Paratriathletes compete over three disciplines, in five classification groups (PT1 – PT5). Although the disciplines are the same for the Olympic athlete, the training principles aren’t directly transferrable.

The short history of the sport means that effective training principles for the paratriathlete are still being developed, and there’s very little applicable published data in the area.

The British Triathlon Federation (BTF) and their paratriathlon performance manager Jonathan Riall decided that the best way to develop effective training principles for paratriathletes would be to carry out a scientific study of the development/elite squad of athletes, while documenting existing knowledge.

The BTF – with funding from the Peter Harrison Foundation – granted a physiological support project at Loughborough University (2014-2015) for the paratriathlon performance athletes.

The team at the Peter Harrison Centre for Disability Sport consists of Katy Griggs has carefully planned a programme of testing that will support the athletes and coaches during the build up to Rio 2016.

The main purpose is to give athletes a physiological advantage over their competitors, by ensuring that they’re in the best shape for Rio with an effective training strategy.

Phil Hogg at Loughborough University

The project involves assessing the squad members over a range of test protocols at specific points in their training cycle. As noted before, paratriathlon sports training knowledge is still developing and some of the ‘empirical laws’ of training may need to be challenged.

This has therefore provided staff within the PHC a valuable opportunity to collect data of this nature. Alongside the longitudinal physiological profiles of paratriathletes, three main applied research topics have been developed:

1. Understanding the economy of running/pushing following the transition of the cycle discipline;

2. Monitoring the immune function in paratriathletes across a season;

3. Cooling and acclimatisation strategies for paratriathletes.

Many paratriathletes will display a unique physiological response during exercise depending upon their physical impairment. For example, for athletes in the PT1 class (wheelchair athletes), the considerably smaller amount of muscle mass used and varying trunk stability must be taken into account. These athletes will also have impaired thermoregulatory capacity compared with their able-bodied counterparts.

British paratriathlete at Loughborough University

This is most likely caused by impairment to the nervous system which disrupts the control of skin blood flow. Moreover, athletes with cerebral palsy will display impaired movement patterns during fatigue and may also find exercise in the heat detrimental to performance. Research is still ongoing for the second and third topics highlighted above, but further work is warranted.

It is envisaged that the applied research findings, together with the testing and monitoring of the training programmes, will enable the PHC team to educate the athletes and their coaches to understand the physiological background of training principles and preparation strategies. In turn this will help with the development of training programmes that are specific to the sport as well as to the individual concerned.

The Inca Trail is a magnificent, well preserved Inca Trail route which connects Machu Picchu with what once were other regions of the Inca Empire, and today it is one of the world’s most popular treks. This four-day walk goes from the highlands of 4,200mts and down through the cloud forests to finally arrive at Machu Picchu - 2,380mts.

DAY 01. - Between 06:00 and 06:30 we pick you up at your hotel in our private bus. Ensure you have your original passport and ISIC student card (if applicable – for a discount on entree fee to Machu Picchu).

The journey by bus to km 82 (the starting point for the Inca Trail) takes approximately 3 hours. Once we get there and are all ready to go, this first day will have us walking mostly through the valley. It starts at 2380m with a small climb to a plateau overlooking the Incan site of Llactapata and rewards you with superb views of Mount Veronica. Walking times are always approximate depending on weather conditions, group ability and other factors, but generally you will walk about 2-3 hours before lunch. Then after lunch we walk on just past the village of Wayllabamba to reach our first campsite at 3000m.

Approx 14km, 6 hours walking this day at Inca Trail.

DAY 02. - Day 2 is the most difficult day as you Inca Trail walk from about 3000m to 4200m — the highest pass of the trek (known as Dead Woman’s Pass – but don’t be discouraged!). You can walk at your own pace and stop to get your breath whenever you like. You’ll find your energy returns once you continue down to the valley of Pacaymayo, where we camp at 3600m.

You can hire a porter from the village of Wayllabamba to carry your pack to the top of this pass for approximately 70 soles. If you wish to do so you must organize and pay this money directly to the person who carries your items, and please check your belongings upon receiving them at the end of this service as these people are not Sap Adventures staff.

This is the coldest night at Inca Trail; between +2/+4 degrees Celsius (in December) and -3/-5 degrees Celsius (in June). Approx 12km, 7 hours walking this day at Inca Trail.

DAY 03.- Day 3 is exceptionally beautiful because of the ruins you will witness and the incredible stone Inca Trail you walk one, and also because there is a lot more downhill than uphill! However, there are about 2000 stairs descending from the ruins of Phuyupatamarca to those of Wiñaywayna, so take care with your knees. If you have had knee or ankle injuries an extra porter is recommended so that you are not carrying extra weight and overstressing your joints. There is a guided tour of all the ruins on the way. Camping is usually at Wiñaywayna 2700 mtrs.

Take extra care of your personal belongings at this campsite as all the tours campsites are nearby. As usual, always keep your daypack containing your valuables with you. The only hot shower on the Inca Trail is on this third night at Wiñaywayna. There is a hostel near the campsite with an 8min hot shower for 5 soles, and a bar and restaurant where you can purchase bottled water.

Approx 16km, 6 hours walking this day on Inca Trail.

DAY 04.- We get up extremely early to arrive at the magical Intipunku "The Gate of the Sun" as the first rays begin illuminating the lost city of Machu Picchu down bellow. A further 20 min walk down from here takes us to the famous view from the terraces at the end of the trail. It is a good time to take pictures before the 10:30 crowds arrive. Your tour of Machu Picchu should last about 2 hours and finish between 10:30 and 11:00am. Then you have free time to climb Huayna Picchu if you wish (This is the famous peak in the background of most images of Machu Picchu. The trek is about 90 minutes). A maximum of 400 hikers can climb this mountain per day so if you are determined then start immediately after your tour! Or, of course, you may simply just collapse under a tree and quietly reflect in amazement at the mystery, the architectural achievement and beauty of Machu Picchu.

From Machu Picchu, it is a pleasant walk through sub-tropical jungle down to Aguas Calientes (about 45 mins), but if you are weary you may also take a bus – the $7 bus ticket is included and your guide will give you the ticket.

Once in Aguas Calientes you can have a hot shower, and then store your backpack while you go to have lunch, visit the hot springs or shop around the village.

If you are not extending your stay for one night in Aguas Calientes*, you will leave around 6pm to return to Cusco by train or by a combination of train & bus. Please note that during the high season there are a number of different departure times for the trains that run only to Ollantaytambo, from where buses run onwards till Cusco. The type of return journey depends simply on availability. You will arrive back in Cusco around 9 - 9.30pm.

Approx 7km, 2 hours walking this day on Inca Trail.

www.sapadventures.com

Please respect the person (where applicable) in the photo.

Photo taene by me at Stoke-Con-Trent October 2016.

The Inca Trail is a magnificent, well preserved Inca Trail route which connects Machu Picchu with what once were other regions of the Inca Empire, and today it is one of the world’s most popular treks. This four-day walk goes from the highlands of 4,200mts and down through the cloud forests to finally arrive at Machu Picchu - 2,380mts.

DAY 01. - Between 06:00 and 06:30 we pick you up at your hotel in our private bus. Ensure you have your original passport and ISIC student card (if applicable – for a discount on entree fee to Machu Picchu).

The journey by bus to km 82 (the starting point for the Inca Trail) takes approximately 3 hours. Once we get there and are all ready to go, this first day will have us walking mostly through the valley. It starts at 2380m with a small climb to a plateau overlooking the Incan site of Llactapata and rewards you with superb views of Mount Veronica. Walking times are always approximate depending on weather conditions, group ability and other factors, but generally you will walk about 2-3 hours before lunch. Then after lunch we walk on just past the village of Wayllabamba to reach our first campsite at 3000m.

Approx 14km, 6 hours walking this day at Inca Trail.

DAY 02. - Day 2 is the most difficult day as you Inca Trail walk from about 3000m to 4200m — the highest pass of the trek (known as Dead Woman’s Pass – but don’t be discouraged!). You can walk at your own pace and stop to get your breath whenever you like. You’ll find your energy returns once you continue down to the valley of Pacaymayo, where we camp at 3600m.

You can hire a porter from the village of Wayllabamba to carry your pack to the top of this pass for approximately 70 soles. If you wish to do so you must organize and pay this money directly to the person who carries your items, and please check your belongings upon receiving them at the end of this service as these people are not Sap Adventures staff.

This is the coldest night at Inca Trail; between +2/+4 degrees Celsius (in December) and -3/-5 degrees Celsius (in June). Approx 12km, 7 hours walking this day at Inca Trail.

DAY 03.- Day 3 is exceptionally beautiful because of the ruins you will witness and the incredible stone Inca Trail you walk one, and also because there is a lot more downhill than uphill! However, there are about 2000 stairs descending from the ruins of Phuyupatamarca to those of Wiñaywayna, so take care with your knees. If you have had knee or ankle injuries an extra porter is recommended so that you are not carrying extra weight and overstressing your joints. There is a guided tour of all the ruins on the way. Camping is usually at Wiñaywayna 2700 mtrs.

Take extra care of your personal belongings at this campsite as all the tours campsites are nearby. As usual, always keep your daypack containing your valuables with you. The only hot shower on the Inca Trail is on this third night at Wiñaywayna. There is a hostel near the campsite with an 8min hot shower for 5 soles, and a bar and restaurant where you can purchase bottled water.

Approx 16km, 6 hours walking this day on Inca Trail.

DAY 04.- We get up extremely early to arrive at the magical Intipunku "The Gate of the Sun" as the first rays begin illuminating the lost city of Machu Picchu down bellow. A further 20 min walk down from here takes us to the famous view from the terraces at the end of the trail. It is a good time to take pictures before the 10:30 crowds arrive. Your tour of Machu Picchu should last about 2 hours and finish between 10:30 and 11:00am. Then you have free time to climb Huayna Picchu if you wish (This is the famous peak in the background of most images of Machu Picchu. The trek is about 90 minutes). A maximum of 400 hikers can climb this mountain per day so if you are determined then start immediately after your tour! Or, of course, you may simply just collapse under a tree and quietly reflect in amazement at the mystery, the architectural achievement and beauty of Machu Picchu.

From Machu Picchu, it is a pleasant walk through sub-tropical jungle down to Aguas Calientes (about 45 mins), but if you are weary you may also take a bus – the $7 bus ticket is included and your guide will give you the ticket.

Once in Aguas Calientes you can have a hot shower, and then store your backpack while you go to have lunch, visit the hot springs or shop around the village.

If you are not extending your stay for one night in Aguas Calientes*, you will leave around 6pm to return to Cusco by train or by a combination of train & bus. Please note that during the high season there are a number of different departure times for the trains that run only to Ollantaytambo, from where buses run onwards till Cusco. The type of return journey depends simply on availability. You will arrive back in Cusco around 9 - 9.30pm.

Approx 7km, 2 hours walking this day on Inca Trail.

www.sapadventures.com

Fliplit and [Not Applicable] were have this contest thing because they were both sick, even though I am not sick, they were kind enough to let me participate.

He is kind of boring, but oh well. lol! It's only for fun!! = D

W. H. Vail.

Date: 1905

Source Type: Photograph

Publisher, Printer, Photographer: A. H. Reading

Postmark: Not Applicable

Collection: Steven R. Shook

Remark: W. H. Vail resided with his wife at 58 West Jefferson Street in Valparaiso, Porter County, Indiana. This house still stands in 2021.

------

The following news item appears in the March 7, 1918, issue of The Chesterton Tribune:

Sixty years ago W. H. Vail, of Valparaiso, entered the employ of Henry Isham in Valparaiso. Three years later Mr. Isham went to Chicago and Mr. Vail took charge of the business. Ever since that time, says the Vidette, he has continued the business. He has always been located on Main street, and he is unquestionably the oldest business man, in point of service, in the county.

Sources:

Bumstead & Company. 1905. Bumstead's Valparaiso City and Porter County Business Directory, Including Rural Routes. Chicago, Illinois: Radtke Brothers. 421 p. [see p. 150]

The Chesterton Tribune, Chesterton, Porter County, Indiana; March 7, 1918; Volume 34, Number 51, Page 5, Column 6.

Reading, A. H. 1905. The City of Homes, Schools and Churches: A Pictorial Story of Valparaiso, Its People and Its Environs. Valparaiso, Indiana: A. H. Reading. 82 p. [see p. 80]

Copyright 2021. Some rights reserved. The associated text may not be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without prior written permission of Steven R. Shook.

The Inca Trail is a magnificent, well preserved Inca Trail route which connects Machu Picchu with what once were other regions of the Inca Empire, and today it is one of the world’s most popular treks. This four-day walk goes from the highlands of 4,200mts and down through the cloud forests to finally arrive at Machu Picchu - 2,380mts.

DAY 01. - Between 06:00 and 06:30 we pick you up at your hotel in our private bus. Ensure you have your original passport and ISIC student card (if applicable – for a discount on entree fee to Machu Picchu).

The journey by bus to km 82 (the starting point for the Inca Trail) takes approximately 3 hours. Once we get there and are all ready to go, this first day will have us walking mostly through the valley. It starts at 2380m with a small climb to a plateau overlooking the Incan site of Llactapata and rewards you with superb views of Mount Veronica. Walking times are always approximate depending on weather conditions, group ability and other factors, but generally you will walk about 2-3 hours before lunch. Then after lunch we walk on just past the village of Wayllabamba to reach our first campsite at 3000m.

Approx 14km, 6 hours walking this day at Inca Trail.

DAY 02. - Day 2 is the most difficult day as you Inca Trail walk from about 3000m to 4200m — the highest pass of the trek (known as Dead Woman’s Pass – but don’t be discouraged!). You can walk at your own pace and stop to get your breath whenever you like. You’ll find your energy returns once you continue down to the valley of Pacaymayo, where we camp at 3600m.

You can hire a porter from the village of Wayllabamba to carry your pack to the top of this pass for approximately 70 soles. If you wish to do so you must organize and pay this money directly to the person who carries your items, and please check your belongings upon receiving them at the end of this service as these people are not Sap Adventures staff.

This is the coldest night at Inca Trail; between +2/+4 degrees Celsius (in December) and -3/-5 degrees Celsius (in June). Approx 12km, 7 hours walking this day at Inca Trail.

DAY 03.- Day 3 is exceptionally beautiful because of the ruins you will witness and the incredible stone Inca Trail you walk one, and also because there is a lot more downhill than uphill! However, there are about 2000 stairs descending from the ruins of Phuyupatamarca to those of Wiñaywayna, so take care with your knees. If you have had knee or ankle injuries an extra porter is recommended so that you are not carrying extra weight and overstressing your joints. There is a guided tour of all the ruins on the way. Camping is usually at Wiñaywayna 2700 mtrs.

Take extra care of your personal belongings at this campsite as all the tours campsites are nearby. As usual, always keep your daypack containing your valuables with you. The only hot shower on the Inca Trail is on this third night at Wiñaywayna. There is a hostel near the campsite with an 8min hot shower for 5 soles, and a bar and restaurant where you can purchase bottled water.

Approx 16km, 6 hours walking this day on Inca Trail.

DAY 04.- We get up extremely early to arrive at the magical Intipunku "The Gate of the Sun" as the first rays begin illuminating the lost city of Machu Picchu down bellow. A further 20 min walk down from here takes us to the famous view from the terraces at the end of the trail. It is a good time to take pictures before the 10:30 crowds arrive. Your tour of Machu Picchu should last about 2 hours and finish between 10:30 and 11:00am. Then you have free time to climb Huayna Picchu if you wish (This is the famous peak in the background of most images of Machu Picchu. The trek is about 90 minutes). A maximum of 400 hikers can climb this mountain per day so if you are determined then start immediately after your tour! Or, of course, you may simply just collapse under a tree and quietly reflect in amazement at the mystery, the architectural achievement and beauty of Machu Picchu.

From Machu Picchu, it is a pleasant walk through sub-tropical jungle down to Aguas Calientes (about 45 mins), but if you are weary you may also take a bus – the $7 bus ticket is included and your guide will give you the ticket.

Once in Aguas Calientes you can have a hot shower, and then store your backpack while you go to have lunch, visit the hot springs or shop around the village.

If you are not extending your stay for one night in Aguas Calientes*, you will leave around 6pm to return to Cusco by train or by a combination of train & bus. Please note that during the high season there are a number of different departure times for the trains that run only to Ollantaytambo, from where buses run onwards till Cusco. The type of return journey depends simply on availability. You will arrive back in Cusco around 9 - 9.30pm.

Approx 7km, 2 hours walking this day on Inca Trail.

www.sapadventures.com

The Inca Trail is a magnificent, well preserved Inca Trail route which connects Machu Picchu with what once were other regions of the Inca Empire, and today it is one of the world’s most popular treks. This four-day walk goes from the highlands of 4,200mts and down through the cloud forests to finally arrive at Machu Picchu - 2,380mts.

DAY 01. - Between 06:00 and 06:30 we pick you up at your hotel in our private bus. Ensure you have your original passport and ISIC student card (if applicable – for a discount on entree fee to Machu Picchu).

The journey by bus to km 82 (the starting point for the Inca Trail) takes approximately 3 hours. Once we get there and are all ready to go, this first day will have us walking mostly through the valley. It starts at 2380m with a small climb to a plateau overlooking the Incan site of Llactapata and rewards you with superb views of Mount Veronica. Walking times are always approximate depending on weather conditions, group ability and other factors, but generally you will walk about 2-3 hours before lunch. Then after lunch we walk on just past the village of Wayllabamba to reach our first campsite at 3000m.

Approx 14km, 6 hours walking this day at Inca Trail.

DAY 02. - Day 2 is the most difficult day as you Inca Trail walk from about 3000m to 4200m — the highest pass of the trek (known as Dead Woman’s Pass – but don’t be discouraged!). You can walk at your own pace and stop to get your breath whenever you like. You’ll find your energy returns once you continue down to the valley of Pacaymayo, where we camp at 3600m.

You can hire a porter from the village of Wayllabamba to carry your pack to the top of this pass for approximately 70 soles. If you wish to do so you must organize and pay this money directly to the person who carries your items, and please check your belongings upon receiving them at the end of this service as these people are not Sap Adventures staff.

This is the coldest night at Inca Trail; between +2/+4 degrees Celsius (in December) and -3/-5 degrees Celsius (in June). Approx 12km, 7 hours walking this day at Inca Trail.

DAY 03.- Day 3 is exceptionally beautiful because of the ruins you will witness and the incredible stone Inca Trail you walk one, and also because there is a lot more downhill than uphill! However, there are about 2000 stairs descending from the ruins of Phuyupatamarca to those of Wiñaywayna, so take care with your knees. If you have had knee or ankle injuries an extra porter is recommended so that you are not carrying extra weight and overstressing your joints. There is a guided tour of all the ruins on the way. Camping is usually at Wiñaywayna 2700 mtrs.

Take extra care of your personal belongings at this campsite as all the tours campsites are nearby. As usual, always keep your daypack containing your valuables with you. The only hot shower on the Inca Trail is on this third night at Wiñaywayna. There is a hostel near the campsite with an 8min hot shower for 5 soles, and a bar and restaurant where you can purchase bottled water.

Approx 16km, 6 hours walking this day on Inca Trail.

DAY 04.- We get up extremely early to arrive at the magical Intipunku "The Gate of the Sun" as the first rays begin illuminating the lost city of Machu Picchu down bellow. A further 20 min walk down from here takes us to the famous view from the terraces at the end of the trail. It is a good time to take pictures before the 10:30 crowds arrive. Your tour of Machu Picchu should last about 2 hours and finish between 10:30 and 11:00am. Then you have free time to climb Huayna Picchu if you wish (This is the famous peak in the background of most images of Machu Picchu. The trek is about 90 minutes). A maximum of 400 hikers can climb this mountain per day so if you are determined then start immediately after your tour! Or, of course, you may simply just collapse under a tree and quietly reflect in amazement at the mystery, the architectural achievement and beauty of Machu Picchu.

From Machu Picchu, it is a pleasant walk through sub-tropical jungle down to Aguas Calientes (about 45 mins), but if you are weary you may also take a bus – the $7 bus ticket is included and your guide will give you the ticket.

Once in Aguas Calientes you can have a hot shower, and then store your backpack while you go to have lunch, visit the hot springs or shop around the village.

If you are not extending your stay for one night in Aguas Calientes*, you will leave around 6pm to return to Cusco by train or by a combination of train & bus. Please note that during the high season there are a number of different departure times for the trains that run only to Ollantaytambo, from where buses run onwards till Cusco. The type of return journey depends simply on availability. You will arrive back in Cusco around 9 - 9.30pm.

Approx 7km, 2 hours walking this day on Inca Trail.

www.sapadventures.com

Group Photograph, Women in Drag

Porter, Indiana

Date: Circa 1920

Source Type: Photograph

Publisher, Printer, Photographer: Unknown

Postmark: Not Applicable

Collection: Gordon D. Rogers

Remark: The photograph was taken at the William J. "Bill" and Eva Anna (Czizek) Michaels residence. This house still stands [2015] and is located on the southwest corner of the intersection of Franklin Street and Pleasant Avenue in Porter, Porter County, Indiana. This photograph was taken looking northwest on Pleasant Avenue. Kneeling from left to right are Alice (Czizek) Wannegar and Eva (Czizek) Michaels. Back row, far left is Margaret Czizek, and at the far right is Bertha (Wannegar) Anderson. The two women in the middle of the back row are unidentified. It is speculated that the women may be dressed as men in celebration of the ratification of the Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, which prohibited any United States citizen from being denied the right to vote on the basis of sex. The amendment was ratified on August 18, 1920, when Tennessee became the 36th state to ratify the amendment.

Copyright 2015. Some rights reserved. The associated text may not be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without prior written permission of Steven R. Shook.

The Inca Trail is a magnificent, well preserved Inca Trail route which connects Machu Picchu with what once were other regions of the Inca Empire, and today it is one of the world’s most popular treks. This four-day walk goes from the highlands of 4,200mts and down through the cloud forests to finally arrive at Machu Picchu - 2,380mts.

DAY 01. - Between 06:00 and 06:30 we pick you up at your hotel in our private bus. Ensure you have your original passport and ISIC student card (if applicable – for a discount on entree fee to Machu Picchu).

The journey by bus to km 82 (the starting point for the Inca Trail) takes approximately 3 hours. Once we get there and are all ready to go, this first day will have us walking mostly through the valley. It starts at 2380m with a small climb to a plateau overlooking the Incan site of Llactapata and rewards you with superb views of Mount Veronica. Walking times are always approximate depending on weather conditions, group ability and other factors, but generally you will walk about 2-3 hours before lunch. Then after lunch we walk on just past the village of Wayllabamba to reach our first campsite at 3000m.

Approx 14km, 6 hours walking this day at Inca Trail.

DAY 02. - Day 2 is the most difficult day as you Inca Trail walk from about 3000m to 4200m — the highest pass of the trek (known as Dead Woman’s Pass – but don’t be discouraged!). You can walk at your own pace and stop to get your breath whenever you like. You’ll find your energy returns once you continue down to the valley of Pacaymayo, where we camp at 3600m.

You can hire a porter from the village of Wayllabamba to carry your pack to the top of this pass for approximately 70 soles. If you wish to do so you must organize and pay this money directly to the person who carries your items, and please check your belongings upon receiving them at the end of this service as these people are not Sap Adventures staff.

This is the coldest night at Inca Trail; between +2/+4 degrees Celsius (in December) and -3/-5 degrees Celsius (in June). Approx 12km, 7 hours walking this day at Inca Trail.

DAY 03.- Day 3 is exceptionally beautiful because of the ruins you will witness and the incredible stone Inca Trail you walk one, and also because there is a lot more downhill than uphill! However, there are about 2000 stairs descending from the ruins of Phuyupatamarca to those of Wiñaywayna, so take care with your knees. If you have had knee or ankle injuries an extra porter is recommended so that you are not carrying extra weight and overstressing your joints. There is a guided tour of all the ruins on the way. Camping is usually at Wiñaywayna 2700 mtrs.

Take extra care of your personal belongings at this campsite as all the tours campsites are nearby. As usual, always keep your daypack containing your valuables with you. The only hot shower on the Inca Trail is on this third night at Wiñaywayna. There is a hostel near the campsite with an 8min hot shower for 5 soles, and a bar and restaurant where you can purchase bottled water.

Approx 16km, 6 hours walking this day on Inca Trail.

DAY 04.- We get up extremely early to arrive at the magical Intipunku "The Gate of the Sun" as the first rays begin illuminating the lost city of Machu Picchu down bellow. A further 20 min walk down from here takes us to the famous view from the terraces at the end of the trail. It is a good time to take pictures before the 10:30 crowds arrive. Your tour of Machu Picchu should last about 2 hours and finish between 10:30 and 11:00am. Then you have free time to climb Huayna Picchu if you wish (This is the famous peak in the background of most images of Machu Picchu. The trek is about 90 minutes). A maximum of 400 hikers can climb this mountain per day so if you are determined then start immediately after your tour! Or, of course, you may simply just collapse under a tree and quietly reflect in amazement at the mystery, the architectural achievement and beauty of Machu Picchu.

From Machu Picchu, it is a pleasant walk through sub-tropical jungle down to Aguas Calientes (about 45 mins), but if you are weary you may also take a bus – the $7 bus ticket is included and your guide will give you the ticket.

Once in Aguas Calientes you can have a hot shower, and then store your backpack while you go to have lunch, visit the hot springs or shop around the village.

If you are not extending your stay for one night in Aguas Calientes*, you will leave around 6pm to return to Cusco by train or by a combination of train & bus. Please note that during the high season there are a number of different departure times for the trains that run only to Ollantaytambo, from where buses run onwards till Cusco. The type of return journey depends simply on availability. You will arrive back in Cusco around 9 - 9.30pm.

Approx 7km, 2 hours walking this day on Inca Trail.

www.sapadventures.com

The Inca Trail is a magnificent, well preserved Inca Trail route which connects Machu Picchu with what once were other regions of the Inca Empire, and today it is one of the world’s most popular treks. This four-day walk goes from the highlands of 4,200mts and down through the cloud forests to finally arrive at Machu Picchu - 2,380mts.

DAY 01. - Between 06:00 and 06:30 we pick you up at your hotel in our private bus. Ensure you have your original passport and ISIC student card (if applicable – for a discount on entree fee to Machu Picchu).

The journey by bus to km 82 (the starting point for the Inca Trail) takes approximately 3 hours. Once we get there and are all ready to go, this first day will have us walking mostly through the valley. It starts at 2380m with a small climb to a plateau overlooking the Incan site of Llactapata and rewards you with superb views of Mount Veronica. Walking times are always approximate depending on weather conditions, group ability and other factors, but generally you will walk about 2-3 hours before lunch. Then after lunch we walk on just past the village of Wayllabamba to reach our first campsite at 3000m.

Approx 14km, 6 hours walking this day at Inca Trail.

DAY 02. - Day 2 is the most difficult day as you Inca Trail walk from about 3000m to 4200m — the highest pass of the trek (known as Dead Woman’s Pass – but don’t be discouraged!). You can walk at your own pace and stop to get your breath whenever you like. You’ll find your energy returns once you continue down to the valley of Pacaymayo, where we camp at 3600m.

You can hire a porter from the village of Wayllabamba to carry your pack to the top of this pass for approximately 70 soles. If you wish to do so you must organize and pay this money directly to the person who carries your items, and please check your belongings upon receiving them at the end of this service as these people are not Sap Adventures staff.

This is the coldest night at Inca Trail; between +2/+4 degrees Celsius (in December) and -3/-5 degrees Celsius (in June). Approx 12km, 7 hours walking this day at Inca Trail.

DAY 03.- Day 3 is exceptionally beautiful because of the ruins you will witness and the incredible stone Inca Trail you walk one, and also because there is a lot more downhill than uphill! However, there are about 2000 stairs descending from the ruins of Phuyupatamarca to those of Wiñaywayna, so take care with your knees. If you have had knee or ankle injuries an extra porter is recommended so that you are not carrying extra weight and overstressing your joints. There is a guided tour of all the ruins on the way. Camping is usually at Wiñaywayna 2700 mtrs.

Take extra care of your personal belongings at this campsite as all the tours campsites are nearby. As usual, always keep your daypack containing your valuables with you. The only hot shower on the Inca Trail is on this third night at Wiñaywayna. There is a hostel near the campsite with an 8min hot shower for 5 soles, and a bar and restaurant where you can purchase bottled water.

Approx 16km, 6 hours walking this day on Inca Trail.

DAY 04.- We get up extremely early to arrive at the magical Intipunku "The Gate of the Sun" as the first rays begin illuminating the lost city of Machu Picchu down bellow. A further 20 min walk down from here takes us to the famous view from the terraces at the end of the trail. It is a good time to take pictures before the 10:30 crowds arrive. Your tour of Machu Picchu should last about 2 hours and finish between 10:30 and 11:00am. Then you have free time to climb Huayna Picchu if you wish (This is the famous peak in the background of most images of Machu Picchu. The trek is about 90 minutes). A maximum of 400 hikers can climb this mountain per day so if you are determined then start immediately after your tour! Or, of course, you may simply just collapse under a tree and quietly reflect in amazement at the mystery, the architectural achievement and beauty of Machu Picchu.

From Machu Picchu, it is a pleasant walk through sub-tropical jungle down to Aguas Calientes (about 45 mins), but if you are weary you may also take a bus – the $7 bus ticket is included and your guide will give you the ticket.

Once in Aguas Calientes you can have a hot shower, and then store your backpack while you go to have lunch, visit the hot springs or shop around the village.

If you are not extending your stay for one night in Aguas Calientes*, you will leave around 6pm to return to Cusco by train or by a combination of train & bus. Please note that during the high season there are a number of different departure times for the trains that run only to Ollantaytambo, from where buses run onwards till Cusco. The type of return journey depends simply on availability. You will arrive back in Cusco around 9 - 9.30pm.

Approx 7km, 2 hours walking this day on Inca Trail.

www.sapadventures.com

Date: Circa 1913

Source Type: Photograph

Printer, Publisher, Photographer: Unknown

Postmark: Not Applicable

Collection: Gordon D. Rogers

Remark: It is believed that this photograph was taken along Valparaiso Street (now called Calumet Avenue) in Chesterton, Porter County, Indiana.

The man on the left, holding the reins, is Emil Anderson. Emil's friend, Fred W. Reglein is along for the ride. Fred was an employee of Reynolds & Brooks, a meat market located in Chesterton in the early 1900s. Fred was born in 1887 and died in 1952; he is interred in Prairie Street Cemetery in Elkhart, Elkhart County, Indiana.

The business sign behind the horse and surrey reads:

AXEL. PETERSON.

TAILOR

CLEARING & REPAERING

The following is a biography of Emil Anderson taken from Cannon, Loring, and Robb's 1927 book (pp. 501-502) concerning the history of the Calumet Region on Indiana:

EMIL ANDERSON - Emil Anderson is one of the owners of the firm known as Wannegar and Anderson, of Porter, Indiana, which occupies a distinctive place in this community, it being the only concern handling a line of lumber, coal, coke and building material. Prior to this activity Mr. Anderson had a diversified business experience. He was born in Chesterton, Indiana, on May 10, 1888, the son of Charles F. and Emma (Sederberg) Anderson, both of whom were of Swedish nativity and came to America shortly after their marriage. They located in Chesterton in 1881 and to them were born the following children: Charles W.; Hilma; J. A.; Emil; Esther, the wife of Alex Carlson; Anna, wife of Arthur Pillman; Jennie, who is now Mrs. Bryan Sewall of Gary; and Emma, the wife of John Charlesworth. Emil Anderson attended the Chesterton schools and on the completion of his studies he secured work as a grocery clerk and later served in the Gary steel mills. In 1920 he decided to come to Porter and in that year he engaged in the lumber and coal business in this town. While the nucleus of the business was modestly substantial, it was a firm foundation upon which has since been developed the present business. The firm occupies not only a singular place in the community, but also enjoys a wide measure of popularity due to the very evident fairness and good business methods used by those who direct it. On the organization of the company Frank Wannegar became a partner, and it has since been conducted as it was on its organization. Mr. Anderson married Bertha, the daughter of Frank and Alice (Czizek) Wannegar, of Porter, Indiana, the father being the partner in the firm. To this union was born one child, Dorothy May, a student in the Porter schools. Mr. Anderson belongs to a number of organizations and has probably been more active in promoting the interests of the Chamber of Commerce than any other body, but nevertheless he has found time to divert his attention to general matters of civic interest.

The following obituary for Emil Anderson was published in The Vidette-Messenger on August 26, 1959:

EMIL ANDERSON

PORTER -- Emil Anderson, 71, Porter, died at 5:30 a.m. today at his home on Lincoln avenue after an extended illness.

He was a lifelong resident of the Chesterton-Porter area and owner of a lumber business in Porter until 1946.

Born May 10, 1886 at Waverly to Charles and Emma Seederburg Anderson, he was married to Bertha Wannegar at Joliet, Oct. 23, 1916.

Surviving are his widow, one daughter, Mrs. Dorothy Mae Rogers and one grandchild of Arizona.

Other survivors are one brother, Charles Anderson, Gary, and four sisters, Mrs. Anna Pillman, Porter, Mrs. Hilma Anderson, Gary, Mrs. James Sewell, Muskegon, Mich., and Mrs. Ruth Felton, Chicago.

The body is at Carl Edmonds Funeral home in Chesterton. Funeral arrangements are incomplete.

The following obituary for Axel Peterson was published in The Chesterton Tribune on August 11, 1938:

AXEL PETERSON

Axel Peterson, a resident of Chesterton the past thirty-five years, passed away Tuesday night at 11:35 o'clock at his home on Calumet road, following a four months illness. He was 84 years 6 months and 16 days of age.

Mr. Peterson was born on Jan. 24, 1854 in Arvicka, Varmland, Sweden, the son of Peter and Anna Peterson. He came to America in April 1876 and lived in Chicago until 1903 when he came to Chesterton. He started a tailor business in Chesterton in 1911 and was active in his work until the past few years.

Surviving are three daughters, Ida E. Peterson, at home, Esther Gustafson and Mary Johnson of Oak Park, Ill; and one son, C. R. Peterson of Portland, Ore. Also surviving are eight grandchildren and six great-grandchildren. His wife, Kaisa Pearson Peterson passed away on Sept. 19, 1921 and one daughter and two sons also preceded their father in death.

Funeral services will be held Saturday afternoon at 2:30 o'clock from the home and at 3 o'clock from the Flynn-Lundberg chapel. Interment will be in Chesterton cemetery.

Sources

Cannon, Thomas H., H. H. Loring, and Charles J. Robb. 1927. History of the Lake and Calumet Region of Indiana Embracing the Counties of Lake, Porter and Laporte. Volume II. Indianapolis, Indiana: Historians' Association. 827 p.

The Chesterton Tribune, Chesterton, Porter County, Indiana; August 11, 1938

The Vidette-Messenger, Valparaiso, Porter County, Indiana; August 26, 1959; Volume 33, Number 45, Page 6, Column 3

Copyright 2014. Some rights reserved. The associated text may not be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without prior written permission of Steven R. Shook.

Rev. Beckes.

Date: 1905

Source Type: Photograph

Publisher, Printer, Photographer: A. H. Reading

Postmark: Not Applicable

Collection: Steven R. Shook

Remark. Reverend Cyrus Boyd Beckes and his wife Mary resided at 506 North Lafayette Street in Valparaiso, Porter County, Indiana. Beckes serves as the pastor of Valparaiso's First Presbyterian Church. This house still stands though the entire front porch has been removed from the structure.

Sources:

Bumstead & Company. 1905. Bumstead's Valparaiso City and Porter County Business Directory, Including Rural Routes. Chicago, Illinois: Radtke Brothers. 421 p. [see p. 56]

Reading, A. H. 1905. The City of Homes, Schools and Churches: A Pictorial Story of Valparaiso, Its People and Its Environs. Valparaiso, Indiana: A. H. Reading. 82 p. [see p. 77]

Copyright 2021. Some rights reserved. The associated text may not be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without prior written permission of Steven R. Shook.

Science Hall

Date: 1905

Source Type: Photograph

Publisher, Printer, Photographer: A. H. Reading

Postmark: Not applicable

Collection: Steven R. Shook

Remark: Science Hall, also referred to as Baldwin Hall, was constructed in 1900 at a cost of more than $65,000. The three story building had a footprint of 60-feet by 120-feet and was constructed with pressed brick and terra cotta. The building was sited upon ground where two identical dormitories once stood - East and West Sefton Halls.

The hall was renamed in honor of Samantha Elizabeth "Mantie" Baldwin in 1959, a professor at the university from 1873 to November 1914.

On June 8, 1939, the roof of Science Hall was torn away when a wind storm or possible tornado hit the southeast portion of Valparaiso. Due to rising costs to maintain, Science Hall was razed in 1996.

Source:

Reading, A. H. 1905. The City of Homes, Schools and Churches: A Pictorial Story of Valparaiso, Its People and Its Environs. Valparaiso, Indiana: A. H. Reading. 82 p. [see p. 46]

Copyright 2009. Some rights reserved. The associated text may not be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without prior written permission of Steven R. Shook.

INTERIOR -- ROE & THUNE, DRUGS.

Date: 1898

Source Type: Photograph

Publisher, Printer, Photographer: Headlight Engraving Company

Postmark: Not Applicable

Collection: Steven R. Shook

Remark: The following information concerning Roe & Thune Drugs has been obtained from the source of this image.

This firm is an offspring of a business that was originally established in 1858. They make a specialty of the careful compounding of prescriptions, and this important branch of the business is in the most competent hands. Mr. J. N. Roe has a thorough pharmaceutical education. He was educated at the Valparaiso Normal School and the Northwestern University of Chicago. He is dean of the Pharmaceutical Department, Professor of Chemistry, Materia Medica and Histology in the Northern Indiana Normal School.

Mr. C. C. Thune is a native of Valparaiso and has been engaged in his present business for the past ten years. The drug store of Messrs. Roe & Thune is one of the most complete in Northern Indiana.

Source:

Grand Trunk Railway. 1898. Headlight: Sights and Scenes Along the Grand Trunk Railway: Valparaiso, Ind.. Volume 3, Number, 6, Page 27.

Copyright 2009. Some rights reserved. The associated text may not be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without prior written permission of Steven R. Shook.

The Inca Trail is a magnificent, well preserved Inca Trail route which connects Machu Picchu with what once were other regions of the Inca Empire, and today it is one of the world’s most popular treks. This four-day walk goes from the highlands of 4,200mts and down through the cloud forests to finally arrive at Machu Picchu - 2,380mts.

DAY 01. - Between 06:00 and 06:30 we pick you up at your hotel in our private bus. Ensure you have your original passport and ISIC student card (if applicable – for a discount on entree fee to Machu Picchu).

The journey by bus to km 82 (the starting point for the Inca Trail) takes approximately 3 hours. Once we get there and are all ready to go, this first day will have us walking mostly through the valley. It starts at 2380m with a small climb to a plateau overlooking the Incan site of Llactapata and rewards you with superb views of Mount Veronica. Walking times are always approximate depending on weather conditions, group ability and other factors, but generally you will walk about 2-3 hours before lunch. Then after lunch we walk on just past the village of Wayllabamba to reach our first campsite at 3000m.

Approx 14km, 6 hours walking this day at Inca Trail.

DAY 02. - Day 2 is the most difficult day as you Inca Trail walk from about 3000m to 4200m — the highest pass of the trek (known as Dead Woman’s Pass – but don’t be discouraged!). You can walk at your own pace and stop to get your breath whenever you like. You’ll find your energy returns once you continue down to the valley of Pacaymayo, where we camp at 3600m.

You can hire a porter from the village of Wayllabamba to carry your pack to the top of this pass for approximately 70 soles. If you wish to do so you must organize and pay this money directly to the person who carries your items, and please check your belongings upon receiving them at the end of this service as these people are not Sap Adventures staff.

This is the coldest night at Inca Trail; between +2/+4 degrees Celsius (in December) and -3/-5 degrees Celsius (in June). Approx 12km, 7 hours walking this day at Inca Trail.

DAY 03.- Day 3 is exceptionally beautiful because of the ruins you will witness and the incredible stone Inca Trail you walk one, and also because there is a lot more downhill than uphill! However, there are about 2000 stairs descending from the ruins of Phuyupatamarca to those of Wiñaywayna, so take care with your knees. If you have had knee or ankle injuries an extra porter is recommended so that you are not carrying extra weight and overstressing your joints. There is a guided tour of all the ruins on the way. Camping is usually at Wiñaywayna 2700 mtrs.

Take extra care of your personal belongings at this campsite as all the tours campsites are nearby. As usual, always keep your daypack containing your valuables with you. The only hot shower on the Inca Trail is on this third night at Wiñaywayna. There is a hostel near the campsite with an 8min hot shower for 5 soles, and a bar and restaurant where you can purchase bottled water.

Approx 16km, 6 hours walking this day on Inca Trail.

DAY 04.- We get up extremely early to arrive at the magical Intipunku "The Gate of the Sun" as the first rays begin illuminating the lost city of Machu Picchu down bellow. A further 20 min walk down from here takes us to the famous view from the terraces at the end of the trail. It is a good time to take pictures before the 10:30 crowds arrive. Your tour of Machu Picchu should last about 2 hours and finish between 10:30 and 11:00am. Then you have free time to climb Huayna Picchu if you wish (This is the famous peak in the background of most images of Machu Picchu. The trek is about 90 minutes). A maximum of 400 hikers can climb this mountain per day so if you are determined then start immediately after your tour! Or, of course, you may simply just collapse under a tree and quietly reflect in amazement at the mystery, the architectural achievement and beauty of Machu Picchu.

From Machu Picchu, it is a pleasant walk through sub-tropical jungle down to Aguas Calientes (about 45 mins), but if you are weary you may also take a bus – the $7 bus ticket is included and your guide will give you the ticket.

Once in Aguas Calientes you can have a hot shower, and then store your backpack while you go to have lunch, visit the hot springs or shop around the village.

If you are not extending your stay for one night in Aguas Calientes*, you will leave around 6pm to return to Cusco by train or by a combination of train & bus. Please note that during the high season there are a number of different departure times for the trains that run only to Ollantaytambo, from where buses run onwards till Cusco. The type of return journey depends simply on availability. You will arrive back in Cusco around 9 - 9.30pm.

Approx 7km, 2 hours walking this day on Inca Trail.

www.sapadventures.com

Pug (Canis familiaris) with a Rottweiler friend

Ben Smith.

Date: 1905

Source Type: Photograph

Publisher, Printer, Photographer: A. H. Reading

Postmark: Not Applicable

Collection: Steven R. Shook

Remark: Benjamin Smith and his wife Eva resided at 704 Jefferson Street in Valparaiso, Porter County, Indiana. This house still stands in 2021.

Sources:

Bumstead & Company. 1905. Bumstead's Valparaiso City and Porter County Business Directory, Including Rural Routes. Chicago, Illinois: Radtke Brothers. 421 p. [see p. 140]

Reading, A. H. 1905. The City of Homes, Schools and Churches: A Pictorial Story of Valparaiso, Its People and Its Environs. Valparaiso, Indiana: A. H. Reading. 82 p. [see p. 80]

Copyright 2021. Some rights reserved. The associated text may not be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without prior written permission of Steven R. Shook.

The Inca Trail is a magnificent, well preserved Inca Trail route which connects Machu Picchu with what once were other regions of the Inca Empire, and today it is one of the world’s most popular treks. This four-day walk goes from the highlands of 4,200mts and down through the cloud forests to finally arrive at Machu Picchu - 2,380mts.

DAY 01. - Between 06:00 and 06:30 we pick you up at your hotel in our private bus. Ensure you have your original passport and ISIC student card (if applicable – for a discount on entree fee to Machu Picchu).

The journey by bus to km 82 (the starting point for the Inca Trail) takes approximately 3 hours. Once we get there and are all ready to go, this first day will have us walking mostly through the valley. It starts at 2380m with a small climb to a plateau overlooking the Incan site of Llactapata and rewards you with superb views of Mount Veronica. Walking times are always approximate depending on weather conditions, group ability and other factors, but generally you will walk about 2-3 hours before lunch. Then after lunch we walk on just past the village of Wayllabamba to reach our first campsite at 3000m.

Approx 14km, 6 hours walking this day at Inca Trail.

DAY 02. - Day 2 is the most difficult day as you Inca Trail walk from about 3000m to 4200m — the highest pass of the trek (known as Dead Woman’s Pass – but don’t be discouraged!). You can walk at your own pace and stop to get your breath whenever you like. You’ll find your energy returns once you continue down to the valley of Pacaymayo, where we camp at 3600m.

You can hire a porter from the village of Wayllabamba to carry your pack to the top of this pass for approximately 70 soles. If you wish to do so you must organize and pay this money directly to the person who carries your items, and please check your belongings upon receiving them at the end of this service as these people are not Sap Adventures staff.

This is the coldest night at Inca Trail; between +2/+4 degrees Celsius (in December) and -3/-5 degrees Celsius (in June). Approx 12km, 7 hours walking this day at Inca Trail.

DAY 03.- Day 3 is exceptionally beautiful because of the ruins you will witness and the incredible stone Inca Trail you walk one, and also because there is a lot more downhill than uphill! However, there are about 2000 stairs descending from the ruins of Phuyupatamarca to those of Wiñaywayna, so take care with your knees. If you have had knee or ankle injuries an extra porter is recommended so that you are not carrying extra weight and overstressing your joints. There is a guided tour of all the ruins on the way. Camping is usually at Wiñaywayna 2700 mtrs.

Take extra care of your personal belongings at this campsite as all the tours campsites are nearby. As usual, always keep your daypack containing your valuables with you. The only hot shower on the Inca Trail is on this third night at Wiñaywayna. There is a hostel near the campsite with an 8min hot shower for 5 soles, and a bar and restaurant where you can purchase bottled water.

Approx 16km, 6 hours walking this day on Inca Trail.

DAY 04.- We get up extremely early to arrive at the magical Intipunku "The Gate of the Sun" as the first rays begin illuminating the lost city of Machu Picchu down bellow. A further 20 min walk down from here takes us to the famous view from the terraces at the end of the trail. It is a good time to take pictures before the 10:30 crowds arrive. Your tour of Machu Picchu should last about 2 hours and finish between 10:30 and 11:00am. Then you have free time to climb Huayna Picchu if you wish (This is the famous peak in the background of most images of Machu Picchu. The trek is about 90 minutes). A maximum of 400 hikers can climb this mountain per day so if you are determined then start immediately after your tour! Or, of course, you may simply just collapse under a tree and quietly reflect in amazement at the mystery, the architectural achievement and beauty of Machu Picchu.

From Machu Picchu, it is a pleasant walk through sub-tropical jungle down to Aguas Calientes (about 45 mins), but if you are weary you may also take a bus – the $7 bus ticket is included and your guide will give you the ticket.

Once in Aguas Calientes you can have a hot shower, and then store your backpack while you go to have lunch, visit the hot springs or shop around the village.

If you are not extending your stay for one night in Aguas Calientes*, you will leave around 6pm to return to Cusco by train or by a combination of train & bus. Please note that during the high season there are a number of different departure times for the trains that run only to Ollantaytambo, from where buses run onwards till Cusco. The type of return journey depends simply on availability. You will arrive back in Cusco around 9 - 9.30pm.

Approx 7km, 2 hours walking this day on Inca Trail.

www.sapadventures.com

Non-applicable sayings make great titles doncha think?

Today was a good day! Up at the not-bright-yet early hour of 6:20, then chilled for an hour until class at 8. Learned how to use lightroom in day 2 of photo 114. It's a lot like camera raw. On there. Then a two hour break where I ate at JOs and stopped by resident life with Meghan to see if she can move to Dyson (pending) and then a bike ride 2 miles to Arnold hall. Class was cancelled which meant an immediate 2 mile freezing cold rain return run. After that I used my new found free time to run to walgreens to get milk, pop tarts, red bull, and chips/dip for alex. Another mile on the bike total. So I'm glad I bundled up well. My pants and socks got soaked though. So I changed, napped, and took the bus to Color Theory with Meghan and Alex instead of biking. I would have been 15 minutes early by bike, but by bus I was 1 minute late. The professor didn't notice. Then we took notes, painted, and got assigned Project 1!!!! So exciting! We get to make a hue montage collage collection out of our medium of choice that can relate to our medium. Photography color theory assignment huzzah!!!

Returned to the dorms, scafe with Meghan, "Easy A" (movie) with Ariel and Kahla, then four episodes of Lost with practically our entire hall. For the past couple of days most out of about 20 of the locals total have stopped by austen and johns room for Lost. It's been great fun!

And now, time for bed. Hope you enjoy this iPhone photograph of my bike today parked outside the building where I found out my class was cancelled. Good times :D

Oh! And SCAD announced the first ever delayed start in which all 8-10:30 classes are cancelled. Shame I don't have any classes tomorrow to take advantage of the delay!

Yay freezing rain!

The Inca Trail is a magnificent, well preserved Inca Trail route which connects Machu Picchu with what once were other regions of the Inca Empire, and today it is one of the world’s most popular treks. This four-day walk goes from the highlands of 4,200mts and down through the cloud forests to finally arrive at Machu Picchu - 2,380mts.

DAY 01. - Between 06:00 and 06:30 we pick you up at your hotel in our private bus. Ensure you have your original passport and ISIC student card (if applicable – for a discount on entree fee to Machu Picchu).

The journey by bus to km 82 (the starting point for the Inca Trail) takes approximately 3 hours. Once we get there and are all ready to go, this first day will have us walking mostly through the valley. It starts at 2380m with a small climb to a plateau overlooking the Incan site of Llactapata and rewards you with superb views of Mount Veronica. Walking times are always approximate depending on weather conditions, group ability and other factors, but generally you will walk about 2-3 hours before lunch. Then after lunch we walk on just past the village of Wayllabamba to reach our first campsite at 3000m.

Approx 14km, 6 hours walking this day at Inca Trail.

DAY 02. - Day 2 is the most difficult day as you Inca Trail walk from about 3000m to 4200m — the highest pass of the trek (known as Dead Woman’s Pass – but don’t be discouraged!). You can walk at your own pace and stop to get your breath whenever you like. You’ll find your energy returns once you continue down to the valley of Pacaymayo, where we camp at 3600m.

You can hire a porter from the village of Wayllabamba to carry your pack to the top of this pass for approximately 70 soles. If you wish to do so you must organize and pay this money directly to the person who carries your items, and please check your belongings upon receiving them at the end of this service as these people are not Sap Adventures staff.

This is the coldest night at Inca Trail; between +2/+4 degrees Celsius (in December) and -3/-5 degrees Celsius (in June). Approx 12km, 7 hours walking this day at Inca Trail.

DAY 03.- Day 3 is exceptionally beautiful because of the ruins you will witness and the incredible stone Inca Trail you walk one, and also because there is a lot more downhill than uphill! However, there are about 2000 stairs descending from the ruins of Phuyupatamarca to those of Wiñaywayna, so take care with your knees. If you have had knee or ankle injuries an extra porter is recommended so that you are not carrying extra weight and overstressing your joints. There is a guided tour of all the ruins on the way. Camping is usually at Wiñaywayna 2700 mtrs.

Take extra care of your personal belongings at this campsite as all the tours campsites are nearby. As usual, always keep your daypack containing your valuables with you. The only hot shower on the Inca Trail is on this third night at Wiñaywayna. There is a hostel near the campsite with an 8min hot shower for 5 soles, and a bar and restaurant where you can purchase bottled water.

Approx 16km, 6 hours walking this day on Inca Trail.

DAY 04.- We get up extremely early to arrive at the magical Intipunku "The Gate of the Sun" as the first rays begin illuminating the lost city of Machu Picchu down bellow. A further 20 min walk down from here takes us to the famous view from the terraces at the end of the trail. It is a good time to take pictures before the 10:30 crowds arrive. Your tour of Machu Picchu should last about 2 hours and finish between 10:30 and 11:00am. Then you have free time to climb Huayna Picchu if you wish (This is the famous peak in the background of most images of Machu Picchu. The trek is about 90 minutes). A maximum of 400 hikers can climb this mountain per day so if you are determined then start immediately after your tour! Or, of course, you may simply just collapse under a tree and quietly reflect in amazement at the mystery, the architectural achievement and beauty of Machu Picchu.

From Machu Picchu, it is a pleasant walk through sub-tropical jungle down to Aguas Calientes (about 45 mins), but if you are weary you may also take a bus – the $7 bus ticket is included and your guide will give you the ticket.

Once in Aguas Calientes you can have a hot shower, and then store your backpack while you go to have lunch, visit the hot springs or shop around the village.

If you are not extending your stay for one night in Aguas Calientes*, you will leave around 6pm to return to Cusco by train or by a combination of train & bus. Please note that during the high season there are a number of different departure times for the trains that run only to Ollantaytambo, from where buses run onwards till Cusco. The type of return journey depends simply on availability. You will arrive back in Cusco around 9 - 9.30pm.

Approx 7km, 2 hours walking this day on Inca Trail.

www.sapadventures.com

South Extension, New Delhi, India

Lew Horn.

Date: 1905

Source Type: Photograph

Publisher, Printer, Photographer: A. H. Reading

Postmark: Not Applicable

Collection: Steven R. Shook

Remark: Louis G. Horn and his wife Cecil resided at 102 East Monroe Street in Valparaiso, Porter County, Indiana. This house still stands in 2021 and has served as the Bartholomew Funeral Home for many decades.

Sources:

Bumstead & Company. 1905. Bumstead's Valparaiso City and Porter County Business Directory, Including Rural Routes. Chicago, Illinois: Radtke Brothers. 421 p. [see p. 97]

Reading, A. H. 1905. The City of Homes, Schools and Churches: A Pictorial Story of Valparaiso, Its People and Its Environs. Valparaiso, Indiana: A. H. Reading. 82 p. [see p. 79]

Copyright 2021. Some rights reserved. The associated text may not be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without prior written permission of Steven R. Shook.

A Fuji bike.

2005 Fuji Silhouette

Bicycle TypeHybrid

MSRP (new)Unspecified

Weight22.8

Sizes15", 17", 19", 21", 23"

ColorsCharcoal Gray

Item ID93359

Frame & Fork

Frame ConstructionTIG-welded

Frame Tubing MaterialFuji Altair 2

Fork Brand & ModelFuji

Fork MaterialAluminum, aero crown

Rear ShockNot applicable

Components

Component GroupHybrid Mix

BrakesetTektro 926 Mini V brakes, Tektro RT 354A front/Tektro RT354A rear levers

Shift LeversShimano SL-R440 Flat Bar

Front DerailleurShimano FD-443, bottom-pull/clamp-on 31.8mm

Rear DerailleurShimano Tiagra GS

CranksetTruVativ Touro, 30/42/52 teeth

PedalsUnspecified

Bottom BracketSealed cartridge

BB Shell Width68mm English

Rear Cogs9-speed, 12 - 26 teeth

ChainKMC HG-73, 1/2 x 3/32"

SeatpostAluminum micro-adjust

SaddleFuji UltraLite Racing

HandlebarAluminum

Handlebar Extensions Not applicable

Handlebar Stem Fuji Forged Aluminum

Headset1 1/8" integrated

Wheels

Hubs Formula aluminum, Q/R

Rims Alex R-500

Tires700 x 26c Kenda Kontender

Spoke Brand Stainless steel

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UNO Bicycle Studio

Vail Bicycle Works

John Sievers.

Date: 1905

Source Type: Photograph

Publisher, Printer, Photographer: A. H. Reading

Postmark: Not Applicable

Collection: Steven R. Shook

Remark: John Sievers and his wife Laura resided at 605 Calumet Avenue in Valparaiso, Porter County, Indiana. This house no longer exists.

Sources:

Bumstead & Company. 1905. Bumstead's Valparaiso City and Porter County Business Directory, Including Rural Routes. Chicago, Illinois: Radtke Brothers. 421 p. [see p. 139]

Reading, A. H. 1905. The City of Homes, Schools and Churches: A Pictorial Story of Valparaiso, Its People and Its Environs. Valparaiso, Indiana: A. H. Reading. 82 p. [see p. 73]

Copyright 2021. Some rights reserved. The associated text may not be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without prior written permission of Steven R. Shook.

Dodge's Telegraph, Railway Accounting and Radio (Wireless) Institute, Sectional View of Railway Accounting Department

Valparaiso, Indiana

Date: 1924

Source Type: Photograph

Publisher, Printer, Photographer: Dodge's Telegraph, Railway Accounting and Radio (Wireless) Institute

Postmark: Not applicable

Collection: Steven R. Shook

Remark: The Dodge Institute of Telegraphy was initially established as a department of the Northern Indiana Normal School in 1874 by G. A. Dodge. At that time, Dodge was employed as telegrapher of the Pittsburg, Fort Wayne & Chicago Railroad and saw opportunity in better educating future telegraphers. Reorganized by Dodge and F. R. Lunbeck in 1891, the school flourished and became the largest telegraph and railway instruction institution in the United States. As radio entered the scene, training in "wireless" communication was added to the curriculum of the institute. Dr. J. B. Hershman purchased the Dodge Institute in 1939 and moved the campus to the site formerly occupied by Pitkin-Brooks and L. E. Myers companies at Center Street and West Lincolnway. Following World War II, the Dodge Institute was renamed the Valparaiso Technical Institute. Valparaiso Technical Institute went defunct in April of 1991, ending 117 years of operation.

Copyright 2006. Some rights reserved. The associated text may not be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without prior written permission of Steven R. Shook.

PORTER COUNTY COURT HOUSE.

Date: 1894

Source Type: Photograph

Publisher, Printer, Photographer: Robert R. Beatty, Photo Tint Engraving Company

Postmark: Not Applicable

Collection: Steven R. Shook

Remark: The image here shows the third court house constructed in Porter County. This structure was completed in 1883 at a cost of $157,348, nearly 25 percent over the original bid cost of $125,909. The building's footprint measured 128 feet by 98 feet, and had a tower height of 168 feet.

A fire at the court house occurred during near zero temperatures on December 27, 1934, and required the assistance of fire departments from Gary and LaPorte to help extinguish the blaze. Tragically, fireman Raymond Meinke died of injuries sustained when his fire truck skidded on an icy highway six miles from Valparaiso on its return trip to LaPorte from this fire. Considerable controversy resulted from this fire; several residents had stated that the county had been warned repeatedly about building safety issues, especially about alleged faulty wiring, long before the fire took place and that these warnings were continually ignored by the county commissioners. William Hutton, an architect from Hammond, Indiana, assisted the county in receiving $100,000 from insurance companies after the fire.

In 1936, William Scholer, an architect from Lafayette, Indiana, was hired by the county to prepare two separate plans: one plan for the complete demolition and construction of a new court house, and the second plan for the remodeling of the fire-damaged structure. In the end, remodeling the damaged structure won out. The cost for reconstructing the fire-damaged structure was $172,000, which was completed in 1937 by the the local firm Foster Lumber Company.

This photographic image was included in a souvenir photograph book published by Robert R. Beatty in 1894. Beatty was the proprietor of a photography studio in Valparaiso that was first located at 65 College Avenue and later at 20 South Locust Street. The Valparaiso studio was in operation from the 1880s to about 1902 when he sold his business to Henry A. W. Brown and became a student at the Northern Illinois College of Ophthalmology and Otology.

Source:

Beatty, Robert R. 1894. Souvenir Valparaiso, Ind. Chicago, Illinois: Photo Tint Engraving Company. 37 p.

Copyright 2023. Some rights reserved. The associated text may not be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without prior written permission of Steven R. Shook.

The Inca Trail is a magnificent, well preserved Inca Trail route which connects Machu Picchu with what once were other regions of the Inca Empire, and today it is one of the world’s most popular treks. This four-day walk goes from the highlands of 4,200mts and down through the cloud forests to finally arrive at Machu Picchu - 2,380mts.

DAY 01. - Between 06:00 and 06:30 we pick you up at your hotel in our private bus. Ensure you have your original passport and ISIC student card (if applicable – for a discount on entree fee to Machu Picchu).

The journey by bus to km 82 (the starting point for the Inca Trail) takes approximately 3 hours. Once we get there and are all ready to go, this first day will have us walking mostly through the valley. It starts at 2380m with a small climb to a plateau overlooking the Incan site of Llactapata and rewards you with superb views of Mount Veronica. Walking times are always approximate depending on weather conditions, group ability and other factors, but generally you will walk about 2-3 hours before lunch. Then after lunch we walk on just past the village of Wayllabamba to reach our first campsite at 3000m.

Approx 14km, 6 hours walking this day at Inca Trail.

DAY 02. - Day 2 is the most difficult day as you Inca Trail walk from about 3000m to 4200m — the highest pass of the trek (known as Dead Woman’s Pass – but don’t be discouraged!). You can walk at your own pace and stop to get your breath whenever you like. You’ll find your energy returns once you continue down to the valley of Pacaymayo, where we camp at 3600m.

You can hire a porter from the village of Wayllabamba to carry your pack to the top of this pass for approximately 70 soles. If you wish to do so you must organize and pay this money directly to the person who carries your items, and please check your belongings upon receiving them at the end of this service as these people are not Sap Adventures staff.

This is the coldest night at Inca Trail; between +2/+4 degrees Celsius (in December) and -3/-5 degrees Celsius (in June). Approx 12km, 7 hours walking this day at Inca Trail.

DAY 03.- Day 3 is exceptionally beautiful because of the ruins you will witness and the incredible stone Inca Trail you walk one, and also because there is a lot more downhill than uphill! However, there are about 2000 stairs descending from the ruins of Phuyupatamarca to those of Wiñaywayna, so take care with your knees. If you have had knee or ankle injuries an extra porter is recommended so that you are not carrying extra weight and overstressing your joints. There is a guided tour of all the ruins on the way. Camping is usually at Wiñaywayna 2700 mtrs.

Take extra care of your personal belongings at this campsite as all the tours campsites are nearby. As usual, always keep your daypack containing your valuables with you. The only hot shower on the Inca Trail is on this third night at Wiñaywayna. There is a hostel near the campsite with an 8min hot shower for 5 soles, and a bar and restaurant where you can purchase bottled water.

Approx 16km, 6 hours walking this day on Inca Trail.

DAY 04.- We get up extremely early to arrive at the magical Intipunku "The Gate of the Sun" as the first rays begin illuminating the lost city of Machu Picchu down bellow. A further 20 min walk down from here takes us to the famous view from the terraces at the end of the trail. It is a good time to take pictures before the 10:30 crowds arrive. Your tour of Machu Picchu should last about 2 hours and finish between 10:30 and 11:00am. Then you have free time to climb Huayna Picchu if you wish (This is the famous peak in the background of most images of Machu Picchu. The trek is about 90 minutes). A maximum of 400 hikers can climb this mountain per day so if you are determined then start immediately after your tour! Or, of course, you may simply just collapse under a tree and quietly reflect in amazement at the mystery, the architectural achievement and beauty of Machu Picchu.

From Machu Picchu, it is a pleasant walk through sub-tropical jungle down to Aguas Calientes (about 45 mins), but if you are weary you may also take a bus – the $7 bus ticket is included and your guide will give you the ticket.

Once in Aguas Calientes you can have a hot shower, and then store your backpack while you go to have lunch, visit the hot springs or shop around the village.

If you are not extending your stay for one night in Aguas Calientes*, you will leave around 6pm to return to Cusco by train or by a combination of train & bus. Please note that during the high season there are a number of different departure times for the trains that run only to Ollantaytambo, from where buses run onwards till Cusco. The type of return journey depends simply on availability. You will arrive back in Cusco around 9 - 9.30pm.

Approx 7km, 2 hours walking this day on Inca Trail.

www.sapadventures.com

Heatersare typically mounted along the perimeter of the space when applicable. Door areas are stacked with extra units, or tube heater burner boxes are located by doors to provide extra heat. Care is taken to avoid violating the published clearances to combustibles with doors in the open position and/or lifts (with cars on them) in the up position. Common applications also utilize tubes located between lift rows (center of the building) or along side a wall with the heat shined inward. Outside combustion air is highly recommended. Lastly, do not place any heater inside of a paint booth

Heatersare typically mounted along the perimeter of the space when applicable. Door areas are stacked with extra units, or tube heater burner boxes are located by doors to provide extra heat. Care is taken to avoid violating the published clearances to combustibles with doors in the open position and/or lifts (with cars on them) in the up position. Common applications also utilize tubes located between lift rows (center of the building) or along side a wall with the heat shined inward. Outside combustion air is highly recommended. Lastly, do not place any heater inside of a paint booth

Western Townsite Company of Idaho

Lewiston, Nez Perce County, Idaho

Date: Not Issued

Source Type: Stock Certificate

Publisher, Printer, Photographer: Goes Lithographing Company

Postmark: Not Applicable

Collection: Steven R. Shook

Remark: The Western Townsite Company of Idaho, located in Lewiston, Nez Perce County, Idaho, was incorporated in the State of Idaho on February 7, 1906. The company dissolved its corporate status on April 26, 1909.

The Western Townsite Company of Idaho was "organized for the purpose of carrying on a general real estate business and for the purpose of platting lands into streets, block, alleys and public grounds and of selling the same when so platted." The company was incorporated by its three officers; namely, E. W. Cook of Seattle, H. H. Field of Seattle, and L. N. Smith of Lewiston, Idaho.

The company did plat and sell land, including in the small village of St. Joe, Kootenai County, Idaho.

Sources:

Coeur d'Alene Evening Press, Coeur d'Alene, Kootenai County, Idaho; December 18, 1907; Volume 2, Number 109, Page 1, Column 6. Column titled "Real Estate Transfers."

Daily Idaho Press, Wallace, Shoshone County, Idaho; June 7, 1907; Volume 1, Number 208, Page 4, Column 2. Column titled "Real Estate Firm Formed."

Copyright 2024. Some rights reserved. The associated text may not be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without prior written permission of Steven R. Shook.

The Inca Trail is a magnificent, well preserved Inca Trail route which connects Machu Picchu with what once were other regions of the Inca Empire, and today it is one of the world’s most popular treks. This four-day walk goes from the highlands of 4,200mts and down through the cloud forests to finally arrive at Machu Picchu - 2,380mts.

DAY 01. - Between 06:00 and 06:30 we pick you up at your hotel in our private bus. Ensure you have your original passport and ISIC student card (if applicable – for a discount on entree fee to Machu Picchu).

The journey by bus to km 82 (the starting point for the Inca Trail) takes approximately 3 hours. Once we get there and are all ready to go, this first day will have us walking mostly through the valley. It starts at 2380m with a small climb to a plateau overlooking the Incan site of Llactapata and rewards you with superb views of Mount Veronica. Walking times are always approximate depending on weather conditions, group ability and other factors, but generally you will walk about 2-3 hours before lunch. Then after lunch we walk on just past the village of Wayllabamba to reach our first campsite at 3000m.

Approx 14km, 6 hours walking this day at Inca Trail.

DAY 02. - Day 2 is the most difficult day as you Inca Trail walk from about 3000m to 4200m — the highest pass of the trek (known as Dead Woman’s Pass – but don’t be discouraged!). You can walk at your own pace and stop to get your breath whenever you like. You’ll find your energy returns once you continue down to the valley of Pacaymayo, where we camp at 3600m.

You can hire a porter from the village of Wayllabamba to carry your pack to the top of this pass for approximately 70 soles. If you wish to do so you must organize and pay this money directly to the person who carries your items, and please check your belongings upon receiving them at the end of this service as these people are not Sap Adventures staff.

This is the coldest night at Inca Trail; between +2/+4 degrees Celsius (in December) and -3/-5 degrees Celsius (in June). Approx 12km, 7 hours walking this day at Inca Trail.

DAY 03.- Day 3 is exceptionally beautiful because of the ruins you will witness and the incredible stone Inca Trail you walk one, and also because there is a lot more downhill than uphill! However, there are about 2000 stairs descending from the ruins of Phuyupatamarca to those of Wiñaywayna, so take care with your knees. If you have had knee or ankle injuries an extra porter is recommended so that you are not carrying extra weight and overstressing your joints. There is a guided tour of all the ruins on the way. Camping is usually at Wiñaywayna 2700 mtrs.

Take extra care of your personal belongings at this campsite as all the tours campsites are nearby. As usual, always keep your daypack containing your valuables with you. The only hot shower on the Inca Trail is on this third night at Wiñaywayna. There is a hostel near the campsite with an 8min hot shower for 5 soles, and a bar and restaurant where you can purchase bottled water.

Approx 16km, 6 hours walking this day on Inca Trail.

DAY 04.- We get up extremely early to arrive at the magical Intipunku "The Gate of the Sun" as the first rays begin illuminating the lost city of Machu Picchu down bellow. A further 20 min walk down from here takes us to the famous view from the terraces at the end of the trail. It is a good time to take pictures before the 10:30 crowds arrive. Your tour of Machu Picchu should last about 2 hours and finish between 10:30 and 11:00am. Then you have free time to climb Huayna Picchu if you wish (This is the famous peak in the background of most images of Machu Picchu. The trek is about 90 minutes). A maximum of 400 hikers can climb this mountain per day so if you are determined then start immediately after your tour! Or, of course, you may simply just collapse under a tree and quietly reflect in amazement at the mystery, the architectural achievement and beauty of Machu Picchu.

From Machu Picchu, it is a pleasant walk through sub-tropical jungle down to Aguas Calientes (about 45 mins), but if you are weary you may also take a bus – the $7 bus ticket is included and your guide will give you the ticket.

Once in Aguas Calientes you can have a hot shower, and then store your backpack while you go to have lunch, visit the hot springs or shop around the village.

If you are not extending your stay for one night in Aguas Calientes*, you will leave around 6pm to return to Cusco by train or by a combination of train & bus. Please note that during the high season there are a number of different departure times for the trains that run only to Ollantaytambo, from where buses run onwards till Cusco. The type of return journey depends simply on availability. You will arrive back in Cusco around 9 - 9.30pm.

Approx 7km, 2 hours walking this day on Inca Trail.

www.sapadventures.com

gunracks applicable on both sides

LAW SCHOOL BUILDING.

Date: 1894

Source Type: Photograph

Publisher, Printer, Photographer: Robert R. Beatty, Photo Tint Engraving Company

Postmark: Not Applicable

Collection: Steven R. Shook

Remark: This building was located at 355 Greenwich Street and was razed around 1940. The Northern Indiana Law School was organized by Mark L. DeMotte in 1879 and later became a college within Valparaiso University in 1907. The law school discontinued operations in 2020.

The building housing the law school, seen in this image, was originally the private residence of Northern Indiana Normal School and Business Institute professor Felix Ekblad, a former head of the fine arts department. This building continued to serve as the home of the law school until it was moved into the Law-Arts Building.

This photographic image was included in a souvenir photograph book published by Robert R. Beatty in 1894. Beatty was the proprietor of a photography studio in Valparaiso that was first located at 65 College Avenue and later at 20 South Locust Street. The Valparaiso studio was in operation from the 1880s to about 1902 when he sold his business to Henry A. W. Brown and became a student at the Northern Illinois College of Ophthalmology and Otology.

Sources:

Beatty, Robert R. 1894. Souvenir Valparaiso, Ind. Chicago, Illinois: Photo Tint Engraving Company. 37 p.

Strietelmeier, John. 1959. Valparaiso's First Century: A Centennial History of Valparaiso University. Valparaiso, Indiana: Valparaiso University. 191 p. [see pp 41-42]

Copyright 2023. Some rights reserved. The associated text may not be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without prior written permission of Steven R. Shook.

The Inca Trail is a magnificent, well preserved Inca Trail route which connects Machu Picchu with what once were other regions of the Inca Empire, and today it is one of the world’s most popular treks. This four-day walk goes from the highlands of 4,200mts and down through the cloud forests to finally arrive at Machu Picchu - 2,380mts.

DAY 01. - Between 06:00 and 06:30 we pick you up at your hotel in our private bus. Ensure you have your original passport and ISIC student card (if applicable – for a discount on entree fee to Machu Picchu).

The journey by bus to km 82 (the starting point for the Inca Trail) takes approximately 3 hours. Once we get there and are all ready to go, this first day will have us walking mostly through the valley. It starts at 2380m with a small climb to a plateau overlooking the Incan site of Llactapata and rewards you with superb views of Mount Veronica. Walking times are always approximate depending on weather conditions, group ability and other factors, but generally you will walk about 2-3 hours before lunch. Then after lunch we walk on just past the village of Wayllabamba to reach our first campsite at 3000m.

Approx 14km, 6 hours walking this day at Inca Trail.

DAY 02. - Day 2 is the most difficult day as you Inca Trail walk from about 3000m to 4200m — the highest pass of the trek (known as Dead Woman’s Pass – but don’t be discouraged!). You can walk at your own pace and stop to get your breath whenever you like. You’ll find your energy returns once you continue down to the valley of Pacaymayo, where we camp at 3600m.

You can hire a porter from the village of Wayllabamba to carry your pack to the top of this pass for approximately 70 soles. If you wish to do so you must organize and pay this money directly to the person who carries your items, and please check your belongings upon receiving them at the end of this service as these people are not Sap Adventures staff.

This is the coldest night at Inca Trail; between +2/+4 degrees Celsius (in December) and -3/-5 degrees Celsius (in June). Approx 12km, 7 hours walking this day at Inca Trail.

DAY 03.- Day 3 is exceptionally beautiful because of the ruins you will witness and the incredible stone Inca Trail you walk one, and also because there is a lot more downhill than uphill! However, there are about 2000 stairs descending from the ruins of Phuyupatamarca to those of Wiñaywayna, so take care with your knees. If you have had knee or ankle injuries an extra porter is recommended so that you are not carrying extra weight and overstressing your joints. There is a guided tour of all the ruins on the way. Camping is usually at Wiñaywayna 2700 mtrs.

Take extra care of your personal belongings at this campsite as all the tours campsites are nearby. As usual, always keep your daypack containing your valuables with you. The only hot shower on the Inca Trail is on this third night at Wiñaywayna. There is a hostel near the campsite with an 8min hot shower for 5 soles, and a bar and restaurant where you can purchase bottled water.

Approx 16km, 6 hours walking this day on Inca Trail.

DAY 04.- We get up extremely early to arrive at the magical Intipunku "The Gate of the Sun" as the first rays begin illuminating the lost city of Machu Picchu down bellow. A further 20 min walk down from here takes us to the famous view from the terraces at the end of the trail. It is a good time to take pictures before the 10:30 crowds arrive. Your tour of Machu Picchu should last about 2 hours and finish between 10:30 and 11:00am. Then you have free time to climb Huayna Picchu if you wish (This is the famous peak in the background of most images of Machu Picchu. The trek is about 90 minutes). A maximum of 400 hikers can climb this mountain per day so if you are determined then start immediately after your tour! Or, of course, you may simply just collapse under a tree and quietly reflect in amazement at the mystery, the architectural achievement and beauty of Machu Picchu.

From Machu Picchu, it is a pleasant walk through sub-tropical jungle down to Aguas Calientes (about 45 mins), but if you are weary you may also take a bus – the $7 bus ticket is included and your guide will give you the ticket.

Once in Aguas Calientes you can have a hot shower, and then store your backpack while you go to have lunch, visit the hot springs or shop around the village.

If you are not extending your stay for one night in Aguas Calientes*, you will leave around 6pm to return to Cusco by train or by a combination of train & bus. Please note that during the high season there are a number of different departure times for the trains that run only to Ollantaytambo, from where buses run onwards till Cusco. The type of return journey depends simply on availability. You will arrive back in Cusco around 9 - 9.30pm.

Approx 7km, 2 hours walking this day on Inca Trail.

www.sapadventures.com

The Inca Trail is a magnificent, well preserved Inca Trail route which connects Machu Picchu with what once were other regions of the Inca Empire, and today it is one of the world’s most popular treks. This four-day walk goes from the highlands of 4,200mts and down through the cloud forests to finally arrive at Machu Picchu - 2,380mts.

DAY 01. - Between 06:00 and 06:30 we pick you up at your hotel in our private bus. Ensure you have your original passport and ISIC student card (if applicable – for a discount on entree fee to Machu Picchu).

The journey by bus to km 82 (the starting point for the Inca Trail) takes approximately 3 hours. Once we get there and are all ready to go, this first day will have us walking mostly through the valley. It starts at 2380m with a small climb to a plateau overlooking the Incan site of Llactapata and rewards you with superb views of Mount Veronica. Walking times are always approximate depending on weather conditions, group ability and other factors, but generally you will walk about 2-3 hours before lunch. Then after lunch we walk on just past the village of Wayllabamba to reach our first campsite at 3000m.

Approx 14km, 6 hours walking this day at Inca Trail.

DAY 02. - Day 2 is the most difficult day as you Inca Trail walk from about 3000m to 4200m — the highest pass of the trek (known as Dead Woman’s Pass – but don’t be discouraged!). You can walk at your own pace and stop to get your breath whenever you like. You’ll find your energy returns once you continue down to the valley of Pacaymayo, where we camp at 3600m.

You can hire a porter from the village of Wayllabamba to carry your pack to the top of this pass for approximately 70 soles. If you wish to do so you must organize and pay this money directly to the person who carries your items, and please check your belongings upon receiving them at the end of this service as these people are not Sap Adventures staff.

This is the coldest night at Inca Trail; between +2/+4 degrees Celsius (in December) and -3/-5 degrees Celsius (in June). Approx 12km, 7 hours walking this day at Inca Trail.

DAY 03.- Day 3 is exceptionally beautiful because of the ruins you will witness and the incredible stone Inca Trail you walk one, and also because there is a lot more downhill than uphill! However, there are about 2000 stairs descending from the ruins of Phuyupatamarca to those of Wiñaywayna, so take care with your knees. If you have had knee or ankle injuries an extra porter is recommended so that you are not carrying extra weight and overstressing your joints. There is a guided tour of all the ruins on the way. Camping is usually at Wiñaywayna 2700 mtrs.

Take extra care of your personal belongings at this campsite as all the tours campsites are nearby. As usual, always keep your daypack containing your valuables with you. The only hot shower on the Inca Trail is on this third night at Wiñaywayna. There is a hostel near the campsite with an 8min hot shower for 5 soles, and a bar and restaurant where you can purchase bottled water.

Approx 16km, 6 hours walking this day on Inca Trail.

DAY 04.- We get up extremely early to arrive at the magical Intipunku "The Gate of the Sun" as the first rays begin illuminating the lost city of Machu Picchu down bellow. A further 20 min walk down from here takes us to the famous view from the terraces at the end of the trail. It is a good time to take pictures before the 10:30 crowds arrive. Your tour of Machu Picchu should last about 2 hours and finish between 10:30 and 11:00am. Then you have free time to climb Huayna Picchu if you wish (This is the famous peak in the background of most images of Machu Picchu. The trek is about 90 minutes). A maximum of 400 hikers can climb this mountain per day so if you are determined then start immediately after your tour! Or, of course, you may simply just collapse under a tree and quietly reflect in amazement at the mystery, the architectural achievement and beauty of Machu Picchu.

From Machu Picchu, it is a pleasant walk through sub-tropical jungle down to Aguas Calientes (about 45 mins), but if you are weary you may also take a bus – the $7 bus ticket is included and your guide will give you the ticket.

Once in Aguas Calientes you can have a hot shower, and then store your backpack while you go to have lunch, visit the hot springs or shop around the village.

If you are not extending your stay for one night in Aguas Calientes*, you will leave around 6pm to return to Cusco by train or by a combination of train & bus. Please note that during the high season there are a number of different departure times for the trains that run only to Ollantaytambo, from where buses run onwards till Cusco. The type of return journey depends simply on availability. You will arrive back in Cusco around 9 - 9.30pm.

Approx 7km, 2 hours walking this day on Inca Trail.

www.sapadventures.com

The Inca Trail is a magnificent, well preserved Inca Trail route which connects Machu Picchu with what once were other regions of the Inca Empire, and today it is one of the world’s most popular treks. This four-day walk goes from the highlands of 4,200mts and down through the cloud forests to finally arrive at Machu Picchu - 2,380mts.

DAY 01. - Between 06:00 and 06:30 we pick you up at your hotel in our private bus. Ensure you have your original passport and ISIC student card (if applicable – for a discount on entree fee to Machu Picchu).

The journey by bus to km 82 (the starting point for the Inca Trail) takes approximately 3 hours. Once we get there and are all ready to go, this first day will have us walking mostly through the valley. It starts at 2380m with a small climb to a plateau overlooking the Incan site of Llactapata and rewards you with superb views of Mount Veronica. Walking times are always approximate depending on weather conditions, group ability and other factors, but generally you will walk about 2-3 hours before lunch. Then after lunch we walk on just past the village of Wayllabamba to reach our first campsite at 3000m.

Approx 14km, 6 hours walking this day at Inca Trail.

DAY 02. - Day 2 is the most difficult day as you Inca Trail walk from about 3000m to 4200m — the highest pass of the trek (known as Dead Woman’s Pass – but don’t be discouraged!). You can walk at your own pace and stop to get your breath whenever you like. You’ll find your energy returns once you continue down to the valley of Pacaymayo, where we camp at 3600m.

You can hire a porter from the village of Wayllabamba to carry your pack to the top of this pass for approximately 70 soles. If you wish to do so you must organize and pay this money directly to the person who carries your items, and please check your belongings upon receiving them at the end of this service as these people are not Sap Adventures staff.

This is the coldest night at Inca Trail; between +2/+4 degrees Celsius (in December) and -3/-5 degrees Celsius (in June). Approx 12km, 7 hours walking this day at Inca Trail.

DAY 03.- Day 3 is exceptionally beautiful because of the ruins you will witness and the incredible stone Inca Trail you walk one, and also because there is a lot more downhill than uphill! However, there are about 2000 stairs descending from the ruins of Phuyupatamarca to those of Wiñaywayna, so take care with your knees. If you have had knee or ankle injuries an extra porter is recommended so that you are not carrying extra weight and overstressing your joints. There is a guided tour of all the ruins on the way. Camping is usually at Wiñaywayna 2700 mtrs.

Take extra care of your personal belongings at this campsite as all the tours campsites are nearby. As usual, always keep your daypack containing your valuables with you. The only hot shower on the Inca Trail is on this third night at Wiñaywayna. There is a hostel near the campsite with an 8min hot shower for 5 soles, and a bar and restaurant where you can purchase bottled water.

Approx 16km, 6 hours walking this day on Inca Trail.

DAY 04.- We get up extremely early to arrive at the magical Intipunku "The Gate of the Sun" as the first rays begin illuminating the lost city of Machu Picchu down bellow. A further 20 min walk down from here takes us to the famous view from the terraces at the end of the trail. It is a good time to take pictures before the 10:30 crowds arrive. Your tour of Machu Picchu should last about 2 hours and finish between 10:30 and 11:00am. Then you have free time to climb Huayna Picchu if you wish (This is the famous peak in the background of most images of Machu Picchu. The trek is about 90 minutes). A maximum of 400 hikers can climb this mountain per day so if you are determined then start immediately after your tour! Or, of course, you may simply just collapse under a tree and quietly reflect in amazement at the mystery, the architectural achievement and beauty of Machu Picchu.

From Machu Picchu, it is a pleasant walk through sub-tropical jungle down to Aguas Calientes (about 45 mins), but if you are weary you may also take a bus – the $7 bus ticket is included and your guide will give you the ticket.

Once in Aguas Calientes you can have a hot shower, and then store your backpack while you go to have lunch, visit the hot springs or shop around the village.

If you are not extending your stay for one night in Aguas Calientes*, you will leave around 6pm to return to Cusco by train or by a combination of train & bus. Please note that during the high season there are a number of different departure times for the trains that run only to Ollantaytambo, from where buses run onwards till Cusco. The type of return journey depends simply on availability. You will arrive back in Cusco around 9 - 9.30pm.

Approx 7km, 2 hours walking this day on Inca Trail.

www.sapadventures.com

John Clifford.

Date: 1905

Source Type: Photograph

Publisher, Printer, Photographer: A. H. Reading

Postmark: Not Applicable

Collection: Steven R. Shook

Remark: John B. Clifford and his wife Hannah resided at 552 West Chicago Street in Valparaiso, Porter County, Indiana. This house still stands in 2021.

Sources:

Bumstead & Company. 1905. Bumstead's Valparaiso City and Porter County Business Directory, Including Rural Routes. Chicago, Illinois: Radtke Brothers. 421 p. [see p. 69]

Reading, A. H. 1905. The City of Homes, Schools and Churches: A Pictorial Story of Valparaiso, Its People and Its Environs. Valparaiso, Indiana: A. H. Reading. 82 p. [see p. 71]

Copyright 2021. Some rights reserved. The associated text may not be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without prior written permission of Steven R. Shook.

First Baptist Church

Rev. H. B. Benninghoff.

Date: 1905

Source Type: Photograph

Publisher, Printer, Photographer: A. H. Reading

Postmark: Not Applicable

Collection: Steven R. Shook

Remark: Harry Baxter Benninghoff was born in Venango Co., Pennsylvania, on April 8, 1874. His parents were Lewis Nelson Benninghoff and Mary Matilda McClintock. His mother passed away when he was about 17 and he left for Indiana on his own to work his way through college. While in Indiana, he met and married Trottie Merrell. The Benninghoffs became Baptist missionaries and teachers and their first assignment was in Burma, where he taught and became principal of the Rangoon Baptist College. Their daughter was born in in Rangoon in 1901. Due to the illness of Mrs. Benninghoff, they returned to the United States and he served as pastor of Valparaiso Baptist Church from 1904-1907. The family then went to Japan were Mr. Benninghoff served as principal of the Duncan Baptist Academy and then taught at a university in Japan. Due to the hostilities towards Americans, the family returned to the United States in 1941 and he was the chaplain at a college in Illinois for a few years, and then taught Oriental Studies at his alma mater, Franklin College in Indiana, until his death in 1949.

Located on the northwest corner of Lafayette Street and Chicago Street, the First Baptist Church was constructed in 1881 and replaced a wood framed church structure that was removed from the site and repurposed.

On Sunday, November 13, 1881, this church was dedicated. The November 17, 1881, issue of the Porter County Vidette provides the following description of the church:

About six months ago the first brick of the new church was laid. The intention at first was to erect a building that should cost no more than five thousand dollars, and one which could be paid for as the work progressed; but in building as in other things, we can not always foresee all the details, nor can we predict results. But all have stood nobly up to the work, and through many discouraging times have completed the beautiful edifice that was dedicated on last Sabbath.

The building is in the form of a Greek cross, having two entrances, one at the north-east and the other at the south-east portion of the church, both fronting to the east. The main entrance is at the southeast, over which rises a beautiful tower one hundred feet in height. In this is placed a bell of superior quality and tone. The audience room is thirty-four by fifty-feet in dimensions, having a ceiling twenty-five feet in height. In the back part of this room is a large alcove containing a rostrum and pulpit, with room for the choir. Extending under and across this, and through the wall in the rear, is the baptistry with robing rooms at either side. A door at the rear of the building gives entrance to the baptistry and to the rostrum. The seats of the auditorium are circularly arranged so that each one in the congregation sits facing the preacher's desk. At the east side of the audience room and between the entrances is another large room, the two being separated by a system of folding doors, which makes it possible, when occasion requires, to throw the two rooms into one, and gives a larger seating capacity. Above this is another room of the same size, used as a parlor and opening upon the gallery which has one hundred and fifty sittings. The gallery is also entered from the tower. The building is substantially and comfortably furnished and has a seating capacity of about seven hundred. The rooms are brilliantly lighted by gas and warmed by a furnace.

The cost of the church is $6,100, of which amount $2,700 was unprovided for. Of this deficit $1,800 was subscribed and much of it paid during the course of the morning meeting, and the remainder provided for at the following services of the day.

Information Sources:

Porter County Vidette, Valparaiso, Porter County, Indiana; November 17, 1881; Volume 25, Number 46, Page 1, Column 6. Column titled "The Baptist Dedication."

Reading, A. H. 1905. The City of Homes, Schools and Churches: A Pictorial Story of Valparaiso, Its People and Its Environs. Valparaiso, Indiana: A. H. Reading. 82 p. [see p. 29]

Copyright 2009. Some rights reserved. The associated text may not be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without prior written permission of Steven R. Shook.

Please respect the person (where applicable) in the photo.

Photo taene by me at Stoke-Con-Trent October 2016.

Book and Printing Department

Date: 1910

Source Type: Photograph

Publisher, Printer, Photographer: Elmer E. Starr

Postmark: Not Applicable

Collection: Steven R. Shook

Remark: This building housed the M. E. Bogarte Book Company, which was organized in 1904. Martin E. Bogarte operated a penmanship school at the Northern Indiana Normal School and Business Institute, the predecessor of Valparaiso University. He was a professor at the school for several decades.

If present day Short Street were extended south and College Avenue extended east, then this building would have been located on the northeast corner where these two roads once intersected one another.

-----------

The following newspaper item from the November 13, 1891, issue of The Tribune relates the first elevator accident in Valparaiso took place in this bookstore:

Twinklings From The Star.

The first elevator accident in this city occurred on last Saturday afternoon, and it came near terminating fatally. B. F. Perrine has just completed and taken possession of a handsome business building on College Hill. The structure is a four story one and equipped with modern conveniencies, among which is the steam elevator. Bert Wise, an employe of the printing department, and James, a son of Mr. Perrine's, were on the elevator passing from the basement to the bindery on the top floor. A young lady employe asked that they bring the dust pan from below. As they passed the next floor James leaned out of the elevator door and was tantalizing the young lady who was waiting for the dust pan. The elevator passed upward and James realized his dangerous situation in time to draw back his head but not his hand, which was caught between the elevator and floor and drawn up half-way to the elbow before the machinery working the elevator could be stopped and a downward motion secured. The flesh of the arm was rolled and bruised in a most painful manner.

-----------

The following news item appeared in the September 9, 1904, issue of The Chesterton Tribune:

Chesterton Chips.

Friday's Indianapolis News has the following in its incorporation notes: The M. E. Bogarte Book company, Valparaiso, capital, $11,000; directors, M. E. Bogarte, John E. Roessler, George W. Neet and Charles W. Benton.

Sources:

The Chesterton Tribune, Chesterton, Porter County, Indiana; September 9, 1904; Volume 21, Number 23, Page 9, Column 6. Column titled "Chesterton Chips."

Starr, Elmer E. 1910. Souvenir 1910 Valparaiso University. Valparaiso, Indiana: Elmer E. Starr. 22 p.

The Tribune, Chesterton, Porter County, Indiana; November 13, 1891; Volume 8, Number 31, Page 4, Column 4. Column titled "Twinklings From The Star."

Copyright 2020. Some rights reserved. The associated text may not be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without prior written permission of Steven R. Shook.

Postal Date: Circa 1911

Scott Catalog Number of Postage Stamp: Not applicable

Collection: Steven R. Shook

SENDER:

None

RECIPIENT:

Roy Denny

REMARK:

Inserted within this postal cover are four pages of handwritten lines for Shakespeare's play The Taming of the Shrew.

One of Valparaiso's most noted musical organizations was the Salisbury Family Orchestra. Led by Joseph M. Salisbury and his wife, Abbie, the family performed professionally for seventeen years. When the youngest Salisbury child was about five years old (circa 1900), the family began to give public performances. The family disbanded in June 1917, giving several farewell concerts in Valparaiso. After disbanding, some members of the family then joined other organizations and were involved in vaudeville work. Agents for the family included Ernest Butler, Edgar Dowdell, and John Manion. Joseph and Abbie Salisbury were both killed when a South Shore electric train struck their automobile in The Pines subdivision in Pine Township, Porter County, on May 1, 1932.

Copyright 2011. Some rights reserved. The associated text may not be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without prior written permission of Steven R. Shook.

Paratriathletes compete over three disciplines, in five classification groups (PT1 – PT5). Although the disciplines are the same for the Olympic athlete, the training principles aren’t directly transferrable.

The short history of the sport means that effective training principles for the paratriathlete are still being developed, and there’s very little applicable published data in the area.

The British Triathlon Federation (BTF) and their paratriathlon performance manager Jonathan Riall decided that the best way to develop effective training principles for paratriathletes would be to carry out a scientific study of the development/elite squad of athletes, while documenting existing knowledge.

The BTF – with funding from the Peter Harrison Foundation – granted a physiological support project at Loughborough University (2014-2015) for the paratriathlon performance athletes.

The team at the Peter Harrison Centre for Disability Sport consists of Katy Griggs has carefully planned a programme of testing that will support the athletes and coaches during the build up to Rio 2016.

The main purpose is to give athletes a physiological advantage over their competitors, by ensuring that they’re in the best shape for Rio with an effective training strategy.

Phil Hogg at Loughborough University

The project involves assessing the squad members over a range of test protocols at specific points in their training cycle. As noted before, paratriathlon sports training knowledge is still developing and some of the ‘empirical laws’ of training may need to be challenged.

This has therefore provided staff within the PHC a valuable opportunity to collect data of this nature. Alongside the longitudinal physiological profiles of paratriathletes, three main applied research topics have been developed:

1. Understanding the economy of running/pushing following the transition of the cycle discipline;

2. Monitoring the immune function in paratriathletes across a season;

3. Cooling and acclimatisation strategies for paratriathletes.

Many paratriathletes will display a unique physiological response during exercise depending upon their physical impairment. For example, for athletes in the PT1 class (wheelchair athletes), the considerably smaller amount of muscle mass used and varying trunk stability must be taken into account. These athletes will also have impaired thermoregulatory capacity compared with their able-bodied counterparts.

British paratriathlete at Loughborough University

This is most likely caused by impairment to the nervous system which disrupts the control of skin blood flow. Moreover, athletes with cerebral palsy will display impaired movement patterns during fatigue and may also find exercise in the heat detrimental to performance. Research is still ongoing for the second and third topics highlighted above, but further work is warranted.

It is envisaged that the applied research findings, together with the testing and monitoring of the training programmes, will enable the PHC team to educate the athletes and their coaches to understand the physiological background of training principles and preparation strategies. In turn this will help with the development of training programmes that are specific to the sport as well as to the individual concerned.

J. F. Talcott.

Date: 1905

Source Type: Photograph

Publisher, Printer, Photographer: A. H. Reading

Postmark: Not Applicable

Collection: Steven R. Shook

Remark: J. F. Talcott and his wife Minerva resided at 204 East Water Street [now Brown Street] in Valparaiso, Porter County, Indiana. This house still stands in 2021.

Sources:

Bumstead & Company. 1905. Bumstead's Valparaiso City and Porter County Business Directory, Including Rural Routes. Chicago, Illinois: Radtke Brothers. 421 p. [see p. 147]

Reading, A. H. 1905. The City of Homes, Schools and Churches: A Pictorial Story of Valparaiso, Its People and Its Environs. Valparaiso, Indiana: A. H. Reading. 82 p. [see p. 72]

Copyright 2021. Some rights reserved. The associated text may not be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without prior written permission of Steven R. Shook.

The Inca Trail is a magnificent, well preserved Inca Trail route which connects Machu Picchu with what once were other regions of the Inca Empire, and today it is one of the world’s most popular treks. This four-day walk goes from the highlands of 4,200mts and down through the cloud forests to finally arrive at Machu Picchu - 2,380mts.

DAY 01. - Between 06:00 and 06:30 we pick you up at your hotel in our private bus. Ensure you have your original passport and ISIC student card (if applicable – for a discount on entree fee to Machu Picchu).

The journey by bus to km 82 (the starting point for the Inca Trail) takes approximately 3 hours. Once we get there and are all ready to go, this first day will have us walking mostly through the valley. It starts at 2380m with a small climb to a plateau overlooking the Incan site of Llactapata and rewards you with superb views of Mount Veronica. Walking times are always approximate depending on weather conditions, group ability and other factors, but generally you will walk about 2-3 hours before lunch. Then after lunch we walk on just past the village of Wayllabamba to reach our first campsite at 3000m.

Approx 14km, 6 hours walking this day at Inca Trail.

DAY 02. - Day 2 is the most difficult day as you Inca Trail walk from about 3000m to 4200m — the highest pass of the trek (known as Dead Woman’s Pass – but don’t be discouraged!). You can walk at your own pace and stop to get your breath whenever you like. You’ll find your energy returns once you continue down to the valley of Pacaymayo, where we camp at 3600m.

You can hire a porter from the village of Wayllabamba to carry your pack to the top of this pass for approximately 70 soles. If you wish to do so you must organize and pay this money directly to the person who carries your items, and please check your belongings upon receiving them at the end of this service as these people are not Sap Adventures staff.

This is the coldest night at Inca Trail; between +2/+4 degrees Celsius (in December) and -3/-5 degrees Celsius (in June). Approx 12km, 7 hours walking this day at Inca Trail.

DAY 03.- Day 3 is exceptionally beautiful because of the ruins you will witness and the incredible stone Inca Trail you walk one, and also because there is a lot more downhill than uphill! However, there are about 2000 stairs descending from the ruins of Phuyupatamarca to those of Wiñaywayna, so take care with your knees. If you have had knee or ankle injuries an extra porter is recommended so that you are not carrying extra weight and overstressing your joints. There is a guided tour of all the ruins on the way. Camping is usually at Wiñaywayna 2700 mtrs.

Take extra care of your personal belongings at this campsite as all the tours campsites are nearby. As usual, always keep your daypack containing your valuables with you. The only hot shower on the Inca Trail is on this third night at Wiñaywayna. There is a hostel near the campsite with an 8min hot shower for 5 soles, and a bar and restaurant where you can purchase bottled water.

Approx 16km, 6 hours walking this day on Inca Trail.

DAY 04.- We get up extremely early to arrive at the magical Intipunku "The Gate of the Sun" as the first rays begin illuminating the lost city of Machu Picchu down bellow. A further 20 min walk down from here takes us to the famous view from the terraces at the end of the trail. It is a good time to take pictures before the 10:30 crowds arrive. Your tour of Machu Picchu should last about 2 hours and finish between 10:30 and 11:00am. Then you have free time to climb Huayna Picchu if you wish (This is the famous peak in the background of most images of Machu Picchu. The trek is about 90 minutes). A maximum of 400 hikers can climb this mountain per day so if you are determined then start immediately after your tour! Or, of course, you may simply just collapse under a tree and quietly reflect in amazement at the mystery, the architectural achievement and beauty of Machu Picchu.

From Machu Picchu, it is a pleasant walk through sub-tropical jungle down to Aguas Calientes (about 45 mins), but if you are weary you may also take a bus – the $7 bus ticket is included and your guide will give you the ticket.

Once in Aguas Calientes you can have a hot shower, and then store your backpack while you go to have lunch, visit the hot springs or shop around the village.

If you are not extending your stay for one night in Aguas Calientes*, you will leave around 6pm to return to Cusco by train or by a combination of train & bus. Please note that during the high season there are a number of different departure times for the trains that run only to Ollantaytambo, from where buses run onwards till Cusco. The type of return journey depends simply on availability. You will arrive back in Cusco around 9 - 9.30pm.

Approx 7km, 2 hours walking this day on Inca Trail.

www.sapadventures.com

Claus Specht.

Date: 1905

Source Type: Photograph

Publisher, Printer, Photographer: A. H. Reading

Postmark: Not Applicable

Collection: Steven R. Shook

Remark: Claus Specht and his wife Anna resided at 108 Michigan Avenue in Valparaiso, Porter County, Indiana. This house may still stand but has been significantly remodeled to change the roof appearance.

Sources:

Bumstead & Company. 1905. Bumstead's Valparaiso City and Porter County Business Directory, Including Rural Routes. Chicago, Illinois: Radtke Brothers. 421 p. [see p. 142]

Reading, A. H. 1905. The City of Homes, Schools and Churches: A Pictorial Story of Valparaiso, Its People and Its Environs. Valparaiso, Indiana: A. H. Reading. 82 p. [see p. 76]

Copyright 2021. Some rights reserved. The associated text may not be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without prior written permission of Steven R. Shook.

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Searchers in Cellar of Gunnes Home

Date: 1908

Source Type: Photo Negative

Publisher, Printer, Photographer: Unknown

Postmark: Not Applicable

Collection: Steven R. Shook

Remark: Belle Gunness, often referred to as the Lady Bluebeard, is considered to be the first American female serial killer.

Born in 1858 in Selbu, Norway, Belle Gunness emigrated to America in the mid 1880s. Belle married Mads Sorenson in 1893, and together they operated a store in Chicago. The store burned down, and Mads and Belle collected insurance on the property. Mads Sorenson died in 1900, with Belle collecting approximately $8,000 through his life insurance policy.

On April 1, 1902, Belle married Peter Gunness in LaPorte, Indiana. Together, Peter and Belle owned and operated a small farm on McClung Road in LaPorte County. Belle again collected insurance on a husband when Peter died after a coffee grinder allegedly fell from a shelf hitting him on the head. Following Peter's death, Belle began advertising in Norwegian language newspapers in America for a husband.

Several suitors answered Belle's advertisements. However, many of these potential bridegrooms would suddenly leave in the night, leading Belle's 18 year old niece, Jenny Olson, to be suspicious as to their welfare. Jenny then mysteriously disappeared, though Belle told friends and neighbors that she had left for schooling in California.

The final man to respond to Belle's advertisement was Andrew Helgelein. Belle requested that Andrew sell his property and bring his money (about $3,000) to LaPorte, which he did in 1908. Andrew's brother, Asa Helgelein became suspicious when letters from Andrew ceased to arrive. Asa therefore traveled to LaPorte County to inquire about the welfare of his brother.

In the early morning of April 28, 1908, the Gunness farmhouse burned to the ground. The Gunness children were found in the ashes of the home, as well as the body of a headless woman. This headless body, however, was much smaller in size than the rotund stature of Belle's body. After sluicing through the ashes of the home, dental work reportedly to be Belle's was found. Asa Helgelein arrived several days after the fire, and at his urging, the LaPorte County Sheriff began to further investigate the fire and Belle's relations with out-of-town men. The investigation turned into a national sensation, as numerous bodies were soon found to be buried on Belle's farm..

The remains of Andrew Helgelein were the first to be found, buried in a shallow grave in the garden. Jenny Olson's body was soon discovered nearby. In all, at least twelve other bodies were recovered from the property. It has been estimated that Belle may have buried forty men on the farm.

Enormous crowds, numbering in the thousands, visited the farm during the investigation. Special trains from Chicago and Indianapolis, as well as from other towns and cities, brought curious onlookers to the farm. Picnics were common. A farm building was used as a temporary morgue, where onlookers could view the remains as they were recovered and put on display. Numerous postcards were produced and sold during and after the investigation.

Ray Lamphere, a farm hand of Belle's, was eventually charged with murder and arson. Though not convicted of murder, Lamphere was found guilty of arson and incarcerated in the nearby Indiana State Prison in Michigan City, where he died a few years later. While in prison, Lamphere maintained that Belle had escaped and insisted that her body was not found in the debris of the burnt house. Lamphere's statement led to numerous reported sightings of Belle Gunness across the United States for many years, none of which were ever confirmed.

Copyright 2010. Some rights reserved. The associated text may not be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without prior written permission of Steven R. Shook.

DataCite:

www.datacite.org/

InfoChimps:

infochimps.org/

Yesterday, in close competition for my attention with the Google Fiber

initiative, was something much farther away and closer to home (at

least in terms of immediate relevance and applicability). That was the

announcement of the opening of the DataCite organization. Data Cite is

yet another open data initiative, trying to first, get scientists to

share data, and second make it easily accessible and discoverable.

DataCite is housed in Germany, and InfoChimps is in the US (Texas, to

be specific). Both are trying to aggregate, organize and support open

data and related initiatives. DataCite is new, but has some high

powered collaborators. InfoChimps is collecting and tagging

collections of publicly accessible datasets, and also encouraging

people to add their own public data. ManyEyes also allows user to

upload their own data with the added hook of immediate access to

visualization tools.

The idea of open data is that scientists waste a lot of time redoing

experiments someone else has already done in order to get access to

the data, or they avoid certain types of questions and experiments

because it is hard to get access to the right data, with the bottom

line being that the World has enough problems developing fast enough

that we can no longer afford for scientists to work in private

seclusion anymore. The World needs sharing and bootstrapping and

collaboration in all kinds of problem solving for important problems.

This is going to mean a major culture shift. The answer lies somewhere

in the concepts of open science, open notebook science, open data,

open etcetera. There is a core group of scientists (both established

and young) who have been actively discussing these issues, questions,

and solutions. Here are just a few of the communities and resources

that have come out of these conversations.

COMMUNITIES/ORGANIZATIONS:

Open Data Commons:

www.opendatacommons.org/

Open Data Foundation:

www.opendatafoundation.org/

Open Knowledge Foundation:

www.okfn.org/

SOURCES:

This is a selected alphabetical list adding onto the two mentioned

above. There are a lot more, with many speciai groups focusing on data

for specific topics or domains.

Amazon Public DataSets:

aws.amazon.com/publicdatasets/

Comprehensive Knowledge Archive Network:

ckan.net/

Data.gov:

www.data.gov/

Infochimps metadata added to the Data.gov collection for easy access:

infochimps.org/collections/datagov

FreeBase:

www.freebase.com/

Google Public Data (example):

www.google.com/publicdata?ds=usunemployment&met=unemp...

Google blog:

googleblog.blogspot.com/2009/04/adding-search-power-to-pu...

Earlier Cool Toys blogpost about it:

cooltoys.posterous.com/cool-toys-pic-of-the-day-google-da...

ManyEyes:

manyeyes.alphaworks.ibm.com/

Open Data UK:

data.gov.uk/

Open Government Data Initiative:

ogdisdk.cloudapp.net/DataCatalog.aspx

Socrata:

www.socrata.com/about

The Inca Trail is a magnificent, well preserved Inca Trail route which connects Machu Picchu with what once were other regions of the Inca Empire, and today it is one of the world’s most popular treks. This four-day walk goes from the highlands of 4,200mts and down through the cloud forests to finally arrive at Machu Picchu - 2,380mts.

DAY 01. - Between 06:00 and 06:30 we pick you up at your hotel in our private bus. Ensure you have your original passport and ISIC student card (if applicable – for a discount on entree fee to Machu Picchu).

The journey by bus to km 82 (the starting point for the Inca Trail) takes approximately 3 hours. Once we get there and are all ready to go, this first day will have us walking mostly through the valley. It starts at 2380m with a small climb to a plateau overlooking the Incan site of Llactapata and rewards you with superb views of Mount Veronica. Walking times are always approximate depending on weather conditions, group ability and other factors, but generally you will walk about 2-3 hours before lunch. Then after lunch we walk on just past the village of Wayllabamba to reach our first campsite at 3000m.

Approx 14km, 6 hours walking this day at Inca Trail.

DAY 02. - Day 2 is the most difficult day as you Inca Trail walk from about 3000m to 4200m — the highest pass of the trek (known as Dead Woman’s Pass – but don’t be discouraged!). You can walk at your own pace and stop to get your breath whenever you like. You’ll find your energy returns once you continue down to the valley of Pacaymayo, where we camp at 3600m.

You can hire a porter from the village of Wayllabamba to carry your pack to the top of this pass for approximately 70 soles. If you wish to do so you must organize and pay this money directly to the person who carries your items, and please check your belongings upon receiving them at the end of this service as these people are not Sap Adventures staff.

This is the coldest night at Inca Trail; between +2/+4 degrees Celsius (in December) and -3/-5 degrees Celsius (in June). Approx 12km, 7 hours walking this day at Inca Trail.

DAY 03.- Day 3 is exceptionally beautiful because of the ruins you will witness and the incredible stone Inca Trail you walk one, and also because there is a lot more downhill than uphill! However, there are about 2000 stairs descending from the ruins of Phuyupatamarca to those of Wiñaywayna, so take care with your knees. If you have had knee or ankle injuries an extra porter is recommended so that you are not carrying extra weight and overstressing your joints. There is a guided tour of all the ruins on the way. Camping is usually at Wiñaywayna 2700 mtrs.

Take extra care of your personal belongings at this campsite as all the tours campsites are nearby. As usual, always keep your daypack containing your valuables with you. The only hot shower on the Inca Trail is on this third night at Wiñaywayna. There is a hostel near the campsite with an 8min hot shower for 5 soles, and a bar and restaurant where you can purchase bottled water.

Approx 16km, 6 hours walking this day on Inca Trail.

DAY 04.- We get up extremely early to arrive at the magical Intipunku "The Gate of the Sun" as the first rays begin illuminating the lost city of Machu Picchu down bellow. A further 20 min walk down from here takes us to the famous view from the terraces at the end of the trail. It is a good time to take pictures before the 10:30 crowds arrive. Your tour of Machu Picchu should last about 2 hours and finish between 10:30 and 11:00am. Then you have free time to climb Huayna Picchu if you wish (This is the famous peak in the background of most images of Machu Picchu. The trek is about 90 minutes). A maximum of 400 hikers can climb this mountain per day so if you are determined then start immediately after your tour! Or, of course, you may simply just collapse under a tree and quietly reflect in amazement at the mystery, the architectural achievement and beauty of Machu Picchu.

From Machu Picchu, it is a pleasant walk through sub-tropical jungle down to Aguas Calientes (about 45 mins), but if you are weary you may also take a bus – the $7 bus ticket is included and your guide will give you the ticket.

Once in Aguas Calientes you can have a hot shower, and then store your backpack while you go to have lunch, visit the hot springs or shop around the village.

If you are not extending your stay for one night in Aguas Calientes*, you will leave around 6pm to return to Cusco by train or by a combination of train & bus. Please note that during the high season there are a number of different departure times for the trains that run only to Ollantaytambo, from where buses run onwards till Cusco. The type of return journey depends simply on availability. You will arrive back in Cusco around 9 - 9.30pm.

Approx 7km, 2 hours walking this day on Inca Trail.

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