early Church

 

Citing various sources, Oneness theologian David K. Bernard traces Oneness adherents back to the first converted Jews of the Apostolic Age, citing no evidence of Jews having any issues comprehending the new teachings and integrating them with their existing strict Judaistic monotheistic beliefs. In the Post-apostolic Age, he claims that Hermas, Clement of Rome, Polycarp, Polycrates and Ignatius from 90 to 140 A.D., and Irenaeus who died about 200 A.D, were either Oneness, modalist, or at most a follower of an "economic Trinity" (temporary Trinity, not eternal). [2]

 

Hear, O Israel: the LORD our God, the LORD is one. (The coming of the Messiah was not to bring the revelation of 2 or 3 god's [tritheism]- it was to make manifest the revelation of the One God (Jehovah/Yahweh) that manifested himself in human form.

—Deuteronomy 6:4

 

And without controversy great is the mystery of godliness: God was manifest in the flesh, justified in the Spirit, seen of angels, preached unto the Gentiles, believed on in the world, received up into glory.

—1Ti 3:16

 

In support of the theory that the majority of all believers up until Tertullian (died c. 225; first to use introduce the term "Trinity" to describe God) were Oneness adherents, Bernard quotes Tertullian as writing, "The simple, indeed (I will not call them unwise or unlearned), who always constitute the majority of believers, are startled at the dispensation (of the Three in One), on the very ground that their very Rule of Faith withdraws them from the world's plurality of gods to the one only true God; not understanding that, although He is the one only God, He must yet be believed in with His own economy. The numerical order and distribution of the Trinity, they assume to be a division of the Unity.[3]

 

Later Oneness, or closely similar to Oneness, teachers have been pointed out through history include the following: Abelard (1079-1142) who was accused of Sabellianism and forced into refuge in a monastery in France; Michael Servetus (1511-1553) eminent physician from Spain, sometimes cited as a motivating force of Unitarianism, who wrote, "There is no other person of God but Christ ... the entire Godhead of the Father is in him,"[4] was burned at the stake for heresy on October 27, 1553 for his anti-trinitarian doctrine, with the approval of John Calvin (for whom of Calvinism was named), though Calvin preferred Servetus be beheaded; Emanuel Swedenborg (1688-1772); Presbyterian minister John Miller, author of Is God a Trinity? (1876), John Clowes, pastor of St. John's Church in Manchester, reportedly wrote a book in 1828 that taught Oneness[5].

 

Bernard, as well as other Oneness historians and theologians, deny any direct link from earlier Oneness believers to the current Oneness Pentecostal movement.

 

[edit] Modern History

 

Oneness historian Morris Golder, cites PAW Bishop G. T. Haywood in an article from 1915 in The Voice in the Wilderness, as dating Oneness Pentecostalism to at least 1906 with the formation of the Pentecostal Assemblies of the World - PAW. The founders were E. W. Doak, G. T. Haywood, and D. C. Opperman. According to Dr. David Bundy, a Pentecostal historian at the Christian Theological Seminary, as early as 1907, a white Baptist minister in Los Angeles, was preaching non-Trinitarian water baptism in the Name of Jesus. According to Dr. Deborah Sims LeBlanc, William and Maggie Bowden, the parents of former Assistant Presiding Bishop Frank Bowden, were baptized in the Name of Jesus after the Azusa Street Mission Revival (1906-1909).

 

However, the beginning for many was in April 1913 at The World-Wide Apostolic Camp Meeting held in Arroyo Seco, California and conducted by Maria Woodworth-Etter, organizers promised that God would "deal with them, giving them a unity and power that we have not yet known." [6] Canadian R. E. McAlister preached a message about water baptism "just prior to a baptismal service to be conducted". His message defended the "single immersion" method and "noted that apostolic baptism was administered as a single immersion in a single name, Jesus Christ", saying "'The words Father, Son, and Holy Ghost were never used in Christian baptism.'" This caused a controversy to erupt immediately when Frank Denny, missionary to China, jumped on the platform and tried to censor McAlister.

 

Oneness Pentecostals mark this occasion as the initial "spark" in the Oneness revival movement. "John G. Schaepe, a young minister, was so moved by McAlister's revelation, that after praying and reading the Bible all night, he ran through the camp the following morning shouting that he'd received a 'revelation' on baptism that the name of the Father, Son, and Holy Ghost was Lord Jesus Christ." [7] Ironically, Frank Denny himself, along with G. T. Haywood, Harry Morse, John G. Schaepe, R. J. Scott, George Studd, R. E. McAlister, Andrew D. Urshan, and Homer L. Falkner embraced Lord Jesus Christ as the three-in-one name of the trinity for baptism as the "exclusive apostolic formula." When other Oneness objected to this trinitarian baptism and said Lord Jesus Christ was the full name only of Jesus (began Jesus-Only new issue), trinitarians such as John Schaepe, Robert McAlister, and E. N. Bell bolted and returned to the use of the titles "Father, Son, and Holy Ghost in Matthew 28:19.[8]

 

Schaepe (whose name is often misspelled Scheppe in a number of sources) claimed that the revelation he'd received during the camp meeting revival was that the baptismal command posited by Peter in Acts 2:38 - i.e., baptism "in the name of the Lord Jesus Christ" - was the fulfillment and counterpart of the Great Commission in Matthew 28:19 - i.e., baptism "in the name of the Father and of the Son and of the Holy Spirit." This conclusion was accepted by several others in the camp and developed further theologically by a minister named Frank J. Ewart. By 1914, Frank Ewart and Glenn Cook publicly baptized each other in "the name of the Lord Jesus Christ but as the one name of Jesus not as a trinitarian formula." Thus, in 1913 Oneness Pentecostalism was again "revealed and restored" to a group of Holy Spirit filled individuals. In 1914 it was again publicly practiced as was done in the Apostles time in Acts 2:38. A number of ministers claimed they were baptized "in the Name of Jesus Christ" before 1914, including Frank Small and Andrew D. Urshan. Urshan claims to have baptized in Jesus Christ name as early as 1910. [9] Even Charles Parham himself baptized using a Christological baptismal formula prior to Azusa Street (Dr. Charles Wilson, Our Heritage, p. 12). However it was not their baptismal formula which was the issue, but rather the rejection of the Trinity that was the bigger issue to other Pentecostal ministers.

 

Schaepe's revelation caused a great stir within Pentecostalism. During the next year, Frank J. Ewart, another Pentecostal minister, struggled between his Trinitarian teachings and the new issue. He often spent hours debating with R. E. McAlister, attempting to bring the two doctrines together. (R.E. McAlister, the man who had fired the shot heard around the world at Arroyo Seco, defected. He formally renounced the Oneness doctrine in 1919 [8]. Thereafter, he became one of the Canadian teachers of orthodox Trinitarianism among Pentecostals in Canada as well as a propagator of the 'finished work of Calvary' doctrine[10]. The camp ground in Arroyo Seco, California, just outside Los Angeles, where the revelation occurred was also owned by Seymour's Mission. Many were re-baptized in the name of Jesus Christ, including E.N.Bell, who did so out of conviction for obedience to scripture. He recanted after undergoing severe pressure from J.Roswell Flowers. The re-baptisms also had the opposite effect on the Assemblies causing a backlash from many Trinitarians who feared the direction their organization might be heading. The fear was within J. Roswell Flowers, who initiated a resolution designed to cause the "Jesus' name" baptizers to withdraw from the organization. He was successful and is now considerered the "father" of the AG. By October 1916 the issue finally came to a head at the Fourth General Council of the Assemblies of God. The mostly Trinitarian leadership, fearing the new issue might overtake their organization, drew up a doctrinal statement affirming the Trinity among other issues. When the final votes were tallied the "Statement of Fundamental Truths" was adopted. More than one quarter of their ministerial and assembly membership left to form their own Oneness fellowships.[citation needed]

 

According to PAW historians, "From 1913 to 1914, for one year, the battle raged within the Association regarding the God-head and the "new issue."[citation needed] Consequently, in 1914, the Pentecostal Assemblies of the World experienced its first split.[citation needed] Essentially, there were two questions around which the debate was centered: (1) "Is there one God, or are there three distinct persons in the God-head? and (2) How then, should an individual be baptized? Should one be baptized in the Name of the Father, Son and Holy Ghost, or should one be baptized in the Name of Jesus Christ? In 1916, after four years (1912-1916) of this intense and bitter debate, those leaders and individuals who embraced the Trinitarian concept (Father, Son and Holy Ghost) did not want the "Jesus' Name" baptizers among them any longer.[citation needed] The ministers who were rejected then formed the PAW which had no organizational board until 1919. During the transition period some minsters took their ministerial credentials from the Church of God in Christ group. In 1916 the Pentecostal Assemblies of the World was loosely organized in Indianapolis, Indiana, at the Christ Temple Assembly of the Apostolic Faith, where Bishop G. T. Haywood was the pastor.[citation needed] Bishop Haywood became the organization's first Presiding Bishop at that meeting.[citation needed] During that meeting, the organization's headquarters were established in Portland, Oregon.[citation needed] In 1919, the Pentecostal Assemblies of the World headquarters were moved from Portland to Indianapolis, and was incorporated in the state of Indiana. The incorporators were E. W. Doak, G. T. Haywood, and D. C. Opperman". [11]

 

Several small Oneness ministerial groups formed after the 1914 restorations. Many of these merged into the Pentecostal Assemblies of the World (PAW) and some remained independent. Division occurred within the PAW over the role of women in ministry, wine or grape juice for communion, divorce and remarriage, and proper mode of water baptism. There were reports of racial tension in the early PAW. African Americans were joining the PAW in great numbers and were in many significant positions of leadership.[citation needed] In particular the African-American pastor G. T. Haywood served as General Secretary and signed all ministerial credentials. PAW resolutions were proposed that credentials be signed by individuals of the same race.[citation needed] This factor, along with Jim Crow segregation policy, contributed greatly to the split primarily along racial lines. In later decades progress has somewhat been made in racial relations in the UPCI in regard to leadership roles for all members of this fellowship.[citation needed] In 1932, the Pentecostal Assemblies of the World was reorganized and elected Elder Samuel Grimes of New York, as the new Presiding Bishop.[citation needed] Bishop Grimes served as the Presiding Bishop for 35 years (1932-1967).

 

In 1945, a merger of two predominantly White Oneness Pentecostal organizations (the Pentecostal Church Incorporated and the Pentecostal Assemblies of Jesus Christ) resulted in the formation of the United Pentecostal Church [12] Presently they are called United Pentecostal Church International (UPCI), adding the word "International" in 1972.

 

The UPCI has suffered several splinters since its inception in 1945.

 

* In 1955, a group of ministers led by Bishop C. B. Gillespie (Fairmont, WV), Bishop Ray Cornell (Cleveland, Ohio), and Bishop Carl Angle (Nashville, Tennessee) rechartered the PAJC using the original charter.[citation needed]

 

* 1968 a number of ministers organized the Apostolic Ministerial Fellowship - AMF, citing the UPCI as 'too liberal'. Central issues were holiness and local church government.

 

* In 1986, Pastor L. H. Hardwick, a UPCI pastor in Nashville, Tennessee, broke away from what he called "legalists" (referring to the issue of dress code and standards), and formed Global Christian Ministries (now Global Network of Christian Ministries).[citation needed]

 

* In 2001, Bishop Teklemarim Gezahagne and the more than 1 million members of the Apostolic Church of Ethiopia (ACI)broke their 45 year alignment with the UPCI. The official position of the UPCI is that the division was over Christology. Bishop Teklemarim taught that the flesh of Jesus was God and had no human connection to the seed of Adam, David, or his mother Mary. He taught one nature in Christ and it was divine. The UPCI has always taught two natures in Christ, human and Divine. Bishop Tekelmarim refused to reconsider his stance after high ranking envoys came from the UPCI to Ethiopia to discuss his error. Thus the interpretation of Christology caused the division.

 

* The Apostolic Assembly of the Faith in Christ Jesus (AAFCJ) and its sister church the Apostolic Church of the Faith in Christ Jesus (IAFCJ), left the Pentecostal Assemblies of the World to serve the Hispanic community in the United States and the nations of Latin America.[citation needed] The Apostolic Assembly is the largest Oneness Pentecostal group of primarily Spanish-speaking denomination in the United States of America, and it is also the oldest primarily Hispanic denomination in the World.[citation needed]

 

The Pentecostal Assemblies of the World has never left their original vision of a racially integrated body of believers. To this day, although predominantly black, they continue to reach out and work toward racial unity in worship and organization. There have been both white and black presiding bishops in this group. The United Pentecostal Church International in its worldwide ministry has accomplished a racially integrated body and this can be witnessed at the annual general convention. The same may be said of other "Jesus' Name" groups who are not only integrated, they hold no overt racist policies and engage in missionary work in many nations.

 

The Pentecostal Assemblies of the World is the oldest Oneness Pentecostal organization in existence.[citation needed] As a result of the Azusa Street Revival, a number of independent Pentecostal churches and their leaders, in an effort to stabilize these new works, felt the need to come together and form an Association of Churches of "like precious faith", thus forming the Pentecostal Assemblies of the World. Its goal was to further spread the Gospel and to give support to each other. It should be noted, that after 1914 and the Hot Springs meeting, G.T.Haywood was baptized by Glen Cook, a white man, who had been the treasurer at Azusa street mission in Los Angeles.[citation needed]

 

The substantial number of Pentecostal congregations formed in the years immediately following the Azusa Street Revival inevitably caused the new movement to be faced with the problem of formal organization. The independent churches and missions of the first type were somewhat remedied by the recognition of lay boards and elected pastors.

 

For the next few years, the Pentecostal Assemblies of the World focused upon general meetings and the development of its organizational structure.[citation needed] The late Bishop Morris E. Golder wrote: "The original organization bearing the name of the Pentecostal Assemblies of the World came into existence in the year of 1906 in the city of Los Angeles, State of California.[citation needed] The late Bishop G. T. Haywood concurs with this fact, writing in the Voice In The Wilderness in 1921: "It (The Pentecostal Assemblies of the World) was started in 1906 in Los Angeles, California."[citation needed]

 

This was also the position asserted by Bishop Ross Paddock, the former Presiding Bishop of the Pentecostal Assemblies of the World. He declared that after one year of being organized, the Pentecostal Assemblies of the World had its first annual business meeting and that, at the same time, it was Trinitarian in its doctrine and liturgy of water baptism.[citation needed]

 

It was in this context of varying ideas, personal differences, doctrinal and other conflicting elements that not only was the need of organization seen, but the Pentecostal Assemblies of the World in its original state (1906) came into existence.[citation needed] However, it was not until 1919 that it became incorporated and took on the identity of being an Apostolic "Oneness" body of ministers and believers.[citation needed]

 

According to Dr. David Bundy, a Pentecostal historian at the Christian Theological Seminary, as early as 1907, a white Baptist minister in Los Angeles, was preaching non-Trinitarian water baptism in the Name of Jesus. According to Dr. Deborah Sims LeBlanc, William and Maggie Bowden, the parents of former Assistant Presiding Bishop Frank Bowden, were baptized in the Name of Jesus Christ after the Azusa Street Mission Revival (1906-1909). It began in 1906, the same year the Azusa Street Revival began, making it older than even most of the Trinitarian Pentecostal organizations.[citation needed] It was never a part of the Assemblies of God and therefore never came out from it.[citation needed] "A few in the group which was ousted by the Assemblies of God later joined the Pentecostal Assemblies of the World, but then demerged later [13].

 

[edit] Doctrine and theology

 

[edit] God

 

Oneness Pentecostalism holds to a conservative Jewish monotheistic view of God and stress Jesus Christ is the visible manifestation of God in the New Testament (the Father in the Son). God was known by several names and titles in the Old Testament, but with the New Covenant He has revealed His name as Jesus. It rejects all concepts of a polytheism, trinity, or other doctrines they see as representing multiple and separate Gods. As such it rejects three separate persons in the trinity who are each separately God. All concepts of Jesus Christ are explained as either the Father or the Son, the divine Spirit or the man Christ in two different modes. Jesus is fully God and fully human. As to his humanity Christ is the only begotten Son of God. They reject Jesus being seen as only one of three Gods. They believe Jesus as the Son is the only present high priest and at the same time God. Attempts to put into the mouth of Oneness that they believe the Son was only human (Unitarianism) have failed.

 

[edit] Salvation

 

Oneness Pentecostal doctrine and theology typically maintains that salvation comes by faith through grace. The acts of faith and subsequent grace is by obedience to specific commands and requirements that are found in the New Testament. These requirements necessary for salvation are: faith in Jesus Christ, repentance by faith, water baptism by faith in the name of Jesus Christ, and the gift of Holy Ghost baptism by faith with the evidence of speaking in tongues. The view of Oneness Pentecostals is that scripture either records the commandment of these acts of faith for salvation and explains that the lack of them would result in not having salvation. However, it should also be noted that not all Pentecostals who are Oneness regarding their view of the nature of God hold to this type of soteriology (the doctrine of salvation) and believe that water baptism and the baptism of the Holy Spirit are subsequent to salvation. One of the predecessor organizations of the UPCI, the Pentecostal Church, Inc. (PCI),brought this view over into the Oneness merger in 1945. These were called "one steppers"(which this view was held by a vocal minority) whereas those of the Pentecostal Assemblies of Jesus Christ (PAJC) following strictly Acts 2:38 were called "three steppers.

 

[edit] Holiness

 

Oneness Pentecostals believe that a Christian's lifestyle should be one characterized by holiness. This holiness begins at baptism where the blood of Jesus washes away sin and a person stands before God holy for the first time in their life. Subsequent to this sanctification, they hold separation from the world in both practical and moral areas will keep converts from lapsing back into the sins of their baptism. Moral or inward holiness is righteous living guided and powered by the indwelling Holy Spirit. Practical or outward holiness involves modest apparel and gender distinction. For some Oneness Pentecostal organizations, because of what they consider the amoral conduct of society in dress and nakedness, this involves establishing dress codes for its members (also known as "holiness standards") similar to those all Pentecostal denominations used for much of the first half of the 20th century. While these dress codes are officially treated as a matter of personal conviction, in practice there is strong social pressure in most circles to comply. Generally, women are expected not to wear pants, wear makeup or cut their hair; men are expected to be clean-shaven and short-haired. For a more in-depth review, see Oneness Pentecostalism (doctrine)

 

For a contrast and comparison of Oneness and Trinity, see Oneness vs Trinity.

 

[edit] Common misunderstandings

 

[edit] Jesus' Name vs. Jesus Only

 

Jesus' Name doctrine is often misunderstood as is the pejorative "Jesus Only". These terms are even misunderstood and applied by Oneness believers themselves. Critics of Oneness believers refer to them as "Jesus Only", meaning they deny the Father and the Holy Spirit of the trinity. Most Oneness Pentecostals consider that term to be a misreprentation of their true beliefs on the issue. Oneness believers do not deny the Father or the Son; they just describe them differently from trinitarians. Oneness historians claim the usage of the term "Jesus-Only" is misleading many to believe they reject the Father and the Holy Spirit. Rejection and different interpretation are two different things. Oneness believers prefer the phrase Jesus' Name when referring to their baptism beliefs or themselves as believers who were baptized in the name of Jesus Christ only (with no reference to the Father or Holy Spirit). "Jesus' Name", to Oneness Pentecostals refers to the revealed name of God for the present Church age. Jesus inherited his name from the eternal name of the Godhead. I am come in my Father's name. Oneness Pentecostals place "essential" emphasis on use of the name of Jesus, and regard it as the "Name above all names". They invoke it in word or deed in all things.

 

Oneness Pentecostals generally see the use of the term "Jesus Only" by trinitarians as being an attempt to mislead and/or confuse those interested in study of the Oneness doctrine. The label arose early on in reference to their insistence on baptizing only in the name of Jesus, but it tends to be used only by the movement's critics. The Oneness position is that do indeed believe in baptism into the name of Jesus only, but that to describe them as "Jesus Only" Pentecostals implies a denial of the Father and Holy Spirit -- a contention they vigorously reject as false.

 

Oneness believers generally consider the term "Jesus Only" to be inflammatory, because the speaker is generally a trinitarian critic trying to lead interested persons away from the Oneness doctrine. True, Oneness believers do not believe in three separate persons in the Godhead who each have a separate Spirit, Body, Mind, and Being. To Oneness believers this constitutes three Gods. They see Jesus as the true personality of God manifest in the flesh (1Timothy 3:16). Trinitarians infer by this that Oneness Pentecostals deny the separate being of Father and the separate being of the Holy Spirit. Oneness believers in fact deny the entire concept of a Trinity including the use of the term "God the Son", since this is never found in the New Testament. "Jesus Only" as explained by trinitarians is an incorrect use of the term because Oneness Pentecostals actually affirm the Father and the Holy Spirit, but assert that the Father is the Holy Spirit, and vice versa. Oneness Pentecostals believe there is Father, Son, and Holy Spirit: one God.

 

[edit] Oneness Theology IS NOT Unitarianism

 

Some confuse the terms Unitarian and Oneness. Although Unitarians and Oneness people are similar in the belief that there is not a plurality of persons in the Godhead, Unitarians believe that Jesus was only a moral authority whereas the Deity and humanity of Jesus Christ are essential to Oneness doctrine.

 

[edit] Followers of Oneness Pentecostalism

 

Some of the better-known persons associated, or said to be associated, with Oneness Pentecostals are

 

* T.D. Jakes [14]

* Noel Jones

* Dr Bernie L. Wade

* Gaddi Vasquez

* Norman Wagner

* Tommy Tenney

 

[edit] Gospel and Contemporary Christian artists

 

* The Katinas

* Phillips, Craig and Dean

* Lee Greenwood

* Elvis Presley, the well known entertainer of early rock and roll, frequented Oneness Pentecostal Churches as well as Trinitarian Assemblies of God Churches and it is claimed that from these sources he picked up the rhythm and lively antics he incorporated into his performances. It is reported that Presley was baptized in the AG church, but was later rebaptized in the name of Jesus Christ by Bishop Joseph Rex Dyson a Oneness Pentecostal with the Church of Jesus Christ in Tennessee. (http://www.calvaryslighthouse.com/Memphis,TN.htm) [15] (http://www.commercialappeal.com/mca/elvis_presley/article/0,1426,MCA_457_1328348,00.html)[16]

* Jonny Lang, Grammy award winning singer and guitar player. Attends a UPCI church in Los Angeles.

 

[edit] References

 

1. ^ Dr. David K. Bernard, Unmasking Prejudice, Cyberjournal for Pentecostal-Charismatic Research

2. ^ Bernard, David K., The Oneness of God, Word Aflame Press, 1983, Ch. 10.

3. ^ Tertullian, Against Praxeas, 3, rpt. in Alexander Robers and James Donaldson, eds., The Ante-Nicene Fathers (rpt. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1977), III, 598-599.

4. ^ "Unitarianism", Encyclopedia of Religion and Thics, XII, 520.

5. ^ Campbell, David, All the Fulness, Word Aflame Press, 1975, p. 167-173.

6. ^ "World-Wide Apostolic Faith Camp Meeting", Word and Witness, 20 March 1913, 1; Blumhofer, The Assemblies of God, 222; Blumhofer, Restoring, 20.

7. ^ Reckart, Sr. Dr. Gary P., Great Cloud Of Witnesses, Apostolic Theological Bible College, 124; Ewart, Phenomenon, 123-124; C. M. Rabic, Jr., "John G. Schaepe", in Dictionary, Burgess and McGee, 768-769; J. Schaepe, "A Remarkable Testimony", Meat in Due Season, 21 August 1917, 4; Minute Book and Ministerial Record of the General Assembly of the Pentecostal Assemblies of the World, 1919-1920, 11.

8. ^ a b Reckart, Sr. Dr. Gary P, Great Cloud Of Witnesses, Apostolic Theological Bible College, 1998, 124

9. ^ Andrew D. Urshan, Pentecost As It Was in the Early 1900's (by the author, 1923; revised edition Portland, OR: ApostolicBook Publishers, 1981, 77; The Life Story of Andrew Bar David Urshan: An Autobiography of the Author's First Forty Years (Apostolic Book Publishers, 1967),102; Cf. E. N. Bell, "The Sad New Issue", Word & Witness, June 1915, 2-3; Anderson, Disinherited, 176.

10. ^ Miller, Thomas William, Canadian Pentecostals, A History of Pentecostal Assemblies of Canada, Full Gospel Publishing House, Messissauga, ON, 1994

11. ^ PAW - Taking the Word to the World!

12. ^ PCI and the remaining PAJC ministers, composed mostly of whites merged as the United Pentecostal Church (UPC). Beginning with 1,800 ministers and 900 churches, it has become the largest and, through aggressive evangelism and publishing efforts, most influential Oneness organization. thebereans.net/prof-onep.shtml

13. ^ (Dr. Charles Wilson, Our Heritage, p. 22)

14. ^ Christianity Today, February 2000

15. ^ www.calvaryslighthouse.com/Memphis,TN.htm

16. ^ Was the King baptized in two beliefs? : Local : Memphis Commercial Appeal

 

[edit] See also

[show]

v • d • e

Oneness Pentecostalism

Denominations

AAFCJ • ALJC • AM • Bible Way COOLJC • CJCI • CLJC • COOLJC • ICOF• PAJC • PAW • TJC • UPCI

People

Gilson Levi • Charles Gillespie • Raymond Cornell • T. D. Jakes • Bernie L. Wade • Noel Jones • William M. Branham; Kenneth Haney • Nathaniel Urshan • Don Johnson • John Pollard • David Bernard • Harold McFarlane •

Other Pages of Interest

Oneness Pentecostalism (doctrine) •Oneness vs Trinity • Jesus' Name doctrine

 

* Jesus' Name doctrine

 

[edit] External links

 

[edit] Articles, indexes, & other resources

 

[edit] Favoring views

 

* Apostolic Network Ministries

* Institute for Biblical Studies (Index of Oneness Pentecostal theological articles)

* Website of Apostolic results

* The Oneness of God (Book by Oneness scholar David K. Bernard, J.D., part of Series in Pentecostal Theology, Volume 1, freely available online)

* Testimonies of Jesus Christ by Oneness Pentecostals

* The Voice of the Pastor Study And The Word Became Flesh

* Understanding Pentecostal Theology (Blog about Oneness Pentecostal Theology with articles)

* Center for Oneness Research and Education (Blog by scholar Dr. Daniel Segraves with articles)

* Pentecostales del Nombre de Jesucristo page in Spanish

* Spanish Web Site Apostolic Studies in Spanish

* Articles of Study By Oneness Theologian Mike Blume

* Apostolic Theology.com Oneness Pentecostal Theology Site

 

[edit] Comparative articles

 

* Oneness Versus Trinity Links to various writings concerning Oneness vs. Trinity. Link is an opposing view site.

* Responding to Oneness Pentecostalism in the Light of Scripture

 

[edit] Other

 

* Apostolic Doctrine

* My Views on the Godhead - Christianity Today Magazine Bishop T. D. Jakes responds to Christianity Today article, "Apologetics Journal Criticizes Jakes."

* Apostolic Archives International Web Site dedicated to preserve the history of organizational leaders of various Oneness Pentecostal Denominations

 

[edit] Oneness Pentecostal Groups

 

Here are major and historical Oneness Pentecostal organizations. Not all Oneness Pentecostal churches affiliate with an organization. See Category:Oneness Pentecostalism for individual churches and organizations that may not be listed here.

 

[edit] North America

 

This is a list of Oneness Pentecostal organizations headquartered in North America.

 

* United Pentecostal Church International

* Apostolic Assembly of the Faith in Christ Jesus

* Assemblies of the Lord Jesus Christ

* Bible Way Church of Our Lord Jesus Christ

* Church of Our Lord Jesus Christ of the Apostolic Faith

* International Circle of Faith

* Pentecostal Assemblies of the World

* Pentecostal Assemblies of Jesus Christ

* Church of the Lord Jesus Christ

* Churches of Jesus Christ International

* World Christian Ministries Association

* Worldwide Pentecostal Fellowship

* Truelight Pentecostal Church

 

[edit] Other countries

 

This is a list of Oneness Pentecostal organizations headquartered outside North America.

 

* United Pentecostal Church of Australia

* True Jesus Church - China/Taiwan

* Assemblies Lord Jesus Christ - Canada

* Apostolic Church International - Ethiopia

* International Circle of Faith of Togo

* Church of Jesus Christ-Greece

* Jesus' Name Apostolic Church - Ecuador

* Apostolische Pfingstgemeinde Deutschland - Germany

* Assemblea Apostolica della fede in Cristo Gesù - Italy

garyashcraft.com/default.aspx

 

uni project illustrating Lucy Mangan articles

House given to State of IL

Aerial view of future Expo '88 site, construction started.

QSA Item ID 436368

View this and other original records at the Queensland State Archives:

Series ID 192

 

The Birth of South Bank (or, why one should always read the legislation)

Anthony S Marinac

 

This article speaks only of the modern history of the area now known as South Bank. The author respectfully acknowledges the Yuggera and Turrbal people, who first occupied the lands now constituting South Bank.

 

As we press towards 2020, it has become difficult to imagine a Brisbane without the South Bank parklands. The parklands have become the city’s playground; a garden and exercise space; a space for public performance; an important restaurant quarter; and an urban beach for a city which has ideal beach weather, but which lacks a Bondi or a St Kilda. With the release of the 1988 Queensland cabinet papers, it has become possible to take a deeper look at the genesis of this key feature of modern Brisbane. In reality, South Bank began with three key events which live in Brisbane’s historical memory: the 1974 floods, the 1982 Commonwealth Games, and the 1988 World Expo.

 

Early history

For much of its early European history, the southern side of the Brisbane River’s city reach was a commercial hub. The interstate railway terminal was located adjacent to where the South Brisbane railway station still stands, and the southern side of the city had wharves, and warehouses, and the infrastructure which went along to support them, including some of the less legitimate types of business: “Between the wharves and the interstate railway station built in the 1880s, were streets of sly grog and loose women, dance halls and theatres, a place where local mixed with foreign. In the years after the second world war, however, the area fell into something of a decline. 3 By the later 1960s, there were plans to redevelop part of the area into a cultural precinct. The Exhibition Building on Gregory Terrace, which housed the Queensland Art Gallery and the Queensland Museum, had been well and truly outgrown, and was damaged by winds in Brisbane’s 1974 flood crisis. The South Brisbane site was purchased in 1969, and the Art Gallery opened there in 1982.

 

The Queensland Performing Arts Centre followed in 1985, the Queensland Museum in 1986, and the State Library of Queensland in 1988. The latest addition, the Gallery of Modern Art, opened in 2006. During the era of the cultural centre’s development, the South Brisbane area lost its centrality as a transport hub, when the interstate rail terminus shifted to the Roma St Transit Centre in 1986. To make matters worse, South Brisbane was inundated by the cataclysmic Brisbane River flood in 1974. Following the flood, it was clear that some form of redevelopment was going to be necessary in the South Brisbane area, well beyond the cultural centre. In 1982, Brisbane hosted the Commonwealth Games, a major international event which began the city’s transition into a modern, world city. One of the defining moments of the Commonwealth Games was the victory, in the Marathon, of Australia’s Robert de Castella. The marathon began and ended on what is now South Bank, in the shadow of the cultural centre. 5 Almost immediately after the Commonwealth Games, bolstered by the confidence engendered by the games itself, planning began in earnest for the World Exposition – Expo.

 

Expo

The Queensland Parliament passed the Expo ’88 Act 1984, which created the Expo Authority, properly titled the “Brisbane Exposition and South Bank Redevelopment Authority” although virtually everyone, it seems, immediately forgot the second half of the title. The authority, under the leadership of former Liberal leader Sir Llewellyn Edwards, had extensive powers to enable the Expo to be undertaken, including the power to resume land. Many of those who were moved on for the purpose of Expo were essentially voiceless, however close to the opening of Expo, the Courier Mail newspaper gave attention to renters in the surrounding areas of South Brisbane and West End, who were being squeezed out of rental markets by demand from, for instance, delegation staff from overseas. Section 30 of the Expo ’88 Act 1984 gave the Expo Authority the power to dispose of the lands resumed for the purpose of Expo. During initial planning for the Expo, these land sales were expected to form a substantial proportion of the income which would make Expo financially viable, hence the requirement that the Expo authority “secure for itself the maximum return that is reasonable to expect at the material time.”

 

Even in the immediate leadup to Expo, there was widespread concern about its potential success or failure. It was, however, a triumph, and a halcyon moment for the city. Its success appeared to occur at two levels: as a purely commercial venture it was successful, both in its own terms and in terms of generating longer term investment; but at a social level, Expo became a place to meet and socialise, particularly for the many thousands of Brisbane residents who had purchased season passes. Somewhere along the line, Queenslanders became proprietorial about Expo itself, and there was a substantial public desire to retain something of the spirit of what had become, in essence, an open and beloved public space.

 

Cabinet’s approach to redevelopment

At this point, we turn to the Cabinet documents, and things become somewhat odd. In 1986, expressions of interest were invited for the redevelopment of the site by private development consortia.8 Based on the Expo ’88 Act 1984, one would have expected those expressions of interest to have been assessed by the Expo Authority, most likely with input from the Brisbane City Council.9 However Cabinet called for these expressions of interest – it is not clear by what authority – and Cabinet established a committee to evaluate those proposals and to report back to Cabinet. The Committee was chaired by the Director General of the Premier’s Department, and included the Under Treasurer, the Chairman of the Expo Authority, and the Town Clerk of the Brisbane City Council. It is worth noting, as an aside, that the Council’s concerns were quite different from those of the Expo authority. Had South Bank become a rival commercial precinct across the river from the Brisbane CBD, there was the possibility of massive reductions in the commercial viability of office space in the CBD. The Council’s later push for open public space may therefore not have been entirely altruistic. The fact that Cabinet had absolutely no authority to call for, or assess these tenders, and that the Expo Authority had the right, if it wished, to simply proceed with the disposition of the land, does not seem to have occurred to anybody. Indeed the legislation itself is not mentioned anywhere in the Cabinet submission. Four submissions were shortlisted by the committee and considered by Cabinet: they were offered by the Kern Corporation, the CM Group, the World City 2000 Consortium, and the River City consortium. Cabinet considered the pros and cons of each submission, but it was always clear that budget considerations would take priority. At this stage (February 1988) it was not yet known whether Expo would be a success, and budgeting for the event required site sales of $150 Million in order for Expo to break even. Ultimately Cabinet settled on the proposal by River City 2000 consortium. The consortium included the Roma Street Development Group, Kern Corporation (which had also put in a separate bid), and the Conrad Hilton/Conrad Jupiters Group. The net present value of the offer was $136.83 Million, to be made as $200 Million in staged payments between 1989 and 1995. The general proposal was for two harbours and a substantial canal to be cut into the foreshore at South Bank, and the spill to be used to create a large island, to be called Endeavour Island, on the southern side of the river. Endeavour Island was to be dominated by an exhibition and convention centre, a hotel, a casino, and a proposed World Trade Centre. The shore-side of the canal was to include further office buildings, and the southern end was to include residential complexes. There were three immediate complications with this proposal. First, there were reservations expressed by the Brisbane City Council about the total amount of commercial and office floor space which was proposed by the River City consortium. Second, Cabinet had no capacity to influence the location of a World Trade Centre in the city. The World Trade Centres Association had granted to a company called the Fricker company the exclusive right to develop a world trade centre in Brisbane. Fricker was examining a number of sites in the Brisbane CBD and on Kangaroo Point. Cabinet could (and did) encourage the Fricker company “to examine the possibility of developing [a] World Trade Centre or associated facilities on the Expo site”10 but that was as far as Cabinet could go. Third, there was little appetite in the conservative Cabinet for a new casino. The Jupiters Casino had opened on the Gold Coast in 1985, and held a guarantee that no other casino would be developed in south-east Queensland until at least 1992 (although this may not have been insisted on since Conrad Jupiters were part of the River City consortium). Instead, Cabinet decided:

 

That no action be taken at this time to enter into any arrangement with the “preferred developer” for granting a casino licence for the site, but that the “preferred developer” be required to [include] provision for a casino facility within the site, at a location and under conditions acceptable to the Government. That the Under Treasurer be asked to investigate all aspects of the granting of a casino licence for the site and report back to Cabinet through the Cabinet Budget Committee.

 

Public reaction to the proposal was swift and negative. Neither the committee proposal nor the cabinet process had included any public consultation at all; the Endeavour Island concept failed to capture the public imagination; and the Courier Mail newspaper led a campaign sharply critical of the proposal. The title of its editorial said it all: South Bank – selling the city’s birthright. Sir Llew Edwards tried to distance the Expo Authority from the decision, but the Courier Mail was having none of it – and clearly journalist Don Petersen had read the legislation: The seven-member board of the Expo Authority meets today to vote on the State Government’s preferred developer for the post-Expo site … Authority Chairman Sir Llew Edwards said last week the vote was not necessary because responsibility for the decision rested with the Governor in Council. This is strange since the Expo 88 Act of 1984 specifically charges the authority with “disposing” of the land in an endeavour to gain the best possible price that might reasonably be expected. Public reaction became even more important after Expo commenced at the end of April 1988. As noted above, Expo exceeded all possible expectations, and despite its entry fees, the expo park became in essence a public space, with the many season pass holders making repeated visits. The lack of public input into the plan was a decisive aspect of its eventual downfall. The other key feature was the conduct of the River City consortium itself. Despite section 30, Cabinet continued to be the lead agency on behalf of government, and the River City consortium began immediately to push for government commitments in relation to both the World Trade Centre and the casino. Just a week after the initial decision, Cabinet made a curious decision, on the basis of an oral submission by the Premier, that the initial cabinet decision “be confirmed” and that “the River City 2000 Consortium be advised accordingly.” Once can only surmise that Cabinet had been asked to review its earlier decision, Cabinet not being in the habit of routinely reaffirming earlier decisions. Initially, Cabinet had set a deadline of 18 February 1988 to finalise agreement with the River City Consortium on outstanding issues. On that date, a two week extension was granted. A further extension was granted on 29 February 1988, setting the deadline at 8 April, and when it became clear that this deadline, too, would be missed, the Premier returned to Cabinet with a substantive report. Unsurprisingly, two of the three outstanding matters were:

 

negotiations with Fricker Developments regarding a World Trade Centre or a component thereof on the site; (iii) the interpretation of Cabinet’s decision regarding a Casino facility on the Expo site. The Premier asked for the timing of negotiations to be left to his discretion “in view of my continuing personal involvement in the negotiations, which I consider is necessary now.”

 

The fall of River City and the birth of the South Bank Development Corporation

The Premier’s involvement turned out to be decisive. Somewhere along the line, after the Premier became personally involved, someone finally seems to have fully grasped the importance of section 30 of the Expo ’88 Act. The Premier met with Sir Llew Edwards, and then returned to Cabinet to sound the death knell for River City 2000: Arising from my detailed involvement in the negotiations, I have become very much aware of the legislative requirements regarding the disposal of the Expo site. These requirements, in effect, are that the Expo authority shall dispose of the site in a way which will achieve a net financial result that will not impose a burden of cost on the Government of Queensland … in dealing with these details, I questioned why the Government is, in fact, embroiled in much of this public debate and criticism, when in fact most of the matters should be negotiated between the Expo Authority, Brisbane City Council, and the preferred developer, for submission in due course to the Government.19 Cabinet decided to withdraw preferred developer status from River City 2000, and to instruct the Expo Authority to commence the tender process all over again. This second process was to be based on the clear understanding that the Government had no capacity to influence the location of a World Trade Centre, and that any question of a casino licence would be completely divorced from South Bank redevelopment. This approach relieved pressure on the government in terms of the casino and World Trade Centre, but there remained the issue of public expectations. By this stage, Expo was well underway, and the enthusiasm of the people of Brisbane was a key element in its success. Expo forecasts required approximately 8 million visitors through the gate in order to meet its budget; it quickly became apparent that this number would be comprehensively surpassed. In the end, more than 18 million visitors passed through the gates. This, in turn, relieved financial pressure on the sale of the site. Thus the people themselves, in the process of falling in love with Expo, had helped to create the economic circumstances which allowed the government to seek a path other than a real estate fire sale. After the Expo Authority took responsibility for the tender process, it “subsequently became apparent that under this [tender] approach, it would be very difficult to meet public expectations for significant open space on the site with minimal commercial development together with the need for a financial return sufficient to enable the Expo Authority to break even.”

 

Instead, at the end of June 1988, the Premier joined with the Expo Authority Chairman and the Lord Mayor of Brisbane to announce the formation of the South Bank Development Corporation, which would take possession of both the assets and the liabilities of the Expo authority, including the land space, and which could then develop the site. Having learned from the first process, the Expo Authority produced a:

 

Statement of Development Principles for the South Bank together with some graphics showing the conceptual proposal for development of the main Expo site plus a land use proposal for the broader area. This material together with further graphics will be presented to the public as a set of eighteen display panels of which it is proposed that ten such displays be manned at various centres throughout Brisbane for a month within which the public will have the opportunity of commenting on the proposals. A press and media campaign will complement the static displays.

The public reception on this second occasion was far more positive, and the following year, Ahern introduced the South Bank Corporation Bill. In his second reading speech, he stated that the Act: provides the necessary statutory foundation from which the Expo South Bank area in particular, as well as the surrounding area, can be developed to produce a result of outstanding merit. Such a result will bring benefits not only to the City but to the State as a whole through tourism and its ability to identify Queensland to the World.

 

It need hardly be stated that this was far from the end of the South Bank story. The legislation has been repeatedly amended, and South Bank itself has continued to evolve in the three decades since its foundation. It is, however, well to remember the fact that the site was very nearly sold to private developers, and that the South Bank of today exists in its current form only because some anonymous angel on Ahern’s staff remembered to read the relevant legislation, and discovered section 30 of the Expo Act.

 

www.publications.qld.gov.au/dataset/76d9d6d4-9749-4fcc-a1...

 

... or something like that.

 

I don't remember the particulars on the slant of the article.

 

Late on a Monday, the art director called in a panic with a rush job. Could I do an illustration for a publication that was going to press on Wednesday. We had to shoot it, approve it, scan it, get it separated and into the layout in a day.

 

Sure, we can do that. She faxed over the page layout and the ideas for the shot and we went out to get the props instead of heading to dinner. (You gotta have a very understanding spouse in this business.)

 

I started out at the local hardware store and they had the scoop thing, as well as some very course fertilizer. They also had some very nice work gloves that I bought. I had an idea, but I know I needed gloves anyway, so I got them and we headed back to the studio.

 

On the way, I dropped in on a local nursery down on Baseline and about 32nd St and made one of the guys an offer. Trade the brand new gloves for his pair of ratty old gloves. Well, it was a deal he couldn't turn down.

 

So back to the studio and it was now going on 6. The AD was waiting and we got going on the shot.

 

She wanted:

Black and white.

"Gritty and Earthy"

Vertical

It will be framed by copy.

Small area bottom right to be used for copy (call out).

 

I suggested we use black and white Polaroid Type 55PN and keep the edges of the negative rough and 'earthy' to help with the overall look she wanted. It would also allow her to leave the studio with finished art to drop by the printer for scanning and separating.

 

The small piece of plant was provided by the long suffering plants in the lobby area of the studio. and the old wood was from our prop area. An old beat up pallet for shipping was used. (It had set outside for a couple of years so it was a wreck. Woo Hoo.)

 

We set up the still life on a short table (2 ft) and brought over the camera, a Toyo 4x5 Monorail with a 210MM Schnieder F5.6 lens.

 

Neither of us were happy with the softlight shot we started with... it looked way too 'straight' and commercial. We needed something a little more gritty for the lighting... where the lighting becomes part of the image.

 

I took two Norman heads and grid-spotted the 12inch reflectors. Bringing them to the same height of the set allowed me to 'rake' the light from bottom right and top left. That proved to be a little too contrasty for me. so I inserted a spun glass diffuser in the grid-spot. That worked.

 

Now I was able to light the glove from both sides... not a main/fill look, but something very much more interesting. The tool was then becoming a problem... it looked too 'generic' and boring. A silver spade and light wood handle didn't say anything about anything.

 

I suggested we do something with the spade to make it look more like the hero. It is the spade that was able to deliver the fertilizer/pesticide or whatever it was we were trying to illustrate, so we needed it to be 'heroic'.

 

I painted it white with quick drying spray paint. I always kept a few cans of white, black, silver, gold, gray and red. (I was quite the 'tagger' you know... ;-)

 

The light simply lit that spade up like crazy and we loved the look. We added a tall piece of wood taped to a background stand to the front of the light camera bottom, right and that shadow added a bit more mystery to the light.

 

We settled on the image after working with the props, and in total I think I shot about 12 or so images. Processing them and clearing/fixing them right there on set.

 

As she was pulling together some notes and helping my assistant clean up the shoot set, I went to the darkroom and made a few contact prints of this negative.

 

After fixing the image, I started thinking about some toning. We always kept a lot of different toners in the darkroom, so with a sponge I started to blend some copper and green tones into one of the prints. I really liked how it looked, so I showed it with the regular one to the AD and she sighed.

 

When the article came out, they had actually run the multi-toned print... springing for the color scan and separation. She told me later how happy everyone was with the lightly colored image.

 

Making split decisions and drawing on your creativity is the most empowering feeling you can experience.

 

I coulda shot it and given her a black and white print from the Polaroid and be done. There was no mandate to do a split toned black and white, one-off image for an editorial page where the money was nothing spectacular either.

 

But that is what we do. We try to create solutions that go above and beyond the expectations of the client.

 

At least I do.

 

(This image is 24 years old)

Holy Trinity Church in Kraków

This article is about the Dominican church. See also: floor plan of the same name .

Church of the Holy Trinity

Dominican convent church

Parish Church

Distinctive emblem for cultural property.svg A- 21, 25/03/1931 , A- 188 / M 02/09/1999 [1 ]

View from us . Dominican

Country Poland

In Kraków, ul. Joiners 12

the Roman Catholic

The Roman Catholic Church

Parish of the Holy Trinity

Minor Basilica of 1957

History

Data temple

Location map of the Old Town in Krakow

Church of the Holy Trinity

Church of the Holy Trinity

Earth 50 ° 03'33 .44 " N 19 ° 56'21 , 89 " E

Multimedia Commons Wikimedia Commons

Holy Trinity Church - a historic church located in the Old Town of Krakow, ul. Stolarskiej 12, combined with the Dominican convent.

History

Church. Trinity ( XVII -XIX century )

The service on the ruins of the church after a fire in 1850

Holy Trinity Church

Dominican Republic, with St . Jack at the helm, came to Krakow to Bologna in 1222. He brought the Cracow bishop Iwo Odrowąż who gave the Dominicans partly wood, partly brick parish church. Trinity, moving to a new parish church of St Mary, March 12, 1223, the church was consecrated .

New Gothic church and monastery of the Dominicans began to rise after the Tartar invasion in 1241. Originally it was a three-aisled hall, which was then, at the turn of the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, the basilica was rebuilt. Until the mid nineteenth century, one of the characteristic features of the exterior of the temple was made ​​of brick bell tower, standing not in front of the facade of the Church Street exit. Carpentry. After a fire in 1850, the church bell tower remained of the burned walls that were demolished during the reconstruction work of the church. In 1876, in place of the tower dostawiono the neo-Gothic facade of the temple porch. It protected the Gothic, the fourteenth-century portal of the main entrance, which was renovated in 1893 Among other things, lists the number of broken fragments of stone.

The end of the glory of the church put a terrible fire Krakow in 1850. It burned the whole interior with the exception of some of the chapels of the nave vault collapsed. Immediately after the fire started a comprehensive reconstruction of the temple. Construction lasted between 1850-1884 , and guided by the architect Theophilus Żebrawski. Blown walls were so weak that they had to dismantle part of the imminent collapse of the facade. After joining the reconstruction, it turned out that even the lower parts of the walls and pillars are too damaged to be able to carry the weight of the new vault. Therefore temporarily propped up with wooden beams and pillars of pressed metal rims. In the years 1853-1854 the rate of recovery was very slow, but such managed to bring the new stained glass windows by German artist Hübner The following year, construction was resumed, supporting silhouetted walls and covering them with arches supported on pillars of brick, stone interleaved only. After removing the props from under the arches of the nave vaults in the morning, April 12, 1855, a portion of the vault and the walls collapsed, damaging a neighboring house. This catastrophe building in Kraków moved public opinion. Especially criticized austerity policies in the selection of materials. In order to ensure adequate control was established in 1856 by a special committee conservation. After collecting the necessary funds and uprzątnięciu debris, only in 1858 began to laying new foundations for the pillars. Three years later roofed aisles, and in 1863 - the main nave. Basic work on the reconstruction was completed in 1872 . As a result, the appearance of the temple has changed considerably, which was criticized by the artistic community. Especially firmly decided to include sculptor Edward Stehlik. Later, many attacks also met Francis activity prior Pavoni who has pseudogotyckich interior alterations, furnishings and architectural details of the church. At the present time a high altar, choir stalls and confessionals. After the restoration, in 1884, the church was consecrated .

Since 1957 the church is a basilica minor .

Interior

Today the Trinity church is a three-nave Gothic temple of brick and stone, built in the characteristic of the Krakow-skarpowym (clothing) pillar system, with an elongated choir ended straight wall.

In the church, next to the main altar, is buried Leszek the Black Prince, who died in 1288. In the chancel of the church has a brown plate eminent humanist Filip Callimachus , who died in 1496, and made ​​according to a design by Veit Stoss.

Authorities built in the 1890s the company Rieger Brothers of Jägerndorfu as opus 756. The instrument has 30 votes, mechanical and pneumatic tracker game tracker registers. It is a valuable and interesting example of the romantic organ building, while maintaining to this day its original concept of the tone.

Chapels

The interior of the church

Nave south (right )

Saint Joseph's Oratory. Rose Limańskiej (Lubomirski) - built in the early seventeenth century Gothic chapel, burial place Pilecki (erected in the late fourteenth century). The founders were Sebastian Lubomirski and his wife Anna Branicka, their portraits are on the walls in TONDACH brakes. The interior of the dome filled with images of St. Sebastian, Stanislaw and Anna Samotrzeć and the prophet Elijah, in the niches are statues of saints (Dominik, Stanislaus, Stanislaus Kostka, Czeslaw, Kazimierz, Jacek, Florian and Wojciech). The chapel was closed seventeenth century grid.

Saint Joseph's Oratory. Thomas - built in the fifteenth century by the characteristics of tailors. Is covered with a dome network. Equipment is designed by Marian Pavoni neo-Gothic altar with statues of St. Thomas, Casimir Stanislaus Kostka, Anthony and Albert, Renaissance tomb of Nicholas Bogusz Krasnystaw governor and Tommaso Dolabella image depicting a school of St . Thomas Aquinas.

Chapel of the Saviour (Przeździeckich) - placed by Nicholas Edeling in 1368, subsequent came under the care of the bakers' guild, and in the sixteenth century passed into the possession of the family Orliki. After a fire in 1850 and restored by the family Przeździeckich. Equipped with a neo-Gothic altar made ​​by Edward Stehlik, designed by Theophilus Żebrawskiego.

Saint Joseph's Oratory. Joseph (Szafraniec, Provanów) - built in the fifteenth century by the characteristics of shoemakers, after many years was owned by the family Szafraniec. Equipment is a neo-Gothic altar designed by Marian Pavoni with the image of Christ in the Holy workshop. Joseph John Angelika Drewaczyńskiego brush and Mannerist tombstone Prosper Prov - żupnika Wieliczka .

Saint Joseph's Oratory. Dominic Myszkowskis - founded in 1614. It is located on the second to last in the side, the right aisle. It is specific and easy to recognize because it can see a gallery of family Myszkowskis. These are the family carved figures inside the dome. This chapel is easy to recognize from the outside, because it is decorated with rustication. The building was used srebrzystoczarny (shiny metallic grey) noble marble columns are colored in soft, broken pink and white sculptures emphasize elegance.

Chapel of the Rosary - it was built on a Greek cross with a dome over the intersection of the arms in the years 1685-1688 on the site of an earlier fifteenth- century chapel of the Annunciation. In 1668 was placed in the chapel of the image of Our Lady of the Rosary, which according to tradition was to belong to St . Stanislaus Kostka. It is located between the main altar with statues of St . Pius V and error . Benedict IX. The walls and ceiling covered by a polychrome painted over in 1820 by Teodor Baltazar Stachowicz and in 1875 by Valentine and Wladyslaw Bąkowskich. It reveals the mysteries of the Rosary, the coronation of the Blessed Virgin Mary, the saints and angelic choirs. The chapel is the tomb of Stanislaus Sołtyka by F. Pozzi, painting of the Madonna and Child in a silver dress and the statue of Christ the Man of Sorrows in the early sixteenth century. Since 1983, the chapel is the burial place Teofili Sobieska mother of King John III Sobieski , and Marek Sobieski (brother of John III) .

Nave north (left )

Headstone of General Jan Skrzynecki in the chapel of Jesus Crucified

Saint Joseph's Oratory. Catherine of Siena (Zbaraskis) - built the foundation of George Zbaraskiego Castellan of Cracow in the years 1627-1633 by Andrew and Anthony Castellich. Perched on a rectangular plan and is covered with a dome of elliptical projection. The interior is made of black marble. Opposite the entrance is an altar with a picture of Teodor Baltazar Stachowicz showing a vision of St . Catherine of Siena. On both sides of the picture are statues of St . St. Catherine of Alexandria and St . Catherine of Siena. On the right side of the altar - George Zbaraskiego tombstone, and on the left - Christopher Zbaraskiego. The chapel was closed grille of the 2nd half. Nineteenth century, mounted on a marble balustrade.

Saint Joseph's Oratory. Mary Magdalene (Malachowski) - built in the fifteenth century, in the sixteenth century wore call St . John the Baptist, and was owned by the family Tęczyńska. Since 1884 belongs to the family Malachowski. It is located in the neo-Gothic design by Marian altar painting of St. Pavoni. Mary Magdalene Wladyslaw Bąkowski brush, painting Feast of Simon Thomas Dolabella and Malachowskis tombstone from 1884.

Chapel of Jesus Crucified - built in the late fourteenth century with the foundation of John Castellan łęczycki Ligęza. It wore once call St . Stanislaus. In the seventeenth taken care of her features masons. At the arcade, there are fragments of Gothic paintings from the end of the fourteenth century St . Catherine of Alexandria and the two prophets. The equipment includes the neo-Gothic altar designed by Marian Pavoni an image of Christ crucified Joseph Simmler brush. The high altar is gothic reliquary containing the remains of Bl. Wit - the thirteenth-century apostle of Lithuania. In front of the altar is the marble tomb of General Jan Skrzynecki. In the chapel Masses are celebrated on the anniversary of the Battle of Olszynka Grochowska.

Chapel of the Holy . Jack - in it, in a late Baroque tomb placed on the altar are the remains of the saint. The altar was made in the years 1695-1703 by Baltazar Fontana. The same artist around 1700 the chapel decorated with stucco. Then covered wall murals Charles Dankwart. In the chapel there are also scenes from the life of St . Jack painted by Tomasz Dolabella. The chapel is closed grille of the mid-eighteenth century.

Monastery

The monastic buildings adjacent to the church on the north and center on three wirydarzy. The galleries around the first of them are called campo santo Krakow because of the numerous monuments, tombstones and epitaphs set in the walls. Cross-ribbed vault of the cloister dates from the fourteenth century, tombstones and epitaphs in most of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. The oldest portion of the buildings are Romanesque refectory of wild stone and portal decorated with braid. Is identified with the original church of St. Trinity devoted to the Dominicans in 1222 by Iwo Odrowąż, or the oratory built after the fire of 1225 years. Inside are paintings of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. On the left of the Roman relics are early Gothic windows, identified by some scholars of the Church of the former St . Thomas. The buildings also include:

chapter house erected from the thirteenth to the beginning. The sixteenth century. It leads to the Gothic portal .

Gothic hall is covered with cross-ribbed vault supported on three pillars

Old library, built in the thirteenth, and rebuilt in the seventeenth century.

Stock monastery include, among others portraits of the bishops of the Dominican order, Tommaso Dolabella images from the years 1614 to 1620, the so-called accommodation. Dominican polyptych by the Master of the Dominican Passion, painting of St . Jude Luke Orlowski, Vision of St. Sophie Michael Stachowicz, alabaster sculpture Gothic Madonna and Child (called jacks) on the head reliquary of St . Jack baroque vestments, numerous incunabula, old books and even manuscripts from the thirteenth century.

pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bazylika_%C5%9Awi%C4%99tej_Tr%C3%B3...

My first mainstream magazine feature in LATINA.

apparently considered a blighted property by the locals.

 

Tahoe Daily Tribune

February 16, 2008

 

"More than 120 Incline Village residents spent their Saturday morning talking about nuisances.They identified where the nuisances were, what the nuisances were and why they were nuisances.Mike Sullivan talked about the Country Club Center's excessive lighting. He said the building detracts from the natural nighttime beauty of Tahoe by blotting out the stars he can see from his Country Club home.Alan Schaevitz said a bar near his Southwood Boulevard home plays loud music late into the night.Marianne Ericcson said boats and trailers parked along her east slope street are unsafe and unsightly.

 

Residents discussed these nuisances and more at Saturday's Incline Village/Crystal Bay Nuisance Workshop. The workshop served as a forum where residents could identify the nuisances particular to the Incline Village/Crystal Bay area.Residents were separated into tables of 10 and asked to address a set of 10 nuisances one at a time. They were asked to identify the what, why and where the nuisance was a problem in 10 minutes before moving onto the next nuisance. A resident recorded their table's findings on a large sheet of paper, which was collected by members of Washoe County's Community Development committee. The findings will be condensed into a report and presented at the May 7 Incline Village/Crystal Bay citizen's advisory board meeting. Six issues were originally slated to be discussed at the workshop: lighting, blighted properties, noise, parking, vacation rentals and signage. At the outset of the 10 a.m. meeting, community members were asked if they would like to add any perceived nuisances to the day's discussion. Trash, animal control, ongoing construction and fractional ownership were added.At the conclusion of the identification period, all tables were asked to identify their top two nuisances and present possible solutions.One of the nuisances which drew the most consensus was blighted properties. In particular, the unoccupied Orbit gas station on the corner of State route 28 and Lakeshore Boulevard.

 

"As a solution, we suggest they maybe level the Orbit station," said Incline resident Bea Epstein, who served as spokeswoman for her table. The statement was met with widespread applause from those in attendance.Tom Hill was also congratulated with applause for suggesting no new ordinances were needed when he spoke for his table. "We all agreed there is no need for new ordinances," Hill said. "If anything, we need better enforcement of the ordinances in place."Table after table agreed with Hill's."We have signage ordinances, we don't need anymore. We just need to enforce them," said Mike Young, speaking for his table.

 

Ron Stichter made the case for the enforcement of nuisance ordinances which are currently on the books."Why load on new ordinances when we don't even enforce what we have," Stichter asked.Gene Brockman, a representative to the Washoe County Nuisance committee, said enforcement is an issue he hopes to address and improve. He would like to set up a code enforcement department, which will alleviate the criminal justice system of nuisance complaints."Once a complaint is made to the code enforcement department, they will attempt to resolve the issue with the help of a hearing officer," Brockman said. "If that doesn't work, the issue will go before an arbitration officer, and if they can't settle it, the issue will go to the criminal courts."Brockman said he is hoping to speed up the enforcement of nuisance ordinance violations. "Right now nuisance claims are taking months to go through the criminal courts, and we're hoping to shorten that process," Brockman said."

Summer holiday 2014

In and around Berlin Germany

  

Berlin

 

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

 

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This article is about the capital of Germany. For other uses, see Berlin (disambiguation).

  

Berlin

 

State of Germany

Clockwise: Charlottenburg Palace, Fernsehturm Berlin, Reichstag building, Berlin Cathedral, Alte Nationalgalerie, Potsdamer Platz and Brandenburg Gate.

Clockwise: Charlottenburg Palace, Fernsehturm Berlin, Reichstag building, Berlin Cathedral, Alte Nationalgalerie, Potsdamer Platz and Brandenburg Gate.

 

Flag of Berlin

Flag Coat of arms of Berlin

Coat of arms

 

Location within European Union and Germany

Location within European Union and Germany

Coordinates: 52°31′N 13°23′ECoordinates: 52°31′N 13°23′E

 

Country

Germany

 

Government

  

• Governing Mayor

Michael Müller (SPD)

 

• Governing parties

SPD / CDU

 

• Votes in Bundesrat

4 (of 69)

 

Area

  

• City

891.85 km2 (344.35 sq mi)

 

Elevation

34 m (112 ft)

 

Population (December 2013)[1]

  

• City

3,517,424

 

• Density

3,900/km2 (10,000/sq mi)

 

Demonym

Berliner

 

Time zone

CET (UTC+1)

 

• Summer (DST)

CEST (UTC+2)

 

Postal code(s)

10115–14199

 

Area code(s)

030

 

ISO 3166 code

DE-BE

 

Vehicle registration

B[2]

 

GDP/ Nominal

€109.2 billion (2013) [3]

 

NUTS Region

DE3

 

Website

berlin.de

 

Berlin (/bərˈlɪn/; German pronunciation: [bɛɐ̯ˈliːn] ( listen)) is the capital of Germany and one of the 16 states of Germany. With a population of 3.5 million people,[4] Berlin is Germany's largest city. It is the second most populous city proper and the seventh most populous urban area in the European Union.[5] Located in northeastern Germany on the River Spree, it is the center of the Berlin-Brandenburg Metropolitan Region, which has about 4.5 million residents from over 180 nations.[6][7][8][9] Due to its location in the European Plain, Berlin is influenced by a temperate seasonal climate. Around one third of the city's area is composed of forests, parks, gardens, rivers and lakes.[10]

 

First documented in the 13th century, Berlin became the capital of the Margraviate of Brandenburg (1417), the Kingdom of Prussia (1701–1918), the German Empire (1871–1918), the Weimar Republic (1919–1933) and the Third Reich (1933–1945).[11] Berlin in the 1920s was the third largest municipality in the world.[12] After World War II, the city was divided; East Berlin became the capital of East Germany while West Berlin became a de facto West German exclave, surrounded by the Berlin Wall (1961–1989).[13] Following German reunification in 1990, the city was once more designated as the capital of all Germany, hosting 158 foreign embassies.[14]

 

Berlin is a world city of culture, politics, media, and science.[15][16][17][18] Its economy is based on high-tech firms and the service sector, encompassing a diverse range of creative industries, research facilities, media corporations, and convention venues.[19][20] Berlin serves as a continental hub for air and rail traffic and has a highly complex public transportation network. The metropolis is a popular tourist destination.[21] Significant industries also include IT, pharmaceuticals, biomedical engineering, clean tech, biotechnology, construction, and electronics.

 

Modern Berlin is home to renowned universities, orchestras, museums, entertainment venues, and is host to many sporting events.[22] Its urban setting has made it a sought-after location for international film productions.[23] The city is well known for its festivals, diverse architecture, nightlife, contemporary arts, and a high quality of living.[24] Over the last decade Berlin has seen the upcoming of a cosmopolitan entrepreneurial scene.[25]

  

20th to 21st centuries[edit]

     

Street, Berlin (1913) by Ernst Ludwig Kirchner

After 1910 Berlin had become a fertile ground for the German Expressionist movement. In fields such as architecture, painting and cinema new forms of artistic styles were invented. At the end of World War I in 1918, a republic was proclaimed by Philipp Scheidemann at the Reichstag building. In 1920, the Greater Berlin Act incorporated dozens of suburban cities, villages, and estates around Berlin into an expanded city. The act increased the area of Berlin from 66 to 883 km2 (25 to 341 sq mi). The population almost doubled and Berlin had a population of around four million. During the Weimar era, Berlin underwent political unrest due to economic uncertainties, but also became a renowned center of the Roaring Twenties. The metropolis experienced its heyday as a major world capital and was known for its leadership roles in science, the humanities, city planning, film, higher education, government, and industries. Albert Einstein rose to public prominence during his years in Berlin, being awarded the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1921.

     

Berlin in ruins after World War II (Potsdamer Platz, 1945).

In 1933, Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party came to power. NSDAP rule effectively destroyed Berlin's Jewish community, which had numbered 160,000, representing one-third of all Jews in the country. Berlin's Jewish population fell to about 80,000 as a result of emigration between 1933 and 1939. After Kristallnacht in 1938, thousands of the city's persecuted groups were imprisoned in the nearby Sachsenhausen concentration camp or, starting in early 1943, were shipped to death camps, such as Auschwitz.[39] During World War II, large parts of Berlin were destroyed in the 1943–45 air raids and during the Battle of Berlin. Around 125,000 civilians were killed.[40] After the end of the war in Europe in 1945, Berlin received large numbers of refugees from the Eastern provinces. The victorious powers divided the city into four sectors, analogous to the occupation zones into which Germany was divided. The sectors of the Western Allies (the United States, the United Kingdom and France) formed West Berlin, while the Soviet sector formed East Berlin.[41]

     

The Berlin Wall in 1986, painted on the western side. People crossing the so-called "death strip" on the eastern side were at risk of being shot.

All four Allies shared administrative responsibilities for Berlin. However, in 1948, when the Western Allies extended the currency reform in the Western zones of Germany to the three western sectors of Berlin, the Soviet Union imposed a blockade on the access routes to and from West Berlin, which lay entirely inside Soviet-controlled territory. The Berlin airlift, conducted by the three western Allies, overcame this blockade by supplying food and other supplies to the city from June 1948 to May 1949.[42] In 1949, the Federal Republic of Germany was founded in West Germany and eventually included all of the American, British, and French zones, excluding those three countries' zones in Berlin, while the Marxist-Leninist German Democratic Republic was proclaimed in East Germany. West Berlin officially remained an occupied city, but it politically was aligned with the Federal Republic of Germany despite West Berlin's geographic isolation. Airline service to West Berlin was granted only to American, British, and French airlines.

     

The fall of the Berlin Wall on 9 November 1989. On 3 October 1990, the German reunification process was formally finished.

The founding of the two German states increased Cold War tensions. West Berlin was surrounded by East German territory, and East Germany proclaimed the Eastern part as its capital, a move that was not recognized by the western powers. East Berlin included most of the historic center of the city. The West German government established itself in Bonn.[43] In 1961, East Germany began the building of the Berlin Wall between East and West Berlin, and events escalated to a tank standoff at Checkpoint Charlie. West Berlin was now de facto a part of West Germany with a unique legal status, while East Berlin was de facto a part of East Germany. John F. Kennedy gave his "Ich bin ein Berliner" – speech in 1963 underlining the US support for the Western part of the city. Berlin was completely divided. Although it was possible for Westerners to pass from one to the other side through strictly controlled checkpoints, for most Easterners travel to West Berlin or West Germany prohibited. In 1971, a Four-Power agreement guaranteed access to and from West Berlin by car or train through East Germany.[44]

 

In 1989, with the end of the Cold War and pressure from the East German population, the Berlin Wall fell on 9 November and was subsequently mostly demolished. Today, the East Side Gallery preserves a large portion of the Wall. On 3 October 1990, the two parts of Germany were reunified as the Federal Republic of Germany, and Berlin again became the official German capital. In 1991, the German Parliament, the Bundestag, voted to move the seat of the (West) German capital from Bonn to Berlin, which was completed in 1999. Berlin's 2001 administrative reform merged several districts. The number of boroughs was reduced from 23 to twelve. In 2006 the FIFA World Cup Final was held in Berlin.

  

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin

  

Alexanderplatz

 

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

 

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View over Alexanderplatz

    

Neighborhoods in Berlin-Mitte: Old Cölln [1] (with Museum Island [1a], Fisher Island [1b]), Altberlin [2] (with Nikolaiviertel [2a]), Friedrichswerder [3], Neukölln am Wasser [4], Dorotheenstadt [5], Friedrichstadt [6], Luisenstadt [7], Stralauer Vorstadt (with Königsstadt) [8], Alexanderplatz Area (Königsstadt and Altberlin) [9], Spandauer Vorstadt [10] (with Scheunenviertel [10a]), Friedrich-Wilhelm-Stadt [11], Oranienburger Vorstadt [12], Rosenthaler Vorstadt [13]

Alexanderplatz (pronounced [ʔalɛkˈsandɐˌplats] ( listen)) is a large public square and transport hub in the central Mitte district of Berlin, near the Fernsehturm. Berliners often call it simply Alex, referring to a larger neighbourhood stretching from Mollstraße in the northeast to Spandauer Straße and the Red City Hall in the southwest

 

History[edit]

     

Alexanderplatz in 1796

Early history[edit]

 

Originally a cattle market outside the city fortifications, it was named in honor of a visit of the Russian Emperor Alexander I to Berlin on 25 October 1805 by order of King Frederick William III of Prussia. The square gained a prominent role in the late 19th century with the construction of the Stadtbahn station of the same name and a nearby market hall, followed by the opening of a department store of Hermann Tietz in 1904, becoming a major commercial centre. The U-Bahn station of the present-day U2 line opened on 1 July 1913.

 

Its heyday was in the 1920s, when together with Potsdamer Platz it was at the heart of Berlin's nightlife, inspiring the 1929 novel Berlin Alexanderplatz (see 1920s Berlin) and the two films based thereon, Piel Jutzi's 1931 film and Rainer Werner Fassbinder's 15½ hour second adaptation, released in 1980. About 1920 the city's authorities started a rearrangement of the increasing traffic flows laying out a roundabout, accompanied by two buildings along the Stadtbahn viaduct, Alexanderhaus and Berolinahaus finished in 1932 according to plans designed by Peter Behrens.

 

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexanderplatz

Photos were captured at the Pacific Slope Archaeological Laboratory on the Oregon State University Campus in Corvallis, Dec. 13, 2016, to accompany the feature story below: "Printing the past: 3-D archaeology and the first Americans." Article online here (and below): goo.gl/viKEZF

 

Photo + Story by Toshio Suzuki, BLM

 

----------------------------------------

 

For the first Americans, and the study of them today, it all starts with a point.

 

A sharp point fastened to a wooden shaft gave the hunter 13,000 years ago a weapon that could single-handedly spear a fish or work in numbers to take down a mammoth.

 

For a prehistoric human, these points were the difference between life and death. They were hunger-driven, handmade labors of love that took hours to craft using a cacophony of rock-on-rock cracks, thuds and shatters.

 

They have been called the first American invention, and some archaeologists now think 3-D scanning points can reveal more information about both the technology and the people.

 

The Pacific Slope Archaeological Laboratory at Oregon State University takes up only a few rooms on the ground floor of Waldo Hall, one of the supposedly haunted buildings on campus.

 

There are boxes of cultural history everywhere, and floor-to-ceiling wood cabinets with skinny pull-out drawers housing even more assets, but the really good stuff, evidence of the earliest known cultures in North America, lives in an 800-pound gun safe.

 

Loren Davis, anthropology professor at OSU and director of the lab, thinks 3-D scanning, printing, and publishing can circumvent the old traditions of the field, that artifacts are only to be experienced in museums and only handled by those who have a Ph.D.

 

“We are reimagining the idea of doing archaeology in a 21st century digital way,” said Davis. “We don’t do it just to make pretty pictures or print in plastic, we mostly want to capture and share it for analysis,” he added.

 

Nearby in the L-shaped lab, one of his doctoral students is preparing to scan a point that was discovered on Bureau of Land Management public lands in southeast Oregon.

 

Thousands of points have been unearthed since the 1930s in North America, the first being in eastern New Mexico near a town called Clovis. That name is now known worldwide as representing the continent’s first native people.

 

More recently, though, other peoples with distinctive points were found elsewhere, and some researchers think it means there was differing technology being made at the same time, if not pre-Clovis.

 

One such location is the Paisley Caves in southern Oregon ― one of the many archaeologically significant sites managed by the BLM.

 

The earliest stem point from Paisley Caves was scanned at Davis’ lab and a 3-D PDF was included in a 2012 multi-authored report in the journal Science.

 

Davis estimates his lab at OSU has scanned as many as 400 points, including others from BLM-managed lands in Idaho, Nevada, Oregon and Washington.

 

More scans would mean a bigger database for comparing points and determining what style they are.

 

“Ideally, we want to get as many artifacts scanned as possible,“ said Davis. “The BLM offers a lot of access to public data ― this is just another way of doing it.”

 

---

 

Transforming a brittle piece of volcanic glass, by hand, into a beautiful and deadly 4-inch-long spear point is a process.

 

In one hand would be a hard shaping rock, or maybe a thick section of antler, and in the other would be the starter stone, which in addition to igneous could be jasper, chert, or any other chippable rock that creates a hide-puncturing level of sharpness.

 

After what might be hundreds of controlled strokes and rock rotations, the rough shape of a lance or spear tip would take form. Discarded shards of stone would often result in more points, or other useful tools like scrapers and needles.

 

Clovis points are distinguished by their length, bifacial leaf shape and middle channels on the bottom called flutes. Eventually the repetitive flaking of the point would stop, and the hunter would use precise pressure points to create the flute on one or each side that likely helped slot the finished product into a spear-like wooden pole.

 

The hunter was now mobile and ready to roam.

 

---

 

Prior to 3-D scanning, OSU doctoral student Sean Carroll picks up a can of Tinactin, gives it the obligatory shake, and completely covers “one of the oldest technologies in North America” with antifungal spray.

 

The talc and alcohol from the athlete’s foot remedy helps the software see even the slightest indents in the point, and it rubs right off afterwards.

 

“I want to scan all the Clovis I can get my hands on,” said Carroll, who came to OSU because of Davis’ 3-D lab and is using the medium as a big part of his dissertation.

 

Two random items, a power plug adapter and a ball of clay, are placed on each side of the fluted point to give the camera and light projector perspective. The objects create margins that force the structured light patterns to bend and capture more of the point’s surface detail.

 

Even so, like the hunter rotating the shaping rock, the archaeologist has to rotate the foam square holding the three items. Each scan takes about six seconds.

 

Carroll and Davis estimate that the learning curve for this process was about 100 hours. One hundred hours of trial and error -- and a lot of watching YouTube videos -- for a finished product that they think is indisputably worth it.

 

A completed 3-D scan of a point will have about 40,000 data points per square inch. The measurements are so precise, they can determine the difference between flake marks as thin as a piece of paper.

 

Davis says no archaeologist with a pair of calipers can come close to measuring the data obtained via 3-D, because simply, “there are some jobs that robots are really good at.”

 

“If the end game is measurements, well you could spend your whole life with a pair of calipers trying to achieve what we can do in 10 minutes,” said Davis.

 

---

 

Last year, the famous human relative nicknamed Lucy had 3-D scans of her 3.2 million year old bones published in the journal Nature.

 

In 2015, archaeologists from Harvard University completed a 3-D scan of a winged and human-headed stone bull from Mesopotamia that stands 13 feet high at the Louvre Museum.

 

And the Smithsonian Institution is currently beta testing a website dedicated to publishing 3-D models from its massive collection, including molds of President Abraham Lincoln’s face and the entire Apollo 11 command module.

 

All of these new-school efforts are based upon the old-school scientific principles of preservation and promotion.

 

Rock points, fossils, hieroglyphics -- various forms of cultural assets are susceptible to environmental conditions and not guaranteed to be around forever. Three-dimensional scanning is the most accurate way to digitally preserve these items of merit.

 

Once accurate preservation is done, there are opportunities for promoting not just science, but specific research goals.

 

In the case of the Lucy bones, scientists hope that crowdsourcing the 3-D data will help get more experts to look at the fossils and prove that the tree-dwelling ape died from a fall.

 

When it comes to comparing one specific stemmed point to an entire hard drive of scanning data, BLM archaeologist Scott Thomas thinks the work being done at the OSU lab can move archaeology to a new level.

 

“The 3-D scanning method blows anything we have done out of the water,” said Thomas.

 

That ability to compare points can lead to insights on how these hunting tools moved over geography, and even expand theories about how native groups learned new technologies.

 

“It’s going to be a really powerful tool someday -- not too far off,” said Thomas.

 

While long-term data analysis may not be the sexiest form of archaeology, holding a 3-D printed stem point is a pretty cool educational tool.

 

Davis of OSU has incorporated 3-D prints into his classes and said his students are able to make a tactile connection with artifacts that otherwise are not available.

 

“The students really enjoy these printed and digital models and often say that they are almost like the real thing,” said Davis.

 

---

 

This spring, Davis is traveling to Magadan, Russia -- aka Siberia -- to inspect and scan some points that may be linked to Clovis peoples.

 

The goal in Siberia, of course, is to further expand the 3-D database. He is specifically interested in comparing them to stems from a BLM-managed site he excavated in Idaho called Cooper’s Ferry.

 

As his student, Carroll, begins to clean up and put the scanned points into their individually labeled ziplocked bags, Davis can’t help but mention how much easier international research could be with 3-D scanning.

 

“You can share cultural resource info with people in other countries and you don’t have to come visit,” he said, adding that Russia isn’t the easiest country to enter.

 

“It’s as easy as sending an email,” Carroll agreed.

 

Davis then mentioned his 11-year-old child and how much of school curriculum these days is web-based as opposed to text-based.

 

“There’s nothing wrong with books, I’m a huge fan of books, but it’s a different way of learning,” said the archaeology professor.

 

And with that, he made another point.

 

-- by Toshio Suzuki, tsuzuki@blm.gov, @toshjohn

  

Best places to find 3-D archaeology online:

-- Sketchfab.com is one of the biggest databases on the web for 3-D models of cultural assets. Institutions and academics alike are moving priceless treasures to the digital space for all to inspect. Two examples: via the British Museum, a 7.25-ton statue of Ramesses II is available for viewing and free download; and via archaeologist Robert Selden Jr., hundreds of 3-D models are open to the public for study, including several Clovis points from the Blackwater Draw National Historic Site in New Mexico.

-- The Smithsonian Institution is bringing the best of American history to a new audience via their 3-D website (3d.si.edu). Amelia Earhart's flight suit? Check. Native American ceremonial killer whale hat? Check. Face cast of President Abraham Lincoln? Check and check -- there are two. And their biggest 3-D scan is still coming: the 184-foot-long space shuttle Discovery.

-- Visitors to Africanfossils.org can filter 3-D model searches by hominids, animals and tools, and also by date, from zero to 25 million years ago.

The sleek website, with partners like National Geographic and the National Museums of Kenya, makes it easy to download or share 3-D scans, and each item even comes with a discovery backstory and Google map pinpointing exactly where it was found.

Article about sculptor Cornelius Rogge

 

An article about my experience at the 1989 Academy Awards appeared in my local newspaper, the Moline IL Daily Disaptch

Article Slovaque : L'Usine sans mur

 

GRAFFITI CLIPS

GRAFFITI CLIPSGRAFFITI CLIPS

This dark-phase female Swainson's Hawk is the mate of the light-phase male that I posted yesterday. They make an interesting pair. Like the other photo, this is a poor quality shot taken against an overcast sky. I'm posting it mainly as a record of this encounter that I had two days ago, 28 August 2016 and also because dark-phase Swainson's are more unusual. What a fine pair they make. I'll add the photo of the male in a comment box below.

 

The following link (thanks, Tony) leads to an interesting article about the different colour phases of Swainson's Hawks. Apparently, only about 10% of the world Swainson’s Hawk population are dark types, the other 90% is made up of light and intermediate types.

 

www.nemesisbird.com/bird-science/determining-age-and-colo...

 

The meeting place for a birding walk on this particular day was just a few minutes away form home, so I drove my very noisy, dying car and was finally able to get out for a few hours, after a week at home. We carpooled to the east end of Fish Creek Provincial Park, covering Mallard Point, Bow Valley Ranche area and then walking east to, and along, the Bow River. Birds seen included American White Pelicans, Double-crested Cormorants, Sharp-shinned Hawk and Cooper's Hawk, Swainson's Hawk, Osprey and a variety of small birds and waterfowl, almost all very distant.

 

We ended up at the Ranche at lunchtime - a few people continued into the afternoon, but friend, Tony, who had driven me to stopping places in the morning, and I, left to go home. First though, we drove to check on a pair of Swainson's Hawks with one youngster. These were the Hawks that had dive-bombed me three times in the two minutes maximum that I was there on 1 August 2016! Needless to say, I didn't feel at all comfortable being near them again, especially when the female started to shriek - and my thought was "Oh, no, she recognizes me!" - but all went well.

 

Since late yesterday afternoon, I no longer have to stay home because of my old car - and I am SO thankful! It took three weeks to arrive, which felt longer than that. It would have felt even longer if it wasn't for two wonderful day trips to the mountains, thanks to friends Dorothy and Stephen, and Pam - so much appreciated! Now I have to learn the overwhelming complexity of a new car. There is such a difference between an old 1999 vehicle and the newer cars.

Local Accession Number: 2069

 

Description: This cartoon depicts the partisan fight between Republicans and Wilson-led Democrats over the League of Nations.

 

Photographer: N/A

 

Source: Nelson Harding

 

Size: 8x10

 

Medium: Black and White

 

Date: c. 1920

One of those is me!

 

Human Rights Tattoo

The entire declaration. Find me in article 8

 

ROMA ARCHEOLOGICA & RESTAURO ARCHITETTURA 2020. Update - the recent archaeological surveys in ‘Roma / Regione VII., Il Tempio di Traiano’ & the Via di S. Eufemia 13 at the Spanish School of Archaeology in Rome (2019-20) (06/2020). wp.me/pbMWvy-lV

 

Aggiornamento - Le recenti indagini archeologiche presso la Regione VII., Il Tempio di Traiano e la Via di S. Eufemia 13 a Roma della Scuola Spagnola di Roma (2019-2020) (06/2020).

 

ROME - In the new edition of the Bullettino della Commissione Archeologica Comunale di Roma. 120, 2019 (2020); in the section on: “Relazioni su scavi, trovamenti, restauri in Roma e Suburbio 2017-2019”. (1). There is a brief notice of recent archaeological surveys conducted at the site of the Spanish School of Rome on the Via di S. Eufemia 13; located directly across from the north-eastern side of the Palazzo Valentini (or formerly the site of the Temple of Divine Trajan), see:

 

--- Relazioni su scavi, trovamenti, restauri in Roma e Suburbio 2017-2019: Regione VII. Via di S. Eufemia 13. Ritrovamenti archeologici nella Escuela Española de Historia y Arqueología en Roma di Antonio Pizzo, Massimo Vitti. BCom 120 (2019).

 

The recent archaeological surveys conducted at the site of the Spanish School of Rome was brief presented at the following conference in Rome in late January 2020, see:

 

www.flickr.com/photos/imperial_fora_of_rome/49680679936

 

--- LA TOPOGRAFIA DELL’AREA A NORD DEL FORO DI TRAIANO. Giornata di studio. Rome, the Auditorium dell’ Ara Pacis (30 January 2020) (2).

 

Likewise, a month earlier in late December 2019; the recent work at the Palazzo Valentini was discussed & presented in a You-Tube video by: Dr. Paola Baldassarri (Città Metropolitana di Roma Capitale), “L'area a Nord della Colonna Traiana e il Tempio dei divi Traiano e Plotina : riflessioni in merito alle indagini di Palazzo Valentini.” Conférence - Topographie et urbanisme de la Rome antique, Caen, France (11-13 Dec. 2019) (3).

 

www.flickr.com/photos/imperial_fora_of_rome/49680674011

 

--- Also see: Paola Baldassarri (2016), “Indagini archeologiche a Palazzo Valentini. Nuovi dati per la ricostruzione del tempio di Traiano.” RM 122, pp. 171-202 [in PDF]. (Abstract in English) (4).

 

More recently sometime in early to mid 2020, Dr. Antonio Pizzo of the Spanish School of Rome briefly published a small summary of the recent archaeological surveys undertaken in the basement substructures of the Spanish School of Rome, entitled:

 

www.flickr.com/photos/imperial_fora_of_rome/50039085866

 

--- Dr. Antonio Pizzo, “Arqueología de la Arquitectura. Arqueología de la Construcción Romana. Topografía y Urbanismo de época romana. Metodología de la investigación arqueológica.” LÍNEAS Y PROYECTOS DE ARQUEOLOGÍA E HISTORIA ANTIGUA. CSIC / La Escuela Española de Historia y Arqueología en Roma (EEHAR). ROME (2020). www.eehar.csic.es/lineas-proyectos-arqueologia/ (accessed June 2020).

 

www.flickr.com/photos/imperial_fora_of_rome/50039085781

 

Below is a vague translation Spanish-to-English of Dr. Antonio Pizzo article with the accompanying three photographs from the article; with the exception two other photographs cited in the brief notice on the recent excavations and restorations of the Spanish School on Rome Via di S. Eufemia 13 in = “Historia EEHAR / La Escuela Española de Historia y Arqueología en Roma (EEHAR) (2020) (5). Dr. Antonio Pizzo's original text in Spanish was translated in English by myself (Martin G. Conde) and only a few changes were made in the grammatical context for the English language reader.

 

www.flickr.com/photos/imperial_fora_of_rome/50038539053

 

--- Dr. Antonio Pizzo, “Architecture / Archeology. Archeology of Roman Construction. Topography and Urbanism from Roman Period. Archaeological Research Methodology.” CSIC / La Escuela Española de Historia y Arqueología en Roma (EEHAR). ROME (2020).

 

www.flickr.com/photos/imperial_fora_of_rome/50039085706

 

PROJECTS - Antonio Pizzo, Architectural and urban analysis of the archaeological remains preserved in the EEHAR [= the Spanish School of Rome].

 

www.flickr.com/photos/imperial_fora_of_rome/50038539038

 

During the renovation phase of the new EEHAR headquarters, a series of archaeological structures from various periods were discovered in one of the basements of the building. After the first preliminary excavation(s), an exhaustive study of the remains has been carried out for two years. This study has revealed the extraordinary importance of what is preserved in the EEHAR due to the presence of different historical phases that have been possible to read after the stratigraphic studies. The main historical phases analyzed can be summarized in the following points:

 

--- A first structure from the republican era.

 

--- Republican-era structures formed by a large foundation probably belonging to a first funerary building.

 

--- Construction of a columbarium in the Augustan period.

 

--- Destruction of the columbarium and construction of a large building with materials similar to the forums of Augusto and Nerva.

 

--- Construction of a building from Trajan's era and in phase with the major remodeling of the northern area of ​​the Forum of Trajan [or the Imperial Fora].

 

www.flickr.com/photos/imperial_fora_of_rome/50038539118

 

The importance of the remains due to the ancient topography of the area of ​​the Imperial Forums and a first presentation of results at a recent congress held at the Auditorium of the Ara Pacis [= LA TOPOGRAFIA DELL’AREA A NORD DEL FORO DI TRAIANO. Giornata di studio. Rome, the Auditorium dell’ Ara Pacis. 30 January 2020] discussing the new findings in this area of ​​the city; thus having a better understanding of the updated archaeological / architectural survey methodologies (e.g., stratigraphic analysis of elevations, new graphic surveys with Scanning 3D technology) with the series of the recent results, utilized in the particular area of the city of Rome, as attributed to the series of historical patterns associated with the archaeological remains.

 

The archaeological evidence recorded in the elevations testify to the evolution and transformation of an almost unknown sector of Rome, here at the site of the EEHAR, and now adding to the scientific debate of the last several years relating to the Temple of Divine Trajan in Rome. The presence of various historical stages and, above all, the discovery, among the remains, of a funeral monument in an area so close to the nerve center of the administrative and political machinery of Rome has opened a new reflection on the transformations of the limits of the city in the different historical periods.

 

The findings made in the basement of the EEHAR may offer, in the future, after new analyzes, fundamental data in the context of the reconstruction of the urban landscape of such an emblematic area. With these premises we believe it is necessary to expand the investigated area and we propose new archaeological investigations that allows the range of data to be available, and resolve questions relating to the recent studies, and above all, the recently discovered archaeological remains below the EEHAR headquarters now becoming a new element in archaeological debate on one of the most representative areas of ​​ancient Rome.

 

[---End of Text---]

 

1). Bullettino della Commissione Archeologica Comunale di Roma. 120 (2019) [2020]. L'Erma di Bretschneider, (2020). 195.231.2.149/index.php?pg=SchedaTitolo&key=00013619

 

2). ROMA ARCHEOLOGIA E RESTAURO ARCHITETTURA 2020: Update - The Forum and Temple of Trajan in Rome (2018-20): "L’evidenza archeologica ha dimostrato che il tempio c’è.” With New Comments & New Information Courtesy of Prof. James E. Packer (18 March 2020), in: ROMA ARCHEOLOGICA & RESTAURO ARCHITETTURA 2020. wp.me/pbMWvy-5t (18 March 2020).

 

3). See: Note 2 above.

 

4). See: Note 2 above; along with: Prof. James E. Packer, with John Burge (2003), “TEMPLUM DIVI TRAIANI PARTHICI ET PLOTINAE: a debate with Roberto Meneghini.” JRA 16, pp. 109-136 [in PDF].

 

5). “Roma - 2014-2015 Descubrimiento y excavación de las estructuras romanas situados en uno de los sotános de la EEHAR,” Historia EEHAR / La Escuela Española de Historia y Arqueología en Roma (EEHAR) (2020).

www.eehar.csic.es/historia-eehar/ (accessed June 2020).

 

Cover photograph foto / fonte / source:

 

--- Angelo Giordano, “ROME - MORNING,” in: Skypixel (25/04/2020).

www.skypixel.com/photos/roma-0b97a498-dbd8-43ee-bf7e-d69f...

 

--- ROME, the Palazzo Valentini and the Spanish School of Archaeology in Rome along the Via di S. Eufemia, in: GOOGLE / MAPS / EARTH (2020).

www.google.com/maps/@41.8962226,12.4844202,158m/data=!3m1...

 

--- For a detailed online collection of recent and historical research materials relating the studies of the Forum and Temple of Trajan in Rome (1995-2020), please see:

 

ROMA ARCHEOLOGIA E RESTAURO ARCHITETTURA 2020. PART 1 – “ROME – THE IMPERIAL FORA: SCHOLARLY RESEARCH & RELATED STUDIES 1995-2020,” in: FLICKR (August 2006-20) / Updated (25-26, May 2020). wp.me/pbMWvy-hI

 

www.flickr.com/photos/imperial_fora_of_rome/49681033917

 

Part. 1 / Section 7). ROMA ARCHEOLOGIA E RESTAURO ARCHITETTURA 2020: The Forum of Trajan / the Column, Markets and Temple (1995-2020): the Excavations, Restoration & Systemization of F. of Trajan (1995-2020) & (1928-34); And the Metro C Archaeological Surveys (2010-20) (05/2020).

 

--- Along with a detailed online collection of recent and historical research materials relating the studies of the Forum and Temple of Trajan, the Palazzo delle Assicurazioni Generali Building [Roman Domus 1st thru 5th century A.D.,] and the Athenaeum di Adriano archaeological surveys, also see:

 

-- Part. 1 / RARA 2020: 9.5). The Metro C Project and the Archaeological Excavations, Architectural Surveys and Historical Studies in Rome (2005-2020): Piazza Venezia - The Victor Emmanuel II Monument & the Palazzo delle Assicurazioni Generali Building (05/2020).

 

-- Part. 1 / RARA 2020: 9.8). The Metro C Project and the Archaeological Excavations, Architectural Surveys and Historical Studies in Rome (2005-2020): Piazza Venezia / Pz. Madonna di Loreto Station - Franesco Ciresi, Donatella Mighela & Antonio Lopez Garcia. Thesis / La Sapienza (2009-10) (05/2020).

 

--- Part. 1 / RARA 2020: 9.9). The Metro C Project and the Archaeological Excavations, Architectural Surveys and Historical Studies in Rome (2005-2020): Dr. Antonio Lopez Garcia, the F. di Traiano, Athenaeum di Adriano, Pz. Venezia / Pz. Madonna di Loreto Station (2010-20) (05/2020).

 

Summer holiday 2014

In and around Berlin Germany

  

Berlin

 

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

 

Jump to: navigation, search

  

This article is about the capital of Germany. For other uses, see Berlin (disambiguation).

  

Berlin

 

State of Germany

Clockwise: Charlottenburg Palace, Fernsehturm Berlin, Reichstag building, Berlin Cathedral, Alte Nationalgalerie, Potsdamer Platz and Brandenburg Gate.

Clockwise: Charlottenburg Palace, Fernsehturm Berlin, Reichstag building, Berlin Cathedral, Alte Nationalgalerie, Potsdamer Platz and Brandenburg Gate.

 

Flag of Berlin

Flag Coat of arms of Berlin

Coat of arms

 

Location within European Union and Germany

Location within European Union and Germany

Coordinates: 52°31′N 13°23′ECoordinates: 52°31′N 13°23′E

 

Country

Germany

 

Government

  

• Governing Mayor

Michael Müller (SPD)

 

• Governing parties

SPD / CDU

 

• Votes in Bundesrat

4 (of 69)

 

Area

  

• City

891.85 km2 (344.35 sq mi)

 

Elevation

34 m (112 ft)

 

Population (December 2013)[1]

  

• City

3,517,424

 

• Density

3,900/km2 (10,000/sq mi)

 

Demonym

Berliner

 

Time zone

CET (UTC+1)

 

• Summer (DST)

CEST (UTC+2)

 

Postal code(s)

10115–14199

 

Area code(s)

030

 

ISO 3166 code

DE-BE

 

Vehicle registration

B[2]

 

GDP/ Nominal

€109.2 billion (2013) [3]

 

NUTS Region

DE3

 

Website

berlin.de

 

Berlin (/bərˈlɪn/; German pronunciation: [bɛɐ̯ˈliːn] ( listen)) is the capital of Germany and one of the 16 states of Germany. With a population of 3.5 million people,[4] Berlin is Germany's largest city. It is the second most populous city proper and the seventh most populous urban area in the European Union.[5] Located in northeastern Germany on the River Spree, it is the center of the Berlin-Brandenburg Metropolitan Region, which has about 4.5 million residents from over 180 nations.[6][7][8][9] Due to its location in the European Plain, Berlin is influenced by a temperate seasonal climate. Around one third of the city's area is composed of forests, parks, gardens, rivers and lakes.[10]

 

First documented in the 13th century, Berlin became the capital of the Margraviate of Brandenburg (1417), the Kingdom of Prussia (1701–1918), the German Empire (1871–1918), the Weimar Republic (1919–1933) and the Third Reich (1933–1945).[11] Berlin in the 1920s was the third largest municipality in the world.[12] After World War II, the city was divided; East Berlin became the capital of East Germany while West Berlin became a de facto West German exclave, surrounded by the Berlin Wall (1961–1989).[13] Following German reunification in 1990, the city was once more designated as the capital of all Germany, hosting 158 foreign embassies.[14]

 

Berlin is a world city of culture, politics, media, and science.[15][16][17][18] Its economy is based on high-tech firms and the service sector, encompassing a diverse range of creative industries, research facilities, media corporations, and convention venues.[19][20] Berlin serves as a continental hub for air and rail traffic and has a highly complex public transportation network. The metropolis is a popular tourist destination.[21] Significant industries also include IT, pharmaceuticals, biomedical engineering, clean tech, biotechnology, construction, and electronics.

 

Modern Berlin is home to renowned universities, orchestras, museums, entertainment venues, and is host to many sporting events.[22] Its urban setting has made it a sought-after location for international film productions.[23] The city is well known for its festivals, diverse architecture, nightlife, contemporary arts, and a high quality of living.[24] Over the last decade Berlin has seen the upcoming of a cosmopolitan entrepreneurial scene.[25]

  

20th to 21st centuries[edit]

     

Street, Berlin (1913) by Ernst Ludwig Kirchner

After 1910 Berlin had become a fertile ground for the German Expressionist movement. In fields such as architecture, painting and cinema new forms of artistic styles were invented. At the end of World War I in 1918, a republic was proclaimed by Philipp Scheidemann at the Reichstag building. In 1920, the Greater Berlin Act incorporated dozens of suburban cities, villages, and estates around Berlin into an expanded city. The act increased the area of Berlin from 66 to 883 km2 (25 to 341 sq mi). The population almost doubled and Berlin had a population of around four million. During the Weimar era, Berlin underwent political unrest due to economic uncertainties, but also became a renowned center of the Roaring Twenties. The metropolis experienced its heyday as a major world capital and was known for its leadership roles in science, the humanities, city planning, film, higher education, government, and industries. Albert Einstein rose to public prominence during his years in Berlin, being awarded the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1921.

     

Berlin in ruins after World War II (Potsdamer Platz, 1945).

In 1933, Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party came to power. NSDAP rule effectively destroyed Berlin's Jewish community, which had numbered 160,000, representing one-third of all Jews in the country. Berlin's Jewish population fell to about 80,000 as a result of emigration between 1933 and 1939. After Kristallnacht in 1938, thousands of the city's persecuted groups were imprisoned in the nearby Sachsenhausen concentration camp or, starting in early 1943, were shipped to death camps, such as Auschwitz.[39] During World War II, large parts of Berlin were destroyed in the 1943–45 air raids and during the Battle of Berlin. Around 125,000 civilians were killed.[40] After the end of the war in Europe in 1945, Berlin received large numbers of refugees from the Eastern provinces. The victorious powers divided the city into four sectors, analogous to the occupation zones into which Germany was divided. The sectors of the Western Allies (the United States, the United Kingdom and France) formed West Berlin, while the Soviet sector formed East Berlin.[41]

     

The Berlin Wall in 1986, painted on the western side. People crossing the so-called "death strip" on the eastern side were at risk of being shot.

All four Allies shared administrative responsibilities for Berlin. However, in 1948, when the Western Allies extended the currency reform in the Western zones of Germany to the three western sectors of Berlin, the Soviet Union imposed a blockade on the access routes to and from West Berlin, which lay entirely inside Soviet-controlled territory. The Berlin airlift, conducted by the three western Allies, overcame this blockade by supplying food and other supplies to the city from June 1948 to May 1949.[42] In 1949, the Federal Republic of Germany was founded in West Germany and eventually included all of the American, British, and French zones, excluding those three countries' zones in Berlin, while the Marxist-Leninist German Democratic Republic was proclaimed in East Germany. West Berlin officially remained an occupied city, but it politically was aligned with the Federal Republic of Germany despite West Berlin's geographic isolation. Airline service to West Berlin was granted only to American, British, and French airlines.

     

The fall of the Berlin Wall on 9 November 1989. On 3 October 1990, the German reunification process was formally finished.

The founding of the two German states increased Cold War tensions. West Berlin was surrounded by East German territory, and East Germany proclaimed the Eastern part as its capital, a move that was not recognized by the western powers. East Berlin included most of the historic center of the city. The West German government established itself in Bonn.[43] In 1961, East Germany began the building of the Berlin Wall between East and West Berlin, and events escalated to a tank standoff at Checkpoint Charlie. West Berlin was now de facto a part of West Germany with a unique legal status, while East Berlin was de facto a part of East Germany. John F. Kennedy gave his "Ich bin ein Berliner" – speech in 1963 underlining the US support for the Western part of the city. Berlin was completely divided. Although it was possible for Westerners to pass from one to the other side through strictly controlled checkpoints, for most Easterners travel to West Berlin or West Germany prohibited. In 1971, a Four-Power agreement guaranteed access to and from West Berlin by car or train through East Germany.[44]

 

In 1989, with the end of the Cold War and pressure from the East German population, the Berlin Wall fell on 9 November and was subsequently mostly demolished. Today, the East Side Gallery preserves a large portion of the Wall. On 3 October 1990, the two parts of Germany were reunified as the Federal Republic of Germany, and Berlin again became the official German capital. In 1991, the German Parliament, the Bundestag, voted to move the seat of the (West) German capital from Bonn to Berlin, which was completed in 1999. Berlin's 2001 administrative reform merged several districts. The number of boroughs was reduced from 23 to twelve. In 2006 the FIFA World Cup Final was held in Berlin.

  

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin

  

Jewish Museum, Berlin

 

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

 

Jump to: navigation, search

     

The Libeskind-designed Jewish Museum Berlin, to the left of the old Kollegienhaus (before 2005).

    

Outside of the Jewish Museum view

The Jewish Museum Berlin (Jüdisches Museum Berlin) is one of the largest Jewish Museums in Europe. In three buildings, two of which are new additions specifically built for the museum by architect Daniel Libeskind, two millennia of German-Jewish history are on display in the permanent exhibition as well as in various changing exhibitions. German-Jewish history is documented in the collections, the library and the archive, in the computer terminals at the museum's Rafael Roth Learning Center, and is reflected in the museum's program of events. The museum was opened in 2001 and is one of Berlin’s most frequented museums (almost 720,000 visitors in 2012).[1]

 

Opposite the building ensemble, the Academy of the Jewish Museum Berlin was built – also after a design by Libeskind – in 2011/2012 in the former flower market hall. The archives, library, museum education department, and a lecture hall can all be found in the academy.[2]

 

Princeton economist W. Michael Blumenthal, who was born in Oranienburg near Berlin and was later President Jimmy Carter's Secretary of the Treasury, has been the director of the museum since December 1997.[3]

 

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_Museum,_Berlin

Grandad on the cover of The Alexandria Journal, in honor of 50th Anniversary of D-Day. About halfway down the article text you can read some very personal stuff about his specific actions on D-Day, including his chilling quote, "In war, they don't scream like they normally would. They scream for their mothers."

 

PHOTO CAPTION: "Former United Press correspondent Doug Werner, left, dodged heavy fire while unarmed and carrying a typewriter. James L[REDACTED], below, swam to shore after more than a third of his unit was killed leaving the boat."

 

FULL ARTICLE TEXT:

 

"Fifty Years Ago, on June 6, 1944, the allies attacked a continent enchained by a forced of evil that historians today still struggle to understand. Nazi Germany had plundered civilized Europe and murdered millions of its peoples for nearly five yeras. The invasion launched early on that June day sought to put an end toall that and restore peace to what was left of a continent. From sites in southern England the Allies crossed the English Channel in the greatest amphibious invasion in history. On D-Day, soldiers--supported by air and naval forces--begin the long, bloody fight to free Europe and the world from the Nazis. The war in Europe did not end on D-Day, far from it. But it marked the beginning of the closing chapter of the most destructive war in history.

 

[COLUMN CUT OFF, SO THIS PART IS FRAGMENTS]

 

future wife, Ronni [sic; my grandma], from a

camp.

,000 others like them endured

es the rough English Channel

so lethal that even the most

surprised.

rt, we were oversold," said

from his [my grandad] home in Alexandria.

were members of the 16th

1st Infantry Division, which

Sicily in 1943 and in Algeria

were prepared to meet the

ere.

and the 29th Infantry divi-

irst wave onto Omaha Beach

ia National Guard, were met

resistance than anyone had

 

had been on tactical drills in

ng days were already along the

beach, positions to fire on the

rs and prevent reconnaissance

 

s came to U.S. Army Rangers

ross the beach and climb the

o big guns positioned to the fire

 

t the beach,they got the evil

[Grandad] said.

Casualties, the Rangers eventu-

f the cliffs only to find that the

aken the guns down.

they and other units encoun-

re trapped among defensive

to have been cleared from the

 

[DONE WITH CUT OFF COLUMN, BACK TO NORMAL]

 

it," said Finke, whose father had come to the United States to learn the cotton business, was born in Mississippi but grew up in Germany. He returned to the United States in his teens and joined the U.S. Army.

 

Although his cousin was a major general in the German army, Finke said there was no question of loyalty to the Allies.

 

"As far as I was concerned, I was fighting for the U.S. and their cause. I hated Hitler. I detested him. I just kept quiet how I felt. There was no sense in starting a family feud," Finke said.

 

Although his father never left Germany and died be3fore his son fought in World War II, Fike said he would have been pleased that he fought for the Allies.

 

As commander of the 16th Infantry's F Company, Finke hid the fact that he had fractured his ankle days before the invasion, and he boarded the ship with his troops.

 

At 33, Finke was at least 10 years older than most of the soldiers, who saw him more as a father figure than a commanding officer.

 

For Finke, that underscored his responsibility to his troops on D-Day -- the day they would need him most.

 

"We just kept quiet about it," he said of his ankle. "nNo one wanted me to not be there. If I hadn't come, that company wouldn't have functioned very well. If I hadn't have gone, they would have felt betrayed."

 

Sitting in his home recently at The Fairfax retirement community at Fort Belvoir, Finke recalled with emotion a major who avoided D-Day with claims of a back injury.

 

[BACK TO STUFF ABOUT MY GRANDAD, NEXT COLUMN]

 

"to avoid the gunfire, the navy r____ and mistakenly dropped the ramp into the ocean. Thirty-five of the 102 men on board were killed just getting off the boat, [Grandad] said.

 

"People went in all directions," he said. "They were jumping in water clear up to their necks with 109 pounds on their backs, going this way and thatt to avoid fire."

 

When he saw what was happening, [Grandad] and three others jumped off the side of the boat into the ocean.

 

All around them the water turned red from the dead soldiers, some of whom served as cover for the living. The wounded, some with limbs torn off, lay next to them, screaming for help.

 

In war, [Grandad] said, "They don't scream like they normally would. They scream for their mothers."

 

Looking back out to sea, the soldiers could see other disasters. A battalion with 16 Double Dry tanks struggled with floatation devices and padded propellers that wouldn't hold up in the choppy water.

 

"Look at the tanks out there! Look at what the 735th is doing!" [Grandad] recalled the soldiers yelling. "All 16 sunk to the bottom. We knew all of them."

 

With fire spitting all around them, [Grandad] and the other three made their way to the beach, taking cover behind sand dunes to catch their breath.

 

From behind a dune being battered on both ends, [Grandad] directed the men to go single-file over the top. After several minutes, [Grandad] made his way over the dune. When he got to the other side, he found the three men lying dead in front of him.

 

As he climbed the dune, machine gun fire tore ... [Please see D-DAY, A9]

 

Damn I want to know what happened next!

 

James.

Alexandria Journal, newspaper article.

from Dad.

 

Normandy, Nanny and Grandad's house, Alexandria, Virginia, France.

 

June 3, 1994.

  

... Read my blog at ClintJCL.wordpress.com

  

James Bernard L, my grandfather (dad's dad). Born 2/18/1922 in Fairmont, WV. Died 12/18/2001 in Arlington, VA.

Son of James and Minnie

Husband of Maria Clara ("Ronnie")

Father of Victor (dad)

Brother of Arnold Ray, Lena May and Charles

James Bernard L was a long-serving member of the 16th Infantry Regiment, 1st Division, and its Association. He joined the National Guard in 1936, then the 16th Infantry in 1940 at Fort Jay, New York. In the Allied landings in Africa in November, 1942, he was the Regimental Sergeant Major. He fought in Sicily and later, in the Normandy Invasion, as a Warrant Officer under General Omar Bradley. He continued with the 16th Infantry through France, the Battle of the Bulge, Germany and Czechoslovakia, earning a Silver Star.

After the war, he served at Fort Knox, Kentucky, the Joint Chiefs of Staff in the Pentagon, Fort Shafter, Hawaii, Ft. Sam Houstin in San Antonio, TX, and the Adjutant Generals School, Fort Benjamin Harrison, Indiana, where he retired in 1960 as a CWO-4.

James then became one of the strongest supporters of the Regimental Association, writing many articles and booklets produced by the Association, and was a contributor, editor, and participant in the production of the recent volume of the regiment's history, "Blood and Sacrifice."

James was also an avid flag collector and member of NAVA, and a longtime philatelist.

 

Ronnie L, born Maria Clara Rechen, is Clint's grandmother (dad's mom). Born 10/25/1918 in Lvov, Poland. Died 11/13/2003 in Alexandria, VA.

Daughter of Jozefa and Jacob, she was the only survivor of the holocaust in her family. She was liberated from a work camp by Clint's grandfather (James Bernard L.), who stormed Normandy 20 minutes into the D-Day invasion.

Download full article as a PDF: keltruck.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/chris-kelly-keltr... #Scania

 

keltruckscania.com/5

 

keltruckscania.com/about-keltruck/news-centre/press-relea...

 

TRUCK September 1987

 

THE TRUCK INTERVIEW

 

Some say Chris Kelly's pace is too hot to handle. He has built one of Scania's biggest-selling dealers in just four years, and now plans to turn his carefully chosen Midlands site into the UK's first truck parts supermarket. A transport entrepreneur of the '80s, he is professional, innovative and shrewd. He is also one of the best-known and best liked dealers in his area. Jack Semple went to meet him

 

CHRIS KELLY IS THE SORT OF person who can put the Black Country back on the industrial map. Well-liked and respected, shrewd, hard working and acutely aware of money, he has come from relative obscurity to be one of the most successful truck dealers of the '80s. He aims to be on the Unlisted Securities Market before the end of the decade.

 

He only got his Scania franchise for the West Midlands in '83, but the business grew so fast that by '86 he had almost the biggest Scania distributorship in Britain, second only to the combined sales of the Scantruck dealer outlets in Purfleet and Heathrow, which are owned by the manufacturer. In the calendar year, Keltruck delivered 385 units.

 

Scania has reason to be thankful for Kelly's success. Not only has he moved a lot of metal, in stark contrast to his predecessor, but he has bolstered the Scania back-up network in his area, which has the busiest motorway stretches in Europe.

 

His plan is to develop Keltruck still further to make it an industry showpiece for the '90s. At the same time, the Kelly Group has diversified into other aspects of the industry, including contract haulage, and a clearing house, reversing the common pattern for hauliers to take on heavy truck outlets.

 

As Keltruck has grown, especially in the past year, it has changed, perhaps by necessity. and several members of staff and some fitters have left. Chris Kelly didn't seek to play down the changes when we spoke to him last month.

 

It could all have been a bit different if Lloyds of Ludlow, a well-known Welsh border haulier, hadn't been given the Daf outlet in the West Midlands in preference to Chris Kelly. At that stage, his secondhand truck business had not long developed from being just a one-man band.

 

Chris Kelly already had a firm grounding in trucks. He left school at 15 for an apprenticeship at Atwoods, which in the '60s was well-known for selling high-class cars, but also Bedford trucks. After five years in the workshop he moved across into service reception instead. 'I quite liked that. It was a means of leaving the shop floor.'

 

Ryland Group, which he joined in the early '70s, gave him a strong background in dealer management, first at Oldhill Motors, a Seddon dealer, then at head office, where he was given a job in administration by director Gordon Cox. 'They had an excellent group of people,' he said. The group was progressive. and gave good training in discipline and management control systems. 'Ryland was very much the exception.'

 

In '75, he branched out on his own, selling used trucks from an office lent by a local haulier, and using a corporation car park to keep the trucks. The business became better known when he moved to Neachells Lane, a popular road for trucks delivering to steel foundries and stockholders, where he could hardly fail to be noticed. 'I had an aptitude and ability to seek out secondhand trucks,' he said.

 

In those days, many of the trucks were Dafs, including 20 on hire operations, and he applied, unsuccessfully, for a Daf distributorship. In '80, he moved to a bigger, five acre site at Wolverhampton. Then the recession hit.

 

'It was just as if somebody had cut the telephone wires. Interest rates shot up from 12percent to 18percent, very, very quickly.' I had £400,000 of stock, which today would be worth £1.5 million. A late truck then would cost £10,000. Now, it costs up to £30.000.'

 

Chris Kelly developed a contract hire business in the early '80s, partly as a tax mitigation, and partly to develop a second, peripheral business. He had been making steady progress in building the business and profit, but it was almost entirely dependent on him being available all the time. Apart from himself, there was only a part-time office girl and a driver. 'I was off sick for three weeks and the place virtually ground to a standstill.'

 

By '82, he was buying Scanias for contract hire, and rental, and retailing a lot of used Scanias. In '82, the manufacturer, looking to replace its West Midlands dealer, called. At the time, Kelly also had around 100 trailers on hire. But he decided to take the plunge with Scania.

 

To raise funds. he auctioned off most of his trucks and all the trailers. A recession-hit local haulier, J & S Hemmings, which had a history going back to the horse and cart days, was also wanting to sell up, and the two combined their fleets into a single auction, handled by CMA from Leeds. Almost the whole lot was sold off.

 

Keltruck was the first new name on the Scania franchise network to replace a dealer (although Scania had bought out Scantruck), but Kelly was determined to break the mould in other ways, too. Many truck distributors had been sited up back streets, miles away from industrialised areas. 'I thought the right and logical place was next to the largest population and concentration of industrial manufacturing, and if possible couple this with a motorway.'

 

In fact Kelly's site, the old Corona typewriter works in West Bromwich, lies next to the M5, just short of the intersection with the M6. He got it at an ideal time, when industry in the Black Country was at a low level.

 

Being next to a motorway is not unique, and several dealers have moved to such sites in recent years. But you can't miss Keltruck from the M5. ‘Talk to truck drivers and ask them to name a distributor they know in the Midlands, and they're likely to say Keltruck. That to me has got to be a good thing.'

 

While Keltruck looks well positioned from the outside, internal management holds the key to success, he said. A lot of dealerships have gone under 'through lack of control systems within the business and lack of management awareness.'

 

He believes in paying high salaries. 'It's a very, very tough business, and you've got to have very good people.' Low salaries increasingly are a thing of the past now, he said.

 

Kelly has been almost as valuable to Scania as the maker has been to him. His tidy office is mirrored in the workshop and the yard

 

That's not to say they don't work for their money. Kelly is an entrepreneur who gives it all he's got, and he demands a lot from his staff. And he stated that he is not the sort of managing director of a company who allows a man to stay in a job if he's not performing as required.

 

Kelly said he'd had to learn how to run a bigger company. 'I've had to learn how to delegate and set guidelines and parameters to competent people.' He's been to three management courses at Ashridge College, arranged by Scania for dealer principles, and found them valuable. 'I wouldn't spend two-and-a-half days there if it was just a social gathering.’

 

Within the company, Kelly has used the Industrial Society in recent months as part of a programme aimed at building a management team. The IS was recommended by Kelly's brother-in-law, who is company secretary with a large group. Late last year he had the whole management team, including wives and children, at a weekend course organised by the IS, at a big West Midlands hotel. 'It gave the wives more of an appreciation of the hours people have to work in this industry.

 

'Operators of trucks are getting more and more demanding. Just like Arthur Scargill is trying to fend off six-day rota working, we have to work over seven days.' Management rotas have to take account of that, he said. (Keltruck has five breakdown vans, and a parts back-up stock which is highly regarded among Scania users in the Midlands.)

 

Kelly explained the IS involvement: 'It's just like building a football team. And we're trying to counter poaching.' At the moment there's a situation in the business of 'all change' when the whistle blows', Kelly said. 'The truck industry has failed to train younger people from within. We're looking for university graduates in business management or engineering to join us as management trainees.'

 

When Kelly takes his company onto the USM. he'll be offering employees shares in the enterprise. 'Share participation has been a great success for the NFC. I hope to do something similar, in a much smaller way.'

 

The team does not look the same as it did last year, as at least three managers have left the group, to join or set up a new company. Without being drawn on individual cases, Kelly acknowledges the departures. The changes are a consequence of moving from a smaller company to a larger firm. he said.

 

In the workshop it is no longer possible for customers simply to wander in and chat to individual fitters, which some customers had been used to, but which is impracticable in a large workshop. Tools tend to go ·missing, too, he added.

 

Kelly has adopted much of the current thinking on fitters. Not all are realistically able to be trained to do every job on a truck, and that should be recognised, he said. Changes in the workshop are aimed at making it more efficient. It's more formal, certainly, but should also prove more flexible and reliable for the truck operator.

 

The belt and braces approach is now clearly out at Keltruck, if it was ever in. Kelly wages war on clutter, and demands clarity at all times. In the workshop he has three men employed solely to keep the place clean and tidy. Trucks parked at the dealership ready to go out to customers are parked in immaculate rows, on Kelly's insistence.

 

But it is his office which most clearly shows the Chris Kelly style. Sited at an extreme corner of the main building, the room housed the water storage tank in the days when the place was a typewriter factory with a sprinkler system to put out fires.

 

When you go in, you can't see a desk. His work station is behind a partition, and is a fairly narrow shelf which of necessity prevents a build -up of paperwork. 'This way I can keep my own bits and pieces out of sight, and no-one can see the clutter. (By any normal standards, there is none.)

 

'In this trade there's a lot of good upside-down readers', he quipped. If anyone comes in to see him, they meet over a businesslike table, although there are leather armchairs, too.

 

Some trucks were ready for August 1 registration, but not as many as last year, as supply fell frustratingly behind demand

 

A couple of impressionist prints by Lavery are on the wall. They're Roger Stevens' taste,' (group marketing manager) he said.

 

Kelly plans to· put in similar work stations for his managers. 'It's the trend at the minute, but I think it's very good.' It gives people peace to concentrate on the job, he said.

 

Kelly's next development at West Bromwich will be a major redevelopment of the site, which will bring the supermarket concept to the UK truck industry, by the end of '88. There will be a complete range of t ruck maintenance and repair services on site, with facilities for drivers collecting, delivering, or waiting for a truck.

 

But most innovative of all, will be a parts 'supermarket', where customers will literally be able to pick parts off shelves. Keltruck aims not only to have a full Scania range, but trailer parts, and other components and accessories. He won't be following the Multipart line, though, and offering parts for Scania's competitor marques.

 

'There are quite a few places like that in the States, but there are only two or three in Europe, and there are none in Britain.'

 

Before that, Keltruck will open an out let in Stoke-on-Trent, to compete with other heavy truck dealers in the area. The site will be open by the end of the year, he said.

 

The Ashridge courses help to give a vision of where the industry is going, and where a dealer's business can fit in to it, Kelly said. He'll take the group onto the USM to enjoy the benefits he's worked for, and to raise cash to expand the business both internally and through acquisition.

 

So Kelly will be keeping an eye out for business opportunities associated with trucks. Tm not into property.' Business development has already taken him back into contract haulage, which he said has been a natural progression from truck contract hire, and which in turn was developed from truck retailing.

 

He has bought several haulage firms, in one case to turn round a traditional general haulage operation running older lorries to a new, streamlined firm, working on contract.

 

'I like the word contract,' he said, 'it's got some future to it. It means the work isn't here today, gone tomorrow.

 

'The traditional market for purchasing of trucks is declining substantially,' he said. Operators are increasingly looking for fixed prices. A new breed of businessman is coming into haulage, and looking carefully at the cost of use of trucks.

 

Trucks in future will be used more intensively than they have been, and they'll be cut up earlier, to avoid expensive breakdowns. Kelly has changed his views on extensive rebuilding of trucks, which has been given a boost by tax changes. The practice is common in the States, under the 'glider kit' system.

 

'I now believe that people haven't got the time,' he said. But it could vary from one part of the country to another. There's a lot of truck expertise available in Yorkshire and Lancashire at reasonable cost, for example.

 

'There's never been a better time to buy new and trade-in than now,' he said, adding: 'We're the best buyers for a clean used Scania.'

 

Kelly's biggest problem this year has been a shortage of trucks to sell, both second-hand and new. 'We're sold through now until September production,' he winced, talking to us in early July.

 

One area Kelly is not at all keen to attack again is spot rental of trailers. They're too much trouble. There's too much potential accident damage, unless they're on contract hire. And the trailers can go through a £1400 set of tyres in anything from six months to 12 months.' Also, tri-axle trailers rip off tyres much more than on tandem trailers.

 

While Chris Kelly is widely known to have a good nose for business, his nose itself is well known, too. The scar running across the bridge results from an exploding battery, in the early days of the second-hand business. 'I was charging up two 12V batteries overnight. When I went down to the yard at six o'clock the next morning to get the truck ready for a customer, I failed to switch the power off, and the battery exploded. It blew me back 10ft, and blew a hole in the workshop roof.'

 

Fortunately, he got blown against the wall right beside a tap, and was able to wash out his eyes.

 

The accident had its positive side. 'I used to make frequent trips to Scotland looking for used trucks. The scar was a useful means of identification for Scotsmen who weren't quite sure of my credit worthiness.'

 

Scotland has also made Chris Kelly teetotal. He admits, over a Perrier water, to once having bought a few rust buckets on the strength of some stiff whiskies at Glasgow airport.

 

Kelly's pace has been hectic. So much so that he's 'only had time' to drive 500miles in one of his prized possessions, a 4.2 E-type roadster that's done only 20,000miles (true).

 

He has built not only one of the most successful dealerships of the decade, but done so without the backing of one of the large groups which own so many truck outlets.

 

No longer a one-man-band, he is now boss of a multi-million business which has changed in character since it was set up just a few years ago. Not everyone agrees with or likes the changes at present. But Kelly is driving the business with commitment and imagination, and most people in the Midlands want to see him succeed.

 

Kelly demands neat parking. E-type is immaculate, but Kelly's pace is too hot – he doesn't have time to drive it

For my Twist fans.

 

Unsure when the article was printed or which issue it is. But there is an ad for "Da Brat" Debut Album "Funkdafied". 95?

Lohas magazine in China contacted me a few months ago about doing an article about me. Kind of funny to see my photos and name in a magazine I can't read.

©AVucha 2014

News article obtained from the Northwest Herald:

LAKEWOOD – A 19-year-old woman is dead and two others were hurt after a head-on, rollover crash Saturday afternoon at Route 47's north intersection with Route 176, police said.

 

The woman shortly after 4 p.m. was driving a Chevrolet northbound on Route 47 when she jumped the median and her car struck a southbound Acura SUV with two passengers, Lakewood Police Chief Leigh Rawson said. The Chevrolet driven by the woman then rolled over before catching fire.

 

The woman's identity was not available Saturday evening, pending a preliminary investigation by the McHenry County Coroner's Office, Rawson said. It was not known Saturday evening why the car jumped the median.

 

Bystanders pulled over and began trying to pry open the door and free the woman, witnesses Michelle Myshkowec and Carlos Zavala said.

 

"There were five, six people jumping out of their cars trying to get her out," Myshkowec said.

 

Myshkowec's husband, Andrew, tried to pry the door open with the sway bar from their trailer until another man reached in and extricated the woman through the window. Another bystander, a nurse, performed CPR on the woman until help arrived.

 

The nurse then began calming the driver of the Acura and tried to get the driver and passenger to keep their heads down in case the other car exploded, Myshkowec said.

 

All three victims were taken to Centegra Hospital Woodstock, where the woman was declared dead, Woodstock Fire Rescue Capt. Brendan Parker said. The injuries of the SUV's passengers were not life-threatening, he said.

 

Police shut down Route 47 and detoured traffic for more than four hours, reopening it to traffic at about 8:30 p.m.

Article complet à lire sur : militaryphotoreport.blogspot.fr/2016/08/tirs-de-mortier-1...

Newspaper piece about the opening of Clover Store in Westmont Plaza, Haddon Township NJ. This space was later a Super Fresh Food Market, then was Crystal Lake Thriftway.

Summer holiday 2014

In and around Berlin Germany

  

Berlin

 

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

 

Jump to: navigation, search

  

This article is about the capital of Germany. For other uses, see Berlin (disambiguation).

  

Berlin

 

State of Germany

Clockwise: Charlottenburg Palace, Fernsehturm Berlin, Reichstag building, Berlin Cathedral, Alte Nationalgalerie, Potsdamer Platz and Brandenburg Gate.

Clockwise: Charlottenburg Palace, Fernsehturm Berlin, Reichstag building, Berlin Cathedral, Alte Nationalgalerie, Potsdamer Platz and Brandenburg Gate.

 

Flag of Berlin

Flag Coat of arms of Berlin

Coat of arms

 

Location within European Union and Germany

Location within European Union and Germany

Coordinates: 52°31′N 13°23′ECoordinates: 52°31′N 13°23′E

 

Country

Germany

 

Government

  

• Governing Mayor

Michael Müller (SPD)

 

• Governing parties

SPD / CDU

 

• Votes in Bundesrat

4 (of 69)

 

Area

  

• City

891.85 km2 (344.35 sq mi)

 

Elevation

34 m (112 ft)

 

Population (December 2013)[1]

  

• City

3,517,424

 

• Density

3,900/km2 (10,000/sq mi)

 

Demonym

Berliner

 

Time zone

CET (UTC+1)

 

• Summer (DST)

CEST (UTC+2)

 

Postal code(s)

10115–14199

 

Area code(s)

030

 

ISO 3166 code

DE-BE

 

Vehicle registration

B[2]

 

GDP/ Nominal

€109.2 billion (2013) [3]

 

NUTS Region

DE3

 

Website

berlin.de

 

Berlin (/bərˈlɪn/; German pronunciation: [bɛɐ̯ˈliːn] ( listen)) is the capital of Germany and one of the 16 states of Germany. With a population of 3.5 million people,[4] Berlin is Germany's largest city. It is the second most populous city proper and the seventh most populous urban area in the European Union.[5] Located in northeastern Germany on the River Spree, it is the center of the Berlin-Brandenburg Metropolitan Region, which has about 4.5 million residents from over 180 nations.[6][7][8][9] Due to its location in the European Plain, Berlin is influenced by a temperate seasonal climate. Around one third of the city's area is composed of forests, parks, gardens, rivers and lakes.[10]

 

First documented in the 13th century, Berlin became the capital of the Margraviate of Brandenburg (1417), the Kingdom of Prussia (1701–1918), the German Empire (1871–1918), the Weimar Republic (1919–1933) and the Third Reich (1933–1945).[11] Berlin in the 1920s was the third largest municipality in the world.[12] After World War II, the city was divided; East Berlin became the capital of East Germany while West Berlin became a de facto West German exclave, surrounded by the Berlin Wall (1961–1989).[13] Following German reunification in 1990, the city was once more designated as the capital of all Germany, hosting 158 foreign embassies.[14]

 

Berlin is a world city of culture, politics, media, and science.[15][16][17][18] Its economy is based on high-tech firms and the service sector, encompassing a diverse range of creative industries, research facilities, media corporations, and convention venues.[19][20] Berlin serves as a continental hub for air and rail traffic and has a highly complex public transportation network. The metropolis is a popular tourist destination.[21] Significant industries also include IT, pharmaceuticals, biomedical engineering, clean tech, biotechnology, construction, and electronics.

 

Modern Berlin is home to renowned universities, orchestras, museums, entertainment venues, and is host to many sporting events.[22] Its urban setting has made it a sought-after location for international film productions.[23] The city is well known for its festivals, diverse architecture, nightlife, contemporary arts, and a high quality of living.[24] Over the last decade Berlin has seen the upcoming of a cosmopolitan entrepreneurial scene.[25]

  

20th to 21st centuries[edit]

     

Street, Berlin (1913) by Ernst Ludwig Kirchner

After 1910 Berlin had become a fertile ground for the German Expressionist movement. In fields such as architecture, painting and cinema new forms of artistic styles were invented. At the end of World War I in 1918, a republic was proclaimed by Philipp Scheidemann at the Reichstag building. In 1920, the Greater Berlin Act incorporated dozens of suburban cities, villages, and estates around Berlin into an expanded city. The act increased the area of Berlin from 66 to 883 km2 (25 to 341 sq mi). The population almost doubled and Berlin had a population of around four million. During the Weimar era, Berlin underwent political unrest due to economic uncertainties, but also became a renowned center of the Roaring Twenties. The metropolis experienced its heyday as a major world capital and was known for its leadership roles in science, the humanities, city planning, film, higher education, government, and industries. Albert Einstein rose to public prominence during his years in Berlin, being awarded the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1921.

     

Berlin in ruins after World War II (Potsdamer Platz, 1945).

In 1933, Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party came to power. NSDAP rule effectively destroyed Berlin's Jewish community, which had numbered 160,000, representing one-third of all Jews in the country. Berlin's Jewish population fell to about 80,000 as a result of emigration between 1933 and 1939. After Kristallnacht in 1938, thousands of the city's persecuted groups were imprisoned in the nearby Sachsenhausen concentration camp or, starting in early 1943, were shipped to death camps, such as Auschwitz.[39] During World War II, large parts of Berlin were destroyed in the 1943–45 air raids and during the Battle of Berlin. Around 125,000 civilians were killed.[40] After the end of the war in Europe in 1945, Berlin received large numbers of refugees from the Eastern provinces. The victorious powers divided the city into four sectors, analogous to the occupation zones into which Germany was divided. The sectors of the Western Allies (the United States, the United Kingdom and France) formed West Berlin, while the Soviet sector formed East Berlin.[41]

     

The Berlin Wall in 1986, painted on the western side. People crossing the so-called "death strip" on the eastern side were at risk of being shot.

All four Allies shared administrative responsibilities for Berlin. However, in 1948, when the Western Allies extended the currency reform in the Western zones of Germany to the three western sectors of Berlin, the Soviet Union imposed a blockade on the access routes to and from West Berlin, which lay entirely inside Soviet-controlled territory. The Berlin airlift, conducted by the three western Allies, overcame this blockade by supplying food and other supplies to the city from June 1948 to May 1949.[42] In 1949, the Federal Republic of Germany was founded in West Germany and eventually included all of the American, British, and French zones, excluding those three countries' zones in Berlin, while the Marxist-Leninist German Democratic Republic was proclaimed in East Germany. West Berlin officially remained an occupied city, but it politically was aligned with the Federal Republic of Germany despite West Berlin's geographic isolation. Airline service to West Berlin was granted only to American, British, and French airlines.

     

The fall of the Berlin Wall on 9 November 1989. On 3 October 1990, the German reunification process was formally finished.

The founding of the two German states increased Cold War tensions. West Berlin was surrounded by East German territory, and East Germany proclaimed the Eastern part as its capital, a move that was not recognized by the western powers. East Berlin included most of the historic center of the city. The West German government established itself in Bonn.[43] In 1961, East Germany began the building of the Berlin Wall between East and West Berlin, and events escalated to a tank standoff at Checkpoint Charlie. West Berlin was now de facto a part of West Germany with a unique legal status, while East Berlin was de facto a part of East Germany. John F. Kennedy gave his "Ich bin ein Berliner" – speech in 1963 underlining the US support for the Western part of the city. Berlin was completely divided. Although it was possible for Westerners to pass from one to the other side through strictly controlled checkpoints, for most Easterners travel to West Berlin or West Germany prohibited. In 1971, a Four-Power agreement guaranteed access to and from West Berlin by car or train through East Germany.[44]

 

In 1989, with the end of the Cold War and pressure from the East German population, the Berlin Wall fell on 9 November and was subsequently mostly demolished. Today, the East Side Gallery preserves a large portion of the Wall. On 3 October 1990, the two parts of Germany were reunified as the Federal Republic of Germany, and Berlin again became the official German capital. In 1991, the German Parliament, the Bundestag, voted to move the seat of the (West) German capital from Bonn to Berlin, which was completed in 1999. Berlin's 2001 administrative reform merged several districts. The number of boroughs was reduced from 23 to twelve. In 2006 the FIFA World Cup Final was held in Berlin.

  

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin

  

Alexanderplatz

 

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

 

Jump to: navigation, search

     

View over Alexanderplatz

    

Neighborhoods in Berlin-Mitte: Old Cölln [1] (with Museum Island [1a], Fisher Island [1b]), Altberlin [2] (with Nikolaiviertel [2a]), Friedrichswerder [3], Neukölln am Wasser [4], Dorotheenstadt [5], Friedrichstadt [6], Luisenstadt [7], Stralauer Vorstadt (with Königsstadt) [8], Alexanderplatz Area (Königsstadt and Altberlin) [9], Spandauer Vorstadt [10] (with Scheunenviertel [10a]), Friedrich-Wilhelm-Stadt [11], Oranienburger Vorstadt [12], Rosenthaler Vorstadt [13]

Alexanderplatz (pronounced [ʔalɛkˈsandɐˌplats] ( listen)) is a large public square and transport hub in the central Mitte district of Berlin, near the Fernsehturm. Berliners often call it simply Alex, referring to a larger neighbourhood stretching from Mollstraße in the northeast to Spandauer Straße and the Red City Hall in the southwest

 

History[edit]

     

Alexanderplatz in 1796

Early history[edit]

 

Originally a cattle market outside the city fortifications, it was named in honor of a visit of the Russian Emperor Alexander I to Berlin on 25 October 1805 by order of King Frederick William III of Prussia. The square gained a prominent role in the late 19th century with the construction of the Stadtbahn station of the same name and a nearby market hall, followed by the opening of a department store of Hermann Tietz in 1904, becoming a major commercial centre. The U-Bahn station of the present-day U2 line opened on 1 July 1913.

 

Its heyday was in the 1920s, when together with Potsdamer Platz it was at the heart of Berlin's nightlife, inspiring the 1929 novel Berlin Alexanderplatz (see 1920s Berlin) and the two films based thereon, Piel Jutzi's 1931 film and Rainer Werner Fassbinder's 15½ hour second adaptation, released in 1980. About 1920 the city's authorities started a rearrangement of the increasing traffic flows laying out a roundabout, accompanied by two buildings along the Stadtbahn viaduct, Alexanderhaus and Berolinahaus finished in 1932 according to plans designed by Peter Behrens.

 

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexanderplatz

1 Chome, Nagatachō, Chiyoda-ku, Tōkyō-to, Japan - 東京都千代田区永田町１丁目

See the article at www.eriegaynews.com/news/article.php?recordid=201110pride...

 

Erie Pride Parade & Rally a Great Time!

 

by Michael Mahler

 

On Saturday, August 27, about 230 people participated in the Erie Pride Parade & Rally. This year’s Pride events were organized by the Pride Planning committee, which is an informal coalition of groups and individuals.

Parade

 

About 100 people marched in the parade from the Zone Dance Club to Perry Square. John Daly King was the Grand Marshal for the parade, in a convertible driven by Caitlyn. Also in the parade were beloved local gay icons Jesse and Ricardo, who rode their tandem bike.

 

Parade units included

 

Lake Erie Belly Dance

Doctor Who contingent

PFLAG Erie/Crawford County

Erie Gay News

Lake Erie Derby Dames

LBT Women

Latonia Theatre

PFLAG Butler

Erie Sisters

Unitarian Universalist Congregation of Erie

Community United Church

OUT (Pittsburgh newspaper)

 

There were also many people marching as individuals, as well as a float carrying current and former Miss Eries.

Rally

 

The rally in Perry Square begins at 2 PM and will include speakers and performers. Please check in at the registration table when you arrive in Perry Square. The rally will include a variety of vendors and information booths.

 

Speakers and performers included:

 

Greg Rabb, Openly gay Jamestown City Council President and Councilman at Large

Misty Kall, Miss Erie 2011

Rich McCarty of Equality PA, Greater Erie Alliance for Equality and Community United Church

Chris Wolfe, Erie Idol finalist 2011

Tammie Johnson, 2 term President of ACLU-NWPA

Brian T, singer, also with Pittsburgh Out TV

Jason Landau Goodman, founding Executive Director of the Pennsylvania Student Equality Coalition. The first and only youth-led statewide LGBTQ organization in the nation

Michelle Michaels, Former Miss Erie and Coordinator for FACE Show at Zone

Fiona Hensley, Chair of the Student Network Across Pennsylvania, SNAP, Regional Chair of the Erie-West region for SNAP and President of Queers and Allies at Allegheny College in Meadville, PA.

Diva D’Vyne

 

Games

 

The Dunk a Drag Queen game was very popular! We look forward to making this an annual tradition

Donors

 

Many businesses and organizations gave generously to help support Pride this year. These included

 

AdultMart

Allegheny College Bookstore

BeautiControl

Blue Heron Inn

Body Language

Chicory Hill Herbs

Coca-Cola/Erie

Country Fair

Craze Night Club

Crime Victim Center of Erie County

Douglas Kolcun

Drenched Fur

Earthshine Company

Eerie Horror Film Festival

emma's revolution

Erie Book Store

Erie County Democratic Party

Erie County Department of Health

Erie Playhouse

Erie Seawolves

Erie Sisters

Erie Spine and Wellness

Family United Counseling

Gaudenzia / SHOUT Outreach

Giant Eagle - Buffalo Road

Glass Growers

Good Health Rejuvenation

Greater Erie Alliance for Equality, Inc.

Hal Leonard Performing Arts Publishing Group

Hollywood Stories

Horomanski's DJ'ing Services

JR's Last Laugh

Kensington Books

La bella

Larese Floral Design

LBT Women

Lion's Den Adult Super Store

MLR Books

Pennsylvania Coaltion to End Homelessness

Pie in the Sky Cafe

Presque Isle Gallery Coffeehouse

Sam's Club

Shakira Nakelle's Mementos, Gifts & More

Silk Screen Unlimited

Smith's Hot Dogs

State Farm Insurance Agent Natalie Braddock

Tanglez Hair and Nail Studio

The Ringbearer

Tops Friendly Markets - W 38th St

Wegman's- Peach St

Wendy's of Erie

Zone Dance Club

 

Committee Members & Volunteers

 

Many people from the committee worked hard to make the day enjoyable for everyone! Committee members included

 

Season

Chris

Preston

Mark H

Erin Moll

Amy

Sue McCabe

Alex

Jeff H

John Daly King

Kerry

 

In addition to the committee members, volunteers included:

 

Kevin Schultz

Dok

Johauna

Wanda

Bob H

Eric Rogers

Maria S.

Deb Spilko

Brian

 

Info Tables & Vendors

 

Info tables included:

 

Adagio Health

American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU), NWPA Chapter

Community United Church

Crime Victim Center of Erie County

Equality Pennsylvania

Erie County Democratic Party

Erie County Human Relations Commission

Erie Gay News

Erie Sisters

Lake Erie Derby Dames

LBT Women

Pennsylvania Student Equality Coalition

PFLAG Erie/Crawford County

SafeNet Center

United Way of Erie County

Voices for Independence

 

Vendors included

 

BeautiControl

Book Merchant

Christopher's Novelty Gifts

Shakira Nakelle's Mementos, Gifts & More

 

Collecting Food

 

We collected 23 pounds of food for the Second Harvest Food Bank of NW PA.

blogged a bit about my recent article in FRANKIE magazine...

The article is on shooting with different toy cameras.

Covers all my favs.

LOMO, Holga, fisheye, polaroid sx-70 and a few other bits peices....

 

oh Frankie how i love thee! except when you put crap photo with my article!

 

www.youcantbeserious.com.au/blog/

I'm a little late with this one, but I thought to add this to my photostream too. Me and Jannepaint got an article of light painting published Finland's biggest camera magazine called 'Kamera-lehti'. Three pages with pictures, not bad at all :)

Hey look! I got another article published over at DPS! It's not my image (I forgot to submit one lol). It's over here:

 

www.digital-photography-school.com/5-key-skills-for-the-m...

 

oh and of course the blog, as usual, where you can get more of the same...or better...is over at www.shotslot.net

 

Woohoo!!

Inside the Neil Armstrong Operations and Checkout Building at NASA’s Kennedy Space Center in Florida, Lockheed Martin technicians monitor the progress as a crane moves the Orion crew module structural test article (STA) along the center aisle of the high bay. The STA arrived aboard NASA's Super Guppy aircraft at the Shuttle Landing Facility operated by Space Florida. The test article will be moved to a test tool called the birdcage for further testing. The Orion spacecraft will launch atop NASA’s Space Launch System rocket on EM-1, its first deep space mission, in late 2018. Photo credit: NASA/Ben Smegelsky

NASA image use policy.

 

CAPTION: "Signs in the Lakota language identifying plants, enriching connection to traditional culture."

 

NRCS ARTICLE 4/2020: There’s a sense of pride that comes with doing something for yourself, and growing food is a major part of being self-sustaining, healthy and whole.

 

A one-acre community garden on the Rosebud Indian Reservation in south-central South Dakota is connecting tribal members with the land, with food, and with their past.

 

“It’s about food sovereignty. It’s about having the choice of where and how you get your food, knowing how to feed yourself,” said Matte Wilson. “If that grocery store wasn’t here, would you know how to feed yourself and your family?”

 

Born and raised on the Rosebud Indian Reservation, Wilson is now director of the recently re-branded Sicangu Community Development Corporation (CDC) Food Sovereignty Initiative. One of its major projects is the Keya Wakpala Garden. Since moving back home in 2018, food sovereignty has played a major part of Wilson’s life.

 

“It is something that really excites me, something I could see myself doing for the rest of my life,” he said.

 

Vegetable Harvest on table

The food sovereignty movement has gained significant momentum throughout the country in recent years and is largely being led by indigenous communities. According to Wilson, you don’t have to be indigenous to appreciate delicious, locally grown foods.

 

“Food has the power to bring people together – it’s always been an essential part of all of our social interactions, whether or not you are Lakota,” he said.

 

For Keya Wakpala garden manager Ed Her Many Horses, the garden and learning how to grow food has been nothing short of trans-formative.

 

“It’s impacted me in a lot of different ways,” he said. “It helped give me a reason to get up in the morning – it still does. There is so much to appreciate in the garden.”

 

But it’s more than food, he’s found. Caring for a garden fosters community. The Keya Wakpala Garden is a place where interns, volunteers, community members and children come together to work, and they take pride in the outcome.

 

“It’s a beacon of hope, I think,” Her Many Horses said.

The Boys and Girls Club brings kids to the garden where they can plant, pick vegetables and even harvest indigenous foods such as ceyaka, wild mint, in the nearby wetlands. They learn to identify foods as they’re grown and harvested, and follow up field work with cooking sessions. Starting with young kids, the project aims to make gardening and producing food something that’s second nature – something they’re able to pass on to future generations.

 

Learning by doing is key, according to Wilson.

 

“When they are able to see it in person and participate in the process, it is really powerful. It makes people appreciate food and agriculture more,” he said.

 

Garden Row signs in lakota

Foster Cournoyer-Hogan is a student at Stanford University from the Rosebud Indian Reservation who interned for the summer at the Keya Wakpala Garden. His additions to the garden plot included the signs that identified the plants with Lakota words. There was wagmu (squash), tinpsilazizi (carrots), phangi sasa (beets) and mastincatawote (lettuce).

 

Using the Lakota language is a way to stay connected to traditional culture. That’s especially important when children and elders visit the garden, he said.

 

Along with strengthening connections to culture and community, the garden is helping solve another issue on the reservation – addressing health challenges. Diabetes and diet related illness is high on the Rosebud Indian Reservation, but the produce from the garden gives people access to nourishing food.

 

“Our food is everything,” Cournoyer-Hogan said.

 

“Food is medicine,” added Wilson: “The way we treat our garden, the way we treat the land is how we treat ourselves … we take care of the land, and it takes care of us.”

 

The group has some expert resources when it comes to taking care of the land and the plants. Master Gardeners and university extension experts have volunteered their time and advice, and the Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) provides support and funding through soil health programs.

 

The mission of NRCS is “helping people help the land.” That land usually refers to range land and farm acres, but the same programs and principles can apply to community gardens.

 

“We're trying to get people together to go back to some of the things that were important years ago to our people for self-sustainability,” said Mary Scott, a Rosebud Indian Reservation member and tribal liaison with NRCS.

 

Student gardner holding out herbs for the camera

The reservation’s growing environment presents some significant challenges. The garden site had been a conventional field, growing sunflowers, corn, soybeans and wheat. The heavy clay soils made it difficult to hold enough water for the garden, especially given the sloping hillside where it sits. Long, hot days would burn up the plants one day, and they next they’d be hit by torrential downpours, hail and wind.

 

“There are a lot of things outside of our control,” said Her Many Horses, “and that can be tough in such an extreme weather environment”

 

Rather than give up, however, the team has simply learned to adapt and make the most of what they have.

 

“We have to be really strategic about how we plan out our year to make the most of this short window,” Wilson said. “We have branched into utilizing some year-round growing structures to expand our season.”

 

The garden is tended with organic methods, using fish emulsion and compost for fertilizer. Local ranchers have donated hay bales – the more beaten-up and weather-worn the better. As ground cover, they help with weed control. Adding mulch or organic matter has helped break up the hard, clay soil and has been a huge asset for moisture retention as well.

 

We’re using a regenerative approach to agriculture,” said Her Many Horses. “We’re always trying to give back to our soil.

The garden also incorporates time-honored growing techniques of the tribal community. Produce is grown with the three sister’s method – beans, corn and squash grow in rows and benefit from one another.

 

“Beans help fertilize the soil by providing nitrogen,” Wilson explained. “The corn, when it grows up the stalk, the beans are able to wrap around the stalk, and the squash actually helps keep out pests and other weeds.”

 

7 workers talking in the garden

It’s one of many ways the garden is bringing the community back to its roots. It also brings youth and elders together, sharing a positive outlook while producing something for the whole community. It connects people with land and community, giving them knowledge to pass along wherever they go.

 

Sharing knowledge is a big part of the project, Scott said, because it’s how cultures and traditions are kept alive.

 

“Growing our own produce is very important, so that this community can become self-sustaining, not only as a people, but as a tribe,” she said.

 

The ultimate goal is to completely change the food system on the Rosebud Indian Reservation.

 

“My vision is that our community becomes a food center where we have restaurants and food trucks sourcing their foods locally,” Wilson said, “and the garden is the first step to helping change our community mindset about food.”

 

But it goes even deeper than that.

 

“I hope that our community can be healthy and happy, that we can be sovereign,” said Her Many Horses. “And for us, that starts with everyone knowing where their food comes from.”

 

- Written by Janelle Atyeo

I decided to sell some of the many Lace Keepers I made. Some were in an article in Somerset Gallery last year.

At the Court

This article is about the place in Vienna. See also: Am Hof ​​(White Castle), Bavaria, or At the court of King Arthur, movie.

The square Am Hof ​with the Marian Column and the former Civil armory

Basic Information

City of Vienna

District Innere Stadt

Roads leading to the square Am Hof, Heidenschuss, Färbergasse, Drahgasse, Schulhof, Bognergasse, Irisgasse

Buildings, church Kirche am Hof​​, palais Collalto, Marian Column, Central Fire Station

Use

Usergroups; foot traffic, bicycle traffic, car traffic

Square design, partially one-way

 

Am Hof historically is one of the most important places of Vienna. It is located between Bognergasse, Naglergasse, Heidenschuss, Färbergasse, Jews square and Schulhof in the oldest part of the city in the immediate vicinity of the medieval ghetto.

History

Am Hof ​​(1865) with armory (left), Marian column, "House to the Golden Ball", palais Collalto and Kirche am Hof ​​(right)

Market life before the Radetzky monument Am Hof​​, about 1890 (watercolor by Carl Wenzel Zajicek)

The body of the lynched War Minister, Count Latour is hanged on October 6, 1848, on a lantern

The Civil armory 1737

The square Am Hof ​​was already part of the Roman military camp Vindobona and was uninhabited in the early Middle Ages.

Between 1155 and about 1275, the completion of the New Castle at the site of today's Swiss tract of the Hofburg, was here the Court of the Babenberg, that Henry Jasomirgott built himself in 1155/56, after he had moved his residence from Klosterneuburg (Lower Austria) to Vienna. This residence was a complex of buildings around an open space, so a court, with the home of the Duke as a center. To the north-west and southwest the "court" leaned against the wall of the Roman fort, into town, it was limited by gates against the bourgeois Old Town and Jewish Town. Here received Heinrich Jasomirgott and his wife Theodora in 1165 Emperor Frederick Barbarossa, who was on the Third Crusade to the Holy Land.

Under Henry's son Leopold V was the tournament and subsequent market place 1177-1194 scene of glittering events where singers and poets such as Reinmar of Haguenau and his student Walther von der Vogelweide appeared in minstrelsy-contests.

With the move of the Prince Regnants in the Swiss wing of the then much smaller Hofburg in 1275, came the "Babenbergerpfalz" (Am Hof​​) in the late 13th century to the Princely Mint. The houses no. 10 and no. 12 the neighboring ghetto around the Jews square were incorporated. From 1340 At the Court were held markets. In 1365 it came to the temporary accommodation of the Carmelites in the Mint, 1386 to the official donation by Albrecht III., the place for the first time being called "Am Hof​​". The Carmelites instead of Roman Mint court chapel (Münzhofkapelle) erected a three-nave Gothic monastery church, that they finished about 1420. The Gothic choir still today is visible from the alley behind it. The Carmelites had already owned the house of the Jew Muschal, to that they obtained yet more houses, inter alia, the by Albrecht III. purchased house of the poet Peter Suchenwirt.

The place was originally isolated from the nearby Freyung by houses that left only a narrow connection alley and were demolished in 1846. As early as from the 14th century, it was used as a market, later also as a place of execution. 1463 was here the mayor Wolfgang Holzer on command of Albrecht Vl. executed. 1515 the Habsburg-Jagellonian double wedding of Emperor Maximilian I was held here. In the 16th and 17th centuries the place was also called Crab market, since saltwater fish and crabs were offered. In the 18th century at the market only vegetables and fruits were sold.

After the handing over of the church and convent to the Jesuits in 1554, the square was listening to the name of "At the Upper Jesuits" and was the scene of spiritual performances of the Jesuits before their church. After the dissolution of the Jesuit order in 1773 the place was again called "Am Hof​​". The convent building of the Jesuits was 1783-1913 the seat of the Imperial War Council and the War Ministry.

1782 Pius VI. from the terrace of the church gave the blessing Urbi et Orbi. On August 6, 1806 also from the loggia of the church announced an Imperial herald the end of the Holy Roman Empire, at the top of which the Habsburgs had stood for over half a millennium, and the abdication of the Imperial crown by Francis II.:"... that We the band, which has bound us until now to the body politic of the German Empire, as having been dissolved consider".

Took place on 14 March 1848 in the wake of the 1848 revolution the storming of the Arsenal, on 6 October the minister of war Theodor Count Baillet von Latour was pulled out from the building, killed and by the crowd hung in the middle of the square on a lantern. The place for a short time was called "People's Square".

1842-1918 and 1939-1942, the Christmas market Am Hof enjoyed great popularity. In 1973, arose here the Vienna Flea market, which in 1977 due to space limitations was relocated on the Naschmarkt. Today again yearly a Christmas market is taking place.

In 1892, before the building of the k.k. Hofkriegsrathsgebäude (the War Department), the equestrian statue of Field Marshal Radetzky of Caspar von Zumbusch was unveiled, which was transferred in 1912 before the newly constructed building of the War Department At Stubenring. The place of the Hofkriegsratsgebäude in 1915 took the Headquarters of the Länderbank.

Furthermore, Am Hof was still the main police station (Hauptwache), the Nunciature and the Lower chamber office.

In Carol Reed's film "The Third Man" (filmed in 1948) the place Am Hof appears prominently, on it stands the advertising column, through which one enters the underworld of the Vienna sewer system.

1962-63 in the course of excavations for an underground garage under the square Am Hof remains of the Roman settlement have been found. In the basement of the present fire station in original location a piece of the main channel of the camp can be visited, which absorbed the wastewater from the southern camp and led it into the Deep Ditch to the brook Ottakringerbach.

Pope John Paul II. did as his predecessor had done and gave in 1983 on the occasion of his visit to Vienna from the loggia also the Easter blessing.

On September 7, 2007 Pope Benedict XVI celebrated with approximately 7,000 people in the pouring rain as the first major program of his Austria trip one Stational Mass. After just six minutes, the microphone of the Pope and the video walls became inoperative, which is why the speech of Benedict XVI. had to be stopped.

de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Am_Hof

admiration

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