View allAll Photos Tagged accessibility
Green Bay - a place only accessible at low tide, and is to the right of Porthcurno beach in Cornwall, when looking at a map. Note: If you really want to go there, you will have to visit a site like: easytide.ukho.gov.uk to see when the tide is low. 1.7 metres (around this measure) and you will be able to go around the side of the rocks and get in.
Lanzarote, Spain . This picture has been taken through the glass of the bus while visiting the so called fire mountains in the Timanfaya park.
A spectacular view, only accessible by touristic bus.
Forest path, wheel chair accessible, in western Norway. Also of note: the path was constructed by volunteers.
Accessible PowerScape 3D play system with shade structures, adaptive whirl and swings, musical instruments, motion activities and much more.
Hornstrandir nature reserve was established in 1975. It covers around 58.000 ha of the northernmost part of the Westfjord peninsula, a diverse landscape with fjords, mountains and abandoned settlements.
The area was inhabited from the 9th century, when the first settlers arrived in Iceland and was originally valued for easily accessible fishbanks with abundant amounts of fish. Later, excursions were also made to the area from other parts of the country to collect some of the driftwood that characterizes the shores of Hornstrandir and to hunt for the seabirds that nest there in large colonies.
During the centuries the population of the area fluctuated according to climatic conditions and it seems that the traditional subsistence farming and fishing on small boats was on the verge of supporting the settlements. The farms were small, 5-10 sheep and a cow. Unimproved grassland and wetland was used for haymaking, a necessity in the harsh winter conditions.
The area was abandoned between the 1930's and 1952 when the last inhabitants decided to move from the area. It has since been one of the tourist attractions of Iceland, equally visited by Icelandic and foreign tourists. There are no roads in the area and it is only accessible by boat or by traditional trekking routes.
The vegetation of the area has changed dramatically during the last 50 years, grassland has turned into flower meadows or in some cases a monoculture of Angelica archangelica. Heavy snowcover during the winter and an intensive, if short, growing season with 24 hrs sunlight create special conditions for rare species and the absence of grazing ruminants gives a new perspective on the capacity of many common species in these harsh conditions.
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I returned to Iceland after five years for a 10-days hike in the abandoned, awesome and exceptional area of Hornstandir. This is a place where the toughest of mankind finally failed to permanently dominate the nature.
Fjords, mountains, lonely houses, lost graveyards; no villages, no roads, no shops, nothing. Just an unspoiled nature, beautiful flowers, arctic foxes giving good night and seals peacefully playing close to the coastline.
(For those who are interested – the itinerary was as follows: Fljótavík -> Hlöðuvík -> Hornvík -> Hornbjargsvíti -> Bolungarvík -> Reykjafjörður -> Hrafnfjörður -> Grunnavík.)
This is a shot taken during our 3rd day in the area - we camped in the peaceful Hornvík bay and continued hiking in the eastern direction, visiting spectacular Hornbjarg cliffs.
An FGW HST set fails to disturb the resting bird life as it skirts the River Teign en route to Paddington.
The concrete plinth in the background is coloquially known as the "pill-box" and affords a view of trains from both directions, but sadly is only accessible at low tide.
Beamish Museum's hard working accessible bus has been given a brand new coat of paint courtesy of the GoNorthEast bus group! All it needs now is the appropriate company crest and legal lettering to make it look even better than when new.
The livery applied is that of the former Venture Transport of Consett, founded shortly after the First World War and once the largest bus operator in North-East England. The company was sold to the former Northern General Transport Company in 1970 and is now part of the GoAhead Group. The livery has recently been resurrected for use on GoNorthEast buses in the Consett area.
This vehicle was built for Beamish in October 2007. It isn't a replica of any actual type of vehicle, simply something like the types that existed around 1913. It has an electric chairlift at the back to enable the museum to comply with current accessibility legislation. It's also a bit of a pig to drive!
The registration number of this bus, "J2007", is a museum invention, "J" being the registration letter of County Durham in 1913 and "2007" being the year the bus went into service. The number is currently missing from the front of the bus.
Copyright © 2017 Terry Pinnegar Photography. All Rights Reserved. THIS IMAGE IS NOT TO BE USED WITHOUT MY EXPRESS PERMISSION!
Accessible Pedestrian Signal: lean entire body weight, I mean, press black button for count of 5, feel a click, feel the button vibrate when walk light comes on and hear the chirps telling you it's OK to go cross the road.
These seem to often be broken - button won't click, sound won't chirp. So if you want to help your fellow citizens get around easily - press one of these buttons to see if it works. If not, call or tweet 311! Easy, quick! :)
Near Wajurda Point, Nelson's Beach, Mimosa Rocks National Park, NSW AUS. This beach is accessible by dirt road and popular with surfers.
The location of Big Ed Hurley from the TV series Twin Peaks, in Preston, Washington, USA.
Named after railway official William T. Preston, it is a historic mill town on the northeast edge of the large Tiger Mountain State Forest and is located within commuting distance of Seattle and Bellevue.
The local Raging River feeds into the Snoqualmie River at Fall City and offers recreational activities like fly-fishing and swimming. Eastside Fire & Rescue has an all-volunteer fire station, Station 74, staffed by residents of Preston and nearby communities, which serves the Preston area.
The Preston Community Club is a volunteer organization that was created to unite and protect the historic Preston community by organizing town events and acting as liaisons to local and state government.
Several small stores have popped up as the area has grown, such as the Preston General store, Indoor Garden & Lighting, Coffee Too!, Subway, and the Preston Post Office. Several larger companies have taken advantage of Preston's accessibility, such as bottled water company Talking Rain, SanMar, and Platt.
Information Sources:
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preston,_Washington
www.twinpeaksblog.com/2018/05/15/setting-the-stage-big-ed...
www.cntraveler.com/galleries/2015-03-16/10-real-life-twin...
The second abandoned bridge on the abandoned Marcola Branch is the Mohawk River Bridge, seen through the trees in the distance and much less accessible than the McKenzie River Bridge. This is near the timetable station of Yarnell.
Accessible from the Pilatusbahn funicular railway, Mount Pilatus towers above Lucerne, covered in a light dusting of snow the day I visited, with the mountaintops rising above the thick clouds and drizzle of rain below
More accessible than Sveti Stefan, its elitist neighbour, the charming village of Petrovac has been appreciated since Ancient times/Antiquity. The pretty fishing port, houses built of stone from Venice, and shady arbors contribute to the delight of holidaymakers, who go as far as the castle to admire the panoramic views.
Petrovac is a small coastal place with mild Mediterranean climate and almost 300 sunny days in the year, it has got many coves, long beaches and small sandy gulfs which are the most beautiful ones in this part of the Adriatic.
Petrovac abounds in olive trees, oranges, laurels, oleanders. Wood growing from the rocks surrounds every cove and every single one out of dozen villages which are situated on the south slopes of the surrounding hills. The surrounding landscape is rich and green.
Mollusc-rich fossiliferous limestone of the Grotto Beach Formation (Upper Pleistocene) near the shoreline of Moon Rock Pond, northeastern San Salvador Island, eastern Bahamas.
The fossiliferous limestone shown above is dominated by fossil bivalves and gastropods - readily recognizable species include Codakia orbicularis (tiger lucine clam), Bulla occidentalis (West Indies bubble snail), Laevicardium serratum (common egg cockle), and trochids (top snails). This is part of the Cockburn Town Member of the Grotto Beach Limestone (lower Upper Pleistocene, Sangamonian, MIS 5e, 119-131 ka).
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The surface bedrock geology of San Salvador consists entirely of Pleistocene and Holocene limestones. Thick and relatively unforgiving vegetation covers most of the island’s interior (apart from inland lakes). Because of this, the most easily-accessible rock outcrops are along the island’s shorelines.
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Stratigraphic Succession in the Bahamas:
Rice Bay Formation (Holocene, <10 ka), subdivided into two members (Hanna Bay Member over North Point Member)
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Grotto Beach Formation (lower Upper Pleistocene, 119-131 ka), subdivided into two members (Cockburn Town Member over French Bay Member)
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Owl's Hole Formation (Middle Pleistocene, ~215-220 ka & ~327-333 ka & ~398-410 ka & older)
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San Salvador’s surface bedrock can be divided into two broad lithologic categories:
1) LIMESTONES
2) PALEOSOLS
The limestones were deposited during sea level highstands (actually, only during the highest of the highstands). During such highstands (for example, right now), the San Salvador carbonate platform is partly flooded by ocean water. At such times, the “carbonate factory” is on, and abundant carbonate sediment grains are generated by shallow-water organisms living on the platform. The abundance of carbonate sediment means there will be abundant carbonate sedimentary rock formed after burial and cementation (diagenesis). These sea level highstands correspond with the climatically warm interglacials during the Pleistocene Ice Age.
Based on geochronologic dating on various Bahamas islands, and based on a modern understanding of the history of Pleistocene-Holocene global sea level changes, surficial limestones in the Bahamas are known to have been deposited at the following times (expressed in terms of marine isotope stages, “MIS” - these are the glacial-interglacial climatic cycles determined from δ18O analysis):
1) MIS 1 - the Holocene, <10 k.y. This is the current sea level highstand.
2) MIS 5e - during the Sangamonian Interglacial, in the early Late Pleistocene, from 119 to 131 k.y. (sea level peaked at ~125 k.y.)
3) MIS 7 - ~215 to 220 k.y. - late Middle Pleistocene
4) MIS 9 - ~327-333 k.y. - late Middle Pleistocene
5) MIS 11 - ~398-410 k.y. - late Middle Pleistocene
Bahamian limestones deposited during MIS 1 are called the Rice Bay Formation. Limestones deposited during MIS 5e are called the Grotto Beach Formation. Limestones deposited during MIS 7, 9, 11, and perhaps as old as MIS 13 and 15, are called the Owl’s Hole Formation. These stratigraphic units were first established on San Salvador Island (the type sections are there), but geologic work elsewhere has shown that the same stratigraphic succession also applies to the rest of the Bahamas.
During times of lowstands (= times of climatically cold glacial intervals of the Pleistocene Ice Age), weathering and pedogenesis results in the development of soils. With burial and diagenesis, these soils become paleosols. The most common paleosol type in the Bahamas is calcrete (a.k.a. caliche; a.k.a. terra rosa). Calcrete horizons cap all Pleistocene-aged stratigraphic units in the Bahamas, except where erosion has removed them. Calcretes separate all major stratigraphic units. Sometimes, calcrete-looking horizons are encountered in the field that are not true paleosols.
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Subsurface Stratigraphy of San Salvador Island:
The island’s stratigraphy below the Owl’s Hole Formation was revealed by a core drilled down ~168 meters (~550-feet) below the surface (for details, see Supko, 1977). The well site was at 3 meters above sea level near Graham’s Harbour beach, between Line Hole Settlement and Singer Bar Point (northern margin of San Salvador Island). The first 37 meters were limestones. Below that, dolostones dominate, alternating with some mixed dolostone-limestone intervals. Reddish-brown calcretes separate major units. Supko (1977) infers that the lowest rocks in the core are Upper Miocene to Lower Pliocene, based on known Bahamas Platform subsidence rates.
In light of the successful island-to-island correlations of Middle Pleistocene, Upper Pleistocene, and Holocene units throughout the Bahamas (see the Bahamas geologic literature list below), it seems reasonable to conclude that San Salvador’s subsurface dolostones may correlate well with sub-Pleistocene dolostone units exposed in the far-southeastern portions of the Bahamas Platform.
Recent field work on Mayaguana Island has resulted in the identification of Miocene, Pliocene, and Lower Pleistocene surface outcrops (see: www2.newark.ohio-state.edu/facultystaff/personal/jstjohn/...). On Mayaguana, the worked-out stratigraphy is:
- Rice Bay Formation (Holocene)
- Grotto Beach Formation (Upper Pleistocene)
- Owl’s Hole Formation (Middle Pleistocene)
- Misery Point Formation (Lower Pleistocene)
- Timber Bay Formation (Pliocene)
- Little Bay Formation (Upper Miocene)
- Mayaguana Formation (Lower Miocene)
The Timber Bay Fm. and Little Bay Fm. are completely dolomitized. The Mayaguana Fm. is ~5% dolomitized. The Misery Point Fm. is nondolomitized, but the original aragonite mineralogy is absent.
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The stratigraphic information presented here is synthesized from the Bahamian geologic literature.
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Supko, P.R. 1977. Subsurface dolomites, San Salvador, Bahamas. Journal of Sedimentary Petrology 47: 1063-1077.
Bowman, P.A. & J.W. Teeter. 1982. The distribution of living and fossil Foraminifera and their use in the interpretation of the post-Pleistocene history of Little Lake, San Salvador, Bahamas. San Salvador Field Station Occasional Papers 1982(2). 21 pp.
Sanger, D.B. & J.W. Teeter. 1982. The distribution of living and fossil Ostracoda and their use in the interpretation of the post-Pleistocene history of Little Lake, San Salvador Island, Bahamas. San Salvador Field Station Occasional Papers 1982(1). 26 pp.
Gerace, D.T., R.W. Adams, J.E. Mylroie, R. Titus, E.E. Hinman, H.A. Curran & J.L. Carew. 1983. Field Guide to the Geology of San Salvador (Third Edition). 172 pp.
Curran, H.A. 1984. Ichnology of Pleistocene carbonates on San Salvador, Bahamas. Journal of Paleontology 58: 312-321.
Anderson, C.B. & M.R. Boardman. 1987. Sedimentary gradients in a high-energy carbonate lagoon, Snow Bay, San Salvador, Bahamas. CCFL Bahamian Field Station Occasional Paper 1987(2). (31) pp.
1988. Bahamas Project. pp. 21-48 in First Keck Research Symposium in Geology (Abstracts Volume), Beloit College, Beloit, Wisconsin, 14-17 April 1988.
1989. Proceedings of the Fourth Symposium on the Geology of the Bahamas, June 17-22, 1988. 381 pp.
1989. Pleistocene and Holocene carbonate systems, Bahamas. pp. 18-51 in Second Keck Research Symposium in Geology (Abstracts Volume), Colorado College, Colorado Springs, Colorado, 14-16 April 1989.
Curran, H.A., J.L. Carew, J.E. Mylroie, B. White, R.J. Bain & J.W. Teeter. 1989. Pleistocene and Holocene carbonate environments on San Salvador Island, Bahamas. 28th International Geological Congress Field Trip Guidebook T175. 46 pp.
1990. The 5th Symposium on the Geology of the Bahamas, June 15-19, 1990, Abstracts and Programs. 29 pp.
1991. Proceedings of the Fifth Symposium on the Geology of the Bahamas. 247 pp.
1992. The 6th Symposium on the Geology of the Bahamas, June 11-15, 1992, Abstracts and Program. 26 pp.
1992. Proceedings of the 4th Symposium on the Natural History of the Bahamas, June 7-11, 1991. 123 pp.
Boardman, M.R., C. Carney, B. White, H.A. Curran & D.T. Gerace. 1992. The geology of Columbus' landfall: a field guide to the Holcoene geology of San Salvador, Bahamas, Field trip 3 for the annual meeting of the Geological Society of America, Cincinnati, Ohio, October 26-29, 1992. Ohio Division of Geological Survey Miscellaneous Report 2. 49 pp.
Carew, J.L., J.E. Mylroie, N.E. Sealey, M. Boardman, C. Carney, B. White, H.A. Curran & D.T. Gerace. 1992. The 6th Symposium on the Geology of the Bahamas, June 11-15, 1992, Field Trip Guidebook. 56 pp.
1993. Proceedings of the 6th Symposium on the Geology of the Bahamas, June 11-15, 1992. 222 pp.
Lawson, B.M. 1993. Shelling San Sal, an Illustrated Guide to Common Shells of San Salvador Island, Bahamas. San Salvador, Bahamas. Bahamian Field Station. 63 pp.
1994. The 7th Symposium on the Geology of the Bahamas, June 16-20, 1994, Abstracts and Program. 26 pp.
1994. Proceedings of the 5th Symposium on the Natural History of the Bahamas, June 11-14, 1993. 107 pp.
Carew, J.L. & J.E. Mylroie. 1994. Geology and Karst of San Salvador Island, Bahamas: a Field Trip Guidebook. 32 pp.
Godfrey, P.J., R.L. Davis, R.R. Smtih & J.A. Wells. 1994. Natural History of Northeastern San Salvador Island: a "New World" Where the New World Began, Bahamian Field Station Trail Guide. 28 pp.
Hinman, G. 1994. A Teacher's Guide to the Depositional Environments on San Salvador Island, Bahamas. 64 pp.
Mylroie, J.E. & J.L. Carew. 1994. A Field Trip Guide Book of Lighthouse Cave, San Salvador Island, Bahamas. 10 pp.
1995. Proceedings of the Seventh Symposium on the Geology of the Bahamas, June 16-20, 1994. 134 pp.
1995. Terrestrial and shallow marine geology of the Bahamas and Bermuda. Geological Society of America Special Paper 300.
1996. The 8th Symposium on the Geology of the Bahamas, May 30-June 3, 1996, Abstracts and Program. 21 pp.
1996. Proceedings of the 6th Symposium on the Natural History of the Bahamas, June 9-13, 1995. 165 pp.
1997. Proceedings of the 8th Symposium on the Geology of the Bahamas and Other Carbonate Regions, May 30-June 3, 1996. 213 pp.
Curran, H.A., B. White & M.A. Wilson. 1997. Guide to Bahamian Ichnology: Pleistocene, Holocene, and Modern Environments. San Salvador, Bahamas. Bahamian Field Station. 61 pp.
1998. The 9th Symposium on the Geology of the Bahamas and Other Carbonate Regions, June 4-June 8, 1998, Abstracts and Program. 25 pp.
Wilson, M.A., H.A. Curran & B. White. 1998. Paleontological evidence of a brief global sea-level event during the last interglacial. Lethaia 31: 241-250.
1999. Proceedings of the 9th Symposium on the Geology of the Bahamas and Other Carbonate Regions, June 4-8, 1998. 142 pp.
2000. The 10th Symposium on the Geology of the Bahamas and Other Carbonate Regions, June 8-June 12, 2000, Abstracts and Program. 29+(1) pp.
2001. Proceedings of the 10th Symposium on the Geology of the Bahamas and Other Carbonate Regions, June 8-12, 2000. 200 pp.
Bishop, D. & B.J. Greenstein. 2001. The effects of Hurricane Floyd on the fidelity of coral life and death assemblages in San Salvador, Bahamas: does a hurricane leave a signature in the fossil record? Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs 33(4): 51.
Gamble, V.C., S.J. Carpenter & L.A. Gonzalez. 2001. Using carbon and oxygen isotopic values from acroporid corals to interpret temperature fluctuations around an unconformable surface on San Salvador Island, Bahamas. Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs 33(4): 52.
Gardiner, L. 2001. Stability of Late Pleistocene reef mollusks from San Salvador Island, Bahamas. Palaios 16: 372-386.
Ogarek, S.A., C.K. Carney & M.R. Boardman. 2001. Paleoenvironmental analysis of the Holocene sediments of Pigeon Creek, San Salvador, Bahamas. Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs 33(4): 17.
Schmidt, D.A., C.K. Carney & M.R. Boardman. 2001. Pleistocene reef facies diagenesis within two shallowing-upward sequences at Cockburntown, San Salvador, Bahamas. Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs 33(4): 42.
2002. The 11th Symposium on the Geology of the Bahamas and Other Carbonate Regions, June 6th-June 10, 2002, Abstracts and Program. 29 pp.
2004. The 12th Symposium on the Geology of the Bahamas and Other Carbonate Regions, June 3-June 7, 2004, Abstracts and Program. 33 pp.
2004. Proceedings of the 11th Symposium on the Geology of the Bahamas and Other Carbonate Regions, June 6-10, 2002. 240 pp.
Martin, A.J. 2006. Trace Fossils of San Salvador. 80 pp.
2006. Proceedings of the 12th Symposium on the Geology of the Bahamas and Other Carbonate Regions, June 3-7, 2004. 249 pp.
2006. The 13th Symposium on the Geology of the Bahamas and Other Carbonate Regions, June 8-June 12, 2006, Abstracts and Program. 27 pp.
Mylroie, J.E. & J.L. Carew. 2008. Field Guide to the Geology and Karst Geomorphology of San Salvador Island. 88 pp.
2008. Proceedings of the 13th Symposium on the Geology of the Bahamas and Other Carbonate Regions, June 8-12, 2006. 223 pp.
2008. The 14th Symposium on the Geology of the Bahamas and Other Carbonate Regions, June 12-June 16, 2006, Abstracts and Program. 26 pp.
2010. Proceedings of the 14th Symposium on the Geology of the Bahamas and Other Carbonate Regions, June 12-16, 2008. 249 pp.
2010. The 15th Symposium on the Geology of the Bahamas and Other Carbonate Regions, June 17-June 21, 2010, Abstracts and Program. 36 pp.
2012. Proceedings of the 15th Symposium on the Geology of the Bahamas and Other Carbonate Regions, June 17-21, 2010. 183 pp.
2012. The 16th Symposium on the Geology of the Bahamas and Other Carbonate Regions, June 14-June 18, 2012, Abstracts with Program. 45 pp.
Platform 15 at Bristol Temple Meads was never normally accessible by the Public, however on occasions it was!
Here, we see Bescot's 31 167, dragging Bath Road's 56 031 'Merehead', and Old Oak Common's 50 024 'Vanguard' onto Bath Road, on a bitterly cold January 3rd 1985.
TOPS info:-
31167 BS 0 XA
56031 BR S M 0 AA
50024 OC E XA.
31 167 was built by Brush as D5585, entering service on March 25th 1960.
31B March 25/01/1960
30A Stratford 06/1961
31B March 06/1962
41A Darnall 04/1963
34G Finsbury Park 06/1963
41A Darnall 07/1963
41F Mexborough 09/1963
Allocated to Wath, sub-shed of Mexborough
41C Wath 11/1963
41A Tinsley 10/1965
41C Wath 01/1966
41A Tinsley 06/1966
Converted to Cl. 31 09/1967
55B York 10/1972
Allocation recoded 55B to YK 05/1973
TI Tinsley 09/1973
Renumbered 31 167 03/1974
IM Immingham 03/1974
TI Tinsley 02/1976
SF Stratford 05/1976
TE Thornaby 01/1979
Withdrawn 31/05/1981
Stored at TI 5/81 - 6/81, then to ZL (Swindon Works) on 19/6/81 for store. Left on 4/3/82 following re-instatement.
Reinstated 21/02/1982
TO Toton 21/02/1982
BS Bescot 05/1983
Withdrawn 27/09/1988
Stored at Tyseley until moved to Leicester Humberstone Road on 19/1/89, and into Vic Berry the same day. partly cut up by 19/2/89, and only bits remained by 15/3/89, which
were gone by 24/3/89.
56 031 was built at Doncaster, entering service on May 24th 1977.
TO Toton 24/05/1977
TI Tinsley 10/1978
HM Healey Mills 05/1980
BR Bristol Bath Road 04/1983
Named Merehead at Foster Yeoman's Quarry, Merehead Stone Terminal on 16/9/83
CF Cardiff (Canton) 10/1987
SL Stewarts Lane 09/1991
TO Toton 03/1992
SL Stewarts Lane 11/1992
TO Toton 01/1994
IM Immingham 03/1994
TE Thornaby 07/1995
The nameplates were removed at Thornaby TMD on 30/5/96
IM Immingham 01/1997
WQ EWS Headquarters Pool 26/11/1999
IM Immingham 02/03/2000
Returned to Service 02/03/2000
WQ EWS Headquarters Pool 02/07/2002
Store 02/07/2002
WQ as stored (S) 2/7/02, at IM, then to store (U) 8/8/02, and to store (S) 3/2/03.
To WQ store (U) 9/2/04, to WQ French Projects 21/ 1/05, and moved from Immingham to Toton on 21/1/05, to Bescot on 25/1/05 and then to Wembley 25-26/1/05, then delivered to Old Oak Common on 27/1/05 for preparation.
Freshly painted and outshopped in Fertis colours on 26/4/05, but was not released from Old Oak Common to Wembley until 27/6/05, to Dollands Moor on 28/6/05 and
through the tunnel to France later the same day .
56 031 Arrived back in the UK at Dollands Moor via the Channel Tunnel on 23/12/06 and then on to Wembley Yard later the same day. Next reported as returned to service 15/5/07.
TO Toton 15/05/2007
Returned to Service 15/05/2007
Store 15/05/2007
Hauled to Warrington on 4/11/08, then tripped back to Crewe EMD on 6/11/08 and then hauled round to the Diesel Depot and pushed inside the closed depot on 9/12/08.
Stored (u) (French Projects) 3/4/09, stored (u) 22/9/10
loco sold 7/12/11.
It remained inside Crewe DD until hauled from there to European Metal Recycling, Kingsbury on 14/9/12 and deregistered on 23/1/13
Reregistered 17/4/13 and sold to Ed Stevenson and moved from EMR to Burton-upon-Trent on 9/5/13 for overhaul, also TO (Nemesis Rail stored) the same day, to privately owned locos 14/5/13.
Moved to the reopened Leicester TMD on 3/12/13. Apparently transferred to HQ at some stage, date unknown
HQ Headquarters Pool 10/2013
LR Leicester 07/2015
Store 07/2015
PG Peterborough GBRf 07/2018
Sold to GBRf for its class 69 conversion programme and moved to EMD, Longport 6/7/18. Stripped body moved to Marcroft Engineering, Stoke-on-Trent 25/4/19, returned to
EMD, Longport 28/5/19. Deregistered 9/2/21
Converted to 69001, renumbered on 9/2/21.
50 024 was built by Vulcan Foundry as D424, entering service on May 21st 1968.
LMWL LM Western Lines 21/05/1968
D05 Stoke Division 17/06/1968
CE Crewe Diesel 05/1973
Allocation recoded CE to CD 12/1973
BR Bristol Bath Road 05/1974
Renumbered 50 024 08/05/1974
LA Laira 05/1976
Named Vanguard on 15/5/78.
OC Old Oak Common 03/1983
LA Laira 07/1990
Store 23/01/1991
Withdrawn 01/02/1991
Caught fire near Westbury while working a Waterloo-Exeter passenger train 23/1/91 and moved to Westbury.
Moved to Old Oak Common on 2/2/91, where all spares were removed, then it was broken up on site by staff from Coopers Metals Ltd., Cardiff between 25/6/91 and 6/7/91.
I hope you enjoy looking through my Flickr images. Please consider helping me pay for my Flickr subscription, and to help me buy-back some of the 4000 of my slides from the past that I'd like to get back.
I'll rescan all of my older uploads in the fullness of time.
Any help will be greatly appreciated.
Thank you.
Porters Pond / Wenatchee
I frequent this area a lot. Close by and accessible. Good year for Heron and Osprey.
Landungsbrücken / Hotel Hafen Hamburg
"The St. Pauli Piers (German: St. Pauli Landungsbrücken, often only referred to as Landungsbrücken. are the largest landing place in the Port of Hamburg, Germany, and also one of Hamburg's major tourist attractions
The first pier here was built in 1839 at what was then the edge of the harbour. It served as a terminal for steamships, which could be relatively easily filled with coal here. The pier ensured a sufficient security distance from the city, since these ships were fueled by coal which presented a fire risk. The current piers built in 1907 consist of floating pontoons, which are accessible from land by ten movable bridges.
The 688 metres (2,257 ft) long landing place originally served the passenger steamers of the overseas lines."
Source: wikipedia.org
Halifax Transit 2004 New Flyer D40LF #1058 is seen at Mumford Terminal with the back door open. To physical distance passengers with the operator all passengers who don’t have accessibility needs are required to get on and off the back doors.
Children with additional support needs will have improved access to nursery education thanks to £2 million announced by First Minister Nicola Sturgeon today.
The money will fund specialist training and equipment to ensure all nurseries offering the free early learning and childcare (ELC) entitlement are equipped to care for children with additional support needs
The First Minister and Mark McDonald, Minister for Childcare and Early Years announced the funding while visiting Smile Childcare Early Years Centre in Wester Hailes, Edinburgh.
I have a lot of shots to post. I have been very busy, and then there are the photos I helped escape the house-clearance people from Mum's.
So, back to the matter in hand: Ospringe.
Ospringe is one of the most easily identifiable churches in Kent, with its unusual saddleback tower, but it is well seen, as you can see the tower before the turn off to Faversham. It looks fabulous.
Ospringe was a small village, but now is part of the urban sprawl of Faversham as it spreads to the south of the old A2.
You turn down a tight junction, then along a narrow road with cars parked on either side, until you break into open country, and the church is on a bend in the road.
I was last here on winter about a decade ago, it was a bitterly cold day and the planned Christmas Tree festival had been delayed a week due to bad weather the weekend before.
I cam here on the off-chance, and I was met by a volunteer come to clean the church, but no one with a key.
The vicar arrived, and after explaining again about the project, he reluctantly let me in, but warned he would not be here long.
Last time here, i took 7 shots, and none of details, so I made busy with the nifty fifty.....
John Vigar says this is a church hard to gain access too, maybe I have been lucky, but worth seeking out if you're passing.
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A pretty church whose thirteenth century origins seem lost beneath a Victorian veneer – yet inside all become clear. The north wall is thickened to take the rood loft staircase (see also Challock) but there is a medieval stair in the south side too, just to confuse. The font is a lovely twelfth century piece supported by the familiar five columns. Much of the glass is by Thomas Willement and displays his signature TW, which can also be seen in the Alpha emblem in the top of the striking east window. The chancel is a riot of Victoriana of grand design – constructed in several campaigns, the reredos and flooring definitely by different hands. Old photos show that the whole church was once stencilled, but now that the nave is relatively plain, the chancel is once more the focus of attention. The south chapel has a rather nice 19th century roof structure and must once have been a grand family chapel. All in all a lovely church full of interest and one which should be more accessible and better known.
www.kentchurches.info/church.asp?p=Ospringe
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OSPRINGE
LIES the next parish north westward from Sheldwich. It is usually written in antient records Ospringes, and takes its name from the spring or fresh stream which rises in it.
The town of Ospringe, as it is called, is a franchise separate from the hundred of Faversham, having a constable of its own, but the rest of the parish is within the jurisdiction of that hundred.
The borough of Chetham, in this parish, was given to the abbey of Faversham by Richard de Lucy, and confirmed to it by king Henry II. king John, and king Henry III. (fn. 1) It still continues an appendage to the manor of Faversham, at which a borsholder is chosen yearly for this borough, and extends over Beacon farm on the south side of the London road, at the 45th mile stone in Ospringe and Stone, and very little besides. There is another small borough in this parish, called the borough of Brimstone, for which a borsholder is elected annually at the same manor. It extends over the Red Lion inn, in Ospringe-street, and some land, an house and oast behind the bowling-green, northward of it.
The parish of Ospringe is of large extent, being near five miles from north to south, though it is not much more than two miles in breadth. The village, or town of Ospringe, as it was formerly called, and now usually Ospringe-street, stands on the high London road, between the 46th and 47th mile-stone, but the north side of the street, as well as of that road, from the summit of Judde hill, as far eastward as the 47th mile stone, is within Faversham parish, the liberties of which town begin from the rivulet in Ospringe, and extend eastward, including the late Mr. Lypeatt's new-built house. Thus that parish intervenes, and entirely separates from the rest of it that part of Ospringe parish, at the northern boundaries of it, in which are the storekeeper's house, part of the offices, &c. and some of the royal powder mills, and in the town of Faversham, that parish again intervening, there is a small part of Weststreet within this parish. The grand valley, called Newnham bottom, through which the high road leads to Maidstone, lies at the western boundary of the parish, on the summit of the hill eastward of it is Juddehouse, built after a design of Inigo Jones, a fine situation, having a most beautiful prospect eastward, over a most fertile extent of country, to the Boughton hills, and the channel north eastward of it, but the large tract of woodland, of many hundred acres, which reach up close to the gardens at the back of it, render it rather an unhealthy situation. About a quarter of a mile eastward of Ospringe-street is a good house, called from the antient oratory or chapel formerly adjoining to it, but pulled down within these few years, chapelhouse. This oratory was dedicated to St. Nicholas, and erected for a priest to say mass in it, for the safety and good success of passengers, who left their acknowledgments for his pains in it. It belonged lately to Mr. John Simmons, whose son sold it to Isaac Rutton, esq. and he alienated the house to Mr. Neame, the present owner; but on a part of the land adjoining he built an elegant villa, naming it Ospringe Place, in which he now resides.
In Ospringe-street there is a tolerable inn, and the remains of the Maison Dieu on each side of the high road close to the small rivulet which crosses the street. This stream rises at Westbrook, at a small distance southward of the hamlet of Whitehill, at the back of which it runs, and at about a mile and an half distance, passing by Ospringe church, and the mansion of Queen-court, now a respectable farm-house, it turns a mill, erected some years ago for the manufacturing of madder, though now used for the grinding corn, and having crossed Ospringe-street, it turns a gunpowder mill not far from it, occupied by government, but belonging to St. John's college, in Cambridge, and having supplied the storekeeper's gardens, it afterwards turns a corn-mill, close to the west side of Faversham town, after which it supplies the rest of the government mills and works, and runs from thence into Faversham creek, to which it is a very necessary and beneficial back water. There is a nailbourne, or temporary land spring, such as are not unusual in the parts of this county eastward of Sittingborne, which run but once perhaps in several years, their failing and continuance having no certain periods, the breaking forth of them being held by the common people to be a forerunner of scarcity and dearness of corn and victuals. This at Ospringe, when it breaks out, rises about half a mile southward of Whitehill, near Kennaways, in the road to Stalisfield, and joining the above-mentioned rivulet, which it considerably increases, flows with it into Faversham creek. In February, 1674, it began to run, but stopped before Michaelmas. It broke forth in February, 1712, and run with such violence along the high road, that trenches were cut through the lands adjoining to carry the water off, but it stopped again before Michaelmas. It had continued dry till it broke out afresh in 1753, and continued to run till summer 1778, when it stopped, and has continued dry ever since.
About a mile southward of Ospringe-street is the hamlet of Whitehill, mentioned before, situated in the vale through which the rivulet takes its course. There are two houses of some account in it, formerly owned by the family of Drayton, who had resided in this parish for many years. Robert Drayton resided here anno 7 Edward IV. in which year he died, and was buried in the church-yard of Ospringe, being then possessed, as appears by his will, of a house called Smythes, with its lands and appurtenances, at Whitehill. After this family had become extinct here, one of these houses came into the possession of Ruck, and escheated, for want of lawful heirs, to the lord of the manor, and now as such belongs to the earl of Guildford, but Mr. James Foord resides in it. The other, after the Draytons were become extinct here, came into the name of Wreight, one of whom, Henry Wreight, gent. died possessed of it in 1695, and was buried in Faversham church. His son of the same name resided here, and died in 1773, and his grandson Henry Wreight, gent. of Faversham, sold it to John Montresor of Belmont, esq. who now owns it, but John Smith esq. resides in it. About a mile westward on the hill, near Hanslets Fostall and the parsonage, is a new-erected house, called the Oaks, built not many years since, on the scite of an antient one, called Nicholas, formerly belonging to the Draytons, by Mr. John Toker, who resides in it; the woodgrounds in the upland parts of this parish are very extensive, and contain many hundred acres. The soil of this parish, from its large extent, is various, to the north and north-east of the church the lands are level and very fertile, being a fine rich loam, but as they extend southward to the uplands, the soil becomes more and more barren, much of it chalky, and the rest a cludgy red earth, stiff tillage land, and very stony. A fair is held in Ospringe-street on the 29th of May.
¶Much has already been said in the former parts of these volumes, of the different opinions of learned men where the Roman station, called in the second iter of Antonine Durolevum, ought to be placed. Most of the copies of Antonine make the distance from the last station Durobrovis, which is allowed by all to be Rochester, to the station of Durolevum, to be xiii or xvi miles, though the Peutongerian tables make it only vii. If the number xvi is right, no place bids so fair for it as Judde-hill, in this parish, which then would have every probable circumstance in favor of it. The Romans undoubtedly had some strong military post on this hill, on the summit of which there are the remains of a very deep and broad ditch, the south and east sides are still entire, as is a small part of the north side at the eastern corners of it, the remaining part of the north side was filled up not many years since. The west side has nothing left of it; close within the southern part of it is a high mount of earth thrown up to a considerable height above the ground round it, the scite of Judde house, and the gardens are contained within it. The form of it seems to have been a square, with the corners rounded, and to have contained between three and four acres of ground within its area, the common people call it king Stephen's castle, but it is certainly of a much older date. At a small distance from it, on the opposite, or north side of the high road, there are several breast works cast up across the field facing the west. At the bottom of the hill, in the next field to this, are the ruins of Stone chapel, in which numbers of Roman bricks are interspersed among the flints, and in the midst of the south wall of it, there is a separate piece of a Roman building, about a rod in length, and near three feet high, composed of two rows of Roman tiles, of about fourteen inches square each, and on them are laid small stones hewed, but of no regular size or shape, for about a foot high, and then tiles again, and so on alternately.
THIS PARISH is within the ECCLESIASTICAL JURISDICTION of the diocese of Canterbury, and deanry of Ospringe
The church stands within the jurisdiction of the town of Ospringe, about half a mile southward from Ospringe-street. It is dedicated to St. Peter and St. Paul. It is an antient building, consisting of three isles and a chancel. The steeple was formerly at the west end, and was built circular of flints, supposed to be Danish, with a shingled spire on it, of upwards of fifty feet high, in which were four bells; but in ringing them on Oct. 11, 1695, on king William's return from Flanders, it suddenly fell to the ground, providentially no one was hurt by it. There are no remains left of any painted glass in the windows of this church, though there was formerly much in most of them; particularly, in the window of the north isle was once the figure of a mitred bishop, on the rack, with a knife on the table by him, and of another person tied to a tree, and wounded with arrows. In another was a label to the memory of Robert Seton, and of a woman kneeling; and there was not many years ago remaining in the east window, at the end of the south isle, forming a kind of chancel, the effigies of a knight in his tabard of arms, with spurs on his heels, in a kneeling posture, looking up to a crucisix, painted just above him, of which there remained only the lower part. The knight's arms, Azure, three harts heads, caboshed, or, were thrown under him, and at a little distance some part of his crest, An hart's head, attired full, or, with a crown about his neck, azure, and underneath, Pray for the soul of Thomas Hart. This Sir Thomas Hart was possessed of an estate in this parish, which he purchased of Norwood. The Greenstreets, of Selling, lately claimed this chancel, and several of them lie buried in it. There was a chapel, dedicated to St. Thomas, in this church.
In the east part of the church-yard there was once a chapel, said to have been built by Sir John Denton, of Denton, in this parish and Easling, the foundations of which are still visible.
It appears by the Testa de Nevil, taken in the reign of king Henry III. that the church of Ospringe was in the king's gift, and was afterwards given by king John to John de Burgo, who then held it, and that it was worth forty marcs. After which, in the 8th year of Richard II. anno 1384, it was become appropriated to the abbot of Pontiniac, and was valued at 13l. 6s. 8d. at which time there was a vicarage here of his patronage likewise. It afterwards became part of the possessions of the hospital or Maison Dieu, in Ospringestreet, but by what means, or when, I have not found, and it continued so till the escheat of the hospital anno 20 Edward IV. after which, the parsonage appropriate of this church of Ospringe, together with the advowson of the vicarage, was by means of Fisher, bishop of Rochester, obtained of Henry VIII. in manner as has been already mentioned, for St. John's college, in Cambridge, the master and fellows of which are at this time entitled to them, the parsonage being let by them on a beneficial lease; but the advowson of the vicarage they retain in their own hands.
The lessee of this parsonage, in the reign of queen Elizabeth, was Robert Streynsham, esq. who rebuilt the house and offices belonging to it, and afterwards resided in it. He had been fellow of All Souls college, LL. B. and secretary to the earl of Pembroke. He lies buried in this church, and bore for his arms, Or, a pale dancette, gules. He left two daughters and coheirs, of whom, Audrey, the eldest, carried her interest in it in marriage to Edward Master, esq. eldest son of James Master, esq. of East Langdon, who was first of Sandwich, and afterwards built a seat for himself and his posterity at East Langdon. He was twice married, and had fourteen children; at length worn out with age, he betook himself hither to his eldest son Edward, and dying in 1631, æt. 84, was buried in this church. Edward Master, the son, resided here, and was afterwards knighted, and on his father's death in 1631 removed to that seat, in whose descendants it continued till it was at length alienated to Buller, of Cornwall, whose son sold his interest in to Markham, as he did to Mr. Robert Lyddel, merchant, of London, brother of Sir Henry Lyddel, who in 1751 assigned his interest in it to Ralph Terrey, yeoman, of Knolton, whose son Mr. Michael Terrey, of Ospringe, devised it to his only daughter and heir Olive, who married Nathaniel Marsh, esq. of Boughton Blean, and the heirs of his son Terrey Marsh, esq. late of that parish, are the present lessees of it.
The vicarage of Ospringe is valued in the king's books at ten pounds, and the yearly tenths at one pound.
In 1640 it was valued at sixty pounds, when there were communicants here 226.
The vicarage is endowed with all vicarial tithes, woad only excepted, and also with those of hay, saintfoin, clover, and coppice woods. There are about twenty-seven acres of glebe-land belonging to it. The vicarage-house is situated in the valley, at a small distance eastward from the church, and the parsonagehouse near a mile southward of that.
Ospringe was formerly the head of a rural deanry, of which institution it will be necessary to give some account here.
The office of rural dean was not unknown to our Saxon ancestors, as appears by the laws of king Edward the Confessor; they were called both Archipresbiteri and Decani Temporarii, to distinguish them from the deans of cathedrals, who were Decani Perpetui. Besides these, there were in the greater monasteries, especially those of the Benedictine order, such officers called deans, and there are deans still remaining in several of the colleges of the universities, who take care of the studies and exercises of the youth, and are a check on the morals and behaviour of such as are members under them.
¶The antient exercise of jurisdiction in the church seems to have been instituted in conformity to like subordinations in the state. Thus the dioceses within this realm seem to have been divided into archdeaconries and rural deanries, to make them correspond to the like division of the kingdom into counties and hundreds; hence the former, whose courts were to answer those of the county, had the county usually for their district, and took their title from thence, and the names of the latter from the hundred, or chief place of it, wherein they acted; and as in the state every hundred was at first divided into ten tithings or fribourghs, and every tithing was made up of ten families, both which kept their original names, notwithstanding the increase of villages and people; so in the church the name of deanry continued, notwithstanding the increase of persons and churches, and the districts of them were contracted and enlarged from time to time, at the discretion of the bishop, the rural dean of Ospringe having jurisdiction over the whole deanry of it, consisting of twenty-six parishes. He had a seal of office, which being temporary, it had only the name of the office, and not, as other seals of jurisdiction, the name of the person also, engraved on it. The seal belonging to this deanry had on it, the Virgin Mary crowned, with the sceptre in her left hand, and her child, with a glory round his head, in her right, and round the margin, Sigillu Decani Decanatus de Ospreng. He was in antient times called the dean of the bishop, because appointed by him, and had alone the inspection of the lives and manners of the clergy and people within the district under him, and was to report the same to the bishop; to which end, that he might have a thorough knowledge of the state and condition of his respective deanry, he had a power to convene rural chapters, which were made up of the instituted clergy, or their curates as proxies of them, and the dean as president of them, where the clergy brought information of all irregularities committed within their respective parishes. Those upon ordinary occasions were held at first every three weeks, in imitation of the courts of manors, held from three weeks to three weeks, and afterwards each month, and from thence were called Kalendæ, but their more solemn and principal chapters were assembled once a quarter, where maters of greater import were transacted, and a fuller attendance given. They were at first held in any one church within the district, where the minister of the place was to procure and provide entertainment and procurations for the dean and his immediate officers, and they were afterwards held only in the larger or more eminent parishes. The part of their office of inspecting and reporting the manners of the clergy and people, rendered them necessary attendants on the episcopal synod or general visitation, in which they were the standing representatives of the rest of the clergy within their division, and they were there to deliver information of abuses committed within their knowledge, and consult for the reformation of them; for which they were to have their expences, called from hence synodals, allowed them by those whom they represented, according to the time of their attendance. That part of their office, of being convened to provincial and episcopal synods, was transferred to two proctors, or representatives of the parochial clergy in each diocese; and that of information of scandals and offences, has devolved on the churchwardens of the respective parishes. Besides this another principal part of the duty of a rural dean was to execute all processes of the bishop, or of the officers and ministers under his authority; but by the constitution of the pope's legate, Otho, the archdeacon, in the reign of Henry III. was required to be frequently present at them, who being superior to the rural dean, did in effect take the presidency out of his hands; and these chapters were afterwards often held by the archdeacon's officials, from which may be dated the decay of rural deanries, for the rural dean was not only discouraged by this, but the archdeacon and his official, as might naturally be supposed he would, drew the business usually transacted there to his own visitation, or chapter, as it might be termed. By which intersering of the archdeacon and his officials, it happened that in the age next before the reformation, the jurisdiction of rural deans declined almost to nothing, and at the reformation nothing was done for their restoration by the legislative power, so that they became extinct in most deanries, nor did this of Ospringe survive the earliest decline of them. (fn. 16) Where they still continue, they have only the name and shadow left, and what little remains of this dignity and jurisdiction, de pends greatly on the custom of places, and the pleasure of diocesans.
In the 31st year of Edward I. Richard Christian, dean of Ospringe, being sent to execute some citations of the archbishop at Selling, was set upon by the people there, who placed him with his face to his horse's tail, which they made him hold in his hand for a bridle, in which posture they led him through the village, with songs, shouts, and dances, and afterwards having cut off the tail, ears, and lips of the beast, they threw the dean into the dirt, to his great disgrace; for which, the king directed his writ to the sheriff, to make enquiry by inquisition of a jury concerning it.
Copyright - All Rights Reserved - Black Diamond Images
Wallis Island European chateau-style mansion, Chateau Le Marais, is accessible only by boat or a helicopter. The 104 hectare property boasts a 990 square metre five-bedroom, six-bathroom house that overlooks Wallis Lake, and includes 1.5 kilometres of lake frontage, an orchard, lagoons, fishing wetlands and its own botanical gardens.
Woollahra, Sydney, antique dealer Andre Fink and his wife Cecile bought the Wallis Island property in 1996 for around $290,000. They proceeded to commission a luxurious mansion worthy of holding their unique 18th-century antique collection.
Chateau Le Marais was built by master stonemasons in a grand French chateau style with its decor and skilled labour sourced from around the world. Featuring several French fireplaces, Sphinx-like sculptures guarding the entrance, chandeliers, oak parquetry floors and ornate carvings on the gable completed the buildings impressive façade.
appear to have offered the mansion for sale without furniture.
Chateau Le Marais had been the Fink's labour of love for 15 years, the building taking some "inspiration from Le Chateau du Marias, the late 18th-century French castle that replaced the Huraults’ castle, of which nothing remains but the moats and the dungeon on the Marais. Henri Hurault was count of Cheverny and the military treasurer of King Louis XI." Reference
With his Woollahra Antique business going through hard times due to the GFC in 2011, the Finks tried to sell the property. Although incomplete, Chateau Le Marais was reported to have been initially marketed for $20 million then $18 million, and then $16 million.
When the property failed to sell it was withdrawn from the market in 2013 and the Finks ultimately defaulted on their loans to the ANZ bank. Subsequently the bank assumed control of the property in 2014. In early 2015, a court ruled that an amount of $3.4 million of the loans were valid and binding, rejecting the Fink's assertion that the bank had taken an “unconscientious advantage of its superior bargaining position”.
In January 2018, Cubecorp Realty was reportedly marketing the property with a guide of about $10 million.
Sydney developer Adam Dai then purchased the property for an undisclosed sum and completed much of the unfinished work on the building for an amount reported to be in the vicinity of several million dollars. Mr Dai had used the property to host family and business guests, but due to a busy work schedule in Sydney, had decided to sell.
In 2019 the asking price at auction was reportedly around $6 million, however, although several buyers were interested, that asking price failed to attract a buyer and in early 2022, as far as I understand, the property remains in the hands of Adam Dai.
Reference - www.domain.com.au/news/nothing-similar-the-wallis-island-...
I will do a bit of homework and see if I can add some details of ownership prior to the Finks purchasing the property in 1996.
Image taken from the Free Spirit Cruise Boat.
At the northernmost reach of the easily accessible portions of the canyon, you gain access to the river and can do some river walking.
Not properly equipped for that adventure either, I stepped into the stream a bit with my hiking boots and took some pictures.
Walking along some of the cobblestones, I slipped, and gained my balance by whipping my left arm around, and letting the camera fly.
Watching it fly, I saw visions of it landing on a rock and exploding into pieces.
Luckily, it missed the rocks and landed in some gravelly sand.
Thankfully, for the second time today, my camera survived despite everything that I had tried to do to destroy it.
It seemed appropriate that I should just leave the park at that point.
Grand Cenote. Tulum, Mexico. Oct/2016
A cenote is a natural pit, or sinkhole, resulting from the collapse of limestone bedrock that exposes groundwater underneath. Especially associated with the Yucatán Peninsula of Mexico, cenotes were sometimes used by the ancient Maya for sacrificial offerings.
The term derives from a word used by the low-land Yucatec Maya — ts'onot — to refer to any location with accessible groundwater.[1][2] Cenotes are common geological forms in low latitude regions, particularly on islands, coastlines, and platforms with young post-Paleozoic limestones that have little soil development.
Cenotes are surface connections to subterranean water bodies.[3] While the best-known cenotes are large open water pools measuring tens of meters in diameter, such as those at Chichén Itzá in Mexico, the greatest number of cenotes are smaller sheltered sites and do not necessarily have any surface exposed water. The term cenote has also been used to describe similar karst features in other countries such as Cuba and Australia, in addition to the more generic term of sinkholes.
Cenote water is often very clear, as the water comes from rain water filtering slowly through the ground, and therefore contains very little suspended particulate matter. The groundwater flow rate within a cenote may be very slow. In many cases, cenotes are areas where sections of cave roof have collapsed revealing an underlying cave system, and the water flow rates may be much faster: up to 10 kilometers (6 mi) per day. Cenotes around the world attract cave divers who have documented extensive flooded cave systems through them, some of which have been explored for lengths of 100 km (62 mi) or more.
Source: Wikipedia
Um cenote é uma cavidade natural (algar) ou dolina resultado do impacto de um grande meteoro há 65.5 milhões de anos, evento que extinguiu os dinossauros da terra, fenômeno que deu origem às águas subterrâneas. Especialmente associado com a Península de Iucatã do México, os cenotes eram usados em alguns rituais de sacrifício da civilização Maia. O termo deriva de uma palavra utilizada pelos maias iucatecas das terras baixas, "Ts'onot" refere-se a qualquer local com águas subterrâneas acessíveis. Cenotes são formações geológicas comuns em regiões de baixas latitudes, particularmente em ilhas, regiões costeiras e plataformas com recentes formações calcárias pós-paleozóicas que têm pouco desenvolvimento do solo.
Cenotes são conexões entre a superfície e áreas alagadas subterrâneas.Enquanto os cenotes mais conhecidos são grandes piscinas medindo cerca de 10 metros de diâmetro, como as existentes em Chichén Itzá, o maior número de cenotes são pequenos locais abrigados e não necessariamente tem qualquer água de superfície exposta. O termo cenote também é empregado para descrever formações parecidas conhecidas como carste presentes em outros países como Cuba ou Austrália.
As águas dos cenotes geralmente são límpidas, porque esta provem de filtragem de água de chuva lentamente através do solo e, portanto, contém poucas partículas suspensas. A taxa de fluxo das água subterrânea dentro de um cenote podem ser muito lentas. Em diversos casos, cenotes são áreas onde se(c)ções do teto das cavernas cederam, revelando um sistema de cavernas subjacente e as taxas de fluxo podem ser muito mais rápidas, cerca de 10 km (6,21 mi) por dia. Cenotes ao redor do mundo atraem exploradores de cavernas, que documentaram extensos sistemas de cavernas inundadas através deles, alguns dos quais com cerca de 100 km (62,1 mi) de extensão ou mais.
Fonte: Wikipedia
Trim Castle is open, on payment of an entry fee, to the public every day from Easter Saturday to Halloween (31 October) from 10am. The area inside the castle walls is freely accessible for an admittance fee, while access to the Castle keep is via a 45-minute guided tour. In winter, the complex is open only on weekends and bank holidays.
Accessible only via the sea, the cave opens up inside for at least 50 meters with skylights that make the blue water glow. Supernatural.
Schweiz / Wallis - Aletschgletscher
The Aletsch Glacier (German: Aletschgletscher, German pronunciation: [ˈalɛtʃˌɡlɛtʃɐ]) or Great Aletsch Glacier (Grosser Aletschgletscher) is the largest glacier in the Alps. It has a length of about 23 km (14 mi) (2014), has about a volume of 15.4 km3 (3.7 cu mi) (2011), and covers about 81.7 km2 (31.5 square miles) (2011) in the eastern Bernese Alps in the Swiss canton of Valais. The Aletsch Glacier is composed of four smaller glaciers converging at Konkordiaplatz, where its thickness was measured by the ETH to be still near 1 km (3,300 ft). It then continues towards the Rhône valley before giving birth to the Massa. The Aletsch Glacier is – like most glaciers in the world today – a retreating glacier. As of 2016, since 1980 it lost 1.3 kilometres (0.81 mi) of its length, since 1870 3.2 kilometres (2.0 mi), and lost also more than 300 metres (980 ft) of its thickness.
The whole area, including other glaciers is part of the Jungfrau-Aletsch Protected Area, which was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2001.
Geography
The Aletsch Glacier is one of the many glaciers located between the cantons of Bern and Valais on the Bernese Alps located east of the Gemmi Pass. The whole area is considered to be the largest glaciated area in western Eurasia. The Fiescher and Aar Glaciers lying on the east have similar extensions.
Except the Finsteraarhorn, all the highest summits of the Bernese Alps are located within the drainage basin of the glacier. The Jungfrau and Mönch constitute the northern boundary; the Gross Fiescherhorn and Gross Wannenhorn lie on its east side; finally the culminating point, the Aletschhorn (4,193 m (13,757 ft)) is located on the west side.
Before reaching the maximum flow, four smaller glaciers converge at Konkordiaplatz:
From the western mouth flows the Grosser Aletschfirn, which runs along the northern foot of the Aletschhorn and Dreieckhorn. The Grosser Aletschfirn is supplied from the north by three notable firns: the Äbeni Flue-Firn, the Gletscherhornfirn, and the Kranzbergfirn. All of these firns have their starting points at around 3,800 m (12,500 ft). From the Äbeni Flue-Firn to the Konkordiaplatz, the Grosser Aletschfirn is 9 km (5.6 mi) long and is on average about 1.5 km (0.93 mi) wide. On the west, the Grosser Aletschfirn connects with the Langgletscher over the 3,158 m (10,361 ft) high glacier pass, the Lötschenlücke, into the Lötschental.
From the northwestern mouth flows the Jungfraufirn. This firn in fact represents the straight continuation of the Aletsch Glacier, yet is the shortest of the four tributary glaciers. It has its origin on the southern flank of the Mönch and at the eastern flank of the Jungfrau with the Jungfraujoch in-between. Up to the Konkordiaplatz, the Jungfraufirn is a scarce 7 km (4.3 mi) long, and returns to flank the Kranzberg in the west and the Trugberg in the east. At its highest point, it is 2 km (1.2 mi) wide, and further down it is still a good 1 km (0.62 mi) wide.
From the northern mouth flows the Ewigschneefäld ("Eternal snow field"), where its starting point takes the east flank of the Mönch. In an elbow, it flanks from Trugberg in the west and the Gross Fiescherhorn and Grünhorn in the east, flowing on to the Konkordiaplatz. Up to here, it is about 8 km (5.0 mi) long and averages about 1.2 km (0.75 mi) wide.
The mouth at the Konkordiaplatz it follows over a rise with a descent from 25 to 30 percent; here, the glacier is sharply split. Against the north is the Ewigschneefäld over the snow-covered pass of the Unners Mönchsjoch (3,518 m (11,542 ft)), connected with the catchment area of the Ischmeer (Wallis German for "Ice Sea"). Through the Obere Mönchsjoch (3,624 m (11,890 ft)) between the Mönch and the Trugberg stands a connection to the Jungfraufirn.
From the east, the smallest firn arrives at the Konkordiaplatz: the Grüneggfirn. Its northern arm begins below the Grünegghorn (3,860 m (12,660 ft)). The southern arm collects its snow and ice in the pot flanked by the Wyssnollen, Fiescher Gabelhorn (3,866 m (12,684 ft)), and the Chamm. Between the peaks Wyssnollen and Grünhörnli another glacier pass, the Grünhornlücke (3,279 m (10,758 ft)), connects to the Fieschergletscher. The Grüneggfirn enters the Konkordiaplatz in a gap between the mountainsides Grünegg to the north and the Fülberg to the south. On the western side of the Fülberg the Konkordia hut (mountain hut) overlooks the whole Konkordiaplatz at an altitude of 2,850 m (9,350 ft).
South of Konkordiaplatz, the glacier runs towards the valley of the Oberwallis (Upper Valais); on the east side, near Bettmeralp, lies a small glacier lake, Märjelensee (2,301 m (7,549 feet)); from the western side used to enter the Mittelaletschgletscher, but since the end of the 20th century the connection with the Aletsch Glacier has been lost. Further down, until about 1880, the Oberaletschgletscher did also enter the Aletsch Glacier at its mouth. But since then both glaciers have been retreating so far that they do not connect anymore (the Upper Aletsch Glacier did retreat about 1.3 km (0.81 mi) from its connecting point with the Aletsch Glacier), but both serve now only as the source of the river Massa. The river flows through the Lake Gibidum (a reservoir, and coincidentally representing the glacier's mouth region in the 19th century, which is a retreat of more than 4 km (2.5 mi)) and a gorge of the same name before reaching the Rhône near Brig.
Tourism
The area of the Aletsch Glacier and some surrounding valleys is on the UNESCO World Heritage list, thus it is protected and the facilities are mostly restricted to the external zones. The region between Belalp, Riederalp and Bettmeralp (which is called Aletsch Region) in Valais gives access to the lower part of the glacier. The Bettmerhorn and Eggishorn are popular view points and are accessible by cable car. The Massa river can be crossed since 2008 by a suspension bridge, thus allowing hikes between the left and the right part of the glacier.
The Jungfraujoch railway station (3,450 m) gives a direct access to the upper Aletsch Glacier as well as the normal route to the Jungfrau. It can be reached only from Interlaken in the canton Bern. Hiking paths pass the Konkordia Hut or the Hollandia Hut, eventually reaching other glaciers in the massif.
On the Riederfurka, at 2,065 metres between Riederalp and the glacier, is located the historic Villa Cassel, former summer residence of many famous and influential guests from the worlds of politics and finance. The house is now one of the centers of the environmental organization Pro Natura, which hosts a permanent exhibition about the site.
Panorama
Also at the mouth of the Konkordiaplatz from the east is the small but important Grüneggfirn (3 km long and averaging 600 m wide). This firn is connected in the over the glacier pass Grünhornlücke (3280 m high) to the Fiescher Glacier in the east.
From the Konkordiaplatz, the Aletsch Glacier has a width of approximately 1.5 km and moves at a rate of 180 m per year to the southeast on course with the Rhône valley, bordering the Dreieckhorn in the west and the great Wannenhorn in the east. It then takes a great right turn and bends ever closer to the southwest, running through the edge of the Eggishorn and Bettmerhorn of the Rhône valley. The lowest part of the great Aletsch Glacier is largely covered with detritus of the lateral and medial moraines. The glacier's toe currently lies about 1560 m high, far beneath the local tree line. From it springs the Massa stream, which flows through the Massa Canyon and is used to generate hydroelectric power. It continues through the upper half of the Brig, eventually entering into the Rhône.
The great Aletsch Glacier shows considerable ice cover. At the Konkordiaplatz, it has an ice cover of more than 900 m, but as it moves to the south, the greater part of the ice melts, gradually decreasing the cover to around 150 m.
The characteristically dark medial moraine, situated almost in the middle of the glacier, runs protracted in two bands from the Konkordiaplatz along the whole length to the glacier's toe-zone. This medial moraine is collected from the ice of three large ice fields, which all run together. The westernmost medial moraine has been named the Kranzbergmoräne, and the easternmost carries the name Trugbergmoräne.
Formation and evolution
The Aletsch Glacier resulted from the accumulation and compaction of snow. Glaciers generally form where snow and ice accumulation exceed snow and ice melt. As the snow and ice thicken it reaches a point where it begins to move due to a combination of gravity and pressure of the overlying snow and ice.
During the last glacial periods, the Aletsch Glacier was much larger than now. 18,000 years ago the lower part of the ridge, between Riederalp and the glacier, was completely covered by ice. Only the summits of the Bettmerhorn, Eggishorn and the Fusshörner were above the glacier. After an important retreat, the glacier again advanced 11,000 years ago during the last glacial period. The glacier reached the Rhône valley, and its ice the Riederfurka. Remaining moraines are still visible in the Aletsch Forest.
Since the last glaciation, the glacier generally retreated. However slight climatic changes happened and, in 1860, the glacier was 3 km longer and the ice level 200 m higher.
As for many other glaciers, records show a major longer-term retreat trend. The Aletsch Glacier receded by 3.2 km (2.0 mi) since 1870, including 1.3 km (0.81 mi) since 1980.[6] A record retreat of 114.6 metres (376 ft) happened in 2006 alone.
Since the end of the Little Ice Age in 1850 the glacier has lost 20 percent of its ice mass, considerably less than other glaciers in Switzerland, which have lost up to 50 percent. This is explained with the large size of the Aletsch Glacier, which reacts much slower to climate change than smaller glaciers. It is however estimated that, by 2100, the glacier will have only one tenth of its 2018 ice mass.
Photo opportunity
On August 18, 2007, photographer Spencer Tunick used hundreds of naked people in a "living sculpture" on the Aletsch Glacier in a photo shoot which he said was intended to draw attention to global warming and the shrinking of the world's glaciers. The temperature was about 10 °C (50 °F) at the time of the photo shoot. The 600 participants on the shrinking glacier said that they had volunteered for Tunick (a collaboration with Greenpeace) to let the world know about the effects of global warming on the melting Swiss glaciers.
(Wikipedia)
Der Grosse Aletschgletscher ist der flächenmässig grösste und längste Gletscher der Alpen. Er befindet sich auf der Südabdachung der Berner Alpen im Schweizer Kanton Wallis. Die Länge des Gletschers beträgt 22,6 km, die Fläche wird mit 78,49 km² angegeben. Der Aletschgletscher entwässert über die Massa in die Rhone. Die Fläche des gesamten Einzugsgebiets der Massa beträgt 195 km², wovon 1973 etwa zwei Drittel vergletschert waren. Oft werden bei der Flächenangabe der Ober- und Mittelaletschgletscher einbezogen, da diese früher mit dem Grossen Aletschgletscher verbunden waren. Die gesamte vergletscherte Fläche einschliesslich dieser Gletscher betrug 1973 etwa 128 km², für das Jahr 1863 wird eine Fläche von 163 km² angenommen.
Ursprung am Konkordiaplatz
Der Ursprung des Grossen Aletschgletschers liegt in der rund 3800 m hoch gelegenen Jungfrau-Region. Am Konkordiaplatz (♁645905 / 150101), einer 6 km² grossen und nur wenig geneigten Eisfläche, fliessen drei mächtige Firnströme zusammen:
Von Westen mündet der Grosse Aletschfirn, der entlang dem Nordfuss von Aletschhorn und Dreieckhorn fliesst. Der Grosse Aletschfirn wird von Norden her durch drei weitere bedeutende Firne gespeist, nämlich durch den Ebnefluhfirn, den Gletscherhornfirn und den Kranzbergfirn. Alle diese Firne nehmen ihren Ausgangspunkt auf rund 3800 m ü. M. Einschliesslich des Ebnefluhfirns hat der Grosse Aletschfirn bis zum Konkordiaplatz eine Länge von 9 km und ist durchschnittlich fast 1,5 km breit. Gegen Westen ist der Grosse Aletschfirn über den 3173 m ü. M. hohen Gletscherpass der Lötschenlücke mit dem Langgletscher verbunden, der ins Lötschental abfliesst.
Von Nordwesten mündet der Jungfraufirn, der zwar die gerade Fortsetzung des Aletschgletschers darstellt, jedoch der kürzeste der drei Tributärgletscher ist. Er hat seinen Ursprung an der Südflanke des Mönchs, am Jungfraujoch und an der Ostflanke der Jungfrau. Bis zum Konkordiaplatz legt der Jungfraufirn eine Wegstrecke von knapp 7 km zurück und wird dabei im Westen vom Kranzberg, im Osten vom Trugberg flankiert. Er ist in seinem oberen Teil 2 km, weiter unten noch gut 1 km breit.
Von Norden mündet das Ewigschneefeld, das seinen Ausgangspunkt an der Ostflanke des Mönchs nimmt und in einem Bogen, flankiert vom Trugberg im Westen sowie dem Gross Fiescherhorn und dem Grünhorn im Osten, zum Konkordiaplatz fliesst. Bis hierher ist es ungefähr 8 km lang und durchschnittlich 1,2 km breit. Die Mündung in den Konkordiaplatz erfolgt über einen Steilhang mit einem Gefälle von 25 bis 30 %; der Gletscher ist hier stark zerklüftet. Gegen Norden ist das Ewigschneefeld über den firnbedeckten Pass des Unteren Mönchsjochs (3529 m ü. M.) mit dem Einzugsgebiet des Unteren Grindelwaldgletschers verbunden. Durch das Obere Mönchsjoch (3627 m ü. M.) zwischen dem Mönch und dem Trugberg besteht eine Verbindung zum Jungfraufirn. Ferner mündet am Konkordiaplatz von Osten noch der wesentlich kleinere Grüneggfirn (3 km lang und durchschnittlich 600 m breit). Dieser ist nach Osten über den Gletscherpass der Grünhornlücke (3280 m ü. M.) mit dem Fieschergletscher verbunden.
Weiterer Verlauf
Vom Konkordiaplatz aus bewegt sich der Eisstrom mit einer Breite von ungefähr 1,5 km und mit einer Geschwindigkeit von bis zu 180 Metern pro Jahr nach Südosten in Richtung Rhonetal, gesäumt vom Dreieckhorn im Westen und dem Gross Wannenhorn im Osten. Er zeichnet dann eine grosse Rechtskurve und biegt immer mehr nach Südwesten ab, nun durch den Grat des Eggishorns und Bettmerhorns vom Rhonetal getrennt. Der unterste Teil des Grossen Aletschgletschers ist weitgehend durch das Geschiebematerial von Seiten- und Mittelmoränen bedeckt. Die Gletscherzunge liegt derzeit auf rund 1'560 Meter Höhe, weit unterhalb der lokalen Waldgrenze. Aus ihr entspringt der Bach Massa, welcher nach der Massaschlucht und einer Nutzung in einem Wasserkraftwerk, in Bitsch, oberhalb von Naters, in die Rhone (Rotten) fliesst.
Der Grosse Aletschgletscher weist beachtliche Eisdicken auf. Am Konkordiaplatz hat der Gletscher eine Eisdicke von mehr als 900 Metern, gegen Süden nimmt die Mächtigkeit des Eises allmählich auf rund 150 m ab. Charakteristisch sind die beiden dunklen, fast in der Mitte des Aletschgletschers gelegenen Moränenspuren, welche sich ab dem Konkordiaplatz auf der gesamten Länge bis in den Zungenbereich hinziehen. Es sind die Mittelmoränen, die das Eis der drei Hauptfirne voneinander trennen. Die westliche Mittelmoräne wird auch Kranzbergmoräne genannt, die östliche trägt den Namen Trugbergmoräne.
Gletscherschwankungen
In seinem Hochstadium während der Kleinen Eiszeit um die Mitte des 19. Jahrhunderts erstreckte sich der Grosse Aletschgletscher noch rund 2,5 km weiter talabwärts. Aufgrund der allgemeinen Erwärmung seit etwa 1870 hat er besonders unterhalb des Konkordiaplatzes massiv an Volumen eingebüsst und sowohl an den Seiten als auch im Zungenbereich Flächen von mehreren Quadratkilometern freigegeben. Der einstmalige, in der Neuzeit höchste Gletscherstand kann gut an den noch fast vegetationslosen Seitenmoränen abgeschätzt werden. Seit 1850 hat die Eisdicke um teilweise über 100 m abgenommen. Früher waren auch die Eisströme des Oberaletschgletschers und des Mittelaletschgletschers direkt mit dem Grossen Aletschgletscher verbunden.
In der Senke zwischen dem Strahlhorn und dem Eggishorn liegt der Märjelensee, der im 19. Jahrhundert beim Gletscherhochstand zu einem Gletscherrandsee aufgestaut wurde. Seine wiederholten plötzlichen Ausbrüche durch Gletscherspalten verursachten immer wieder starke Schadenshochwasser der Massa hin zum Rhonetal.
Gegen kurzfristige Klimaschwankungen ist der Gletscher aufgrund seiner grossen Masse relativ immun. Während viele andere Gletscher Ende der 1970er Jahre bis Anfang der 1980er Jahre vorstiessen, reagierte der Aletschgletscher auf die vorübergehende Abkühlung kaum – ebenso wenig wie auf die warmen Jahre seit 1983. Aufgrund der zunehmend extremen Hitze der letzten Jahre zieht er sich aber nun doch – wie alle übrigen Alpengletscher – deutlich verstärkt zurück.
Die relative Trägheit in seinen Reaktionen auf Klimaschwankungen macht den Aletschgletscher auch zu einem idealen Untersuchungsobjekt zur Erforschung der Klimaentwicklung im Alpenraum. Die Längenschwankungen des Aletschgletschers in der Vergangenheit dürften sogar eine Rekonstruktion aller grösseren Klimaveränderungen der letzten 3200 Jahre erlauben. Die Bestimmung der verschiedenen Längenstadien des Aletschgletschers in der Vergangenheit erfolgt durch die Radiokohlenstoffdatierung fossiler Baumstämme, die der Gletscher bei einem früheren Vorstoss einmal überfahren haben muss und nun während seines aktuellen Rückzuges wieder freigibt. Der Befund fossiler Böden und von Wurzelwerk garantiert dabei, dass es sich bei dem Fundort auch um den Wuchsstandort des fossilen Baumes handelt. Durch Zählung der Jahresringe der geborgenen Stämme kann sogar der Zeitraum bestimmt werden, während dessen der Aletschgletscher den Fundort nicht erreicht hat. Mit dieser Methode wurde festgestellt, dass der Aletschgletscher bis etwa 1200 v. Chr. um einiges kleiner gewesen sein muss als gegen Ende des 20. Jahrhunderts. Für die Jahre etwa von 1200 bis 1110 v. Chr., 850 bis 750 v. Chr. und 350 bis 250 v. Chr. sind Vorstösse festgestellt worden. Dabei ist der Aletschgletscher von 900 bis 400 v. Chr. jedoch kleiner gewesen als am Ende des 20. Jahrhunderts, genauso wie von etwa 100 v. Chr. bis ins Jahr 250. Um das Jahr 300 ist eine Gletscherlänge vergleichbar der des Höchststandes im 19. Jahrhundert festzustellen.
Laut der letzten Studie der Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (Juni 2020) schmolz die Oberfläche des Grossen Aletschgletscher zwischen den Jahren 2001 und 2014 um mehr als fünf Meter pro Jahr in den unteren Lagen.
Tourismus
Der Aletschgletscher galt schon früh als besondere Sehenswürdigkeit für Reisende und als willkommenes Untersuchungsobjekt für Forschende. Forschungsstationen gibt es seit 1937 auf dem Jungfraujoch und seit 1976 auf der Riederfurka oberhalb der Riederalp. Durch zahlreiche Luftseilbahnen besonders gut erschlossen ist der Berggrat zwischen dem Riederhorn und dem Eggishorn, der sehr schöne Einblicke in den Zungenbereich und den unteren Teil des Gletschers gewährt. Mit dem Bau der Jungfraubahn auf das Jungfraujoch (auf der Sphinx 3571 m ü. M.) wurde 1912 auch für nicht berggewohnte Leute ein Blick in den oberen Teil des Gletschers ermöglicht.
Am Felshang des Faulbergs östlich des Konkordiaplatzes stehen auf 2850 m ü. M. die Konkordiahütten des Schweizer Alpen-Clubs SAC. Sie dienen als wichtiger Etappenort auf der hochalpinen Gletscherroute vom Jungfraujoch oder vom Lötschental in das Gebiet des Grimselpasses.
UNESCO-Weltnaturerbe
Das Gebiet des Grossen Aletschgletschers ist zusammen mit dem einzigartigen Aletschwald und den umliegenden Regionen seit dem 13. Dezember 2001 Bestandteil des UNESCO-Weltnaturerbes Schweizer Alpen Jungfrau-Aletsch.
(Wikipedia)
As the snow starts to melt, places like these become more accessible. Although it has been months since I've been, it feels just like yesterday that I was shooting fall colors here. The banks of this river are always very welcoming. Nature shares Her beauty with me here. The warming sun heals me here. The river speaks softly and I listen here. The Grand Show asks for nothing from me. But I know... I know, I owe. I owe Her more than I can pay.
Mariner's Warning. The remains of the shipwreck Peter Iredale and the warm glow of two fishing vessels working beyond the horizon are juxtaposed beneath a Pacific winter squall converging on the Oregon coast at midnight. Once a two-thousand ton four-masted steel barque, this bow section is all that remains of the sailing vessel that ran aground on 25 October 1906. Nikon D700, Nikon AF Nikkor 20-35 f/2.8D.
one more then... I have more pics and have plans for a near future, but those won't be public accessible. Need to find out how to change the settings.
MTA New York City Transit President Richard Davey, MTA Chief Accessibility Officer Quemuel Arroyo, and MTA Arts & Design Director Sandra Bloodworth announce the completion of an entrance to Penn Station on the northwest corner of West 33 St & 7 Av, with a new elevator and glass mosaic “The Time Telling,” by Diana Al-Hadid on Thursday, Jan 26, 2023.
(Marc A. Hermann / MTA)
A spectacular and freely accessible historic public space in the heart of Dunbar Harbour, the Dunbar Battery is an open air venue that is well worth a visit for the views, the public art or to enjoy a unique performance in East Lothian.
In 2017, the Dunbar Harbour Trust created a special location at the ruined Battery in Victoria Harbour. It is available for the public to visit, explore and enjoy throughout the year. It also provides a unique venue for groups wishing to engage with the performing arts or education within East Lothian.
The Battery is part of Dunbar’s historic harbours, and is owned and managed by Dunbar Harbour Trust for the benefit of the local community and visitors to the town and it's harbour.
The location is spectacular on a promontory overlooking the Firth of Forth and North Sea. The Battery is a peaceful public place which takes full advantage of its setting.
Dunbar is called ‘Sunny Dunny’ for good reason. However, while the Dunbar Battery is open all year round, it may be closed for safety reasons, in extreme weather conditions, but the town's harbours are still an enjoyable experience all.
Jordan Kay at Twitter tweeted to say that "when Apple sends out their standard 'Make Your App Accessible' email", they link to my blog post on accessibility.
I asked him to forward me a copy, and sure enough, they do!
The full content of the email is quoted below.
==============
We are excited to hear about your interest in expanding your app's marketability by addressing the needs of individuals with disabilities. There are benefits for developers who choose to enhance their apps to take advantage of accessibility APIs that drive the VoiceOver feature in iOS including....
* Make your app stand out from the crowd
* Expand your user base (approximately 1 in 6 individuals in the US have some type of disability, but that doesn't preclude them from wanting to use your app. Even those that don’t identify themselves as disabled can also benefit from accessibility features)
* Improve User Interface testing through automation
* Easy to implement using Apple's developer tools
* Appropriate for almost every app
Read Matt Legend Gemmell’s blog post about his experience writing apps that support the visually impaired: Accessibility for iPhone and iPad apps
Here are some great resources to help you make your app more accessible. Please note many of these pages require an iDP developer account to access them.
1) The best place to start is with our iOS Accessibility page: developer.apple.com/technologies/ios/accessibility.html
2) Another great place to learn more about how to program your app for Accessibility is the Accessibility Programming Guide for iOS.
3) You can download the WWDC 2011 Session Videos for free by logging into WWDC 2011 Videos using your Apple ID and password. There you will find a few accessibility sessions which include podcasts and a copy of the presentation slides, but additionally, we would like to highlight the one below for iOS:
iOS Accessibility
Description: iOS devices are incredibly popular for blind and low vision users, and those with other disabilities. Learn how to make your apps accessible to everyone, as well as how to make apps that are tailored expressly for users with disabilities. This talk will cover new and existing UIAccessibility APIs, and it will provide tips and tricks for making all apps more usable by everyone.
4) On our public Apple website, we have a dedicated page discussing our commitment to Accessibility: www.apple.com/accessibility/
5) Finally, here are some great examples of apps that take advantage of VoiceOver:
* Shazam
* itunes.apple.com/us/app/dictionary.com-dictionary/id36474...
* Inkling
L'Esquerda és un jaciment arqueològic ibèric i medieval de 12 hectàrees situat prop de la vila de Roda de Ter, al municipi de les Masies de Roda (Osona), on el meandre del Ter al seu pas per Roda forma una península. El poblat descansa sobre l'anomenat gres de Folgueroles, que està afectat per les típiques diàclasis. Sota d'aquest estrat es troba la Marga de Manlleu, que constitueix els vessants de la península. L'assentament aprofita els primers espadats sobre el Ter quan aquest s'endinsa a les Guilleries, aconseguint una posició estratègica dominant. S'hi accedeix per la carretera C-153 de Vic a Olot, i per la C-25 de Vic a Girona, arribant en cotxe fins l'entrada del jaciment.
La primera ocupació està documentada per les estratigrafies realitzades ran de muralla, que donen unes cronologies dels segles VIII-VII aC, segons les ceràmiques trobades. En un segon moment, a la primera meitat del segle IV aC el poblat es fortificaria, construint una potent muralla a l'únic lloc accessible del meandre, travessada per un carrer longitudinal, amb recambres internes o armora, que en conjunt mesura sis metres d'amplada. A la part exterior s'hi situen dues torres rectangulars, que flanquegen la porta d'entrada. Aquesta primera muralla ibèrica estaria conformada com a mínim per una altra torre documentada a la zona de llevant.
Uns segles més tard (s. V-IVaC) es bastí a la zona un oppidum ibèric, protegit per una potent muralla que tanca l'únic accés possible a la península. El poblat acollia entre altres estructures, dos tallers, un de ceràmic i un altre de metal·lúrgic. Un carrer longitudinal, orientat de nord a sud i originat a la porta principal del poblat, organitza tot l'espai interior. Aquest eix es mantindrà durant tota la vida del poblat. A finals del segle III aC, o a inicis del segle II aC, el poblat va patir un greu incendi que comportà la destrucció de diverses estructures, entre aquestes la muralla. Pocs anys més tard, el poblat es va refer, construint una nova muralla just davant de l'anterior, avui visible a l'interior de la Torre 6 situada a llevant. Aquesta nova ocupació va durar fins al segle i aC. Els nivells superiors d'aquesta cronologia es troben molt alterats degut a l'acció del cultiu dels terrenys fins als anys 70 del segle XX i per les sitges d'època altmedieval que tallen alguns dels seus nivells.
En època romana, s'obre un parèntesi en què no es documenta ocupació a la zona. Aquest fet s'explica pels canvis en el model de poblament que provocà la romanització. Així, un cop pacificat el territori després de la conquesta romana, molts dels antics poblats ibèrics, situats en llocs elevats, perden la seva funció defensiva i de control del territori i s'abandonen. La població es trasllada aleshores a la plana, en punts més propers als camps de conreu. És aquest el moment de l'Ausa romana -actual Vic- i les viles del seu voltant, que adquireixen cada vegada un major protagonisme.
Durant l'època visigòtica es produeix una nova ocupació, documentada per la ceràmica amb adscripció als segles V-VII dC localitzada al camp de sitges que tallen els nivells de l'oppidum ibèric, juntament amb la datació de C14 d'un garrí trobat en connexió anatòmica dins d'una de les sitges. Aquesta ocupació visigòtica també queda documentada amb la de nova precisió cronològica de la muralla, que estaria construïda durant aquesta època. Tanmateix, els treballs d'excavació de la muralla en si i de la zona exterior, han permès documentar una necròpolis extramurs datada també en aquest mateix període. La necròpolis extramurs està formada per enterraments orientats d'est a oest, amb sepulcres de fossa simple o caixa de lloses, trobant-se tant individus adults com infants.
Una nova invasió, en aquest cas la musulmana a inicis del segle VIII, provocà de nou un canvi en el control dels centres polítics i econòmics del territori, fins aquest moment en mans dels visigots. El pas dels exèrcits musulmans per Osona en el seu avenç vers els Pirineus, provocà la destrucció de la seu visigòtica d"Ausona" i de diverses fortaleses de l'entorn, situació que comportà la fugida de la població cap a llocs amagats de les muntanyes del voltant.
L'assentament pren una nova dimensió durant el segle VIII dC, en el context de la fortificació de la línia del Ter que duen a terme els carolingis per tal d'aturar l'avenç musulmà. La primera cita documental de l'Esquerda data del 826, als Annals de Lluís el Piadós, quan es diu que Aissó va destruir Roda Ciutat (nom antic de l'Esquerda). Les restes associades a aquest període cronològic són escasses: forats de pal i encaixos a la roca a la part més alta de la península, que poden correspondre a torres de guaita fetes de fusta. Les intervencions de 2012 i 2013 han aportat un nou coneixement sobre aquesta cronologia a la zona de la muralla. Per un cantó s'ha trobat les restes d'una torre que es podria haver bastit durant el període carolingi, ja que s'ha documentat restes de ceràmica espatulada a l'interior de la Torre 5. Tanmateix, a l'exterior d'aquesta mateixa torre s'ha documentat un nivell d'enderroc on ha aparegut una peça amb forma també de ceràmica espatulada catalogada com a sitra tipus II (Beltrán de Heredia) que corroboraria aquest període cronològic entorn del segle IX. També va ser destacable la troballa a la zona exterior de llevant de la muralla d'una moneda que data també de segle IX.
A partir del segle X dC es documenta una petita església dedicada a Sant Pere, voltada d'una necròpolis de tombes antropomorfes excavades a la roca.
A inicis del segle XI es produeix un remodelació a Roda Ciutat. D'una banda, s'edificarà una nova església seguint les noves tècniques del primer romànic, Sant Pere de Roda, consagrada l'any 1042, pel bisbe-abat Oliba. En aquest moment, les cases comencen a cercar la protecció de la sagrera i el poble creix entorn de l'edifici religiós: juntament amb els habitatges es construïren tallers, forns i espais comunals. Del període del que es disposa de més informació arqueològica és la darrera fase d'ocupació de l'assentament, entre els segles XII i XIII dC. Les cases s'obren cap a una plaça central (l'antic cementiri de tombes antropomorfes queda amortitzat i l'espai de cementiri passa darrera l'església) i s'arrengleren al llarg d'un carrer, que segueix la planificació urbanística fossilitzada de l'antic poblat ibèric. Són cases amb basament de pedra i tàpia, cobertes amb teula. Al nord-est de l'església s'ha localitzat un espai destinat a magatzem i a la producció-elaboració d'aliments (graner, molí, era, paller, possible premsa). Al nord-oest, s'hi documenta la zona artesanal de treball de metalls, concretament la forja de ferro.
Al llarg de tot el període medieval s'efectuaren diverses refetes al vell sistema defensiu. Destacable és el document de permís reial que dóna Jaume II per refer les muralles un colze més de la mida que ja existia (la qual desconeixem).
Fins a mitjans del segle XIII el poblat experimenta un creixement constant. S'ha calculat que podria arribar a acollir un centenar de cases i unes cinc-centes persones en el moment de màxima ocupació. A finals del segle XIII i inicis del XIV, la tendència s'inverteix. Les lluites feudals entre la casa de Cabrera, senyors de la zona, i el bisbat de Vic -aliats amb el rei-, provocà el progressiu abandonament de la zona a favor de l'ocupació de l'actual nucli de Roda de Ter, més proper al pont i a les vies de comunicació. La documentació, a nivell arqueològic, de diversos edificis incendiats es podrien relacionar amb aquests fets. També es relacionaria amb aquest fet, el nivell de necròpolis excavat entre els anys 2010 i 2011 on es va documentar un seguit d'inhumacions on els esquelets presentaven senyals de mort violenta, amb marques als ossos de talls, sobretot avantbraços, tors i cap, fet corroborat per la datació radiocarbònica.
La destrucció del poblat es troba documentada el 1314, quan el Bisbe de Vic aplega tropes dels seus vassalls i ordena l'assalt i la destrucció de la Roda Ciutat. Fins al moment, la població fortificada depenia de la família Cabrera, que va deixar caure aquest emplaçament molt possiblement per les noves dinàmiques que seguia la família, assentada ja entre el Castell de Montsoriu i Blanes, llocs més propers a les vies de comerç i als seus interessos.
Un cop abandonat l'assentament elevat al meandre del Ter es crearia un nou centre de residència, l'origen de l'actual Roda de Ter. El bisbe obligaria a tothom a retirar-se de l'antiga Roda i establir-se a l'entorn del pont vell. Molt possiblement per aquest motiu es troben poques restes de ceràmiques de luxe i elements de prestigi, ja que els mateixos propietaris se'ls haurien emportat a la nova residència.
Malgrat tot l'antiga Roda Ciutat -pràcticament tota derruïda- continuaria utilitzant-se de manera puntual des del segle XIV fins ben entrat el segle XV, com documenten les restes trobades en una de cases. Tanmateix, l'església continuaria en ús i l'espai cementirial també restaria en actiu, sobretot pel què fa al període de La Pesta, on s'han documentat diversos enterraments múltiples, en alguns casos de grups familiars que foren enterrats amb una capa de calç a la part superior del cementiri. Aquest nivell també ha estat datat mitjançant C14.
A partir de llavors, el poblat pateix un procés d'abandonament definitiu, amb el temps la zona passa a ser camps de cultiu, restant visible tant sols la part superior de la paret sud de l'església. És en època moderna quan es troba citada per primera vegada el topònim Esquerda relacionat amb l'antiga població. Amb la industrialització, a prop s'assenta una colònia tèxtil (Salou) on els empresaris construiran un quarter per a la Guàrdia Civil. Aquest edifici ha estat remodelat i actualment acull el nou museu de l'Esquerda, on es conserven els materials recuperats a les diverses campanyes d'excavació.
Es té documentació d'algunes fotografies entorn de 1910 on grups d'aficionats varen realitzar els primers treballs d'extracció de terres sense mètode científic. A la dècada dels anys 60 del segle XX el Grup Excursionista de Roda reprendrà les actuacions de buidatge de terres entorn de l'església. A partir dels anys 70, s'inicien les excavacions vinculades amb la Universitat de Barcelona i amb metodologia científica.
L'equip d'excavació de l'Esquerda es composa de dos grups especialitzats, l'un per a l'època ibèrica i l'altre per a la medieval, que treballen conjuntament en cadascun dels sectors. Aquesta visió de conjunt ha permès comprovar una certa continuïtat urbanística al llarg dels segles, i una concepció i explotació del territori també similar. Les primeres intervencions al jaciment daten de 1977, i des de 1982 s'ha dut a terme una doble campanya d'excavació que comprèn la llarga seqüència cronològica del jaciment. Els diferents projectes arqueològics portats a terme han estat:
1977-81. Delimitació i valoració del jaciment. Treballs al poblat medieval i necròpolis
1982-87. Estudi de la darrera fase de l'assentament. Intervenció a la muralla que tanca el jaciment i identificació d'estructures d'època ibèrica.
1988-91. Concreció de la seqüència cronològica, establint fins a vuit fases d'ocupació entre el segle VIII aC i el XIV dC.
1992-94. Estudi de les pautes d'assentament i urbanisme del jaciment en cadascuna de les seves fases d'ocupació.
1995-97. Aprofundiment sobre els sistemes d'habitatge ibèrics i medievals, i la seva relació amb el territori que envolta l'assentament.
1998-00. Tècniques i sistemes de construcció d'ambdós períodes, ibèric i medieval
2001-03. Delimitació de la zona destinada a ferreries i aprofundiment en l'estudi de la tecnologia metal·lúrgica medieval. D'època medieval també s'excavà un camp de sitges al redòs de la muralla. També es va precisa l'evolució urbanística entre els segles III - II aC.
2004-06. S'ha acabat l'estudi de la zona destinada a la metal·lúrgia i s'ha incidit en els sistemes defensius del poblat.
2007-09. Excavació del poblat medieval al sud de l'església i delimitació de la necròpolis. Al nord de l'església es van localitzar restes d'habitatges sobre l'antiga necròpolis, i es van començar a excavar en extensió les inhumacions al sud del temple.
2010-11. Continuació de l'excavació de la necròpolis del sud de l'església. Aquesta excavació, que comprèn aproximadament la meitat de la necròpolis sud, va donar un total de 260 inhumacions. S'ha pogut definir tres grans fases d'enterrament que vinculen tipologia funerària amb cronologia. Els enterraments amb tombes antropomorfes, excavats a la roca mare estan vinculats una cronologia del segle VIII. Físicament per sobre d'aquests enterraments, es documentaren enterraments amb caixa de lloses, (tant parcial, és a dir, una meitat feta amb pedres i l'altre excavada al subsòl, com total feta amb lloses) Aquests enterraments datarien aproximadament dels segles XI-XII. Per sobre d'aquestes tombes, es documentà un gran nivell d'enterraments en fossa. Aquesta capa es subdivideix en dos grups. Un d'enterraments individuals i col·lectius amb senyals de violència com marques de tall i fractures datats entorn del segle XIV i l'altre d'enterraments col·lectius, generalment corresponents a grups familiars vinculats amb restes de calç que farien pensar amb mortalitat epidèmica, datats del segle XV. Motiu que porta als investigadors a pensar que la parròquia de Sant Pere, tot i que havia perdut la funcionalitat de parròquia, continuava essent un lloc utilitzat, sobretot per enterrar els difunts per pesta. A la zona ibèrica es continua l'excavació de les cases ibèriques, del camp de sitges visigòtic i es realitza una cala a l'espai entre la primera muralla ibèrica i la muralla exterior.
2012-2013. Inici dels treballs d'excavació a la zona de la muralla, Delimitant el perímetre exterior, del qual se n'han documentat uns 100 m lineals, l'amplada que es pensava que era de 1,8 m ha passat a demostrar-se que volta entorn dels 3 metres i s'ha pogut precisar la seva cronologia i sistema constructiu. En aquestes campanyes també s'ha documentat els elements complementaris a la fortificació, com poden ser les torres, el fossat i un element nou i inesperat com la necròpolis extramurs.
L'estat de conservació general del jaciment és bo, tot i que en algunes zones els treballs agrícoles realitzats al sector hagin malmès les capes superiors de l'estratigrafia, sobretot a l'espai entre les restes que actualment es conserven d'època ibèrica i medieval. S'han consolidat els coronaments dels murs tant dels sectors ibèric com medieval. També es va realitzar una restauració i consolidació de les tombes antropomorfes així com de l'estructura del graner medieval. Més recentment s'està treballant amb el procés de consolidació i restauració de la muralla exterior.
Syracuse Village, affordable housing: flats from $100s, this building appears to be eight apartments. (Model homes had those American flags out front.) Note the subtle ramps on the side; even though everything appeared to be slab on grade, some of the market-rate homes seemed to thwart accessibility with weird stairs. link to Stapleton houses for sale page
« Accessibility comunity is not an angry mob. » -- Billy Gregory during his conference « Things I wish I knew when I started in Digital Accessibility » at Paris Web 2014.
I found this sign at the British Museum. It lets the patrons know how many steps it will be. The elderly can then better judge for themselves if they can handle this amount of steps or should take the lift. When you can't see the end of the stair case, you need other affordances, in this case, a sign.