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Straightened, minor editing.
From end of 2013 to autumn 2015 I kept a kind of a visual, irregular diary on Ipernity. There were only three or four people who knew about it. As Ipernity will close down by end of January 2017, I’m migrating eight sets of photos from that time, hopefully one per day during the next eight days. This second set is devoted to Rigi, Queen of the Mountains. Despite the EXIF info this is a photo taken by me (swapped cameras with a friend who needed mine).
Stamford Dental Arts
44 Strawberry Hill Ave, Suite 1,
Stamford, CT 06902
(203) 504-8745
Nearby Locations:
Ridgeway | Strawberry Hill | Glenbrook | East Side Of Stamford | Downtown
06905 | 06902 | 06906 | 06901, 06905
E-mail: info@stamforddentalarts.com
At Pevensey Castle
Pevensey Castle: a Saxon Shore fort, Norman defences, a medieval enclosure castle, and later associated remains
The monument includes Anderita Saxon Shore fort, traces of later, Norman defences, an enclosure castle, a 16th century gun emplacement and World War II defences situated on a low spur of sand and clay which now lies around 2km north west of the present East Sussex coastline at Pevensey. During the Roman and medieval periods the spur formed a peninsula projecting into a tidal lagoon and marshland, but coastal deposition and land reclamation have gradually built up the ground around it so that it is now completely land-locked. The roughly oval, north east-south west aligned Roman fort is the earliest of the structures which make up the monument and has been dated to the first half of the fourth century AD. Covering almost 4ha, the fort survives in the form of substantial ruins and buried remains. It is enclosed by a massive defensive wall with a flint and sandstone rubble core faced by coursed greensand and ironstone blocks, interspersed with red tile bonding courses. The whole is up to 3.7m thick and survives to a height of up to 8.1m. The wall was originally topped by a wall walk and parapet. Part excavation in 1906-8 showed that the wall was constructed on footings of rammed chalk and flints underpinned by oak piles and held together by a framework of wooden beams. Investigation of the internal face indicated that this was stepped upwards from a wide base so as to provide extra strength and support. Despite these precautions, a landslip on the south eastern side of the fort has resulted in the destruction of a c.180m length of the perimeter walls and, although fragments of the fallen masonry do survive, most have been removed over the years. Smaller sections of wall have also collapsed along the north western and eastern stretches. The defensive strength provided by the perimeter wall was enhanced by irregularly-spaced, externally projecting semicircular bastions with diameters of around 5m. There were originally at least 15 of these, of which 10 survive today. The fort was entered from its south western, landward approach by way of the main gateway. In front of this a protective ditch 5.5m wide was dug, and, although this became infilled over the years, a 40m stretch located towards its south eastern end has been recut and exposed. The ditch would have been spanned originally by a wooden bridge, although this no longer survives. The main gateway takes the form of a rectangular gatehouse set back between two solid semicircular bastions 8m apart. The 2.7m wide, originally arched entrance is flanked by two oblong guardrooms and the whole gateway structure projects beyond the inner face of the perimeter wall into the fort and is thought to have been originally two or even three storeys high. On the eastern side of the fort is a more simply designed subsidiary gateway, originally a 3m wide archway entrance, giving access to part of the adjacent Roman harbour, now overlain by Pevensey village. The extant archway is a modern reconstruction of the Norman rebuilding of the original entrance. Traces of a wooden causeway which led from it into the fort have been found during partial excavation. Midway along the north western stretch of perimeter wall is a now ruined postern c.2m wide, approached by a curved passage set within the wall. Part excavation between 1906-1908 indicated that the internal buildings which housed the garrison of up to 1,000 men, along with their livestock and supplies, were constructed of timber infilled with wattle and daub. A c.1m sq timber-lined Roman well was found in the south western sector of the fort, at the bottom of which were the remains of the wooden bucket with rope still attached. The well was found to have been filled with rubbish in Roman times and the presence of the bones of cattle, sheep, red deer, wild boar, wild birds, domestic dogs and cats, along with sea shells, gives some indication of the diet and lifestyle of the fort's original inhabitants. Anderita is thought to have been abandoned by its garrison by the latter half of the 4th century AD, and although little is known of its subsequent history until the 11th century, the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle records a massacre of Britons by the invading Saxons at the fort in AD 491. The Bayeux Tapestry states that William the Conquerer landed at Pevensey in 1066, and the Norman army are believed to have made use of the Roman fort as one of their first armed camps. The defences at Pevensey and the surrounding land were granted to King William's half-brother Robert, Count of Mortain. The medieval defences then went through at least 300 years of development, culminating in the construction of a stone built enclosure castle within the largely intact walls of the earlier Roman fort. It is thought that the first Norman defences took the form of a wooden palisade surrounded by a bank and ditch, and a c.40m length of partially infilled ditch up to 9m wide which survives across the north eastern sector of the earlier fort may indicate their original extent. Limited excavations in 1993-94 showed that the ground surface in the south eastern sector of the fort, in the vicinity of the later stone-built keep, was artificially raised some time before 1200, suggesting that a motte may also have been constructed. The original Roman gateways were rebuilt and a new ditch dug in front of the south western gate. Most of the Norman defences and interior wooden buildings will now survive in buried form beneath the later medieval castle, although herringbone-pattern repairs to the Roman masonry, by then serving as the outer bailey of the medieval defences, also date from this time. Around 1100 the defences were strengthened and the accommodation improved by the addition of a masonry keep in the south eastern sector of the earlier fort. The subject of a complex history of alteration, collapse and repair, the keep utilises part of the earlier, Roman perimeter wall and bastions. It takes the form of a rectangular block measuring c.16.8m by c.9m internally, reinforced by apsidal projections on all sides. Now surviving in ruined form up to first floor level, the keep originally took the form of a tall tower with an entrance on the first floor. A rectangular building measuring 7.6m by 6m was later constructed in the south eastern angle between the keep and the Roman wall. At around 1200 work began on the construction of a smaller, stone-built inner bailey in the south eastern sector of the earlier fort. An L-shaped ditch around 20m wide was dug to define the new enclosure, and this retains water in its northern arm. The material excavated from the ditch and from the destruction of the earlier bank was spread over much of the outer bailey to a depth of up to 1.5m. The ditch was recut during extensive renovations carried out during the early 20th century. The first structure to be built in this phase was the gatehouse to the south west which has an arched entrance between twin, semicircular external towers, now ruined. The basement chambers beneath each tower have ashlar-faced walls and barrel-vaulted ceilings, the southern chamber being entered by way of a newel staircase, the northern by a trapdoor. Both were used to house prisoners. Many subsequent alterations included the replacement, during the 15th century, of the wooden bridge over the outer ditch by a stone causeway. The originally embattled curtain wall enclosing the inner bailey was built within the ditch and inner berm around 1250. This survives almost to its full original height and is faced with coursed Greensand ashlar. Three semicircular external towers provided flanking cover from the narrow embrasures which pierce their walls. Each has a narrow staircase to a basement, a branch staircase off it into the ditch and a room and garderobe, or latrine, at ground floor level. Upper rooms were entered by way of the wall walk and were heated by fireplaces. The basement of the northernmost tower has two rib-vaulted bays, the keeled ribs resting on stiff-leaf corbels. The interior castle buildings continued to be built mainly of wood and these will survive in buried form, although the stone foundations of a chapel were exposed during partial excavation of the northern sector of the inner bailey. Around 20m south east of the chapel is a large stone-lined well at least 15.5m deep, and near this is a pile of medieval stone missile-balls, a selection of those recovered from the ditch. These were thrown from trebuchets during the four sieges of the castle. William, Count of Mortain forfeited Pevensey after an unsuccessful rebellion against Henry I in 1101 and the castle, which remained in the royal gift until the later Middle Ages, passed into the hands of the de Aquila family. The most famous siege took place in 1264-65 when the supporters of Henry III, fleeing from their defeat by the Barons at Lewes, took refuge in the castle. In 1372 the castle was given to John of Gaunt, and during his period of office was used to imprison James I, King of Scotland, who had been seized in 1406, and Joan, Queen of Navarre, accused of witchcraft by her stepson, Henry V. By 1300, the sea had gradually begun to recede from around the castle and its military importance declined as a result. Contemporary records show that the castle walls were constantly in need of expensive repair and by the end of the 14th century were not being properly maintained, although the roof leads were kept intact until the middle of the 15th century. By 1500 the castle had ceased to be inhabited and fell rapidly into decay. The threat of the Spanish Armada led to some renewed interest in the defensive value of the site, and a survey of 1587 records that the castle housed two demi-culverins, or heavy guns. These were sited on the contemporary, south east orientated, M-shaped earthen gun emplacement situated in the outer bailey around 90m north east of the main Roman gateway. This takes the form of a raised level platform c.20m long bounded on the seaward side by a slight bank c.0.4m high and around 3m wide. One of the cast iron guns, manufactured in the East Sussex Weald, is now housed within the inner bailey on a modern replica carriage. From the 17th century the castle passed through the hands of various private owners. Valued as a picturesque ruin during the 18th and 19th centuries, it features in many contemporary engravings and illustrations. In 1925 the Duke of Devonshire presented the monument to the state, and extensive repairs began with a view to opening the monument to the public. These were interrupted by the outbreak of World War II, when the castle resumed its original military purpose of protecting the south coast. The castle was refortified in May 1940 as an observation and command post. It was continuously occupied by regular troops, including Canadian forces and the United States Army Air Corps, who used it as a radio direction centre, and by the Home Guard until 1944. The World War II defences include two pillboxes and three machine gun posts of concrete faced with rubble and flints, carefully concealed and camouflaged within the earlier Roman and medieval fabric. An internal tower was built just to the south of the Roman east gateway and a blockhouse housing anti-tank weapons was built in front of the main Roman gateway. The blockhouse no longer survives. Modifications carried out to the medieval mural towers included lining the interiors with brick and inserting wooden floors. In 1945 the monument was returned to peaceful use and is now in the guardianship of the Secretary of State and open to the public.
[Historic England]
A Canadian soldier moves into attach position during exercise Combined Resolve III at the U.S. Army's Hohenfels Training Area (Germany), Nov. 6, 2014. Combined Resolve III is a U.S. Army Europe-directed multinational exercise at the Grafenwoehr and Hohenfels Training Areas, including more than 4,000 participants from NATO and partner nations. Combined Resolve III is designed to provide a complex training scenario that focuses on multinational unified land operations and reinforces the U.S. commitment to NATO and Europe. The exercise features the U.S. Army’s Regionally Aligned Force for Europe -- the 1st Brigade Combat Team, 1st Cavalry Division -- which supports the U.S. European Command during Operation Atlantic Resolve. For more photos, videos and stories from Combined Resolve III, go to www.eur.army.mil/jmtc/CombinedResolveIII.html. (U.S. Army photo by Markus Rauchenberger)
Tempat Wisata di Birmingham, Inggris – Birmingham merupakan kota metropolitan yang lokasinya berada di region West Midlands, Inggris. Kota yang terletak di dataran tinggi Birmingham Plateau, tepatnya di wilayah tengah Inggris. Kota terbesar di Inggris & UK, di luar London. Pada tahun 2015, jumlah penduduknya mencapai 1,1 juta jiwa. Dari sejak abad pertengahan, kota ini telah menjadi pusatnya perdagangan. Ketika terjadi revolusi industry di abad ke-18, kota Birmingham semakin berkembang dan menjadi pusat ekonomi, industri, serta sains dan teknologi. Kota yang memiliki perguruan terbaik di dunia yaitu University of Birmingham. Untuk bandara internasional, kota ini memiliki Birmingham Airport dan stasiun keretanya adalah Birmingham New Street.
[ Segera daftar menjadi peserta dalam perjalanan Tour LONDON & SCOTLAND ]
Berikut akan kami paparkan beberapa destinasi Tempat Wisata di Birmingham, Inggris yang layak untuk dikunjungi di hari liburan anda, diantaranya adalah:
Birmingham Museum and Art Gallery (BM&AG)
[caption id="attachment_8467" align="aligncenter" width="431"] Tempat Wisata di Birmingham, Inggris[/caption]
Birmingham Museum and Art Gallery (BM&AG) sebuah museum dan galeri seni, lokasinya berada di Chamberlain square, Birmingham. Bangunan utama didirikan pertama kali pada tahun 1881, dengan gaya arsitektur perpaduan Victorian Baroque & Edwardian Renaissance. Museum yang dikelola oleh Birmingham Museum Trust yang merupakan badan amal independen yang terbesar di UK. Museum ini dilengkapi menara jam (clock tower) yang tingginya mencapai 50 meter, menara tersebut dinamakan Big Brum. Museum Birmingham memiliki berbagai koleksi, diantaranya; bidang sejarah alam, etnografi, arkeologi, sejarah lokal, dan sejarah industri.
Sedangkan di bagian Galleri museum Birmingham memiliki beberapa koleksi yang berkaitan dengan karya seni (fine art), perhiasan, keramik dan karya seni logam (metalwork). Anda dapat mengunjungi tempat wisata museum ini setiap hari yang buka setiap pukul 10 pagi sampai 5 sore.
Thinktank, Birmingham Science Museum
[caption id="attachment_8468" align="aligncenter" width="437"] Tempat Wisata di Birmingham, Inggris[/caption]
Thinktank, Birmingham Science Museum sebelumnya dikenal dengan sebutan Thinktank merupakan sebuah museum dalam bidang sains, lokasinya berada di kompleks Millenium Point, Curzon Street, Birmingham. Museum yang dibuka pertama kali pada tahun 2001 ini masih sama dikelola oleh Birmingham Museum Trust. Tetapi museum ini sudah dibangun sejak abad ke-19, ketika itu masih bagian dari Birmingham Museum. Museum ini memiliki beberapa koleksi yang meliputi: aircraft, tram, lokomotif, mesin uap, mobil dan mesin-mesin lainnya. Galleri museum ini terbagi menjadi 4 bagian, yaitu: The Past, The Balcony, The Present dan The Future. Di halaman depan Museum ini terdapat planetarium & science garden. Museum yang dapat dikunjungi setiap hari dari mulai pukul 10 pagi hingga pukul 5 sore.
Pen Museum
[caption id="attachment_8469" align="aligncenter" width="419"] Tempat Wisata di Birmingham, Inggris[/caption]
Pen Museum merupakan sebuah museum pena yang lokasinya berada di Frederick Street, Jewellery Square, Birmingham. Museum ini pertama kali dibuka pada tahun 2001, setelah setahun kemudian galeri Philp Poole Room mulai bergabung dengan Pen Museum. Museum pena ini menempati 3 bangunan Argent Centre. Didirikannya museum ini dimaksudkan untuk memberikan wawasan & pengetahuan yang berkaitan dengan sejarah perkembangan, industry juga perdagangan pena di dunia, dari mulai fountain pen sampai ballpoint pen. Museum pena ini merupakan satu-satunya yang ada di wilayah UK. Museum
Jewellery Quarter
[caption id="attachment_8470" align="aligncenter" width="429"] Tempat Wisata di Birmingham, Inggris[/caption]
Jewellery Quarter merupakan sebuah area yang lokasinya berada di selatan wilayah Hockley, pusat kotanya Birmingham. Dinamakan Jewellery Quarter dikarenakan pada abad ke-18 hinggan saat ini, area tersebut merupakan tempat pusat produksi juga perdagangan perhiasan. Sekitar 40% dari seluruh perhiasan yg ada di UK, asalnya dari wilayah ini. Area yang memiliki luas 100 hektar ini berdiri sebuah museum Jewellery Quarter, menyimpan berbagai koleksi perkembangan industri perhiasan yang ada di UK. Museum yang dibuka pertama kali pada tahun 1992, dikelola oleh Birmingham Museum Trust. Jewellery Quarter ini terdiri dari bangunan yang melingkup Chamberlain Clock, St Paul’s, Rose Villa Tavern, Big Peg, Assay Office dan Argent Centre.
[ UMROH HEBAT + CAIRO MESIR, hanya 25 JUTA ]
Aston Hall
[caption id="attachment_8471" align="aligncenter" width="411"] Tempat Wisata di Birmingham, Inggris[/caption]
Aston Hall merupakan bangunan berupa rumah yang lokasinya berada di wilayah Aston, Birmingham. Bangunan klasik ini dibangun pada tahun 1618 sampai 1635, dengan bergayakan klasik dan berarsitektur Jacobean. Bangunan tersebut digunakan untuk tempat tinggal Sir Thomas Holte. Pada tahun 1864, bangunan rumah ini dibeli oleh pemerintah kota Birmingham. Untuk saat ini bangunan tersebut menjadi sebuah museum yang dikelola oleh Birmingham Museum Trust. Terdapat taman-taman bunga di sekeliling bangunan Aston, taman tersebut dinamakan dengan Aston Hall Gardens. Anda dapat mengunjungi tempat wisata tersebut pada setiap hari selasa hingga minggu, bukanya jam 11 siang sampai 4 sore.
Winterbourne Botanic Garden
[caption id="attachment_8472" align="aligncenter" width="379"] Tempat Wisata di Birmingham, Inggris[/caption]
Winterbourne Botanic Garden merupakan sebuah taman yang berlokasi di kompleks Universitas Brimingham, bersampingan dengan Edgbaston Pool. Winterbourne ini dibangun pada tahun 1903, dengan luas 2,8 hektar dengan model villa garden, yang terinspirasi gaya arsitektur Edwardian. Taman tersebut memiliki berbagai jenis tanaman dari berbagai daerah yang ada di dunia. Area taman ini terbagi beberapa bagian, yaitu: Orchid Garden, Arid House, Alpine Garden, Hazel Tunnel dan lain sebagainya. Terdapat sebuah rumah yang bergaya klasik di taman tersebut, rumah yang dinamakan dengan Winterbourne House ini berdindingkan warna coklat kemudian dilengkapi dengan cerobong asap dan berjendelakan banyak juga besar. Wisata ini dapat dikunjungi setiap hari, buka dari pukul 10 pagi hingga 5 sore.
[ INFO & RESERVASI WISATA HALAL MUSLIM RABBANI TOUR ]
Birmingham Botanical Gardens
[caption id="attachment_8473" align="aligncenter" width="416"] Tempat Wisata di Birmingham, Inggris[/caption]
Birmingham Botanical Gardens merupakan sebuah taman dan kebun botani yang lokasinya berada di wilayah Edgbaston, Birmingham. Hanya berjarak 12 km dari pusat kota. Taman ini dibangun pada tahun 1829 oleh J.C. Loudon, seorang perencana pertamanan juga seorang jurnalis agrikultur di Birmingham. Taman yang memiliki luas sekitar 6 hektar dengan gaya arsitektur Victorian. Taman ini memiliki 7000 species macam tanaman. Taman yang juga memiliki 4 rumah kaca untuk menyesuaikan berbagai jenis tanaman seperti tropis, subtropics, arid (kering) dan mediteran. Taman ini juga memiliki beberapa koleksi spesies burung yang berasal dari berbagai pelosok penjuru dunia. Taman ini dapat dikunjungi setiap hari dari mulai pukul 10 pagi hingga 6 sore.
Cadbury World
[caption id="attachment_8475" align="aligncenter" width="419"] Tempat Wisata di Birmingham, Inggris[/caption]
Jika anda penggemar coklat pasti sudah tidak asing lagi mendengar namanya. Cadbury World merupakan tempat wisata yang bertemakan Chocolate Factory, tempatnya berlokasi di Linden Road, Bournville, Birmingham. Tempat wisata ini dibuka pertama kali pada tahun 1990 oleh perusahaan coklat yang sudah terkenal di dunia, yaitu Cadbury. Meskipun namanya Chocolate Factory namun Cadbury World bukanlah sebuah pabrik coklat.
Di Cadbury World ini pengunjung akan mendapatkan pengetahuan mengenai sejarah perkembangannya coklat, serta awal mula bisnis perusahaan coklat Cadbury. Tempat wisata ini menyediakan 14 zona yg menggunakan berbagai media seperti animasi, gambar, multi-sensory cinema, video, tampilan dan aktivitas interaktif, serta demonstrasi. Di tahun 2003, Cadbury World membangun tempat wisata yang serupa di Dunedin, Selandia Baru. Tempat wisata ini buka setiap hari dari pukul 9 pagi hingga 4 sore.
Demikian paparan singkat mengenai Tempat Wisata di Birmingham, Inggris semoga menginspirasi wisata anda. Mari ber-Wisata Halal Muslim bersama Rabbani Tour, sehingga wisata anda akan nyaman & aman baik untuk makanan halalnya dan terjaga waktu shalatnya.
The middle southern flank of Etna is has some classic examples of Etnean fissure eruptions with eruptive cones aligned on it, due to frequent eruptions on what is considered the "south rift zone" of the volcano. Montagnola, the peak forming the skyline, is a large pyroclastic cone formed during the summer 1763 eruption; its lava flows formed a peculiar ridge visible in the upperr left of the photo. Three years later, another eruption built the Monti Calcarazzi crater row whose uppermost cones are visible in the right center. In 1892, a six-months long eruption led to the formation of yet another crater row, the Monti Silvestri, from the largest of which the photo was taken on 24 May 1998. Another 1892 crater is visible in the left center. Nonwithstanding the frequent eruptions in this area, the largest complex of tourist facilities (including the Rifugio Sapienza and the base station of the cable car) has developed immediately to the west of the Monti Silvestri.
I Crateri Silvestri sono i crateri ormai inattivi più famosi dell' Etna. Prendono il nome dal professore Orazio Silvestri e sono frutto dell' eruzione del 1892. Questo è un particolare di uno dei tanti crateri, il primo tra quelli inferiori (sotto la Strada Provinciale 92) si vedono molto bene le scorie saldate lanciate durante la fase esplosiva e che hanno creato i grossi coni vulcanici. Le pareti di questo cratere sono molto ripide, dato il forte vento che a tratti soffia in questa zona è opportuno non avvicinarsi troppo perchè il vento potrebbe spingere proprio in direzione della voragine.Lo spettacolo che si vede dalla cima di questi monti è meraviglioso, a sud si vede Catania e tutti i paesi che salgono fino a Nicolosi, sopra è perfettamente visibile il fronte della colata del 2001 più scura rispetto a quelle circostanti, la stessa colata si vede passare alla base occidentale dei Silvestri. A nord invece si vede il più grosso dei Crateri Silvestri con le sue ripide pareti che danno proprio sulla SP92, dietro è nascosta la bottoniera del 2001 e poco più a sinistra si vede tutto il piazzale del Rifugio Sapienza.
Mount Etna (Aetna in Latin, also known as Muncibeddu in Sicilian and Mongibello in Italian, a combination of Latin mons and Arabic gibel, both meaning mountain) is an active stratovolcano on the east coast of Sicily, close to Messina and Catania. Its Arabic name was Jebel Utlamat (the Mountain of Fire).Volcanic activity at Etna began about half a million years ago, with eruptions occurring beneath the sea off the coastline of Sicily. 300,000 years ago, volcanism began occurring to the southwest of the present-day summit, before activity moved towards the present centre 170,000 years ago. Eruptions at this time built up the first major volcanic edifice, forming a strato-volcano in alternating explosive and effusive eruptions. The growth of the mountain was occasionally interrupted by major eruptions leading to the collapse of the summit to form calderas.From about 35,000 to 15,000 years ago, Etna experienced some highly explosive eruptions, generating large pyroclastic flows which left extensive ignimbrite deposits. Ash from these eruptions has been found as far away as Rome, 800 km to the north.Sicily's greatest natural attraction is also its highest mountain: Mount Etna, at 10,924 feet, is the most active volcano in Europe and the oldest recorded active volcano in the world.Mount Etna is an active volcano on the east coast of Sicily, close to Messina and Catania. It is the largest active volcano in Europe, currently standing about 3329.6 m (10,924 feet)high, though it should be noted that this varies with summit eruptions; the mountain is 21.6 m (71 ft) lower now than it was in 1865. It is the highest mountain in Italy south of the Alps. Etna covers an area of 1,190 km² (460 square miles) with a basal circumference of 140 km.The fertile volcanic soils support extensive agriculture, with vineyards and orchards spread across the lower slopes of the mountain and the broad Plain of Catania to the south. Due to its history of recent activity and nearby population, Mount Etna has been designated a Decade Volcano by the United Nations.Etna lava stone is a material with unique characteristics: durable, indestructible, resistant to changes in the temperature (it’s a heat conductor), it offers infinite possibilities of uses: flooring, urban furniture, interior design.After the glazing process the product doesn’t get stained, resists to acids and doesn’t require particular maintenance: that’s why lava stone is the ideal material even to make kitchens and bathrooms countertops. The natural stone tends to grey, with the glazing process we can obtain any desired colour. Shapes, sizes and decorations can be customized . The lava stone it is formed by the solidification of cooled magma on the surface of the Etna volcano, in Sicily
L'Etna è un vulcano attivo che si trova sulla costa orientale della Sicilia (Italia), tra Catania e Messina. È il vulcano attivo più alto del continente europeo e uno dei maggiori al mondo. La sua altezza varia nel tempo a causa delle sue eruzioni, ma si aggira attualmente sui 3329.6 m (10,924 feet) s.l.m. Il suo diametro è di circa 45 chilometri.Un tempo era noto anche come Mongibello.In genere le eruzioni dell'Etna pur fortemente distruttive delle cose, non lo sono per le persone se si eccettuano i casi fortuiti o di palese imprudenza come quello dell'improvvisa esplosione di massi del 1979 che uccise nove turisti e ne ferì una decina di altri avventuratisi fino al cratere appena spento. L'Etna è un tipico strato-vulcano che iniziò la sua attività, tra 500 e 700 mila anni fa. La sua lava di tipo basaltico è povera in silice, è molto calda, densa e fluida. Per queste ragioni le eruzioni sono tranquille ed il percorso delle lave prevedibile. La velocità di scorrimento è superiore a quella delle lave acide, più ricche in silice e più viscose e leggere.La lavorazione della pietra lavica, derivante dall’industria estrattiva delle vicine cave dell'Etna, per scopi ornamentali o per materiali da costruzione, diede da vivere a molte famiglie siciliane.I "pirriaturi", anticamente, estraevano lungo i costoni dell'Etna solo strati superficiali di lava perché più porosi e più facilmente lavorabili con arnesi quali la subbia, lo scalpello, la mazzola e il martello. Sul materiale estratto interveniva lo spaccapietre che ricavava lastre di pietra, infine lo scalpellino rifiniva il materiale. Uno degli usi prevalenti cui era destinata la pietra lavica era la pavimentazione delle strade urbane
The prototype installed in the mount. The set screw is replaced with a longer socket cap screw which secures the polar scope. I will make the final spacer with a 1.375 flange where it meets the mount housing to make it look permanent. I am also adding a 'anti-cant' bubble level to the polar scope, like the iEQ45 scope, to allow easy leveling of the scope to the mount.
I was invited to shoot some pictures at the former PTT (PTT, Nederlands) NCO Arnhem communications atomic bunker, built under the "De Leuke Linde" playground during the Cold War (Koude Oorlog). After the Cold War ended, it was used as a high-secure relay station for the Nationaal Noodnet emergency communications network.
Some of my photos will be used for the Stichting NCO Arnhem & Nationaal Noodnet website, brochures and other PR stuff.
I have spent many hours underground, the place is a treasure-trove of history, science, (communications) technology and architecture. It is absolutely amazing. The place will be opened to the public in 2014 and I can highly recommend taking the guided tour.
I have made a couple of mistakes during the first photography session; I should have made more use of my white/greycards, my lenses gathered quite a bit of dust, which I failed to notice.
I think I could spend a week inside, photographing every little detail and awesome piece of technology and history, but you should really go and see for yourself.
Completed in 18 hrs., 27 mins. with no box reference. 44.2 secs./piece; 81.3 pcs/hr. Difficulty rating: 4.4/10.
This was certainly one of the most difficult smaller puzzles I've made, from beginning to end. I stayed with my usual approach of going primarily by the color of the piece rather than its shape. This may have slowed me down but it's hard to say, as separating and aligning pieces into their respective shapes, and maintaining the piles, does take time.
I found it very hard to come back to the puzzle after a break and get lots of progress done, but did find that once I got into a zone I could place a few pieces at a time.
The painting is one of my favorites - simple but effective at conveying a mood, a time of day and a season. Klimt is more well-known as a portrait artist but I think I may prefer his landscapes.
Get an appointment today with Orthodontic Bracketsr at urja multispeciality dental clinic- Chandigarh ,Mohali. Contact no. - 8699969619.
I live in a block of flats so this is the only way to get my fix - off road.
Aligning the scope with Polaris is the first job. As this is the first time out with the scope I didn't drive far from home looking for darker skies. Jupiter shines brightly over my head, the Pleiades, or Seven Sisters (Messier object 45), above that, with aircraft zipping to and from Manchester Airport.
Well, there isn't much I can tell about this photograph. Some say, it's useless or meaningless, they don't see any sense in it. But I like the structure, the colours and stuff. That's what counts.
If you like it, like this: www.facebook.com/tafelzwerkphotography
有關 700E DFC HV BEC 電力供應匯整.
亞拓林課長的說明
700DFC HV SUPER COMBO 所搭配的高壓無刷伺服器,可以直接接上7.4V的鋰電池供電,不需經過BEC降壓, 如過不想使用2S鋰電池直接供電的話,當然也可以接上BEC穩壓,規格的話只要是真的能持續耐電流6A的BEC就足夠了. 例如亞拓的B6X BEC ,我們也測試了很久,是足夠供給高壓無刷伺服器的!
鐵漢大對高壓伺服電源的說明
建議你，直接用2S直推就好，飛2趟充電一次即可，比你掛再好的bEC都要來的好，出HV舵機的用意本來就是為了鋰聚電池普及而誕生的。
註：鐵漢的700DFC HV是用海力士高壓BEC.
HOBA大對高壓BEC的看法
2s 其實不是電量問題,
2s 是由 8.4v 一路往下降,到低電壓為止約 7.6v (3.8x2) 這是在地面量測的到的值
但在空中負載時,你能確實的掌握到它的"實供"電壓嗎?(低頭看控,沒那麼猛吧?)
我也曾經目擊過 2s 直上的前輩就這樣兩眼開開的看機子往地上砸
也沒多少錢啦,大概一萬大洋就這樣給它企了...(這還不包含新機被開苞的心裡傷害,只計算物理價格)
後來檢測那顆電池,用力壓 ccpm 時壓降到 5.?v (用測電表大致量一下而已,不算準啦)
卡斯特
我有寫信去問卡斯特, 有關 BEC Pro 是否可以使用 3S Lipo 的問題.回文如下.
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By all means use a 3s 2200 mah lipo with the BEC Pro. This makes a great set
up and the BEC will be under less stress reducing 11.1 volts instead of 22.2
(half of 12s) or 45 volts (12s). It will be a full 20 amps for 30 second
burst on 3s, way more than any 700 sized heli servos will draw.
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大意是說,
BEC Pro 使用 3S Lipo 是一個不錯的組合設定, 相較於使用 6S, 12S 做為輸入電源, BEC Pro 的負擔會來得輕的許多. 而在 3S 做為電源時,最大電流可以到20A 並持續30杪, 足夠提供任何700級直昇機的動力.
在組裝700E DFC的感想
1. 主橫軸在在穿拆其中一邊旋翼夾時,須要輕敲才能拆裝.
2. H座射出成型精準度不夠,致使 Gyro 座即使在調整後,中間接合處依然略高.
解決方式：在黏完3GX後,已用數位螺距規量是在零度,暫沒有必要調整.
3. 十字盤已調在主軸行程中點,但調集體螺距0度時,DFC連桿A跟連桿頭只吃了一半的螺紋,令人很不放心.但在調整升降邊界極限時,預設的70%在集體螺距打到+12度時,會干涉,只好調到60%.
2012/8/4
拉高十字盤,二邊拉桿各二圈來補-3度的螺距，來加深DFC拉桿頭吃螺紋的深度.
主要是螺距、副翼伺服固定座比實際伺服長度略長，於是鎖伺服便有上下的差距，也影響到連桿長度
分析原因
因為 Pitch, AILE二個伺服器是固定在第一主軸固定座及第二主軸固定座,而第一主軸固定座及第二固定座間的鎖伺服孔位距離略大於伺服器中心孔位.伺服器在上了工字形伺服器及銅環後,二端銅環中心孔的距離較短.所以上方銅環鎖上第一主軸固定座時,下方就會離第二主軸固定座有段距離.
所以如您選擇中間的位置,也就是把伺服略低的位罝.這大約是拉桿4圈的距離.這4圈的距離約是集體螺距3度的距離.因此,當CCPM拉桿按照說明書長度調好,DFC拉桿轉到低時,這時在調機時,集體螺距在遙控器中立點時,會是-3度.這時如調DFC拉桿頭時,會致使DFC拉桿頭只吃約一半的螺紋.於是,這時只好把CCPM三支拉桿長度由原來說明書的長度再拉長3-4圈的距離,使得DFC拉桿頭可以吃到更多的螺紋(幾乎到底)而降低風險.
4. 在組尾雙推時,用來連接尾T型控制臂及尾控制連桿頭的軸套螺絲-銀(牙長3mm) M2x8mm, 未鎖到底,只能靠螺絲膠鎖定.還未鎖到底,就會干涉到尾控制連桿頭的活動了.後來詢問亞拓,此為正常設計.
5. 尾波箱在裝上尾管後,無論怎利用間隙調整,都無法保持水平,也就是看起來垂直尾翼下方會有點向左外翻的角度.
目前僅能儘量在可調範圍內調水平, 再看試機狀況.
6. 用亞拓2S/1900/40C電池直推,尾伺服及螺距伺服器在地面調機時,一開始會有快速小幅抖動的現象.一段時間就會消失.尾舵不定時也會小抖一下.
2012/8/4
隔天再次測試，尾舵竟然不抖了，正常了。只有剩副翼伺服在中立點會小幅＂微震＂。不同是，昨天2S充飽，電壓XG11回傳8.4V，調了二小時機到8.0V.
今天第二次試機，約一小時，電壓由7.9->7.7V，難道直推電壓太高？要用BEC穩壓？現在所以打算使用分離式3S供電加高壓BEC。由11.1/12V降至7.4V是安全又有效率的做法。像JR的高壓伺服及Server King 695規格上就標明耐壓到8.4V.這也是為何我決定上Castle BECPro的原因。因為電是沒有模擬二可的，必須很精準。因為但長期處於超壓工作的舵機，就算不故障。那天要罷工也不知。高壓伺服最近才開始普及，大家包含我自己也沒有經驗，只能邊試邊累積經驗。除了Castle BEC Pro外，JETI SBEC也是不錯的選擇。
2012/8/6
今天用充飽的2S/1900/40C再測試，一送電沒有抖。接著操作控，在36分鐘內XG11回傳的電壓由8.5->8.0, 沒有抖動。
結論
700DFC HV 我個人覺是架CP值很高的機子.相較於其他品牌700級的機子.亞拓在品質,功能及技術支援上都不錯.只是小弟第一次接觸到高壓伺服器及700等級, 每一地方都小心研究.或許它不完美,但亞拓即時不斷的連絡解決我的問題.我仍對它很滿意..
The church of St. Agatha at College with its polycromatic marble was built between 1600 and 1610 on an existing church, also dedicated to St. Agatha, in late-Renaissance style. The façade is by Natale Masuccio, and is decorated by frameworks on a light coloured background. It has a Greek cross plant, with splendid Baroque decorations includings frescoes by Luigi Borremans (18th century). The works of the adjacent Jesuit College (from which the church is named) began in 1589 and ended until the second half of the 19th century.
La chiesa di Sant'Agata al Collegio è un edificio religioso che si trova a Caltanissetta, nel centralissimo corso Umberto I. Deve il nome al contiguo collegio dell'ordine dei gesuiti.Sul finire del Cinquecento, Luisa Moncada e suo figlio, il principe Francesco insieme ad altre iniziative, invitarono in città l'ordine dei gesuiti, per il quale fecero edificare la chiesa, dedicata a sant'Agata, ed il relativo collegio. I lavori di costruzione del collegio iniziarono il 1 gennaio 1589 e si protrassero fino alla seconda metà del XIX secolo a causa di alterne vicende, mentre l'edificazione della chiesa iniziò nel 1600, e terminò nel 1610, proseguendo successivamente per i lavori di abbellimento.L'ampio edificio del collegio è oggi sede della biblioteca comunale Luciano Scarabelli e del liceo musicale.La facciata della chiesa risale al Seicento, tranne il portale del Marabitti, del Settecento, che è stato realizzato in pietra bianca, a contrasto con il materiale del resto della facciata, in pietra di Sabucina o pietra arenaria rossa. Il portale è coronato da un timpano spezzato, con al centro uno stemma sostenuto da due puttini.La chiesa ha pianta a croce greca, con quattro bracci di uguale lunghezza e quattro cappelle laterali. L'interno è rivestito da lastre di marmo o di stucco a imitazione del marmo, dove ricorre la sigla "IHS", identificativa dell'ordine gesuitico.
Caltanissetta is capital of the province of Caltanissetta located in the western interior of Sicily, Italy. Its inhabitants are called nisseni.The city, which in 2010 had a population of 60,267,is the fourteenth comune in Italy for its extension and the sixth highest comune and capital of province, the second after the sicilian city of Enna.The patron is Saint Michael the Archangel, to whom the cathedral is dedicated The town lies in an area of rolling hills with small villages and towns, crossed by the river Salso. It borders with the municipalities of Canicattì (AG), Delia, Enna (EN), Marianopoli, Mazzarino, Mussomeli, Naro (AG), Petralia Sottana (PA), Pietraperzia (EN), San Cataldo, Santa Caterina Villarmosa, Serradifalco and Sommatino. Its frazioni are the villages of Bifaria, Borgo Petilia, Borgo Canicassè Casale, Cozzo di Naro, Favarella, Prestianni, Villaggio Santa Barbara, Santa Rita and Xirbi.Caltanissetta is located in a geographically important position dominating the whole valley of the Salso. Morphologically aligned perfectly matches the surrounding area, very harsh and composition of limestone and clay. The city lies between three hills (Sant'Anna, Monte San Giuliano e Poggio Sant'Elia) which, unwilling to bow, form a basin into which part of the historical center and the south comprise.
Caltanissétta è un comune italiano di 61.511 abitanti, capoluogo della provincia omonima in Sicilia.È il sesto comune capoluogo di provincia più alto d'Italia, il secondo siciliano dopo Enna, nonché il quattordicesimo d'Italia per superficie. I suoi abitanti sono detti nisseni.La città di Caltanissetta si colloca in posizione di rilievo dominante l'intera Valle del Salso. Morfologicamente ricalca perfettamente le caratteristiche del territorio circostante, molto aspro e di composizione calcareo-argillosa.La città sorge fra tre colli (Sant'Anna, Monte San Giuliano e Poggio Sant'Elia) che, disposti ad arco, formano una conca entro la quale si sviluppa parte del centro storico e tutta la zona meridionale.
Font : Wikipedia
I must say I like the OCD kind of parking here. Order in the midst of chaos.
I just noticed that this particular lens has a flaw, the focal plane is shifted somewhat. Notice that the background blur is much more evident on the left side than on the right side. The depth of field is not even thought out the image. Strange and a bit irritating but not that I need to return the lens. Other, real photogs would definitely have replaced it but me..naaah. I live with it.
Doing it by the numbers: Stick to the tools at hand (GPS, compass, and level) and aiming long point to point links is easy. Even when doing dish alignment on the roof of IRC in Port-au-Prince, Haiti
Read more about Inveneo's response to Haiti's earthquake
A group of core networking volunteers and friends from past events (like What the Hack 2005, Hacking at Random 2009, Chaos Communication Camp 2011, Observe. Hack. Make 2013) needed to make alterations to a few kilometers of fiber optic cable to be ready for upcoming events such as Chaos Communication Camp 2015, Campzone 2015 and SHA2017.
This turned into a fusion splicing (fiber splicing) workshop.
Memorial Cenotaph[edit]
Near the center of the park is a concrete, saddle-shaped monument that covers a cenotaph holding the names of all of the people killed by the bomb. The monument is aligned to frame the Peace Flame and the A-Bomb Dome. The Memorial Cenotaph was one of the first memorial monuments built on open field on August 6, 1952. The arch shape represents a shelter for the souls of the victims.[3][16]
The cenotaph carries the epitaph 安らかに眠って下さい 過ちは 繰返しませぬから, which means "please rest in peace, for [we/they] shall not repeat the error." In Japanese, the sentence's subject is omitted, thus it could be interpreted as either "[we] shall not repeat the error" or as "[they] shall not repeat the error". This was intended to memorialize the victims of Hiroshima without politicizing the issue, taking advantage of the fact that polite Japanese speech typically demands lexical ambiguity in the first place.[17] The epitaph was written by Tadayoshi Saika, Professor of English Literature at Hiroshima University.[18] He also provided the English translation, "Let all the souls here rest in peace for we shall not repeat the evil." On November 3, 1983, an explanation plaque in English was added in order to convey Professor Saika's intent that "we" refers to "all humanity", not specifically the Japanese or Americans, and that the "error" is the "evil of war":
The inscription on the front panel offers a prayer for the peaceful repose of the victims and a pledge on behalf of all humanity never to repeat the evil of war. It expresses the spirit of Hiroshima — enduring grief, transcending hatred, pursuing harmony and prosperity for all, and yearning for genuine, lasting world peace.
Perhaps unsurprisingly, the ambiguity of the phrase has the potential to offend; some right-wing circles in Japan have interpreted the words as an admission of guilt—implicitly reading it as "we (the Japanese people) shall not repeat the error"—and they criticize the epitaph as a self-accusation by the Japanese empire. In July 2005, the cenotaph was vandalized by a Japanese man affiliated with the Japanese right.[19]
Sailboat Specifications
Hull Type: Fin w/bulb & spade rudder
Rigging Type: Fractional Sloop
LOA: 31.53 ft / 9.61 m
LWL: 26.60 ft / 8.11 m
Beam: 11.00 ft / 3.35 m
S.A. (reported): 498.00 ft2 / 46.27 m2
Draft (max): 6.30 ft / 1.92 m
Displacement: 8,600 lb / 3,901 kg
Ballast: 2,900 lb / 1,315 kg
Ballast Type: Lead
S.A./Disp. 9.04
Bal./Disp.: 33.72
Disp./Len.: 203.99
Construction: GRP
First Built: 2008
Builder: J Boats
Designer: Rod Johnstone
Auxiliary Power/Tanks (orig. equip.)
Volvo D1-20 18 HP diesel motor ith saildrive, 115 AH alternator, with double diode and fresh water-cooling with heat exchanger.
Engine panel recessed in the cockpit with acrylic protection including rev. counter, hour meter and alarms for oil pressure, low voltage and water temperature.
13 gal. fuel tank under aft cabin berth.
Sound insulated engine compartment, air ventilation hoses to the transom.
2 blade Volvo folding propeller.
Sailboat Calculations
S.A./Disp.: 19.04
Bal./Disp.: 33.72
Disp./Len.: 203.99
Comfort Ratio: 19.42
Capsize Screening Formula: 2.15
S#: 2.89
Rig and Sail Particulars
I: 41.25 ft / 12.57 m
J: 11.71 ft / 3.57 m
P: 39.50 ft / 12.04 m
E: 13.00 ft / 3.96 m
SPL/TPS: 16.64 ft / 5.07 m
ISP: 45.00 ft / 13.72 m
S.A. Fore: 241.52 ft2 / 22.44 m2
S.A. Main: 256.75 ft2 / 23.85 m2 S.A. Total (100% Fore + Main Triangles) 498.27 ft2 / 46.29 m2
S.A./Disp. (calc.): 19.05
Est. Forestay Len.: 42.88 ft / 13.07 m
Accommodations
Water: 26 gals / 98 L
Hull & Deck Construction
Baltek Contourkore end grained balsa composite construction using biaxal and unidirectional glass with vinylester resin on the outer hull layer for 10 year warranty against hull blisters.
Patented “SCRIMP” resin infusion system molding process for optimum laminate strength with 65-70% glass content in structural skins.
Off-white deck with a high traction non-skid.
White hull (other colors optional) with grey single boot stripe.
Foredeck molded toe rail.
Large cockpit storage locker on starboard.
Gas bottle storage locker.
Structural bulkhead bonded to hull & deck with large access to the V-berth area.
All intermediate bulkheads glassed to hull and deck for stiffness.
Integral floor stringer grid.
Keel & Rudder
Low VCG keel with SS 316 SS structural fin & cast lead bulb
Keel is bolted & bonded to hull.
High aspect ratio composite rudder constructed using biaxial and unidirectional glass and stainless steel stock mounted in self-aligning bearings.
Laminated wood tiller with adjustable tiller extension.
Spars & Rigging
Tapered clear anodized aluminum racing mast with double airfoil spreaders.
Pre-molded mast wedge.
Dyform shroud rigging with rod headstay.
Backstay with split bottom portion, adjustment tackle led to either side of cockpit.
Boom with internal outhaul purchase system, mainsail reef line sheaves, main sheet and boom vang tangs.
Carbon bowsprit controlled from cockpit, retracting into a watertight box.
Solid boom vang with cascade purchase system.
Headsail furling system.
Complete running rigging package.
Deck Hardware
Two 46:1 self-tailing primary winches.
Two 35:1 self-tailing halyard winches.
Two aluminum lock-in winch handles.
PVC handle holders.
Mainsheet and fine tune purchase.
Adjustable mainsheet traveler with 4:1 purchase.
Jib tracks with 5:1 car controls led to cleats on coach roof.
Aluminum bullseye fairleads for jib sheets.
Spinnaker sheet blocks on U-bolts.
Tackline block on padeye at bowsprit endMast base halyard/reef turning blocks.
Halyard organizers and rope clutches on each side of companionway.
Tack line led aft to stopper on top of the coach roof.
Bowsprit control line leading to a cam cleat on top of the coach roof.
4 SS mooring cleats (bow and stern).
Custom SS Stemplate with tack fitting, SS chainplates for shrouds and backstay.
Foredeck opening hatch (450 x 450).
2 opening ports on salon coach roof sides.
2 opening ports for aft cabin and head compartment.
1 opening port in cockpit (aft cabin).
4 rope bags.
2 SS handrails on coach roof.
SS bow and stern pulpits with double rails; double SS lifelines, 4 stainless stanchions with reinforcing leg and 2 single stanchions.
Acrylic companionway washboard with lock and ventilation grid.
Transom swim ladder.
Flag holder.
J/Boats, Inc.
557 Thames Street, PO Box 90
Newport, Rhode Island 02840 USA
+1-401-846-8410
info@jboats.com
This terra cotta-clad building just south of the New Center area was the home of many firms involved in printing, engraving and photography. After those firms moved out, the building sat idle for a number of years. The development of the area as "Tech Town," saw the rehabilitation of the structure as loft apartments.
The developers changed the name of the building from the Lofts at New Amsterdam to the Graphic Arts Lofts, perhaps to align the redevelopment with the history of the building.
The Brihadeshwara Temple at Thanjavur in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu, is a Hindu temple dedicated to Shiva. It is an important example of Tamil architecture achieved during the Chola dynasty. The temple is part of the UNESCO World Heritage Site known as the "Great Living Chola Temples".
This is one of the largest temples in India and one of India's most prized architectural sites. Built by emperor Raja Raja Chola I and completed in 1010 AD, Peruvudaiyaar Temple, also popularly known as the 'Big Temple', turned 1000 years old in 2010.
Thanjavur Periya Kovil stands amidst fortified walls that were probably added in the 16th century. The vimanam (or temple tower) is 66 m) high and is among the tallest of its kind in the world. The Kumbam (Kalasha or Chikharam, the apex or the bulbous structure on the top) of the temple is carved out of a single rock and it weighs around 80 tons. There is a big statue of Nandi (sacred bull), carved out of a single rock, at the entrance measuring about 16 feet long and 13 feet high. The entire temple structure is made out of granite, the nearest sources of which are close to Tiruchirappalli, about 60 km to the west of Thanjavur.
HISTORY
The temple had its foundations laid out by the Tamil emperor Arulmozhivarman, popularly called Rajaraja Chola I, in 1002 CE, as the first of the great Tamil Chola building projects.
The Brihadeshwarar Temple was built to grace the throne of the Chola empire in compliance to a command given to him in his dream. The scale and grandeur is in the Chola tradition. An axial and symmetrical geometry rules the temple layout. Temples from this period and the following two centuries are an expression of the Tamils (Chola) wealth, power and artistic expertise. The emergence of such features as the multifaceted columns with projecting square capitals signal the arrival of the new Chola style.
The Brihadeshwarar Temple was built to be the royal temple to display the emperor's vision of his power and his relationship to the universal order. The temple was the site of the major royal ceremonies such as anointing the emperor and linking him with its deity, Shiva, and the daily rituals of the deities were mirrored by those of the king. It is an architectural example showcasing the pure form of the Dravida type of temple architecture and representative of the Chola Empire ideology and the Tamil civilisation in Southern India. The temple "testify to the brilliant achievements of the Chola in architecture, sculpture, painting and bronze casting."
CONSTRUCTION
The wish to build a mammoth temple like this is said to have occurred to Raja Raja while he stayed at Sri Lanka as an emperor.
The esteemed architect and engineer of the temple was Kunjara Mallan Raja Raja Perunthachan as stated in inscriptions found at the temple. The temple was built per ancient texts called Vaastu Shastras and Agamas. He is the ancient ancestor of the doyan of Vaastu Vedic architecture, the late Dr. V. Ganapti Sthapati of Chennai and Mahabalipurim (architect of the 133' granite Thiruvalluvar statue at the tip of south India). Members of his family still live and practice the ancient art and science. The American University of Mayonic Science and Technology was initiated by Dr. V. Ganapati Sthapati to perpetuate the same form of architectural principles used by Kunjara Mallan Raja Raja Perunthachan to build the Brihadeeswarar temple. The temple was built using a measure of 1 3/8-inch called an angula (24 units equalling 33 inches called a hasta, muzam, or kishku). This is the same measure found in ancient Lothal and other sites in the Indus Valley dating back 4000 - 6000 years. This same measure is used to build structures compliant with the Vaastu Shastras and Agamas today. While some builders use a different measure this is considered a standard due to its antiquity.
This temple is the first building fully built by granite and finished within 5yrs [1004AD – 1009AD]. The solid base of the temple raises about 5 metres, above which stone deities and representatives of Shiva dance. The huge kalasam or Vimanam (top portion of the shrine) is believed to weigh 81.28 tonnes of single stone block and was raised to its present height by dragging on an inclined plane of 6.44 km. The big Nandi (bull), weighing about 20 tonnes is made of a single stone and is about 2 m in height, 6 m in length and 2.5 m in width. The presiding deity of lingam is 3.7m tall. The prakaram (outer precincts of the temple) measures 240m by 125m. The outer wall of the upper storey is carved with 81 dance karanas – postures of Bharathanatyam, the classical dance of Tamil Nadu. The shrine of Goddess was added by Pandyas during the 13th century, Subramanya Shrine by Vijayanagara rulers and the Vinayaka shrine was renovated by Maratha rulers.
TEMPLE COMPLEX
The temple complex sits on the banks of a river that was channelled to make a moat around the complex's outer walls, the walls being built like a fortress. The complex is made up of many structures that are aligned axially. The complex can be entered either on one axis through a five-story gopuram or with a second access directly to the huge main quadrangle through a smaller free-standing gopuram. The massive size of the main Vimanam (Shikhara) is ca. 60 meters high, with 16 elaborately articulated stories, and dominates the main quadrangle. Pilaster, piers, and attached columns are placed rhythmically covering every surface of the Vimanam.
The gopuram of the main entrance is 30 m high, smaller than the vimana. It is unusual in the dravidian architecture where the gopurams are generally the main towers and taller than the vimanam.
MAIN TEMPLE
A first rectangular surrounding wall, 270 m by 140 m, marks the outer boundary. The main temple is in the center of the spacious quadrangle composed of a sanctuary, a Nandi, a pillared hall and an assembly hall (mandapas), and many sub-shrines. The most important part of the temple is the inner mandapa which is surrounded by massive walls that are divided into levels by sharply cut sculptures and pilasters providing deep bays and recesses. Each side of the sanctuary has a bay emphasising the principle cult icons. The karuvarai, a Tamil word meaning the interior of the sanctum sanctorum, is the inner most sanctum and focus of the temple where an image of the primary deity, Shiva, resides. Inside is a huge stone linga. The word Karuvarai means "womb chamber" from Tamil word karu for foetus. Only priests are allowed to enter this inner-most chamber.
In the Dravida style, the Karuvarai takes the form of a miniature vimana with other features exclusive to southern Indian temple architecture such as the inner wall together with the outer wall creating a pradakshina around the garbhagriha for circumambulation (pradakshina). The entrance is highly decorated. The inside chamber housing the image of the god is the sanctum sanctorum, the garbhagriha. The garbhagriha is square and sits on a plinth, its location calculated to be a point of total equilibrium and harmony as it is representative of a microcosm of the universe. In the center is placed the image of the deity. The royal bathing-hall where Rajaraja the great gave gifts is to the east of the hall of Irumudi-Soran.
The circumambulation winds around the massive lingam in the garbhagriha and is repeated in an upper story, presenting the idea that Chola Empire freely offered access to the gods.
The inner mandapa leads out to a rectangular mandapa and then to a twenty-columned porch with three staircases leading down. Sharing the same stone plinth is a small open mandapa dedicated to Nandi, Shiva's sacred bull mount.
TEMPLE DEITIES
The "moolavar" or prime deity of the Brihadeeswarar Temple is Shiva. All deities, particularly those placed in the niches of the outer wall (Koshta Moorthigal) like Dakshinamurthy, Surya, Chandra are of huge size. The Brihadiswarar temple is one of the rare temples which has idols for "Ashta-dikpaalakas" (Guardians of the directions) – Indra, Agni, Yama, Nirṛti, Varuṇa, Vāyu, Kubera, Īśāna – each of whom was originally represented by a life-sized statue, approximately 6 feet tall, enshrined in a separate temple located in the respective direction. (Only Agni, Varuṇa, Vāyu and Īśāna are preserved in situ.)
ADJOINING STRUCTURES
Surrounding the main temple are two walled enclosures. The outer wall is high, defining the temple complex area. Here is the massive gopuram or gateway mentioned above. Within this a portico, a barrel vaulted gorpuram with over 400 pillars, is enclosed by a high wall interspersed with huge gopurams axially lined up to the main temple.
FEATURES
Another widely held belief is that the shadow of the gopuram (pyramidal tower usually over the gateway of a temple) never falls on the ground. . The temple is said to be made up of about 60,000 tons of sandstone and granite. The Kumbam itself, a 60 ton granite stone carved in one piece, on top of the main gopuram is believed to have been taken to the top by creating an inclined slope to the height of 66m to the top of the gopuram. The prevailing belief is that a mud-slope, which starts at about three miles from the temple site, from Thirukoilore (birthplace of Raja raja's mother) near Sri Virateshvara swamy temple portrays the figure of the Thanjavur Temple. Elephants might have been used to drag the stone up the slope. This was claimed to be the only part of the gopuram, which does not cast a shadow that fall on the ground, at least not within the temple premises which is an architectural amazement in the world of architecture.
MURALS
The temple has Chola frescoes on the walls around the sanctum sanctorum potryaing Shiva in action, destroying demonic forts, dancing and sending a white elephant to transport a devotee to heaven. These frescoes were discovered in the 1940s and portray the mythological episodes of the journey of Saint Sundarar and the Chera King to heaven, the battle scene of Tripurantaka (Lord Siva) with Asuras (demons). The Chola artists have proved their mettle by portraying even the Asura women with a sense of beauty. Some of the paintings in the sanctum sanctorum and the walls in the passage had been damaged because of the soot that had deposited on them. Owing to the continuous exposure to smoke and soot from the lamps and burning of camphor in the sanctum sanctorum over a period of centuries certain parts of the Chola paintings on the circumambulatory passage walls had been badly damaged. The Tanjore Nayak kings replaced them with a few paintings of their own, about 400 years ago. The Archaeological Survey of India, for the first time in the world, used its unique de-stucco process to restore 16 Nayak paintings, which were superimposed on 1000-year-old Chola frescoes. These 400-year-old paintings have been mounted on fibre glass boards, displayed at a separate pavilion.
TEMPLE PERSONNEL
The temple was consecrated in 1010 CE by Raja Raja Chola I & in 2010 a celebration commemorated the temple's thousandth anniversary. The temple maintained a staff of 1000 people in various capacities with 400 being temple dancers Besides the Brahmin priests, these included record-keepers, musicians, scholars, and craftsman of every type as well as housekeeping staff. In those days the temple was a hub of business activities for the flower, milk, oil, and ghee merchants, all of whom made a regular supply of their respective goods for the temple for its poojas and during festival seasons. Moreover as evidenced by the inscriptions that found in the compound wall of this temple, the temple had always been serving as a platform for the dancers who excelled in the traditional dance form of Bharatnatyam. vallamuthu minnadi generation worshipped this temple.
WIKIPEDIA
Gyeongbokgung (Hangul: 경복궁; hanja: 景福宫), also known as Gyeongbokgung Palace or Gyeongbok Palace, was the main royal palace of the Joseon dynasty. Built in 1395, it is located in northern Seoul, South Korea. The largest of the Five Grand Palaces built by the Joseon dynasty, Gyeongbokgung served as the home of Kings of the Joseon dynasty, the Kings' households, as well as the government of Joseon.
Gyeongbokgung continued to serve as the main palace of the Joseon dynasty until the premises were destroyed by fire during the Imjin War and abandoned for two centuries. However, in the 19th century, all of the palace's 7,700 rooms were later restored under the leadership of Prince Regent Heungseon during the reign of King Gojong. Some 500 buildings were restored on a site of over 40 hectares. The architectural principles of ancient Korea were incorporated into the tradition and appearance of the Joseon royal court.
In the early 20th century, much of the palace was systematically destroyed by Imperial Japan. Since then, the walled palace complex is gradually being reconstructed to its original form. Today, the palace is arguably regarded as being the most beautiful and grandest of all five palaces. It also houses the National Palace Museum of Korea and the National Folk Museum within the premises of the complex.
OVERVIEW
Gyeongbokgung was built three years after the Joseon dynasty was founded and it served as its main palace. With Mount Bugak as a backdrop and the Street of Six Ministries (today's Sejongno) outside Gwanghwamun Gate, the main entrance to the palace, Gyeongbokgung was situated in the heart of the Korean capital city. It was steadily expanded before being reduced to ashes during the Japanese invasion of 1592.
For the next 273 years the palace grounds were left derelict until being rebuilt in 1867 under the leadership of Regent Heungseon Daewongun. The restoration was completed on a grand scale, with 330 buildings crowded together in a labyrinthine configuration. Within the palace walls were the Outer Court (oejeon), offices for the king and state officials, and the Inner Court (naejeon), which included living quarters for the royal family as well as gardens for leisure. Within its extensive precincts were other palaces, large and small, including Junggung (the Queen`s residence) and Donggung (the Crown prince’s residence).
Owing to its status as the symbol of national sovereignty, Gyeongbokgung was demolished during the Japanese occupation of the early 20th century. In 1911, ownership of land at the palace was transferred to the Japanese Governor-General. In 1915, on the pretext of holding an exhibition, more than 90% of the buildings were torn down. Following the exhibition the Japanese leveled whatever still remained and built their colonial headquarters, the Government-General Building (1916–26), on the site.
Restoration efforts have been ongoing since 1990. The Government-General Building was removed in 1996 and Heungnyemun Gate (2001) and Gwanghwamun Gate (2006-2010) were reconstructed in their original locations and forms. Reconstructions of the Inner Court and Crown Prince’s residence have also been completed.
HISTORY
14th—16th CENTURIES
Gyeongbokgung was originally constructed in 1394 by King Taejo, the first king and the founder of the Joseon dynasty, and its name was conceived by an influential government minister named Jeong Do-jeon. Afterwards, the palace was continuously expanded during the reign of King Taejong and King Sejong the Great. It was severely damaged by fire in 1553, and its costly restoration, ordered by King Myeongjong, was completed in the following year.
However, four decades later, the Gyeongbokgung Palace was burnt to the ground during the Japanese invasions of Korea of 1592-1598. The royal court was moved to the Changdeokgung Palace. The Gyeongbokgung palace site was left in ruins for the next three centuries.
19th CENTURY
In 1867, during the regency of Daewongun, the palace buildings were reconstructed and formed a massive complex with 330 buildings and 5,792 rooms. Standing on 4,657,576 square feet (432,703 square meters) of land, Gyeongbokgung again became an iconic symbol for both the Korean nation and the Korean royal family. In 1895, after the assassination of Empress Myeongseong by Japanese agents, her husband, Emperor Gojong, left the palace. The Imperial Family never returned to Gyeongbokgung.
20th—21st CENTURIES
Starting from 1911, the colonial government of the Empire of Japan systemically demolished all but 10 buildings during the Japanese occupation of Korea and hosted numerous exhibitions in Gyeongbokgung. In 1926, the government constructed the massive Japanese General Government Building in front of the throne hall, Geunjeongjeon, in order to eradicate the symbol and heritage of the Joseon dynasty. Gwanghwamun Gate, the main and south gate of Gyeongbokgung, was relocated by the Japanese to the east of the palace, and its wooden structure was completely destroyed during the Korean War.
Gyeongbokgung's original 19th-century palace buildings that survived both the Japanese rule of Colonial Korea and the Korean War include:
- Geunjeongjeon (the Imperial Throne Hall) — National Treasure No. 223.
- Gyeonghoeru Pavilion — National Treasure No. 224.
- Hyangwonjeong Pavilion; Jagyeongjeon Hall; Jibokjae Hall; Sajeongjeon Hall; and Sujeongjeon Hall.
Modern archaeological surveys have brought 330 building foundations to light.
RESTAURATION
In 1989, the South Korean government started a 40-year initiative to rebuild the hundreds of structures that were destroyed by the colonial government of the Empire of Japan, during the period of occupied Colonial Korea (1910-1945).
In 1995, the Japanese General Government Building, after many controversial debates about its fate, was demolished in order to reconstruct Heungnyemun Gate and its cloisters. The National Museum of Korea, then located on the palace grounds, was relocated to Yongsan-gu in 2005.
By the end of 2009, it was estimated that approximately 40 percent of the structures that were standing before the Japanese occupation of Korea were restored or reconstructed. As a part of phase 5 of the Gyeongbokgung restoration initiative, Gwanghwamun, the main gate to the palace, was restored to its original design. Another 20-year restoration project is planned by the South Korean government to restore Gyeongbokgung to its former status.
LAYOUT
MAIN GATES OF GYEONGBOKGUNG
Gwanghwamun (The Main and South Gate)
Heungnyemun (The Second Inner Gate)
Geunjeongmun (The Third Inner Gate)
Sinmumun (The North Gate)
Geonchunmun (The East Gate)
Yeongchumun (The West Gate)
OEJEON (Outer Court)
Geunjeongmun (The Third Inner Gate)
Geunjeongjeon (The Throne Hall)
Sajeongjeon (The Executive Office)
Sujeongjeon
Cheonchujeon
Manchunjeon
NAEJEONG (Inner Court)
Gangnyeongjeon (The King's Quarters)
Gyotaejeon (The Queen's Quarters)
Jagyeongjeon (The Late Queen's Quarters)
DONGGUNG (Palace of the Crown Prince)
Jaseondang (The Crown Prince's and Princesses' Quarters)
Bihyeongak (The Study of the Crown Prince)
PAVILIONS
Gyeonghoeru (The Royal Banquet Hall)
Hyangwonjeong
BRIDGES
Yeongjegyo
Having passed through the initial main gate and secondary gate (Heungnyemun Gate), visitors would pass over a small bridge named Yeongjegyo. Located on the top of the canal right next to the bridge were several imaginary creatures known as Seosu.
Chwihyanggyo
The bridge Chwihyanggyo was originally located on the north side of the island and was the longest bridge constructed purely of wood during the Joseon Dynasty; however, it was destroyed during the Korean War. The bridge was reconstructed in its present form on the south side of the island in 1953.
BIHYEONGAK
Bihyeongak (Hangul: 비현각; hanja: 丕顯閣) means big and bright a royal palace where crown prince brush up on his' study with his teacher.
BUILDINGS
GANGNYEONGJEON
Gangnyeongjeon (Hangul: 강녕전; hanja: 康寧殿), also called Gangnyeongjeon Hall, is a building used as the king's main residing quarters. First constructed in 1395, the fourth year of King Taejo, the building contains the king's bed chamber. Destroyed during the Japanese invasions of Korea in 1592, the building was rebuilt when Gyeongbokgung was reconstructed in 1867, but it was again burned down by a major fire on November 1876 and had to be restored in 1888 following the orders of King Gojong.
However, when Huijeongdang of Changdeokgung Palace was burned down by a fire in 1917, the Japanese government dismembered the building and used its construction materials to restore Huijeongdang in 1920. Current Gangnyeongjeon was built in 1994, meticulously restoring the building to its original specifications and design.
Gangnyeongjeon consists of corridors and fourteen rectangular chambers, each seven chambers located to the left and right side of the building in a layout out like a checkerboard. The king used the central chamber while the court attendants occupied the remaining side chambers to protect, assist, and to receive orders. The building rests on top of a tall stone foundation, and a stone deck or veranda is located in front of the building.
The noted feature of the building is an absence of a top white roof ridge called yongmaru (Hangul: 용마루) in Korean. Many theories exist to explain the absence, of which a prominent one states that, since the king was symbolized as the dragon during the Joseon dynasty, the yongmaru, which contains the letter dragon or yong (龍), cannot rest on top of the king when he is asleep.
GEUNJEONGJEON
Geunjeongjeon (Hangul: 근정전; hanja: 勤政殿), also known as Geunjeongjeon Hall, is the throne hall where the king formally granted audiences to his officials, gave declarations of national importance, and greeted foreign envoys and ambassadors during the Joseon dynasty. The building was designated as Korea's National Treasure No. 223 on January 8, 1985.
Geunjeongjeon was originally constructed in 1395 during the reign of King Taejo, but was burned down in 1592 when the Japanese invaded Korea. The present building was built in 1867 when Gyeongbokgung was being reconstructed. The name Geunjeongjeon, created by the minister Jeong Do-jeon, means "diligence helps governance".
Constructed mainly of wood, Geunjeongjeon sits on the center of a large rectangular courtyard, on top of a two-tiered stone platform. This two-tiered platform is lined with detailed balustrades and is decorated with numerous sculptures depicting imaginary and real animals, such as dragons and phoenixes. The stone-paved courtyard is lined with two rows of rank stones, called pumgyeseoks (Hangul: 품계석; hanja: 品階石), indicating where the court officials are to stand according to their ranks. The whole courtyard is fully enclosed by wooden cloisters.
Geunjeongmun (Hangul: 근정문; hanja: 勤政門), aligned and located directly to the south of Geunjeongjeon, is the main gate to the courtyard and to Geunjeongjeon. The gate is divided into three separate aisles, and only the king was allowed to walk through the center.
GWANGHWAMUN
Gwanghwamun (Hangul: 광화문; hanja: 光化門) is the main gate of Gyeongbokgung Palace.
GYEONGHOERU
Gyeonghoeru (Hangul: 경회루; hanja: 慶會樓), also known as Gyeonghoeru Pavilion, is a hall used to hold important and special state banquets during the Joseon Dynasty. It is registered as Korea's National Treasure No. 224 on January 8, 1985.
The first Gyeonghoeru was constructed in 1412, the 12th year of the reign of King Taejong, but was burned down during the Japanese invasions of Korea in 1592. The present building was constructed in 1867 (the 4th year of the reign of King Gojong) on an island of an artificial, rectangular lake that is 128 m wide and 113 m across.
Constructed mainly of wood and stone, Gyeonghoeru has a form where the wooden structure of the building sits on top of 48 massive stone pillars, with wooden stairs connecting the second floor to the first floor. The outer perimeters of Gyeonghoeru are supported by square pillars while the inner columns are cylindrical; they were placed thus to represent the idea of Yin & Yang. When Gyeonghoeru was originally built in 1412, these stone pillars were decorated with sculptures depicting dragons rising to the sky, but these details were not reproduced when the building was rebuilt in the 19th century. Three stone bridges connect the building to the palace grounds, and corners of the balustrades around the island are decorated with sculptures depicting twelve Zodiac animals.
Gyeonghoeru used to be represented on the 10,000 won Korean banknotes (1983-2002 Series).
GYOTAEJEON
Gyotaejeon (Hangul: 교태전; hanja: 交泰殿), also called Gyotaejeon Hall, is a building used as the main residing quarters by the queen during the Joseon Dynasty. The building is located behind Gangnyeongjeon, the king's quarters, and contains the queen's bed chamber. It was first constructed in around 1440, the 22nd year of King Sejong the Great.
King Sejong, who was noted to have a frail health later in his reign, decided to carry out his executive duties in Gangnyeongjeon, where his bed chamber is located, instead of Sajeongjeon. Since this decision meant many government officials routinely needed to visit and intrude Gangnyeongjeon, King Sejong had Gyotaejeon built in consideration of his wife the queen's privacy.
The building was burned down in 1592 when the Japanese invaded Korea, but was reconstructed in 1867. Nevertheless, when Daejojeon of Changdeokgung Palace was burned down by a fire in 1917, the Japanese government disassembled the building and recycled its construction materials to restore Daejojeon. The current building was reconstructed in 1994 according to its original design and specifications. The building, like Gangnyeongjeon, does not have a top roof ridge called yongmaru.
Amisan (Hangul: 아미산; hanja: 峨嵋山), a famous garden created from an artificial mound, is located behind Gyotaejeon. Four hexagonal chimneys, constructed around 1869 in orange bricks and decorative roof tiles, adorn Amisan without showing their utilitarian function and are notable examples of formative art created during the Joseon Dynasty. The chimneys were registered as Korea's Treasure No. 811 on January 8, 1985.
HYANGWONJEONG
Hyangwonjeong (Hangul: 향원정; hanja: 香遠亭), or Hyangwonjeong Pavilion, is a small, two-story hexagonal pavilion built around 1873 by the order of King Gojong when Geoncheonggung residence was built to the north within Gyeongbokgung.
The pavilion was constructed on an artificial island of a lake named Hyangwonji (Hangul: 향원지; hanja: 香遠池), and a bridge named Chwihyanggyo (Hangul: 취향교; hanja: 醉香橋) connects it to the palace grounds. The name Hyangwonjeong is loosely translated as "Pavilion of Far-Reaching Fragrance", while Chwihyanggyo is "Bridge Intoxicated with Fragrance".
The bridge Chwihyanggyo was originally located on the north side of the island and was the longest bridge constructed purely of wood during the Joseon dynasty; however, it was destroyed during the Korean War. The bridge was reconstructed in its present form on the south side of the island in 1953.
JAGYEONGJEON
Jagyeongjeon (Hangul: 자경전; hanja: 慈慶殿), also called Jagyeongjeon Hall, is a building used as the main residing quarters by Queen Sinjeong (Hangul: 신정왕후; hanja: 神貞王后), the mother of King Heonjong. First constructed in 1865, it was burned down twice by a fire but was reconstructed in 1888. Jagyeongjeon is the only royal residing quarters in Gyeongbokgung that survived the demolition campaigns of the Japanese government during the Japanese occupation of Korea.
The chimneys of Jagyeongjeon are decorated with ten signs of longevity to wish for a long life for the late queen, while the west walls of the Jagyeongjeon compound are adorned with floral designs. The protruding southeast part of Jagyeongjeon, named Cheongyeollu (Hangul: 청연루; hanja: 清讌樓), is designed to provide a cooler space during the summer, while the northwest part of Jagyeongjeon, named Bokandang (Hangul: 복안당; hanja: 福安堂), is designed for the winter months. The eastern part of Jagyeogjeon, named Hyeopgyeongdang (Hangul: 협경당; hanja: 協慶堂) and distinguished by the building's lower height, was used by the late queen's assistants.
The building and the decorative walls were registered as Korea's Treasure No. 809 on January 8, 1985.
JIBOKJAE
Jibokjae (Hangul: 집옥재; hanja: 集玉齋), located next to Geoncheonggung Residence, is a two-storey private library used by King Gojong. In 1876, a major fire occurred in Gyeongbokgung Palace, and King Gojong, for a brief period, moved and resided in Changdeokgung Palace. He eventually moved back to Gyeongbokgung in 1888, but he had the pre-existing Jibokjae building disassembled and moved from Changdeokgung to the present location in 1891. Its name, Jibokjae, translates loosely in English as the "Hall of Collecting Jade".
The building uniquely shows heavy influence of Chinese architecture instead of traditional Korean palace architecture. Its side walls were entirely constructed in brick, a method commonly employed by the contemporary Chinese, and its roof formations, interior screens, and columns also show Chinese influences. Its architecture possibly was meant to give it an exotic appearance.
Jibokjae is flanked by Parujeong (Hangul: 팔우정; hanja: 八隅亭), an octagonal two-story pavilion, to the left and Hyeopgildang (Hangul: 협길당; hanja: 協吉堂) to the right. Parujeong was constructed to store books, while Hyeopgildang served as a part of Jibokjae. Both of the buildings are internally connected to Jibokjae.
Bohyeondang (Hangul: 보현당; hanja: 寶賢堂) and Gahoejeong (Hangul: 가회정; hanja: 嘉會亭), buildings that also formed a library complex to the south of Jibokjae, were demolished by the Japanese government in the early 20th century.
SAJEONGJEON
Sajeongjeon (Hangul: 사정전; hanja: 思政殿), also called Sajeongjeon Hall, is a building used as the main executive office by the king during the Joseon Dynasty. Located behind Geunjeongjeon Hall, the king carried out his executive duties and held meetings with the top government officials in Sajeongjeon. Two separate side buildings, Cheonchujeon (Hangul: 천추전; hanja: 千秋殿) and Manchunjeon (Hangul: 만춘전; hanja: 萬春殿), flank the west and east of Sajeongjeon, and while Sajeongjeon is not equipped with a heating system, these buildings are equipped with Ondols for their use in the colder months.
SUJEONGJEON
Sujeongjeon (Hangul: 수정전; hanja: 修政殿), a building located to the south of Gyeonghoeru, was constructed in 1867 and used by the cabinet of the Joseon dynasty.
TAEWONJEON
Taewonjeon (Hangul: 태원전; hanja: 泰元殿), or Taewonjeon Shrine, is an ancestral shrine originally built in 1868 to house a portrait of King Taejo, the founder of the Joseon dynasty, and to perform rites to the deceased royalties. Completely destroyed by the Japanese government in the early 20th century, the shrine was accurately restored to its former design in 2005.
DONGGUNG
Donggung (Hangul: 동궁; hanja: 東宮), located south of the Hyangwonjeong pavilion, was the compound where the crown prince and his wife were living. The four main buildings of the compound were Jaseondang and Bihyeongak, Chunbang (lecture hall, where the prince got the education preparing him to the throne), as well as Gyebang (the security building). In the 19th century, the future Emperor Sunjong lived in the compound. Dongdung was razed to the ground during the Japanese occupation. The restoration started in 1999, only Jaseondang and Bihyeongak were restored.
GEONCHEONGGUNG
Geoncheonggung (Hangul: 건청궁; hanja: 乾淸宮), also known as Geoncheonggung Residence, was a private royal residence built by King Gojong within the palace grounds in 1873.
King Gojong resided in Geoncheonggung from 1888 and the residence was continuously expanded, but on October 8, 1895, Empress Myeongseong, the wife of King Gojong, was brutally assassinated by the Japanese agents at the residence. Her body was burned and buried near the residence.
Haunted by the experiences of the incident, the king left the palace in January 1896, and never returned to the residence. Demolished completely by the Japanese government in 1909, the residence was accurately reconstructed to its former design and open to the public in 2007.
GOVERNOR-GENERAL´S RESIDENCE
The back garden of Gyeongbokgung used to contain the main part of the Japanese Governor-General's residence, that was built in the early 20th century during the Japanese occupation. With the establishment of the Republic of Korea in 1948, President Syngman Rhee used it as his office and residence. In 1993, after President Kim Young-sam's civilian administration was launched, the Japanese Governor-General's residence in the Cheongwadae compound was dismantled to remove a major symbol of the Japanese colonialism.
TOURISM
In 2011 in a survey conducted, by Seoul Development Institute, which included 800 residents and 103 urban planners and architects. It listed 39 percent of residents, voted that the palace as the most scenic location in Seoul, following Mount Namsan and Han River in the top spots.
ACCESS
Today, the Gyeongbokgung Palace is open to the public and houses the National Folk Museum of Korea, the National Palace Museum of Korea, and traditional Korean gardens.
TRANSPORTATION
Gyeongbokgung entry is located 22 Sajik-no, Jongno-gu. The nearest subway station is Gyeongbokgung Station (Station #327 on Line 3).
There has been off and on talk to extending the Shinbundang Line near the palace including during a March 2012 campaign promise by Hong Sa-duk to expand the line near Gyeongbok Palace
EVENS
In a poll of nearly 2,000 foreign visitors, conducted by the Seoul Metropolitan Government in November 2011, stated that watching the changing of the guards at the main gate Gwanghwamun as their third favorite activity in Seoul. The royal changing of the guard ceremony is held in front of the main gate every hour from 10:00 to 15:00.
From October, Gyeongbokgung open night season. from 7PM to 10PM. This event is only available to reservation in Inter Park Website.
WIKIPEDIA
AIR CDRE (RETD) ISHFAQ ILAHI CHOUDHURY
As we say goodbye to the year 2012, we might take time out to reflect on our achievements and failures in the year gone by, examine our prospects for the future and the challenges that lie ahead. Religious extremism leading to terrorist activities is one such area that needs to be reviewed. While many South Asian countries are deeply embroiled in the fight against terrorism, Bangladesh had generally been free from terrorist attacks since 2005. As we tended to relax, two incidents in 2012 brought our focus back to the terrorism issue. The first was the burning and looting of the houses and temples of the Buddhist communities in Cox’s Bazar area on 29-30 September. The second was the arrest on 17 October of a young Bangladeshi man caught while planning to bomb the Federal Reserve Building in New York, USA. As the year was coming to a close, the violence unleashed across the country by the Jamaat-e-Islami (JI), a right-wing Islamist party, sent us a clear signal of the growing strength of Islamist politics.
s we say goodbye to the year 2012, we might take time out to reflect on our achievements and failures in the year gone by, examine our prospects for the future and the challenges that lie ahead. Religious extremism leading to terrorist activities is one such area that needs to be reviewed. While many South Asian countries are deeply embroiled in the fight against terrorism, Bangladesh had generally been free from terrorist attacks since 2005. As we tended to relax, two incidents in 2012 brought our focus back to the terrorism issue. The first was the burning and looting of the houses and temples of the Buddhist communities in Cox’s Bazar area on 29-30 September. The second was the arrest on 17 October of a young Bangladeshi man caught while planning to bomb the Federal Reserve Building in New York, USA. As the year was coming to a close, the violence unleashed across the country by the Jamaat-e-Islami (JI), a right-wing Islamist party, sent us a clear signal of the growing strength of Islamist politics.
These are happening at a time when an avowed secular party, the Awami League (AL), is in power. AL won the 2008 election with a commitment to amend the constitution to restore its secular character. It also promised stern action against all forms of religious extremism and terrorism. Four years down the line, much of those promises remain unfulfilled. Constitutional reform was half-done; Islam remained a state religion. Religious parties are more organised today than ever before. Their student fronts are active in most educational institutions. While Islamists are active on political fronts, more radical amongst them are organising themselves for terrorist activities as and when opportunities appear.
Rise of Islamic extremism in Bangladesh
On 16 December 1971, we hoped that Bangladesh would emerge as a modern democratic state. The spirit of the nation was epitomised in the Constitution (1972) that adopted secularism as a state principle and prohibited the political use of religion. The Constitution barred the state from declaring any religion as state religion. However, it all changed after the killing of Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman and many top-ranking political leaders in 1975. Those who seized power at the time found the Islamists as their political ally and started islamising the society and the state. Islamist political parties, such as JI, started building their party structures. The power elites established thousands of madrassas that produced religiously indoctrinated youths who would be the front-line activists of the Islamist parties. Poor, jobless students from the madrassas became easy target of the recruiters of militant Islamist organisations. By late 1990s we had militant organisations such as Jamiatul Mujahedin Bangladesh (JMB) and Harkatul Jihad Al-Islami (HUJI) that took roots in Bangladesh.
Starting from 1999 to 2005, the militants bombed temples, churches, political rallies, cultural functions, cinema halls etc. The government and the opposition kept on blaming each other for those attacks. Even when grenades attack was made on the AL rally in Dhaka on 22 August 2004 killing 22 people and injuring the AL Chief Sheikh Hasina, the government blamed it on the opposition. The series bombing on 17 August 2005 finally compelled the government to come out of the denial mode and stand up to the terrorist threat. In 2006-07, we saw a series of arrests, prosecution and handing down of sentences, including death sentences, on some of the terror leaders. Since then there has been no major terror attack in Bangladesh, but that the terrorists are active is evident from the frequent arrests of activists and seizure of large cache of arms and explosives from their hideouts.
Bulk of the Islamic militants arrested so far had come from poor rural communities. Many were from the Quomi Madrassa background. However, recent years saw a new breed of extremists called the Hizb-ut-Tahrir (HuT). HuT members are drawn from children of urban, upper income parentage, educated in the mainstream or English medium schools and colleges. HuT is targeting the cream of our youth, the nation’s future, and therefore, poses a clear danger. It is feared that HuT has penetrated among schools and universities, professionals – engineers, doctors, government officials and even among the security apparatus. Although the party was banned in 2009, its clandestine activities continue in the country. On the political front, JI continued to grow in strength in Bangladesh. The party is small in size, but highly disciplined, well-organised and has a well-defined hierarchy. Jamaat’s aim is to establish a pure Islamic state based on Sharia. The party had opposed the Liberation War of Bangladesh in 1971 and actively collaborated in the genocide. Some of the top leaderships are now facing war-crime trial. The party, therefore, is on a back foot now, but given the fact that a new election is around the corner, its rank and file might align with the major opposition party to make a bid for power. JI’s student wing, Islami Chattra Shibir (Islamic Students Front), is now a potent student organisation, from schools to universities. The other Islamist party of importance is Islami Oikyo Jote (Islamic Unity Front), a collection of small Islamic parties. Like JI, IOJ also wants to establish an Islamic state in Bangladesh, but there are differences in outlook. IOJ members are exclusively from Quomi madrassa background and more traditional. IOJ has been in the forefront, along with JI, in the movement to declare Ahmedia community as non-Muslims. Present government’s attempt to register Quomi Madrassas and reform their curriculum was thwarted by IOJ’s agitation. None of the Islamist political parties gave open support to the militant activities, however, many of the JMB and HUJI activists had previously been members of Islamist political parties. The Islamist parties have multifarious social, economic and financial investments. Some of the largest banks, insurance, hospitals, diagnostic centres, schools, universities, coaching centres, and travel agencies are operated undercover by the Islamist parties. The Islamist parties have been gaining in strength in Bangladesh at the expense of the two major political parties – BNP and AL. Both parties at one time or other have been courting these parties in order to gain short term advantage over the other.
Countering the extremists
Bangladesh government has taken a number steps to check extremism and militancy. Notable among those are: Anti-Terrorism Act 2009 and Money Laundering Prevention Act 2009 as amended in 2011. The two acts provide for deterrent punishment to offenders in case they engage in acts of terror or launder money to support terrorism. Based on a series of dialogues, workshops and seminars, participated by academics, researchers, politicians, parliamentarians, civil and military officials, a national strategy to combat terrorism in the country has been proposed.Bangladesh has banned a total of six terrorist organizations, including JMB, HUJI and HuT. A number of Islamic NGOs have been banned who had terror links, including Revival of Islamic Heritage Society (Kuwait), Rabita Al Alam Al Islami (Saudi Arabia), and International Islamic relief Organization (Saudi Arabia), Muslim Aid (UK). More than 1,300 militants were arrested; most of them belonging to JMB, HUJI-B or HuT. 29 terrorist kingpins have been sentenced to death and many more sentenced to long imprisonment or are awaiting trial.While our police action has been commendable, we did not do enough on the social front. We need to address urgently the problem of poverty, ignorance, and backwardness. Democratisation of the society is an insurance against extremist ideology. We need to improve governance and provide access to justice for the poor and downtrodden. We need to impart modern education to our youth that prepare them to face the challenges of a fast changing world. A thorough overhaul of madrassa education in our country is long overdue. We need an education system that produce people with high ethical and technical standards, a system that encourages freethinking rather than rote learning. Emergence of HuT points out a lack of pride and a sense of disillusionment among the children of affluent class. This is because English medium schools, where most of the rich parents send their children, follow a curriculum that has no relevance to our culture, history or traditions. Therefore, English medium school syllabus too needs a thorough review.Government must legislate not to allow use of religion to gain political mileage. We need to check creeping ‘Sudiaization’ of Islam. Along with the money from the ME donors, comes the ideological package of Wahhabi Islam which is alien to South Asia. One of the prices we pay for the remittance from our labour force in the ME is the influx of Saudi brand of Islam. How do we de-radicalise these migrant workers is a big challenge for us. Meanwhile, hundreds of extremists who are arrested or under trial must be segregated from other prisoners. At present, these extremists are finding a captive audience 24 hours at their disposal, busy recruiting new ones from among the prisoners. We need to isolate the extremists and start a de-radicalisation program so that when they return to the society they become useful citizen.Our effort to counter religious extremism must be supplemented by regional and global effort. We need to have close cooperation and coordination between the governments of the region. Border monitoring, passport control, anti-money laundering measures, exchange of information on the movement of suspects, arrest and deportation of fugitives are some of the areas where regional countries could cooperate. Checking of arms smuggling across the porous border is another area where regional cooperation is the answer. In short, a total, comprehensive strategy has to be adopted for fighting religious extremism. If Bangladesh is to emerge as a modern, democratic state, the menace of extremism must be eliminated.
Vieux de 7.000 ans, les alignements de Carnac sont mondialement connus et demeurent un haut lieu de la Préhistoire européenne. La singularité des mégalithes de Carnac est leur incroyable alignement.
Cocktail tomato peel surface. Nikon Eclipse 90i, 10x N.A. 0.45 Plan Apo objective. Canon 5D II. The image was composed of several shots using Helicon Focus software, Method B. Step 2 um.
A U.S. M1A2 Abrams tank, center, and U.S. M3 Bradley fighting vehicles of Alpha Company, 3rd Combined Arms Battalion, 69th Armor Regiment, 1st Armored Brigade Combat Team, 3rd Infantry Division convoy to a different location while conducting movement to contact training during exercise Combined Resolve IV at the U.S. Armyâs Joint Multinational Readiness Center in Hohenfels, Germany, May 21, 2015. Combined Resolve IV is an Army Europe directed exercise training a multinational brigade and enhancing interoperability with allies and partner nations. Combined Resolve trains on unified land operations against a complex threat while improving the combat readiness of all participants. The Combined Resolve series of exercises incorporates the U.S. Armyâs Regionally Aligned Force with the European Activity Set to train with European Allies and partners. The 7th Army Joint Multinational Training Command is the only training command outside the continental United States, providing realistic and relevant training to U.S. Army, Joint Service, NATO, allied and multinational units, and is a regular venue for some of the largest training exercises for U.S. and European Forces. (U.S. Army photo by Spc. John Cress Jr./Released)
This is how I aligned the rib attachments to the centerline. I think it worked well.
First I pre aligned the rib attachment, then I screwed one end in. Then I readjusted it so it was more or less perfect and screwed the other end in. That way seemed to be the easiest.
Cette Amaro pourrait être la tienne pour 90€ d'aide aux réfugiés. Prochainement.
#DalidaRFG #réfugiésbienvenue #welcomerefugees #ongietorrierrefuxiatuak
A group of core networking volunteers and friends from past events (like What the Hack 2005, Hacking at Random 2009, Chaos Communication Camp 2011, Observe. Hack. Make 2013) needed to make alterations to a few kilometers of fiber optic cable to be ready for upcoming events such as Chaos Communication Camp 2015, Campzone 2015 and SHA2017.
This turned into a fusion splicing (fiber splicing) workshop.