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The Galilee Chapel is a significant architectural and historical landmark located within Durham Cathedral in Durham City, County Durham, England. With its rich history and intricate design, the Galilee Chapel has stood as a testament to the religious and cultural heritage of the region. In this essay, we will explore the history of the Galilee Chapel, its architectural features, and its cultural significance, providing an in-depth account of this remarkable structure.
The construction of the Galilee Chapel dates back to the 12th century. Durham Cathedral itself was built between 1093 and 1133, under the supervision of Bishop William of St. Calais and later Bishop Flambard. The cathedral was constructed to house the shrine of Saint Cuthbert, a revered figure in the Christian tradition who played a crucial role in the spread of Christianity throughout the region.
The Galilee Chapel, also known as the Chapel of the Nine Altars, was added to the east end of the cathedral in the early 13th century. The chapel was named after the region of Galilee in Israel, where Jesus Christ is believed to have carried out much of his ministry. Its purpose was to accommodate the growing number of pilgrims who came to Durham to visit the shrine of Saint Cuthbert.
Architecturally, the Galilee Chapel is a masterpiece of the Early English Gothic style. It features a combination of pointed arches, ribbed vaults, and large stained glass windows that allow an abundance of natural light to illuminate the space. The chapel is constructed primarily from local sandstone, which gives it a distinct reddish hue and blends harmoniously with the rest of the cathedral's architecture.
The interior of the Galilee Chapel is equally impressive. The chapel is divided into nine bays, each housing an altar dedicated to a different saint or religious figure. These altars were adorned with ornate carvings, sculptures, and religious artifacts, creating a visually striking and spiritually significant space for worship.
One of the most notable features of the Galilee Chapel is the remarkable array of stained glass windows. These windows depict various biblical scenes, saints, and religious symbols, showcasing the artistic and narrative prowess of medieval craftsmen. The vibrant colors and intricate details of the stained glass windows contribute to the overall aesthetic grandeur of the chapel, making it a captivating sight for visitors.
Over the centuries, the Galilee Chapel has witnessed numerous historical events and undergone several renovations. During the Reformation in the 16th century, many religious artworks and ornaments within the chapel were destroyed or removed as part of the Protestant movement's iconoclastic tendencies. However, the chapel survived this turbulent period and continued to serve as a place of worship.
In the 19th century, significant restoration work was undertaken to preserve and enhance the Galilee Chapel. Under the guidance of architect Anthony Salvin, the chapel's interior was renovated, and the stained glass windows were meticulously restored. This restoration project ensured the preservation of the chapel's original architectural features and artistic splendor.
Today, the Galilee Chapel remains an active place of worship within Durham Cathedral. It continues to attract visitors from all over the world who come to admire its architectural beauty, explore its historical significance, and experience the spiritual ambiance of the space. The chapel serves as a testament to the enduring power of religious devotion and artistic excellence throughout the centuries.
In conclusion, the Galilee Chapel in Durham Cathedral is a remarkable structure steeped in history and architectural brilliance. From its origins in the 13th century to its restoration in the 19th century, the chapel has stood as a testament to the religious and cultural heritage of the region. With its intricate design, stunning stained glass windows, and rich historical significance, the Galilee Chapel remains a significant cultural and spiritual landmark in Durham City, County Durham, England.
The Cathedral Church of Christ, Blessed Mary the Virgin and St Cuthbert of Durham, commonly known as Durham Cathedral and home of the Shrine of St Cuthbert, is a cathedral in the city of Durham, England. It is the seat of the Bishop of Durham, the fourth-ranked bishop in the Church of England hierarchy.
The present Norman era cathedral had started to be built in 1093, replacing the city's previous 'White Church'. In 1986 the cathedral and Durham Castle were designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Durham Cathedral's relics include: Saint Cuthbert's, transported to Durham by Lindisfarne monks in the 800s; Saint Oswald's head and the Venerable Bede's remains.
The Durham Dean and Chapter Library contains: sets of early printed books, some of the most complete in England; the pre-Dissolution monastic accounts and three copies of Magna Carta.
From 1080 until 1836, the Bishop of Durham held the powers of an Earl Palatine. In order to protect the Anglo-Scottish border, powers of an earl included exercising military, civil, and religious leadership. The cathedral walls formed part of Durham Castle, the chief seat of the Bishop of Durham.
There are daily Church of England services at the cathedral, Durham Cathedral Choir sing daily except Mondays and holidays, receiving 727,367 visitors in 2019.
The See of Durham takes its origins from the Diocese of Lindisfarne, founded by Saint Aidan at the behest of Oswald of Northumbria in about 635, which was translated to York in 664. The see was reinstated at Lindisfarne in 678 by the Archbishop of Canterbury. Among the many saints who originated at Lindisfarne Priory, the greatest was Saint Cuthbert, Bishop of Lindisfarne from 685 until his death in 687, who is central to the development of Durham Cathedral.
After repeated Viking raids, the monks fled from Lindisfarne in 875, carrying Saint Cuthbert's relics with them. The diocese of Lindisfarne remained itinerant until 882, when the monks resettled at Chester-le-Street, 60 miles south of Lindisfarne and 6 miles north of Durham. The see remained at Chester-le-Street until 995, when further Viking incursions once again caused the monks to move with their relics. According to the local legend of the Dun Cow and the saint's hagiography, the monks followed two milk maids who were searching for a dun-coloured cow and found themselves on a peninsula formed by a loop in the River Wear. Thereupon, Cuthbert's coffin became immovable, which was taken as a sign that the new shrine should be built on that spot, which became the City of Durham. A more prosaic set of reasons for the selection of the peninsula is its highly defensible position, and that a community established there would enjoy the protection of the Earl of Northumbria, with whom the bishop at this time, Aldhun, had strong family connections. Today the street leading from The Bailey past the cathedral's eastern towers up to Palace Green is named Dun Cow Lane due to the miniature dun cows which used to graze in the pastures nearby.
Initially, a very simple temporary structure was built from local timber to house the relics of Saint Cuthbert. The shrine was then transferred to a sturdier, probably still wooden, building known as the White Church. This church was itself replaced three years later in 998 by a stone building also known as the White Church, which in 1018 was complete except for its tower. Durham soon became a site of pilgrimage, encouraged by the growing cult of Saint Cuthbert. King Canute was one of the early pilgrims, and granted many privileges and estates to the Durham monks. The defensible position, flow of money from pilgrims and power embodied in the church at Durham all encouraged the formation of a town around the cathedral, which established the core of the city.
The present cathedral was designed and built under William de St-Calais (also known as William of St. Carilef) who in 1080 was appointed as the first Prince-Bishop by King William the Conqueror. In 1083 he founded the Benedictine Priory of St. Cuthbert at Durham and having ejected the secular canons (and their wives and children) who had been in charge of the church and shrine of St Cuthbert there, replaced them with monks from the monasteries of Wearmouth and Jarrow. The extensive lands of the church he divided between his own bishopric and the new Priory. He appointed Aldwin as the first prior.
Bishop William of St. Calais demolished the old Saxon church, and on 11 August 1093, together with Prior Turgot of Durham (Aldwin's successor), he laid the foundation stone of the great new cathedral. The monks continued at their own expense to build the monastic buildings while the bishop took the responsibility for completing the building of the cathedral. Stone for the new buildings was cut from the cliffs below the walls and moved up using winches. The primary reason for the cathedral was to house the bodies of St. Cuthbert and the Venerable Bede.
Since that time many major additions and reconstructions of parts of the building have been made, but the greater part of the structure remains the original Norman structure. Construction of the cathedral began in 1093, at the eastern end. The choir was completed by 1096. At the death of Bishop William of St. Calais on 2 January 1096, the Chapter House was ready enough to be used as his burial place. In 1104 the remains of St. Cuthbert were translated with great ceremony to the new shrine in the new cathedral. The monks continued to look after the Shrine of St Cuthbert until the dissolution of the monasteries.
Work proceeded on the nave, the walls of which were finished by 1128, and the high vault by 1135. The chapter house was built between 1133 and 1140 (partially demolished in the 18th century). William of St. Carilef died in 1096 before the building was complete and passed responsibility to his successor, Ranulf Flambard, who also built Framwellgate Bridge, the earliest crossing of the River Wear from the town. Three bishops, William of St. Carilef, Ranulf Flambard and Hugh de Puiset, are all buried in the now rebuilt chapter house.
In the 1170s Hugh de Puiset, after a false start at the eastern end where subsidence and cracking prevented work from continuing, added the Galilee Chapel at the west end of the cathedral. The five-aisled building occupies the position of a porch and functioned as a Lady chapel with the great west door being blocked during the Medieval period by an altar to the Virgin Mary. The door is now blocked by the tomb of Bishop Thomas Langley. The Galilee Chapel also holds the remains of the Venerable Bede. The main entrance to the cathedral is on the northern side, facing the castle.
In 1228 Richard le Poore, Bishop of Salisbury, was translated to Durham, having just rebuilt Salisbury Cathedral in the Gothic style. At that moment the eastern end of Durham Cathedral was in urgent need of repair and the proposed eastern extension had failed. Le Poore employed the architect Richard Farnham to design an eastern terminal for the building in which many monks could say the Daily Office simultaneously. The resulting building was the Chapel of the Nine Altars. In 1250, the original roof of the cathedral was replaced by a vault which is still in place.
The towers also date from the early 13th century, but the central tower was damaged by lightning and replaced in two stages in the 15th century, the master masons being Thomas Barton and John Bell.
The Bishop of Durham was the temporal lord of the palatinate, often referred to as a Prince-bishop. The bishop competed for power with the Prior of Durham Monastery, a great landowner who held his own courts for his free tenants. An agreement dated about 1229, known as Le Convenit was entered into to regulate the relationship between the two magnates.
The Shrine of Saint Cuthbert was located in the eastern apsidal end of the cathedral. The location of the inner wall of the apse is marked on the pavement and Saint Cuthbert's tomb is covered by a simple slab. However, an unknown monk wrote in 1593:
[The shrine] was estimated to be one of the most sumptuous in all England, so great were the offerings and jewells bestowed upon it, and endless the miracles that were wrought at it, even in these last days.
During the dissolution of the monasteries Saint Cuthbert's tomb was destroyed in 1538 by order of King Henry VIII, and the monastery's wealth was handed over to the king. The body of the saint was exhumed, and, according to the Rites of Durham, was discovered to be uncorrupted. It was reburied under a plain stone slab now worn smooth by the knees of pilgrims, but the ancient paving around it remains intact. Two years later, on 31 December 1540, the Benedictine monastery at Durham was dissolved, and the last Prior of Durham, Hugh Whitehead, became the first dean of the cathedral's secular chapter.
After the Battle of Dunbar in September 1650, Durham Cathedral was used by Oliver Cromwell as a makeshift prison to hold Scottish prisoners of war. It is estimated that as many as 3,000 were imprisoned, of whom 1,700 died in the cathedral itself, where they were kept in inhumane conditions, largely without food, water, or heat. The prisoners destroyed much of the cathedral woodwork for firewood, but Prior Castell's Clock, which featured the Scottish thistle, was spared. It is reputed that the prisoners' bodies were buried in unmarked graves (see further, '21st century' below), and the survivors were shipped as slave labour to the American Colonies.
Bishop John Cosin (in office 1660–1672), previously a canon of the cathedral, set about restoring the damage and refurnishing the building with new stalls, the litany desk, and the towering canopy over the font. An oak screen to carry the organ was added at this time to replace a stone screen pulled down in the 16th century. On the remains of the old refectory, Dean John Sudbury founded a library of early printed books.
During the 18th century the Deans of Durham often held another position in the south of England and after spending the statutory time in residence, would depart southward to manage their affairs. Consequently, after Cosin's refurbishment, there was little by way of restoration or rebuilding. When work commenced again on the building, it was not always of a sympathetic nature. In 1777 the architect George Nicholson, having completed Prebends' Bridge across the Wear, persuaded the dean and chapter to let him smooth off much of the outer stonework of the cathedral, thereby considerably altering its character. His successor William Morpeth demolished most of the Chapter House.
In 1794 the architect James Wyatt drew up extensive plans which would have drastically transformed the building, including the demolition of the Galilee Chapel, but the Chapter changed its mind just in time to prevent this happening. Wyatt renewed the 15th-century tracery of the Rose Window, inserting plain glass to replace what had been blown out in a storm.
In 1847 the architect Anthony Salvin removed Cosin's wooden organ screen, opening up the view of the east end from the nave, and in 1858 he restored the cloisters.
The Victorian restoration of the cathedral's tower in 1859–60 was by the architect George Gilbert Scott, working with Edward Robert Robson (who went on to serve as Clerk of Works at the cathedral for six years). In 1874 Scott was responsible for the marble choir screen and pulpit in the Crossing. In 1892 Scott's pupil Charles Hodgson Fowler rebuilt the Chapter House as a memorial to Bishop Joseph Barber Lightfoot.
The great west window, depicting the Tree of Jesse, was the gift of Dean George Waddington in 1867. It is the work of Clayton and Bell, who were also responsible for the Te Deum window in the South Transept (1869), the Four Doctors window in the North Transept (1875), and the Rose Window of Christ in Majesty (c. 1876).
There is also a statue of William Van Mildert, the last prince-bishop (1826–1836) and driving force behind the foundation of Durham University.
In the 1930s, under the inspiration of Dean Cyril Alington, work began on restoring the Shrine of Saint Cuthbert behind the High Altar as an appropriate focus of worship and pilgrimage, and was resumed after the Second World War. The four candlesticks and overhanging tester (c. 1950) were designed by Ninian Comper. Two large batik banners representing Saints Cuthbert and Oswald, added in 2001, are the work of Thetis Blacker. Elsewhere in the building the 1930s and 1940s saw the addition of several new stained glass windows by Hugh Ray Easton. Mark Angus's Daily Bread window dates from 1984. In the Galilee Chapel a wooden statue of the Annunciation by the Polish artist Josef Pyrz was added in 1992, the same year as Leonard Evetts' Stella Maris window.
In 1986, the cathedral, together with the nearby Castle, became a World Heritage Site. The UNESCO committee classified the cathedral under criteria c, reporting, "Durham Cathedral is the largest and most perfect monument of 'Norman' style architecture in England".
In its discussion of the significance of the cathedral, Historic England provided this summary in their 1986 report:
The relics and material culture of the three saints buried at the site. The continuity of use and ownership of the site over the past 1000 years as a place of religious worship, learning and residence; The site's role as a political statement of Norman power imposed upon a subjugate nation, as one of the country's most powerful symbols of the Norman Conquest of Britain; The importance of the site's archaeological remains, which are directly related to the site's history and continuity of use over the past 1000 years; The cultural and religious traditions and historical memories associated with the relics of St Cuthbert and the Venerable Bede, and with the continuity of use and ownership of the site over the past millennium.
In 1996, the Great Western Doorway was the setting for Bill Viola's large-scale video installation The Messenger, that was commissioned by Durham Cathedral.
At the beginning of this century two of the altars in the Nine Altars Chapel at the east end of the cathedral were re-dedicated to Saint Hild of Whitby and Saint Margaret of Scotland: a striking painting of Margaret (with her son, the future king David) by Paula Rego was dedicated in 2004. Nearby a plaque, first installed in 2011 and rededicated in 2017, commemorates the Scottish soldiers who died as prisoners in the cathedral after the Battle of Dunbar in 1650. The remains of some of these prisoners have now been identified in a mass grave uncoverered during building works in 2013 just outside the cathedral precinct near Palace Green.
In 2004 two wooden sculptures by Fenwick Lawson, Pietà and Tomb of Christ, were placed in the Nine Altars Chapel, and in 2010 a new stained glass window of the Transfiguration by Tom Denny was dedicated in memory of Michael Ramsey, former Bishop of Durham and Archbishop of Canterbury.
In 2016 former monastic buildings around the cloister, including the Monks' Dormitory and Prior's Kitchen, were re-opened to the public as Open Treasure, an extensive exhibition displaying the cathedral's history and possessions.
In November 2009 the cathedral featured in the Lumiere festival whose highlight was the "Crown of Light" illumination of the North Front of the cathedral with a 15-minute presentation that told the story of Lindisfarne and the foundation of cathedral, using illustrations and text from the Lindisfarne Gospels. The Lumiere festival was repeated in 2011, 2013, 2015, and 2017.
Durham Priory held many manuscripts; in the 21st century, steps were under way to digitise the books, originating from the 6th to the 16th century. The project was being undertaken in a partnership by Durham University and Durham Cathedral.
The cathedral church and the cloister is open to visitors during certain hours each day, unless it is closed for a special event. In 2017 a new "Open Treasure" exhibition area opened featuring the 8th-century wooden coffin of Saint Cuthbert, his gold and garnet pectoral cross, a portable altar and an ivory comb. This exhibition was continuing as of October 2019. In that month, a new exhibit was added, Mapping the World, featuring books, maps and drawings and from the archives, scheduled to run until 18 January 2020.
Being at the east end of the runway at Liverpool gives you a beautiful view of some of the runway furniture that you don't often get to see.
Obviously a bit of common sense is needed (unlike the tosser who was there this afternoon who decided to drive up and park under the flight path just as a jet was landing - I moved him on before the Police did) but you can get some good shots of interesting things.
This looks like a directional antenna so based on its position I'm guessing that it forms a part of the ILS array. Can anyone confirm or deny?
Outside the Guggenheim Museum Bilbao Spain, day 13 of our Cosmos tour, October 12, 2012.
Instantly hailed as the most important structure of its time, Frank Gehry’s Guggenheim Museum Bilbao has celebrated more than a decade of extraordinary success. With over a hundred exhibitions and more than ten million visitors to its credit, the Guggenheim Museum Bilbao has changed the way people think about museums, and it continues to challenge assumptions about the connections between art, architecture, and collecting.
For More Info: www.guggenheim.org/bilbao
Images taken in space with the on-board camera showing deployment of the solar arrays and synthetic aperture radar antennas. Credit: ESA
PictionID:54479887 - Catalog:Atlas 5 AV-016 - Title:Array - Filename:Atlas 5 AV-016-1.jpg - Images from the Convair/General Dynamics Astronautics Atlas Negative Collection. The processing, cataloging and digitization of these images has been made possible by a generous National Historical Publications and Records grant from the National Archives and Records Administration---Please Tag these images so that the information can be permanently stored with the digital file.---Repository: San Diego Air and Space Museum
this bunker is a Regelbau Type L480 this is a Radar Bunker for FuMG Wassermann S Radar,
The Wassermann S was mounted on a L 480 bunker.
Regelbau L480 with Wassermann FuMG 402 type radar.
The Wassermann radar is a German radar from the Second World War.
It is a long-range version of a Freya radar equipped with a large vertical antenna which could direct the beam very precisely up to 300 km.
This radar, which emitted in a wavelength around 2.4 meters, entered into service in 1942 and around 150 were built
The standard for this type of the blockhouse construction has become known as L480. The radar antenna consisted of a 40 meters tall steel cylinder with mounted antennae. This type of radar carried the name Wassermann S for Schwer (heavy). This enabled the management of approaching airplanes in the airspace within a range of 300 kilometers
The Wasserman radar was an early-warning radar built by Germany during World War II. The radar was a development of FuMG 80 Freya and was operated during World War II for long range detection. It was developed under the direction of Theodor Schultes, beginning in 1942. Wasserman was based on largely unchanged Freya electronics, but used an entirely new antenna array in order to improve range, height-finding and bearing precision.
Seven different versions were developed. The two most important versions are:
The radio measurement equipment FuMG.41 Wassermann L (German: Leicht = light) was a constellation of four Freya antennas on top of each other, mounted on a 40-metre-high (130 ft) rotatable steel lattice mast.
A later version was the FuMG.42 Wassermann S (German: Schwer = heavy). For this eight Freya antenna arrays were mounted on a 60-metre-high (200 ft) pipe mast in two columns, each four antennae high.
The combination of the antennae in this way resulted in a concentration of the radiated energy to a smaller beam, thus resulting in a higher radiated power in the main direction (Effective Radiated Power = ERP), without increasing the transmitter power. The result was a longer range. With the L-version the horizontal opening angle of the antenna array remained the same, but the vertical opening angle was reduced (so flatter radiation pattern). Because the horizontal opening angle was not changed, the bearing measuring performance was not changed. With the S-version also the horizontal opening angle was reduced, with a better bearing resolution as a result.
Freya was an early warning radar deployed by Germany during World War II; it was named after the Norse Goddess Freyja. During the war, over a thousand stations were built. A naval version operating on a slightly different wavelength was also developed as the Seetakt.
First tests of what would become the "Freya" were conducted in early 1937, with initial delivery of an operational radar to the Kriegsmarine in 1938 by the GEMA company. Freya supported an early version of Identification friend or foe (IFF). Aircraft equipped with the FuG 25a "Erstling" IFF system could be successfully queried across ranges of over 100 km.
The "AN" version gained a switchable phasing line for the antenna. Switching in the phasing line led to a phase displacement of the antenna's radiation pattern and with that, a squinting to the left or right. This enabled the system in effect to switch from the rather broad "scanning for maxima" to narrow lobe switching. In that mode, a skilled operator could achieve an angular resolution of 0.1°.
The Freya radar was more advanced than its British counterpart, Chain Home. Freya operated on a 1.2 m (3.9 ft) wavelength (250 MHz) while Chain Home used 12 m. This allowed Freya to use a much smaller antenna system, one that was easier to rotate, move and position. It also offered higher resolution, allowing it to detect smaller targets. Because of its complex design, only eight Freya stations were operational when the war started, resulting in large gaps between the covered areas. The British Chain Home radar, although less advanced and more prone to errors, was simpler, which meant that the complete Chain Home network was in place in time for the Battle of Britain.
#Atlantikwal #Bunker #Regelbau
ROUTE INFO:
The Peak Forest tramway was a horse-drawn railway constructed in the late 18th century to help transport materials between Dove Holes Quarries and the Peak Forest canal, which began at Bugsworth Basin. The barges would then convey it forth through Furness Vale and New Mills onward to Manchester.
The tramway ran its last truck in the 1920s and since then, the westernmost 2-mile portion between Chapel-en-le-Frith and Bugsworth Basin has became a footpath and bridleway, allowing hikers, cyclists, and...erm, horseriders to enjoy this historical industrial byway.
Heading east, the tramway path can be entered at Charley Lane in Chapel Milton, taking you for two miles along a tranquil pathway to the canal basin at Bugsworth.
The route, despite its age is not without relics - it actually prides itself in retaining the railways original stone sleepers for most of its stretch.
Several road crossings still survive, along with an embankment and an arch bridge on the approach to Bugsworth Basin. Here, an impressive array of former sidings still remain, along with original loading docks. One of the trucks meanwhile now has a home at the National Railway Museum in York.
Imaris Snapshot
Microscopy images taken during my fall quarter rotation in Stephen Smith's lab at Stanford. The technique is array tomography, which produces for these crisp, 3D, high resolution, large scale, many-channel fluorescence images.
smithlab.stanford.edu
Legend:
White: DAPI (cell nuclei)
Green: YFP (Subpopulation of layer V pyramidal neurons)
Purple: Tubulin
Blue/Red: Neurofilament
Orange: Myelin Basic Protein
Imaris Snapshot
Microscopy images taken during my fall quarter rotation in Stephen Smith's lab at Stanford. The technique is array tomography, which produces for these crisp, 3D, high resolution, large scale, many-channel fluorescence images.
smithlab.stanford.edu
Legend:
White: DAPI (cell nuclei)
Green: YFP (Subpopulation of layer V pyramidal neurons)
Purple: Tubulin
Blue/Red: Neurofilament
Orange: Myelin Basic Protein
Chelsea Rochman (left) and Josh Jones retrieve a 300-meter towed acoustic array to the research vessel New Horizon. Jones, a member of the Scripps Institution of Oceanography Whale Acoustics Laboratory, is using the instrument to
listen to dolphin and other marine mammal sounds during the SEAPLEX voyage. (August 4, 2009)
Pcb of the new detector system for the next 3D unit (2013) with 2 external fast 6 ms shutters. I would like to calculate the optimal position as well as the direction of flight. Detector calculation need to be super fast, into less then 50us. The readout of the 128 analog pixels from the sensor + high-speed ADC 8 bits convertion may take a max of 50 us, + 50 us for position-direction calculation (10.000 calculations per second). This is a start of my dream, the special components are just in order, planning delivery next Tuesday. Given the new components, the majority are implanted in SMD. This is an additional difficulty, only single-layer PCB is available at this moment. The line-sensor is true hole 14 pins version, all others are SMD.
Discussion can also be followed on the next Dutch forum:
www.circuitsonline.net/forum/view/106096
Update:
All components are delivered! Time to make the interface board to the FPGA DE1 board to connect this line array unit.
The Army's largest solar array, built on a closed landfill, became operational in early 2008 on Fort Carson, Colorado. U.S. Army Photo
Graphic Arrays
media: paper, aluminum dibond,
dimensions: 54 x 72 cm, 90 x 56 cm,
Aram Bartholl 2013
240x320, 240x400, 320x480, 480x640, 480x800, 540x960, 600x960, 600x1024, 640x960, 768x1024, 720x1280, 1366x768, 800x1280, 1080x1920, 1536x2048
640x480, 768x576, 800x600, 1024x600, 1024x768, 1152x720, 1280x720, 1280x768, 1280x800, 1152x864, 1280x960, 1280x1024, 1360x768, 1366x768, 1440x900, 1600x900, 1400x1050, 1680x1050, 1600x1200, 1920x1080, 2048x1152, 1920x1200, 1920x1440, 2560x1440, 2560x1600
1.1 MW PV array at the Norman Y. Mineta San Jose International Airport will meet 20% of the facilities energy needs.
Graphic Arrays
media: paper, aluminum dibond,
dimensions: 54 x 72 cm, 90 x 56 cm,
Aram Bartholl 2013
240x320, 240x400, 320x480, 480x640, 480x800, 540x960, 600x960, 600x1024, 640x960, 768x1024, 720x1280, 1366x768, 800x1280, 1080x1920, 1536x2048
640x480, 768x576, 800x600, 1024x600, 1024x768, 1152x720, 1280x720, 1280x768, 1280x800, 1152x864, 1280x960, 1280x1024, 1360x768, 1366x768, 1440x900, 1600x900, 1400x1050, 1680x1050, 1600x1200, 1920x1080, 2048x1152, 1920x1200, 1920x1440, 2560x1440, 2560x1600