View allAll Photos Tagged accessibility
Everyone has a right to access our public lands, but few of Glacier's trails were created with accessibility in mind.
A first step to addressing limits to accessibility is to identify them.
Glacier and the National Park Service are using tools—like the orange, one-wheeled device pictured here alongside two rangers and a measuring tape—to evaluate trails in the park using the High Efficiency Trail Assessment Process (HETAP).
HETAP identifies trail variables: grade, cross-slope, trail width, surface material, and more.
This data allows park managers to prioritize future trail improvements, and allow visitors in the future to make more informed decisions.
"The Georgian House is an 18th-century townhouse situated at No. 7 Charlotte Square in the heart of the historic New Town of the city of Edinburgh, Scotland. It has been restored and furnished by the National Trust for Scotland, and is operated as a popular tourist attraction, with over 40,000 visitors annually.
Charlotte Square is a garden square in Edinburgh, Scotland, part of the New Town, designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site. The square is located at the west end of George Street and was intended to mirror St. Andrew Square in the east. The gardens are private and not publicly accessible.
Initially named St. George's Square in James Craig's original plan, it was renamed in 1786 after King George III's Queen and first daughter, to avoid confusion with George Square to the south of the Old Town. Charlotte Square was the last part of the initial phase of the New Town to be "completed" in 1820 (note- the north-west section at Glenfinlas Street was not completed until 1990 due to a long-running boundary dispute). Much of it was to the 1791 design of Robert Adam, who died in 1792, just as building began.
In 1939 a very sizable air-raid shelter was created under the south side of the gardens, accessed from the street to the south.
In 2013 the south side was redeveloped in an award-winning scheme by Paul Quinn, creating major new office floorspace behind a restored series of townhouses.
Edinburgh Collegiate School was located in Charlotte Square.
The garden was originally laid out as a level circular form by William Weir in 1808.
In 1861 a plan was drawn up by Robert Matheson, Clerk of Works for Scotland for a larger, more square garden, centred upon a memorial to the recently deceased Prince Albert, the consort of Queen Victoria.
The commission for the sculpture was granted in 1865 to Sir John Steell. The main statue features an equestrian statue of the prince, in field marshal's uniform, dwarfing the four figures around the base. It was unveiled by Queen Victoria herself in 1876. The stone plinth was designed by the architect David Bryce and the four corner figures are by David Watson Stevenson (Science and Learning/Labour), George Clark Stanton (Army and Navy) and William Brodie (Nobility). The statue was originally intended to go in the centre of the eastern edge of the garden, facing down George Street.
This remodelling featured major new tree-planting which took many years to re-establish.
The central open space is a private garden, available to owners of the surrounding properties. For the last three weeks in August each year Charlotte Square gardens are the site of the Edinburgh International Book Festival.
The railings around the gardens were removed in 1940 as part of the war effort. The current railings date from 1947.
On the north side, No. 5 was the home of John Crichton-Stuart, 4th Marquess of Bute (1881–1947), who bought it in 1903 and gave it to the National Trust for Scotland on his death. It was the Trust headquarters from 1949 to 2000. Bute did much to promote the preservation of the Square.
Nos. 6 and 7 are also owned by the National Trust for Scotland. No.6, Bute House is the official residence of the First Minister of Scotland. In 1806 it was home to Sir John Sinclair creator of the first Statistical Account of Scotland. No. 7 was internally restored by the Trust in 1975 to its original state, and is open to the public as The Georgian House. The upper floor was formerly the official residence of the Moderator of the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland. The building includes one fireplace brought from Hill of Tarvit in Fife in 1975.
West Register House, formerly St. George's Church, forms the centre of the west side. It was designed by the architect Robert Reid in 1811, broadly to Adam's plan. The church opened in 1814 and was converted to its current use in 1964. It is one of the main buildings of the National Records of Scotland.
The New Town is a central area of Edinburgh, the capital of Scotland. A masterpiece of city planning, it was built in stages between 1767 and around 1850, and retains much of its original neo-classical and Georgian period architecture. Its best known street is Princes Street, facing Edinburgh Castle and the Old Town across the geological depression of the former Nor Loch. Together with the Old Town, the New Town was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1995.
Edinburgh (/ˈɛdɪnbərə/; Scots: Edinburgh; Scottish Gaelic: Dùn Èideann [ˈt̪uːn ˈeːtʲən̪ˠ]) is the capital of Scotland and one of its 32 council areas. Historically part of the county of Midlothian (interchangeably Edinburghshire before 1921), it is located in Lothian on the Firth of Forth's southern shore.
Recognised as the capital of Scotland since at least the 15th century, Edinburgh is the seat of the Scottish Government, the Scottish Parliament and the supreme courts of Scotland. The city's Palace of Holyroodhouse is the official residence of the monarch in Scotland. The city has long been a centre of education, particularly in the fields of medicine, Scots law, literature, philosophy, the sciences and engineering. It is the second largest financial centre in the United Kingdom (after London) and the city's historical and cultural attractions have made it the United Kingdom's second most visited tourist destination attracting 4.9 million visits including 2.4 million from overseas in 2018.
Edinburgh is Scotland's second most populous city and the seventh most populous in the United Kingdom. The official population estimates are 488,050 (2016) for the Locality of Edinburgh (Edinburgh pre 1975 regionalisation plus Currie and Balerno), 518,500 (2018) for the City of Edinburgh, and 1,339,380 (2014) for the city region. Edinburgh lies at the heart of the Edinburgh and South East Scotland city region comprising East Lothian, Edinburgh, Fife, Midlothian, Scottish Borders and West Lothian.
The city is the annual venue of the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland. It is home to national institutions such as the National Museum of Scotland, the National Library of Scotland and the Scottish National Gallery. The University of Edinburgh, founded in 1582 and now one of four in the city, is placed 20th in the QS World University Rankings for 2020. The city is also known for the Edinburgh International Festival and the Fringe, the latter being the world's largest annual international arts festival. Historic sites in Edinburgh include Edinburgh Castle, the Palace of Holyroodhouse, the churches of St. Giles, Greyfriars and the Canongate, and the extensive Georgian New Town built in the 18th/19th centuries. Edinburgh's Old Town and New Town together are listed as a UNESCO World Heritage site, which has been managed by Edinburgh World Heritage since 1999." - info from Wikipedia.
Summer 2019 I did a solo cycling tour across Europe through 12 countries over the course of 3 months. I began my adventure in Edinburgh, Scotland and finished in Florence, Italy cycling 8,816 km. During my trip I took 47,000 photos.
Now on Instagram.
Become a patron to my photography on Patreon.
A sand spit reaches out from Chesterman Beach to Frank Island and is accessible only at low tide. Vancouver Island, BC
Accessible Ramp and Footbridge in Autumn at Multnomah Falls on the Columbia River Gorge National Scenic Area.
Accessible PowerScape 3D play system with shade structures, adaptive whirl and swings, musical instruments, motion activities and much more.
April Coughlin from the Elevator Action Group with Rise and Resist - Activists from the Elevator Action Group with Rise and Resist took a subway ride with NYCT President Andy Byford on April 13, 2018. The trip illuminated some of the problems with signage, separate fare payment systems, boarding areas, and many other accessibility issues. Byford plans to incorporate accessibility priorities in a comprehensive corporate plan expected to be released in May. (Photo by Erik McGregor)
This wheelchair accessible walkway at Crab Cove in Alameda, California is partially submerged at high tide. The photo was taken during a king tide on February 8, 2013. Here's another photo taken at the same location, but from higher, at the time of another king tide: www.flickr.com/photos/frame_maker/8380901161/. See also www.flickr.com/photos/frame_maker/32500097432/
N.B. See my profile for usage guidelines.
To be exhibited: Art Works Downtown, San Raphael, Climate Change exhibit
1337 Fourth Street, San Raphael, CA
Exhibition Dates: January 8–February 26, 2016
Reception and Art Walk: Fri, January 8, 5-8pm:
Reception and Art Walk: Fri, February 12, 5-8pm
2nd Place, Pictorial, Masters level, Berkeley Camera Club, 7/2/13 [BCC_CMP:PICT 7/2/13]
2nd Place, Pictorial, Masters level, Northern California Council of Camera Clubs, 7/13
Honorable Mention, Annual Competition, Pictorial, Masters level, Berkeley Camera Club, 10/13
Rotterdam - Depot Boijmans Van Beuningen, the world’s first fully accessible art depot, will open its doors in September 2021 at Museumpark in the centre of Rotterdam. With this construction completion, now the museum and the users can start to inhabit the building and fill its spaces with priceless art. Although it will take another year before the real opening, the completion is a special moment . 7,000 lucky persons can make a safe quick visit in 3 days in September 2020.
The assignment for MVRDV Architects was to offer a glimpse behind the scenes of the museum world and make the whole art collection accessible to the public. The reflective round volume responds to its surroundings. The Depot features exhibition halls, a rooftop garden, and a restaurant, in addition to an enormous amount of storage space for art and design.
Depot Boijmans Van Beuningen is the first depot in the world that offers access to a complete collection. The dynamics of the depot are different from those of the museum: no exhibitions are held here, but you can - independently or with a guide - browse through 151,000 art objects. You can also take a look at, for example, conservation and restoration.. Surface 15,000 m²
MVRDV has completed the bowl-like Depot Boijmans Van Beuningen in Rotterdam's Museumpark, which is covered in mirrored glass and topped by a rooftop forest. The art storage facility, which will open to the public in autumn 2021, has been built to house the art collection of the Museum Boijmans Van Beuningen in one place for the first time since 1935. Depot Boijmans Van Beuningen contains a mix of storage spaces alongside areas for art maintenance, both of which will be made accessible to visitors after the artwork has been moved there. This makes the facility the first publicly accessible art depot in the world, according to MVRDV Architects, and will offer a new type of experience for museum-goers in the Netherlands.
The Depot Boijmans Van Beuningen measures 12 metres in height and encompasses 15,000 m2. The budget was € 55,000,000. To help reduce its visual impact, MVRDV clad the depot in 1,664 reflective glass panels so that it blends in with its surroundings in the OMA-designed Museumpark. Its bowl-shape was also developed to minimise its footprint. The rooftop features 75 birch trees. Its reflective facade wears the trappings of whatever surrounds it: people passing by, Museumpark's leafy grounds, the clouds, and Rotterdam's dynamic city skyline. Thanks to this reflection, the building is already fully integrated into its surroundings, despite its not insignificant size.
Inside, the building contains several storage spaces alongside studios for the curators and areas for the maintenance of the art. The storage spaces are divided into five different climate zones so that the artefacts can be stored and exhibited according to their specific temperature and humidity requirements, which can vary depending on the materials used to make them. According to MVRDV, the focal point of the depot is its central atrium, which is filled with overlapping staircases and suspended glass display cases that will eventually be filled with art chosen by the museum's curators. This atrium will connect the storage and exhibition spaces to the curators' studios, and offer visitors rare access and insights into how the museum cares and maintains its collection. Once open to the public, the Museum Boijmans Van Beuningen's artwork will be displayed throughout the entire building, including on its rooftop restaurant and sculpture garden. The rooftop forest is covered with 75 tall birch trees and was incorporated by the studio to make up for the lost green space and provide views across the city.
MVRDV is an architecture studio based in Rotterdam, which was founded by Winy Maas, Jacob van Rijs and Nathalie de Vries in 1991. The studio won a competition to design the Depot Boijmans Van Beuningen in 2014.
It was developed by the studio with BAM Bouw & Techniek and will be made open to the public after its interiors are completed and the artwork has been moved inside.
Accessible and convenient, Oryx Airport Hotel at Hamad International Airport (HIA) offers five-star amenities to help you relax and recharge between flights in Doha.
As a guest at Oryx Airport Hotel, you can enjoy unlimited use of the 25-metre temperature-controlled indoor swimming pool, hydrotherapy tubs, shower rooms and a fully-serviced gym equipped with cardiovascular machines. Squash courts and spa treatments are also available, for an additional charge. Non-hotel guests can have access to the hotel’s facilities, for a fee. Source: www.qatarairways.com/en-au/hia-hamad-international-airpor...
Liberty Equality Accessibility
Rassemblement des personnes en situation de handicap pour un véritable changement, vers une république inclusive_Paris_Mai 2025
Gathering of people with disabilities for a truly inclusive republic_Paris_Mai 2025
Accessible PowerScape 3D play system with shade structures, adaptive whirl and swings, musical instruments, motion activities and much more.
A spectacular and freely accessible historic public space in the heart of Dunbar Harbour, the Dunbar Battery is an open air venue that is well worth a visit for the views, the public art or to enjoy a unique performance in East Lothian.
In 2017, the Dunbar Harbour Trust created a special location at the ruined Battery in Victoria Harbour. It is available for the public to visit, explore and enjoy throughout the year. It also provides a unique venue for groups wishing to engage with the performing arts or education within East Lothian.
The Battery is part of Dunbar’s historic harbours, and is owned and managed by Dunbar Harbour Trust for the benefit of the local community and visitors to the town and it's harbour.
The location is spectacular on a promontory overlooking the Firth of Forth and North Sea. The Battery is a peaceful public place which takes full advantage of its setting.
Dunbar is called ‘Sunny Dunny’ for good reason. However, while the Dunbar Battery is open all year round, it may be closed for safety reasons, in extreme weather conditions, but the town's harbours are still an enjoyable experience all.
Platform 15 at Bristol Temple Meads was never normally accessible by the Public, however on occasions it was!
Here, we see Bescot's 31 167, dragging Bath Road's 56 031 'Merehead', and Old Oak Common's 50 024 'Vanguard' onto Bath Road, on a bitterly cold January 3rd 1985.
TOPS info:-
31167 BS 0 XA
56031 BR S M 0 AA
50024 OC E XA.
31 167 was built by Brush as D5585, entering service on March 25th 1960.
31B March 25/01/1960
30A Stratford 06/1961
31B March 06/1962
41A Darnall 04/1963
34G Finsbury Park 06/1963
41A Darnall 07/1963
41F Mexborough 09/1963
Allocated to Wath, sub-shed of Mexborough
41C Wath 11/1963
41A Tinsley 10/1965
41C Wath 01/1966
41A Tinsley 06/1966
Converted to Cl. 31 09/1967
55B York 10/1972
Allocation recoded 55B to YK 05/1973
TI Tinsley 09/1973
Renumbered 31 167 03/1974
IM Immingham 03/1974
TI Tinsley 02/1976
SF Stratford 05/1976
TE Thornaby 01/1979
Withdrawn 31/05/1981
Stored at TI 5/81 - 6/81, then to ZL (Swindon Works) on 19/6/81 for store. Left on 4/3/82 following re-instatement.
Reinstated 21/02/1982
TO Toton 21/02/1982
BS Bescot 05/1983
Withdrawn 27/09/1988
Stored at Tyseley until moved to Leicester Humberstone Road on 19/1/89, and into Vic Berry the same day. partly cut up by 19/2/89, and only bits remained by 15/3/89, which
were gone by 24/3/89.
56 031 was built at Doncaster, entering service on May 24th 1977.
TO Toton 24/05/1977
TI Tinsley 10/1978
HM Healey Mills 05/1980
BR Bristol Bath Road 04/1983
Named Merehead at Foster Yeoman's Quarry, Merehead Stone Terminal on 16/9/83
CF Cardiff (Canton) 10/1987
SL Stewarts Lane 09/1991
TO Toton 03/1992
SL Stewarts Lane 11/1992
TO Toton 01/1994
IM Immingham 03/1994
TE Thornaby 07/1995
The nameplates were removed at Thornaby TMD on 30/5/96
IM Immingham 01/1997
WQ EWS Headquarters Pool 26/11/1999
IM Immingham 02/03/2000
Returned to Service 02/03/2000
WQ EWS Headquarters Pool 02/07/2002
Store 02/07/2002
WQ as stored (S) 2/7/02, at IM, then to store (U) 8/8/02, and to store (S) 3/2/03.
To WQ store (U) 9/2/04, to WQ French Projects 21/ 1/05, and moved from Immingham to Toton on 21/1/05, to Bescot on 25/1/05 and then to Wembley 25-26/1/05, then delivered to Old Oak Common on 27/1/05 for preparation.
Freshly painted and outshopped in Fertis colours on 26/4/05, but was not released from Old Oak Common to Wembley until 27/6/05, to Dollands Moor on 28/6/05 and
through the tunnel to France later the same day .
56 031 Arrived back in the UK at Dollands Moor via the Channel Tunnel on 23/12/06 and then on to Wembley Yard later the same day. Next reported as returned to service 15/5/07.
TO Toton 15/05/2007
Returned to Service 15/05/2007
Store 15/05/2007
Hauled to Warrington on 4/11/08, then tripped back to Crewe EMD on 6/11/08 and then hauled round to the Diesel Depot and pushed inside the closed depot on 9/12/08.
Stored (u) (French Projects) 3/4/09, stored (u) 22/9/10
loco sold 7/12/11.
It remained inside Crewe DD until hauled from there to European Metal Recycling, Kingsbury on 14/9/12 and deregistered on 23/1/13
Reregistered 17/4/13 and sold to Ed Stevenson and moved from EMR to Burton-upon-Trent on 9/5/13 for overhaul, also TO (Nemesis Rail stored) the same day, to privately owned locos 14/5/13.
Moved to the reopened Leicester TMD on 3/12/13. Apparently transferred to HQ at some stage, date unknown
HQ Headquarters Pool 10/2013
LR Leicester 07/2015
Store 07/2015
PG Peterborough GBRf 07/2018
Sold to GBRf for its class 69 conversion programme and moved to EMD, Longport 6/7/18. Stripped body moved to Marcroft Engineering, Stoke-on-Trent 25/4/19, returned to
EMD, Longport 28/5/19. Deregistered 9/2/21
Converted to 69001, renumbered on 9/2/21.
50 024 was built by Vulcan Foundry as D424, entering service on May 21st 1968.
LMWL LM Western Lines 21/05/1968
D05 Stoke Division 17/06/1968
CE Crewe Diesel 05/1973
Allocation recoded CE to CD 12/1973
BR Bristol Bath Road 05/1974
Renumbered 50 024 08/05/1974
LA Laira 05/1976
Named Vanguard on 15/5/78.
OC Old Oak Common 03/1983
LA Laira 07/1990
Store 23/01/1991
Withdrawn 01/02/1991
Caught fire near Westbury while working a Waterloo-Exeter passenger train 23/1/91 and moved to Westbury.
Moved to Old Oak Common on 2/2/91, where all spares were removed, then it was broken up on site by staff from Coopers Metals Ltd., Cardiff between 25/6/91 and 6/7/91.
I hope you enjoy looking through my Flickr images. Please consider helping me pay for my Flickr subscription, and to help me buy-back some of the 4000 of my slides from the past that I'd like to get back.
I'll rescan all of my older uploads in the fullness of time.
Any help will be greatly appreciated.
Thank you.
Beamish Museum's hard working accessible bus has been given a brand new coat of paint courtesy of the GoNorthEast bus group! All it needs now is the appropriate company crest and legal lettering to make it look even better than when new.
The livery applied is that of the former Venture Transport of Consett, founded shortly after the First World War and once the largest bus operator in North-East England. The company was sold to the former Northern General Transport Company in 1970 and is now part of the GoAhead Group. The livery has recently been resurrected for use on GoNorthEast buses in the Consett area.
This vehicle was built for Beamish in October 2007. It isn't a replica of any actual type of vehicle, simply something like the types that existed around 1913. It has an electric chairlift at the back to enable the museum to comply with current accessibility legislation. It's also a bit of a pig to drive!
The registration number of this bus, "J2007", is a museum invention, "J" being the registration letter of County Durham in 1913 and "2007" being the year the bus went into service. The number is currently missing from the front of the bus.
Copyright © 2017 Terry Pinnegar Photography. All Rights Reserved. THIS IMAGE IS NOT TO BE USED WITHOUT MY EXPRESS PERMISSION!
Wildhorse Lake looking south, July 10, 2018, by Greg Shine, BLM.
Take yourself on a challenging hike down to Wildhorse Lake and Wildhorse Creek Wild and Scenic River, below the Steens Mountain rim. Don't forget that you need to hike back out, though!
The lake is accessible from a trail starting at the Wildhorse Lake Overlook, which is just off the Steens Mountain Loop Road near the summit.
Wildhorse Lake (and nearby Little Wildhorse Lake) provide vernal high elevation pools, talus and cliffs, willows, and adjacent upland vegetation which together provide a diversity of wildlife habitats.
Wildhorse Creek Wild and Scenic River provides habitat for California bighorn sheep and a variety of wildlife from headwaters to canyon mouths. Species such as pika can be found at upper elevations. They also contain interesting and unique assemblages of vegetative communities.
Know Before You Go:
• Limited water sources – carry enough water and food to last your entire trip, and do not drink from untested water sources.
• Ticks, mosquitoes, and rattlesnakes in certain areas during spring and summer.
• Weather conditions – the mountain’s high elevation can cause rapid temperature changes. Blustery, 100-degree days are common and snow can fall year-round. Be prepared for sudden lightning storms, snow, rain, and high winds.
• Long distances between services – including gas stations, phones, and cell phone reception. Let someone at home know where you plan to go and when you plan to return. Phone service should not be relied on for emergency communication. Always start your trip with a full tank of fuel and call ahead for current information about fuel availability in the Steens Mountain area. Fuel may be available in the towns of Fields, Frenchglen, Crane, or the Narrows.
• Rough terrain – deep canyons and rocky slopes are a natural party of the rugged mountain territory. Elevation can change from less than 4,000 feet to over 9,000 feet in just a few miles. We recommend high clearance or 4x4 vehicles for primitive roads, including the steep and rocky portion of the Steens Mountain Loop Road near South Steens Campground. The rest of the Steens Mountain Loop Road can accommodate passenger cars at lower speeds. High quality tires are a must for all vehicles, even when traveling on maintained routes.
• Livestock and wildlife on roadways – much of southeast Oregon is open range. Be alert, drive with caution, and plan to share roadways with cattle, deer, elk, antelope, wild horses, and rabbits!
• Staying Found – the remote nature and vast landscape of the Steens Mountain area may leave even the most experienced traveler directionally confused or just plain lost. Traveling with a current map of the area is essential! Don’t hesitate to talk to locals - area landowners and Federal employees are generally visible in the Steens Mountain area. We welcome your visit and have information to help you.
More Info: www.blm.gov/visit/wildhorse-creek-wild-scenic-river
www.blm.gov/programs/recreation/recreation-activities/ore...
Contact:
Bums District
Bureau of Land Management
28910 Hwy 20 West
Hines, OR 97738
541-573-4400
Anthroposophy, a philosophy founded by Rudolf Steiner, postulates the existence of an objective, intellectually comprehensible spiritual world accessible to direct experience through inner development. More specifically, it aims to develop faculties of perceptive imagination, inspiration and intuition through cultivating a form of thinking independent of sensory experience, and to present the results thus derived in a manner subject to rational verification. In its investigations of the spiritual world, anthroposophy aims to attain the precision and clarity attained by the natural sciences in their investigations of the physical world.
Anthroposophical ideas have been applied practically in many areas including Steiner/Waldorf education, special education (most prominently through the Camphill Movement), agriculture, medicine, ethical banking, organizational development, and the arts.
Architecture
The First Goetheanum, designed by Steiner in 1920, Dornach, Switzerland.
Steiner himself designed around thirteen buildings, many of them significant works in a unique, organic—expressionist architectural style. Foremost among these are his designs for the two Goetheanum buildings in Dornach, Switzerland. Thousands of further buildings have been built by later generations of anthroposophic architects.
Architects who have been strongly influenced by the anthroposophic style include Imre Makovecz in Hungary, Hans Scharoun and Joachim Eble in Germany, Erik Asmussen in Sweden, Kenji Imai in Japan, Thomas Rau, Anton Alberts and Max van Huut in Holland, Christopher Day and Camphill Architects in the UK, Thompson and Rose in America, Denis Bowman in Canada, and Walter Burley Griffin and Gregory Burgess in Australia.
One of the most famous contemporary buildings by an anthroposophical architect is ING House, an ING Bank building in Amsterdam, which has received several awards for its ecological design and approach to a self-sustaining ecology as an autonomous building and example of sustainable architecture. Designed by Ton Alberts, as remarked by Akbar ! :-)
Accessible Pedestrian Signal: lean entire body weight, I mean, press black button for count of 5, feel a click, feel the button vibrate when walk light comes on and hear the chirps telling you it's OK to go cross the road.
These seem to often be broken - button won't click, sound won't chirp. So if you want to help your fellow citizens get around easily - press one of these buttons to see if it works. If not, call or tweet 311! Easy, quick! :)
Wildhorse Creek Wild and Scenic River as it spills from Wildhorse Lake, July 10, 2018, by Greg Shine, BLM.
Take yourself on a challenging hike down to Wildhorse Lake and Wildhorse Creek Wild and Scenic River, below the Steens Mountain rim. Don't forget that you need to hike back out, though!
The lake is accessible from a trail starting at the Wildhorse Lake Overlook, which is just off the Steens Mountain Loop Road near the summit.
Wildhorse Lake (and nearby Little Wildhorse Lake) provide vernal high elevation pools, talus and cliffs, willows, and adjacent upland vegetation which together provide a diversity of wildlife habitats.
Wildhorse Creek Wild and Scenic River provides habitat for California bighorn sheep and a variety of wildlife from headwaters to canyon mouths. Species such as pika can be found at upper elevations. They also contain interesting and unique assemblages of vegetative communities.
Know Before You Go:
• Limited water sources – carry enough water and food to last your entire trip, and do not drink from untested water sources.
• Ticks, mosquitoes, and rattlesnakes in certain areas during spring and summer.
• Weather conditions – the mountain’s high elevation can cause rapid temperature changes. Blustery, 100-degree days are common and snow can fall year-round. Be prepared for sudden lightning storms, snow, rain, and high winds.
• Long distances between services – including gas stations, phones, and cell phone reception. Let someone at home know where you plan to go and when you plan to return. Phone service should not be relied on for emergency communication. Always start your trip with a full tank of fuel and call ahead for current information about fuel availability in the Steens Mountain area. Fuel may be available in the towns of Fields, Frenchglen, Crane, or the Narrows.
• Rough terrain – deep canyons and rocky slopes are a natural party of the rugged mountain territory. Elevation can change from less than 4,000 feet to over 9,000 feet in just a few miles. We recommend high clearance or 4x4 vehicles for primitive roads, including the steep and rocky portion of the Steens Mountain Loop Road near South Steens Campground. The rest of the Steens Mountain Loop Road can accommodate passenger cars at lower speeds. High quality tires are a must for all vehicles, even when traveling on maintained routes.
• Livestock and wildlife on roadways – much of southeast Oregon is open range. Be alert, drive with caution, and plan to share roadways with cattle, deer, elk, antelope, wild horses, and rabbits!
• Staying Found – the remote nature and vast landscape of the Steens Mountain area may leave even the most experienced traveler directionally confused or just plain lost. Traveling with a current map of the area is essential! Don’t hesitate to talk to locals - area landowners and Federal employees are generally visible in the Steens Mountain area. We welcome your visit and have information to help you.
More Info: www.blm.gov/visit/wildhorse-creek-wild-scenic-river
www.blm.gov/programs/recreation/recreation-activities/ore...
Contact:
Bums District
Bureau of Land Management
28910 Hwy 20 West
Hines, OR 97738
541-573-4400
Paved, accessible trail in the Lava Lands Trail of Molten Lands in Newberry Volcano National Monument
Mollusc-rich fossiliferous limestone of the Grotto Beach Formation (Upper Pleistocene) near the shoreline of Moon Rock Pond, northeastern San Salvador Island, eastern Bahamas.
The fossiliferous limestone shown above is dominated by fossil bivalves and gastropods - readily recognizable species include Codakia orbicularis (tiger lucine clam), Bulla occidentalis (West Indies bubble snail), Laevicardium serratum (common egg cockle), and trochids (top snails). This is part of the Cockburn Town Member of the Grotto Beach Limestone (lower Upper Pleistocene, Sangamonian, MIS 5e, 119-131 ka).
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The surface bedrock geology of San Salvador consists entirely of Pleistocene and Holocene limestones. Thick and relatively unforgiving vegetation covers most of the island’s interior (apart from inland lakes). Because of this, the most easily-accessible rock outcrops are along the island’s shorelines.
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Stratigraphic Succession in the Bahamas:
Rice Bay Formation (Holocene, <10 ka), subdivided into two members (Hanna Bay Member over North Point Member)
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Grotto Beach Formation (lower Upper Pleistocene, 119-131 ka), subdivided into two members (Cockburn Town Member over French Bay Member)
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Owl's Hole Formation (Middle Pleistocene, ~215-220 ka & ~327-333 ka & ~398-410 ka & older)
------------------------------
San Salvador’s surface bedrock can be divided into two broad lithologic categories:
1) LIMESTONES
2) PALEOSOLS
The limestones were deposited during sea level highstands (actually, only during the highest of the highstands). During such highstands (for example, right now), the San Salvador carbonate platform is partly flooded by ocean water. At such times, the “carbonate factory” is on, and abundant carbonate sediment grains are generated by shallow-water organisms living on the platform. The abundance of carbonate sediment means there will be abundant carbonate sedimentary rock formed after burial and cementation (diagenesis). These sea level highstands correspond with the climatically warm interglacials during the Pleistocene Ice Age.
Based on geochronologic dating on various Bahamas islands, and based on a modern understanding of the history of Pleistocene-Holocene global sea level changes, surficial limestones in the Bahamas are known to have been deposited at the following times (expressed in terms of marine isotope stages, “MIS” - these are the glacial-interglacial climatic cycles determined from δ18O analysis):
1) MIS 1 - the Holocene, <10 k.y. This is the current sea level highstand.
2) MIS 5e - during the Sangamonian Interglacial, in the early Late Pleistocene, from 119 to 131 k.y. (sea level peaked at ~125 k.y.)
3) MIS 7 - ~215 to 220 k.y. - late Middle Pleistocene
4) MIS 9 - ~327-333 k.y. - late Middle Pleistocene
5) MIS 11 - ~398-410 k.y. - late Middle Pleistocene
Bahamian limestones deposited during MIS 1 are called the Rice Bay Formation. Limestones deposited during MIS 5e are called the Grotto Beach Formation. Limestones deposited during MIS 7, 9, 11, and perhaps as old as MIS 13 and 15, are called the Owl’s Hole Formation. These stratigraphic units were first established on San Salvador Island (the type sections are there), but geologic work elsewhere has shown that the same stratigraphic succession also applies to the rest of the Bahamas.
During times of lowstands (= times of climatically cold glacial intervals of the Pleistocene Ice Age), weathering and pedogenesis results in the development of soils. With burial and diagenesis, these soils become paleosols. The most common paleosol type in the Bahamas is calcrete (a.k.a. caliche; a.k.a. terra rosa). Calcrete horizons cap all Pleistocene-aged stratigraphic units in the Bahamas, except where erosion has removed them. Calcretes separate all major stratigraphic units. Sometimes, calcrete-looking horizons are encountered in the field that are not true paleosols.
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Subsurface Stratigraphy of San Salvador Island:
The island’s stratigraphy below the Owl’s Hole Formation was revealed by a core drilled down ~168 meters (~550-feet) below the surface (for details, see Supko, 1977). The well site was at 3 meters above sea level near Graham’s Harbour beach, between Line Hole Settlement and Singer Bar Point (northern margin of San Salvador Island). The first 37 meters were limestones. Below that, dolostones dominate, alternating with some mixed dolostone-limestone intervals. Reddish-brown calcretes separate major units. Supko (1977) infers that the lowest rocks in the core are Upper Miocene to Lower Pliocene, based on known Bahamas Platform subsidence rates.
In light of the successful island-to-island correlations of Middle Pleistocene, Upper Pleistocene, and Holocene units throughout the Bahamas (see the Bahamas geologic literature list below), it seems reasonable to conclude that San Salvador’s subsurface dolostones may correlate well with sub-Pleistocene dolostone units exposed in the far-southeastern portions of the Bahamas Platform.
Recent field work on Mayaguana Island has resulted in the identification of Miocene, Pliocene, and Lower Pleistocene surface outcrops (see: www2.newark.ohio-state.edu/facultystaff/personal/jstjohn/...). On Mayaguana, the worked-out stratigraphy is:
- Rice Bay Formation (Holocene)
- Grotto Beach Formation (Upper Pleistocene)
- Owl’s Hole Formation (Middle Pleistocene)
- Misery Point Formation (Lower Pleistocene)
- Timber Bay Formation (Pliocene)
- Little Bay Formation (Upper Miocene)
- Mayaguana Formation (Lower Miocene)
The Timber Bay Fm. and Little Bay Fm. are completely dolomitized. The Mayaguana Fm. is ~5% dolomitized. The Misery Point Fm. is nondolomitized, but the original aragonite mineralogy is absent.
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The stratigraphic information presented here is synthesized from the Bahamian geologic literature.
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Supko, P.R. 1977. Subsurface dolomites, San Salvador, Bahamas. Journal of Sedimentary Petrology 47: 1063-1077.
Bowman, P.A. & J.W. Teeter. 1982. The distribution of living and fossil Foraminifera and their use in the interpretation of the post-Pleistocene history of Little Lake, San Salvador, Bahamas. San Salvador Field Station Occasional Papers 1982(2). 21 pp.
Sanger, D.B. & J.W. Teeter. 1982. The distribution of living and fossil Ostracoda and their use in the interpretation of the post-Pleistocene history of Little Lake, San Salvador Island, Bahamas. San Salvador Field Station Occasional Papers 1982(1). 26 pp.
Gerace, D.T., R.W. Adams, J.E. Mylroie, R. Titus, E.E. Hinman, H.A. Curran & J.L. Carew. 1983. Field Guide to the Geology of San Salvador (Third Edition). 172 pp.
Curran, H.A. 1984. Ichnology of Pleistocene carbonates on San Salvador, Bahamas. Journal of Paleontology 58: 312-321.
Anderson, C.B. & M.R. Boardman. 1987. Sedimentary gradients in a high-energy carbonate lagoon, Snow Bay, San Salvador, Bahamas. CCFL Bahamian Field Station Occasional Paper 1987(2). (31) pp.
1988. Bahamas Project. pp. 21-48 in First Keck Research Symposium in Geology (Abstracts Volume), Beloit College, Beloit, Wisconsin, 14-17 April 1988.
1989. Proceedings of the Fourth Symposium on the Geology of the Bahamas, June 17-22, 1988. 381 pp.
1989. Pleistocene and Holocene carbonate systems, Bahamas. pp. 18-51 in Second Keck Research Symposium in Geology (Abstracts Volume), Colorado College, Colorado Springs, Colorado, 14-16 April 1989.
Curran, H.A., J.L. Carew, J.E. Mylroie, B. White, R.J. Bain & J.W. Teeter. 1989. Pleistocene and Holocene carbonate environments on San Salvador Island, Bahamas. 28th International Geological Congress Field Trip Guidebook T175. 46 pp.
1990. The 5th Symposium on the Geology of the Bahamas, June 15-19, 1990, Abstracts and Programs. 29 pp.
1991. Proceedings of the Fifth Symposium on the Geology of the Bahamas. 247 pp.
1992. The 6th Symposium on the Geology of the Bahamas, June 11-15, 1992, Abstracts and Program. 26 pp.
1992. Proceedings of the 4th Symposium on the Natural History of the Bahamas, June 7-11, 1991. 123 pp.
Boardman, M.R., C. Carney, B. White, H.A. Curran & D.T. Gerace. 1992. The geology of Columbus' landfall: a field guide to the Holcoene geology of San Salvador, Bahamas, Field trip 3 for the annual meeting of the Geological Society of America, Cincinnati, Ohio, October 26-29, 1992. Ohio Division of Geological Survey Miscellaneous Report 2. 49 pp.
Carew, J.L., J.E. Mylroie, N.E. Sealey, M. Boardman, C. Carney, B. White, H.A. Curran & D.T. Gerace. 1992. The 6th Symposium on the Geology of the Bahamas, June 11-15, 1992, Field Trip Guidebook. 56 pp.
1993. Proceedings of the 6th Symposium on the Geology of the Bahamas, June 11-15, 1992. 222 pp.
Lawson, B.M. 1993. Shelling San Sal, an Illustrated Guide to Common Shells of San Salvador Island, Bahamas. San Salvador, Bahamas. Bahamian Field Station. 63 pp.
1994. The 7th Symposium on the Geology of the Bahamas, June 16-20, 1994, Abstracts and Program. 26 pp.
1994. Proceedings of the 5th Symposium on the Natural History of the Bahamas, June 11-14, 1993. 107 pp.
Carew, J.L. & J.E. Mylroie. 1994. Geology and Karst of San Salvador Island, Bahamas: a Field Trip Guidebook. 32 pp.
Godfrey, P.J., R.L. Davis, R.R. Smtih & J.A. Wells. 1994. Natural History of Northeastern San Salvador Island: a "New World" Where the New World Began, Bahamian Field Station Trail Guide. 28 pp.
Hinman, G. 1994. A Teacher's Guide to the Depositional Environments on San Salvador Island, Bahamas. 64 pp.
Mylroie, J.E. & J.L. Carew. 1994. A Field Trip Guide Book of Lighthouse Cave, San Salvador Island, Bahamas. 10 pp.
1995. Proceedings of the Seventh Symposium on the Geology of the Bahamas, June 16-20, 1994. 134 pp.
1995. Terrestrial and shallow marine geology of the Bahamas and Bermuda. Geological Society of America Special Paper 300.
1996. The 8th Symposium on the Geology of the Bahamas, May 30-June 3, 1996, Abstracts and Program. 21 pp.
1996. Proceedings of the 6th Symposium on the Natural History of the Bahamas, June 9-13, 1995. 165 pp.
1997. Proceedings of the 8th Symposium on the Geology of the Bahamas and Other Carbonate Regions, May 30-June 3, 1996. 213 pp.
Curran, H.A., B. White & M.A. Wilson. 1997. Guide to Bahamian Ichnology: Pleistocene, Holocene, and Modern Environments. San Salvador, Bahamas. Bahamian Field Station. 61 pp.
1998. The 9th Symposium on the Geology of the Bahamas and Other Carbonate Regions, June 4-June 8, 1998, Abstracts and Program. 25 pp.
Wilson, M.A., H.A. Curran & B. White. 1998. Paleontological evidence of a brief global sea-level event during the last interglacial. Lethaia 31: 241-250.
1999. Proceedings of the 9th Symposium on the Geology of the Bahamas and Other Carbonate Regions, June 4-8, 1998. 142 pp.
2000. The 10th Symposium on the Geology of the Bahamas and Other Carbonate Regions, June 8-June 12, 2000, Abstracts and Program. 29+(1) pp.
2001. Proceedings of the 10th Symposium on the Geology of the Bahamas and Other Carbonate Regions, June 8-12, 2000. 200 pp.
Bishop, D. & B.J. Greenstein. 2001. The effects of Hurricane Floyd on the fidelity of coral life and death assemblages in San Salvador, Bahamas: does a hurricane leave a signature in the fossil record? Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs 33(4): 51.
Gamble, V.C., S.J. Carpenter & L.A. Gonzalez. 2001. Using carbon and oxygen isotopic values from acroporid corals to interpret temperature fluctuations around an unconformable surface on San Salvador Island, Bahamas. Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs 33(4): 52.
Gardiner, L. 2001. Stability of Late Pleistocene reef mollusks from San Salvador Island, Bahamas. Palaios 16: 372-386.
Ogarek, S.A., C.K. Carney & M.R. Boardman. 2001. Paleoenvironmental analysis of the Holocene sediments of Pigeon Creek, San Salvador, Bahamas. Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs 33(4): 17.
Schmidt, D.A., C.K. Carney & M.R. Boardman. 2001. Pleistocene reef facies diagenesis within two shallowing-upward sequences at Cockburntown, San Salvador, Bahamas. Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs 33(4): 42.
2002. The 11th Symposium on the Geology of the Bahamas and Other Carbonate Regions, June 6th-June 10, 2002, Abstracts and Program. 29 pp.
2004. The 12th Symposium on the Geology of the Bahamas and Other Carbonate Regions, June 3-June 7, 2004, Abstracts and Program. 33 pp.
2004. Proceedings of the 11th Symposium on the Geology of the Bahamas and Other Carbonate Regions, June 6-10, 2002. 240 pp.
Martin, A.J. 2006. Trace Fossils of San Salvador. 80 pp.
2006. Proceedings of the 12th Symposium on the Geology of the Bahamas and Other Carbonate Regions, June 3-7, 2004. 249 pp.
2006. The 13th Symposium on the Geology of the Bahamas and Other Carbonate Regions, June 8-June 12, 2006, Abstracts and Program. 27 pp.
Mylroie, J.E. & J.L. Carew. 2008. Field Guide to the Geology and Karst Geomorphology of San Salvador Island. 88 pp.
2008. Proceedings of the 13th Symposium on the Geology of the Bahamas and Other Carbonate Regions, June 8-12, 2006. 223 pp.
2008. The 14th Symposium on the Geology of the Bahamas and Other Carbonate Regions, June 12-June 16, 2006, Abstracts and Program. 26 pp.
2010. Proceedings of the 14th Symposium on the Geology of the Bahamas and Other Carbonate Regions, June 12-16, 2008. 249 pp.
2010. The 15th Symposium on the Geology of the Bahamas and Other Carbonate Regions, June 17-June 21, 2010, Abstracts and Program. 36 pp.
2012. Proceedings of the 15th Symposium on the Geology of the Bahamas and Other Carbonate Regions, June 17-21, 2010. 183 pp.
2012. The 16th Symposium on the Geology of the Bahamas and Other Carbonate Regions, June 14-June 18, 2012, Abstracts with Program. 45 pp.
Accessible from the Pilatusbahn funicular railway, Mount Pilatus towers above Lucerne, covered in a light dusting of snow the day I visited, with the mountaintops rising above the thick clouds and drizzle of rain below
More accessible than Sveti Stefan, its elitist neighbour, the charming village of Petrovac has been appreciated since Ancient times/Antiquity. The pretty fishing port, houses built of stone from Venice, and shady arbors contribute to the delight of holidaymakers, who go as far as the castle to admire the panoramic views.
Petrovac is a small coastal place with mild Mediterranean climate and almost 300 sunny days in the year, it has got many coves, long beaches and small sandy gulfs which are the most beautiful ones in this part of the Adriatic.
Petrovac abounds in olive trees, oranges, laurels, oleanders. Wood growing from the rocks surrounds every cove and every single one out of dozen villages which are situated on the south slopes of the surrounding hills. The surrounding landscape is rich and green.
Children with additional support needs will have improved access to nursery education thanks to £2 million announced by First Minister Nicola Sturgeon today.
The money will fund specialist training and equipment to ensure all nurseries offering the free early learning and childcare (ELC) entitlement are equipped to care for children with additional support needs
The First Minister and Mark McDonald, Minister for Childcare and Early Years announced the funding while visiting Smile Childcare Early Years Centre in Wester Hailes, Edinburgh.
Beautiful golden sandy beach, only accessible at low tide. Access to the beach is difficult, and down a steep narrow set of steps (149) cut into the cliff. Only for the fit and agile. One of the most popular destinations on the Cornish coast.
The Eiffel Tower (French: La Tour Eiffel, nickname La dame de fer, the iron lady) is an iron lattice tower located on the Champ de Mars in Paris, named after the engineer Gustave Eiffel, whose company designed and built the tower. Erected in 1889 as the entrance arch to the 1889 World's Fair, it has become both a global cultural icon of France and one of the most recognizable structures in the world. The tower is the tallest structure in Paris and the most-visited paid monument in the world; 7.1 million people ascended it in 2011. The third level observatory's upper platform is at 279.11 m the highest accessible to public in the European Union and the highest in Europe as long as the platform of the Ostankino Tower, at 360 m, remains closed as a result of the fire of August 2000. The tower received its 250 millionth visitor in 2010.
The tower stands 320 metres (1,050 ft) tall, about the same height as an 81-storey building. During its construction, the Eiffel Tower surpassed the Washington Monument to assume the title of the tallest man-made structure in the world, a title it held for 41 years, until the Chrysler Building in New York City was built in 1930. However, because of the addition, in 1957, of the antenna atop the Eiffel Tower, it is now taller than the Chrysler Building. Not including broadcast antennas, it is the second-tallest structure in France, after the Millau Viaduct.
The tower has three levels for visitors. Tickets can be purchased to ascend, by stairs or lift (elevator), to the first and second levels. The walk from ground level to the first level is over 300 steps, as is the walk from the first to the second level. The third and highest level is accessible only by lift - stairs exist but they are not usually open for public use. Both the first and second levels feature restaurants.
The tower has become the most prominent symbol of both Paris and France, often in the establishing shot of films set in the city.
History
Origin
First drawing of the Eiffel Tower by Maurice Koechlin
The design of the Eiffel Tower was originated by Maurice Koechlin and Émile Nouguier, two senior engineers who worked for the Compagnie des Establissments Eiffel after discussion about a suitable centrepiece for the proposed 1889 Exposition Universelle, a World's Fair which would celebrate the centennial of the French Revolution. In May 1884 Koechlin, working at his home, made an outline drawing of their scheme, described by him as "a great pylon, consisting of four lattice girders standing apart at the base and coming together at the top, joined together by metal trusses at regular intervals". Initially Eiffel himself showed little enthusiasm, but he did sanction further study of the project, and the two engineers then asked Stephen Sauvestre, the head of company's architectural department, to contribute to the design. Sauvestre added decorative arches to the base, a glass pavilion to the first level and other embellishments. This enhanced version gained Eiffel's support, and he bought the rights to the patent on the design which Koechlin, Nougier and Sauvestre had taken out, and the design was exhibited at the Exhibition of Decorative Arts in the autumn of 1884 under the company name. On 30 March 1885 Eiffel read a paper on the project to the Société des Ingiénieurs Civils: after discussing the technical problems and emphasising the practical uses of the tower, he finished his talk by saying that the tower would symbolise "not only the art of the modern engineer, but also the century of Industry and Science in which we are living, and for which the way was prepared by the great scientific movement of the eighteenth century and by the Revolution of 1789, to which this monument will be built as an expression of France's gratitude."
Little happened until the beginning of 1886, when Jules Grévy was re-elected as President and Édouard Lockroy was appointed as Minister for Trade. A budget for the Exposition was passed and on 1 May Lockroy announced an alteration to the terms of the open competition which was being held for a centerpiece for the exposition, which effectively made the choice of Eiffel's design a foregone conclusion: all entries had to include a study for a 300 m (980 ft) four-sided metal tower on the Champ de Mars. On 12 May a commission was set up to examine Eiffel's scheme and its rivals and on 12 June it presented its decision, which was that all the proposals except Eiffel's were either impractical or insufficiently worked out. After some debate about the exact site for the tower, a contract was finally signed on 8 January 1887. This was signed by Eiffel acting in his own capacity rather than as the representative of his company, and granted him one and a half million francs toward the construction costs: less than a quarter of the estimated cost of six and a half million francs. Eiffel was to receive all income from the commercial exploitation of the tower during the exhibition and for the following twenty years. Eiffel later established a separate company to manage the tower, putting up half the necessary capital himself.
The "Artists Protest"
Caricature of Gustave Eiffel comparing the Eiffel tower to the Pyramids.
The projected tower had been a subject of some controversy, attracting criticism both from those who did not believe that it was feasible and also from those who objected on artistic grounds. Their objections were an expression of a longstanding debate about relationship between architecture and engineering. This came to a head as work began at the Champ de Mars: A "Committee of Three Hundred" (one member for each metre of the tower's height) was formed, led by the prominent architect Charles Garnier and including some of the most important figures of the French arts establishment, including Adolphe Bouguereau, Guy de Maupassant, Charles Gounod and Jules Massenet: a petition was sent to Charles Alphand, the Minister of Works and Commissioner for the Exposition, and was published by Le Temps.
"We, writers, painters, sculptors, architects and passionate devotees of the hitherto untouched beauty of Paris, protest with all our strength, with all our indignation in the name of slighted French taste, against the erection…of this useless and monstrous Eiffel Tower … To bring our arguments home, imagine for a moment a giddy, ridiculous tower dominating Paris like a gigantic black smokestack, crushing under its barbaric bulk Notre Dame, the Tour Saint-Jacques, the Louvre, the Dome of les Invalides, the Arc de Triomphe, all of our humiliated monuments will disappear in this ghastly dream. And for twenty years … we shall see stretching like a blot of ink the hateful shadow of the hateful column of bolted sheet metal"
Gustave Eiffel responded to these criticisms by comparing his tower to the Egyptian Pyramids : "My tower will be the tallest edifice ever erected by man. Will it not also be grandiose in its way ? And why would something admirable in Egypt become hideous and ridiculous in Paris ?" These criticisms were also masterfully dealt with by Édouard Lockroy in a letter of support written to Alphand, ironically saying "Judging by the stately swell of the rhythms, the beauty of the metaphors, the elegance of its delicate and precise style, one can tell that …this protest is the result of collaboration of the most famous writers and poets of our time", and going on to point out that the protest was irrelevant since the project had been decided upon months before and was already under construction. Indeed, Garnier had been a member of the Tower Commission that had assessed the various proposals, and had raised no objection. Eiffel was similarly unworried, pointing out to a journalist that it was premature to judge the effect of the tower solely on the basis of the drawings, that the Champ de Mars was distant enough from the monuments mentioned in the protest for there to be little risk of the tower overwhelming them, and putting the aesthetic argument for the Tower: "Do not the laws of natural forces always conform to the secret laws of harmony?"
Some of the protestors were to change their minds when the tower was built: others remained unconvinced. Guy de Maupassant[20] supposedly ate lunch in the Tower's restaurant every day. When asked why, he answered that it was the one place in Paris where one could not see the structure. Today, the Tower is widely considered to be a striking piece of structural art.
Construction
Foundations of the Eiffel Tower
Eiffel Tower under construction between 1887 and 1889
Work on the foundations started in January 1887. Those for the east and south legs were straightforward, each leg resting on four 2 m (6.6 ft) concrete slabs, one for each of the principal girders of each leg but the other two, being closer to the river Seine were more complicated: each slab needed two piles installed by using compressed-air caissons 15 m (49 ft) long and 6 m (20 ft) in diameter driven to a depth of 22 m (72 ft)[21] to support the concrete slabs, which were 6 m (20 ft) thick. Each of these slabs supported a block built of limestone each with an inclined top to bear a supporting shoe for the ironwork. Each shoe was anchored into the stonework by a pair of bolts 10 cm (4 in) in diameter and 7.5 m (25 ft) long. The foundations were complete by 30 June and the erection of the ironwork began. The very visible work on-site was complemented by the enormous amount of exacting preparatory work that was entailed: the drawing office produced 1,700 general drawings and 3,629 detailed drawings of the 18,038 different parts needed:
The task of drawing the components was complicated by the complex angles involved in the design and the degree of precision required: the position of rivet holes was specified to within 0.1 mm (0.04 in) and angles worked out to one second of arc. The finished components, some already riveted together into sub-assemblies, arrived on horse-drawn carts from the factory in the nearby Parisian suburb of Levallois-Perret and were first bolted together, the bolts being replaced by rivets as construction progressed. No drilling or shaping was done on site: if any part did not fit it was sent back to the factory for alteration. In all there were 18,038 pieces of puddle iron using two and a half million rivets.
At first the legs were constructed as cantilevers but about halfway to the first level construction was paused in order to construct a substantial timber scaffold. This caused a renewal of the concerns about the structural soundness of the project, and sensational headlines such as "Eiffel Suicide!" and "Gustave Eiffel has gone mad: he has been confined in an Asylum" appeared in the popular press. At this stage a small "creeper" crane was installed in each leg, designed to move up the tower as construction progressed and making use of the guides for the lifts which were to be fitted in each leg. The critical stage of joining the four legs at the first level was complete by March 1888. Although the metalwork had been prepared with the utmost precision, provision had been made to carry out small adjustments in order to precisely align the legs: hydraulic jacks were fitted to the shoes at the base of each leg, each capable of exerting a force of 800 tonnes, and in addition the legs had been intentionally constructed at a slightly steeper angle than necessary, being supported by sandboxes on the scaffold.
No more than three hundred workers were employed on site, and because Eiffel took safety precautions, including the use of movable stagings, guard-rails and screens, only one man died during construction.
Inauguration and the 1889 Exposition
The 1889 Exposition Universelle for which the Eiffel Tower was built
The main structural work was completed at the end of March 1889 and on the 31st Eiffel celebrated this by leading a group of government officials, accompanied by representatives of the press, to the top of the tower. Since the lifts were not yet in operation, the ascent was made by foot, and took over an hour, Eiffel frequently stopping to make explanations of various features. Most of the party chose to stop at the lower levels, but a few, including Nouguier, Compagnon, the President of the City Council and reporters from Le Figaro and Le Monde Illustré completed the climb. At 2.35 Eiffel hoisted a large tricolore, to the accompaniment of a 25-gun salute fired from the lower level. There was still work to be done, particularly on the lifts and the fitting out of the facilities for visitors, and the tower was not opened to the public until nine days after the opening of the Exposition on 6 May, and even then the lifts had not been completed.
The tower was an immediate success with the public, and lengthy queues formed to make the ascent. Tickets cost 2 francs for the first level, 3 for the second and 5 for the top, with half-price admission on Sundays, and by the end of the exhibition there had been nearly two million visitors.
Eiffel had a permit for the tower to stand for 20 years; it was to be dismantled in 1909, when its ownership would revert to the City of Paris. The City had planned to tear it down (part of the original contest rules for designing a tower was that it could be easily demolished) but as the tower proved valuable for communication purposes, it was allowed to remain after the expiry of the permit. In the opening weeks of the First World War the powerful radio transmitters using the tower were used to jam German communications, seriously hindering their advance on Paris and contributing to the Allied victory at the First Battle of the Marne.
Subsequent events
10 September 1889 Thomas Edison visited the tower. He signed the guestbook with the following message— To M Eiffel the Engineer the brave builder of so gigantic and original specimen of modern Engineering from one who has the greatest respect and admiration for all Engineers including the Great Engineer the Bon Dieu, Thomas Edison.
19 October 1901 Alberto Santos-Dumont in his Dirigible No.6 won a 10,000-franc prize offered by Henri Deutsch de la Meurthe for the first person to make a flight from St Cloud to the Eiffel tower and back in less than half an hour.
1910 Father Theodor Wulf measured radiant energy at the top and bottom of the tower. He found more at the top than expected, incidentally discovering what are today known as cosmic rays.[28]
4 February 1912 Austrian tailor Franz Reichelt died after jumping 60 metres from the first deck of Eiffel tower with his home-made parachute.
1914 A radio transmitter located in the tower jammed German radio communications during the lead-up to the First Battle of the Marne.
1925 The con artist Victor Lustig "sold" the tower for scrap metal on two separate, but related occasions.
1930 The tower lost the title of the world's tallest structure when the Chrysler Building was completed in New York City.
1925 to 1934 Illuminated signs for Citroën adorned three of the tower's four sides, making it the tallest advertising space in the world at the time.
1940–1944 Upon the German occupation of Paris in 1940, the lift cables were cut by the French so that Adolf Hitler would have to climb the steps to the summit. The parts to repair them were allegedly impossible to obtain because of the war. In 1940 German soldiers had to climb to the top to hoist the swastika[citation needed], but the flag was so large it blew away just a few hours later, and was replaced by a smaller one. When visiting Paris, Hitler chose to stay on the ground. It was said that Hitler conquered France, but did not conquer the Eiffel Tower. A Frenchman scaled the tower during the German occupation to hang the French flag. In August 1944, when the Allies were nearing Paris, Hitler ordered General Dietrich von Choltitz, the military governor of Paris, to demolish the tower along with the rest of the city. Von Choltitz disobeyed the order. Some say Hitler was later persuaded to keep the tower intact so it could later be used for communications. The lifts of the Tower were working normally within hours of the Liberation of Paris.
3 January 1956 A fire damaged the top of the tower.
1957 The present radio antenna was added to the top.
1980s A restaurant and its supporting iron scaffolding midway up the tower was dismantled; it was purchased and reconstructed on St. Charles Avenue and Josephine Street in the Garden District of New Orleans, Louisiana, by entrepreneurs John Onorio and Daniel Bonnot, originally as the Tour Eiffel Restaurant, later as the Red Room and now as the Cricket Club (owned by the New Orleans Culinary Institute). The restaurant was re-assembled from 11,000 pieces that crossed the Atlantic in a 40-foot (12 m) cargo container.
31 March 1984 Robert Moriarty flew a Beechcraft Bonanza through the arches of the tower.
1987 A.J. Hackett made one of his first bungee jumps from the top of the Eiffel Tower, using a special cord he had helped develop. Hackett was arrested by the Paris police upon reaching the ground.
27 October 1991 Thierry Devaux, along with mountain guide Hervé Calvayrac, performed a series of acrobatic figures of bungee jumping (not allowed) from the second floor of the Tower. Facing the Champ de Mars, Thierry Devaux was using an electric winch between each figure to go back up. When firemen arrived, he stopped after the sixth bungee jump.
New Year's Eve 1999 The Eiffel Tower played host to Paris's Millennium Celebration. On this occasion, flashing lights and four high-power searchlights were installed on the tower, and fireworks were set off all over it. An exhibition above a cafeteria on the first floor commemorates this event. Since then, the light show has become a nightly event. The searchlights on top of the tower make it a beacon in Paris's night sky, and the 20,000 flash bulbs give the tower a sparkly appearance every hour on the hour.
28 November 2002 The tower received its 200,000,000th guest.
2004 The Eiffel Tower began hosting an ice skating rink on the first floor each winter.
Design of the tower
Material
The Eiffel Tower from below
The puddle iron structure of the Eiffel Tower weighs 7,300 tonnes, while the entire structure, including non-metal components, is approximately 10,000 tonnes. As a demonstration of the economy of design, if the 7,300 tonnes of the metal structure were melted down it would fill the 125-metre-square base to a depth of only 6 cm (2.36 in), assuming the density of the metal to be 7.8 tonnes per cubic metre. Depending on the ambient temperature, the top of the tower may shift away from the sun by up to 18 cm (7.1 in) because of thermal expansion of the metal on the side facing the sun.
Wind considerations
At the time the tower was built many people were shocked by its daring shape. Eiffel was criticised for the design and accused of trying to create something artistic, or inartistic according to the viewer, without regard to engineering. Eiffel and his engineers, however, as experienced bridge builders, understood the importance of wind forces and knew that if they were going to build the tallest structure in the world they had to be certain it would withstand the wind. In an interview reported in the newspaper Le Temps, Eiffel said:
Now to what phenomenon did I give primary concern in designing the Tower? It was wind resistance. Well then! I hold that the curvature of the monument's four outer edges, which is as mathematical calculation dictated it should be […] will give a great impression of strength and beauty, for it will reveal to the eyes of the observer the boldness of the design as a whole.[37]
Researchers have found that Eiffel used empirical and graphical methods accounting for the effects of wind rather than a specific mathematical formula. Careful examination of the tower shows a basically exponential shape; actually two different exponentials, the lower section overdesigned to ensure resistance to wind forces. Several mathematical explanations have been proposed over the years for the success of the design; the most recent is described as a nonlinear integral equation based on counterbalancing the wind pressure on any point on the tower with the tension between the construction elements at that point. As a demonstration of the tower's effectiveness in wind resistance, it sways only 6–7 cm (2–3 in) in the wind.
Accommodation
When built, the first level contained two restaurants: an "Anglo-American Bar", and a 250 seat theatre. A 2.6 m (8 ft 6 in) promenade ran around the outside.
On the second level, the French newspaper Le Figaro had an office and a printing press, where a special souvenir edition, Le Figaro de la Tour, was produced. There was also a pâtisserie.
On the third level were laboratories for various experiments and a small apartment reserved for Gustave Eiffel to entertain guests. This is now open to the public, complete with period decorations and lifelike models of Gustave and some guests.
Engraved names
Gustave Eiffel engraved on the tower seventy-two names of French scientists, engineers and other notable people. This engraving was painted over at the beginning of the twentieth century but restored in 1986–1987 by the Société Nouvelle d'exploitation de la Tour Eiffel, a company contracted to operate business related to the Tower.
Maintenance
Maintenance of the tower includes applying 50 to 60 tonnes of paint every seven years to protect it from rust. The height of the Eiffel Tower varies by 15 cm due to temperature.
Aesthetic considerations
In order to enhance the impression of height, three separate colours of paint are used on the tower, with the darkest on the bottom and the lightest at the top. On occasion the colour of the paint is changed; the tower is currently painted a shade of bronze. On the first floor there are interactive consoles hosting a poll for the colour to use for a future session of painting.
The only non-structural elements are the four decorative grillwork arches, added in Stephen Sauvestre's sketches, which served to reassure visitors that the structure was safe, and to frame views of other nearby architecture.
One of the great Hollywood movie clichés is that the view from a Parisian window always includes the tower. In reality, since zoning restrictions limit the height of most buildings in Paris to 7 storeys, only a very few of the taller buildings have a clear view of the tower.
Popularity
More than 200,000,000 people have visited the tower since its construction in 1889, including 6,719,200 in 2006. The tower is the most-visited paid monument in the world.
Passenger lifts
Ground to the second level
The original lifts (elevators) to the first and second floors were provided by two companies. Both companies had to overcome many technical obstacles as neither company (or indeed any company) had experience with installing lifts climbing to such heights with large loads. The slanting tracks with changing angles further complicated the problems. The East and West lifts were supplied by the French company Roux Combaluzier Lepape, using hydraulically powered chains and rollers. The North and South lifts were provided by the American company Otis using car designs similar to the original installation but using an improved hydraulic and cable scheme. The French lifts had a very poor performance and were replaced with the current installations in 1897 (West Pillar) and 1899 (East Pillar) by Fives-Lille using an improved hydraulic and rope scheme. Both of the original installations operated broadly on the principle of the Fives-Lille lifts.
The Fives-Lille lifts from ground level to the first and second levels are operated by cables and pulleys driven by massive water-powered pistons. The hydraulic scheme was somewhat unusual for the time in that it included three large counterweights of 200 tonnes each sitting on top of hydraulic rams which doubled up as accumulators for the water. As the lifts ascend the inclined arc of the pillars, the angle of ascent changes. The two lift cabs are kept more or less level and indeed are level at the landings. The cab floors do take on a slight angle at times between landings.
The principle behind the lifts is similar to the operation of a block and tackle but in reverse. Two large hydraulic rams (over 1 metre diameter) with a 16 metre travel are mounted horizontally in the base of the pillar which pushes a carriage (the French word for it translates as chariot and this term will be used henceforth to distinguish it from the lift carriage) with 16 large triple sheaves mounted on it. There are 14 similar sheaves mounted statically. Six wire ropes are rove back and forth between the sheaves such that each rope passes between the 2 sets of sheaves 7 times. The ropes then leave the final sheaves on the chariot and pass up through a series of guiding sheaves to above the second floor and then through a pair of triple sheaves back down to the lift carriage again passing guiding sheaves.
This arrangement means that the lift carriage, complete with its cars and passengers, travels 8 times the distance that the rams move the chariot, the 128 metres from the ground to the second floor. The force exerted by the rams also has to be 8 times the total weight of the lift carriage, cars and passengers, plus extra to account for various losses such as friction. The hydraulic fluid was water, normally stored in three accumulators, complete with counterbalance weights. To make the lift ascend, water was pumped using an electrically driven pump from the accumulators to the two rams. Since the counterbalance weights provided much of the pressure required, the pump only had to provide the extra effort. For the descent, it was only necessary to allow the water to flow back to the accumulators using a control valve. The lifts were operated by an operator perched precariously underneath the lift cars. His position (with a dummy operator) can still be seen on the lifts today.
The Fives-Lille lifts were completely upgraded in 1986 to meet modern safety requirements and to make the lifts easier to operate. A new computer-controlled system was installed which completely automated the operation. One of the three counterbalances was taken out of use, and the cars were replaced with a more modern and lighter structure. Most importantly, the main driving force was removed from the original water pump such that the water hydraulic system provided only a counterbalancing function. The main driving force was transferred to a 320 kW electrically driven oil hydraulic pump which drives a pair of hydraulic motors on the chariot itself, thus providing the motive power. The new lift cars complete with their carriage and a full 92 passenger load weigh 22 tonnes.
Owing to elasticity in the ropes and the time taken to get the cars level with the landings, each lift in normal service takes an average of 8 minutes and 50 seconds to do the round trip, spending an average of 1 minute and 15 seconds at each floor. The average journey time between floors is just 1 minute.
The original Otis lifts in the North and South pillars in their turn proved to be inferior to the new (in 1899) French lifts and were scrapped from the South pillar in 1900 and from the North pillar in 1913 after failed attempts to repower them with an electric motor. The North and South pillars were to remain without lifts until 1965 when increasing visitor numbers persuaded the operators to install a relatively standard and modern cable hoisted system in the north pillar using a cable-hauled counterbalance weight, but hoisted by a block and tackle system to reduce its travel to one third of the lift travel. The counterbalance is clearly visible within the structure of the North pillar. This latter lift was upgraded in 1995 with new cars and computer controls.
The South pillar acquired a completely new fairly standard electrically driven lift in 1983 to serve the Jules Verne restaurant. This was also supplied by Otis. A further four-ton service lift was added to the South pillar in 1989 by Otis to relieve the main lifts when moving relatively small loads or even just maintenance personnel.
The East and West hydraulic (water) lift works are on display and, at least in theory, are open to the public in a small museum located in base of the East and West tower, which is somewhat hidden from public view. Because the massive mechanism requires frequent lubrication and attention, public access is often restricted. However, when open, the wait times are much less than the other, more popular, attractions. The rope mechanism of the North tower is visible to visitors as they exit from the lift.
Second to the third level
The original spiral stairs to the third floor which were only 80 centimetres wide. Note also the small service lift in the background.
The original lifts from the second to the third floor were also of a water-powered hydraulic design supplied by Léon Edoux. Instead of using a separate counterbalance, the two lift cars counterbalanced each other. A pair of 81-metre-long hydraulic rams were mounted on the second level reaching nearly halfway up to the third level. A lift car was mounted on top of the rams. Ropes ran from the top of this car up to a sheave on the third level and back down to a second car. The result of this arrangement was that each car only travelled half the distance between the second and third levels and passengers were required to change lifts halfway walking between the cars along a narrow gangway with a very impressive and relatively unobstructed downward view. The ten-ton cars held 65 passengers each or up to four tons.
One interesting feature of the original installation was that the hoisting rope ran through guides to retain it on windy days to prevent it flapping and becoming damaged. The guides were mechanically moved out of the way of the ascending car by the movement of the car itself. In spite of some antifreeze being added to the water that operated this system, it nevertheless had to close to the public from November to March each year.
The original lifts complete with their hydraulic mechanism were completely scrapped in 1982 after 97 years of service. They were replaced with two pairs of relatively standard rope hoisted cars which were able to operate all the year round. The cars operate in pairs with one providing the counterbalance for the other. Neither car can move unless both sets of doors are closed and both operators have given a start command. The commands from the cars to the hoisting mechanism are by radio obviating the necessity of a control cable. The replacement installation also has the advantage that the ascent can be made without changing cars and has reduced the ascent time from 8 minutes (including change) to 1 minute and 40 seconds. This installation also has guides for the hoisting ropes but they are electrically operated. The guide once it has moved out of the way as the car ascends automatically reverses when the car has passed to prevent the mechanism becoming snagged on the car on the downward journey in the event it has failed to completely clear the car. Unfortunately these lifts do not have the capacity to move as many people as the three public lower lifts and long lines to ascend to the third level are common. Most of the intermediate level structure present on the tower today was installed when the lifts were replaced and allows maintenance workers to take the lift halfway.
The replacement of these lifts allowed the restructuring of the criss-cross beams in upper part of the tower and further allowed the installation of two emergency staircases. These replaced the dangerous winding stairs that were installed when the tower was constructed.
Restaurants
The tower has two restaurants: Le 58 tour Eiffel, on the first floor 311 ft (95 m) above sea level; and the Le Jules Verne, a gastronomical restaurant on the second floor, with a private lift. This restaurant has one star in the Michelin Red Guide. In January 2007, the multi-Michelin star chef Alain Ducasse was brought in to run Jules Verne.
Attempted relocation
According to interviews given in the early 1980s, Montreal Mayor Jean Drapeau negotiated a secret agreement with French President Charles de Gaulle for the tower to be dismantled and temporarily relocated to Montreal to serve as a landmark and tourist attraction during Expo 67. The plan was allegedly vetoed by the company which operated the tower out of fear that the French government could refuse permission for the tower to be restored to its original location.
Economics
The American TV show Pricing the Priceless speculates that in 2011 the tower would cost about $480,000,000 to build, that the land under the tower is worth $350,000,000, and that the scrap value of the tower is worth $3,500,000. The TV show estimates the tower makes a profit of about $29,000,000 per year, though it is unlikely that the Eiffel Tower is managed so as to maximize profit.
It costs $5,300,000 to repaint the tower, which is done once every seven years. The electric bill is $400,000 per year for 7.5 million kilowatt-hours.
The Tokyo Tower in Japan is a very similar structure of very similar size. It was finished in 1958 at a final cost of ¥2.8 billion ($8.4 million in 1958).
Source Wikipedia
Accessible only via the sea, the cave opens up inside for at least 50 meters with skylights that make the blue water glow. Supernatural.
All through the long, dark days of winter, I have been uploading pictures of Kent churches to Twitter and then the churchcrawling page on Facebook, in order to bright people's newsfeeds with something other than COVID.
In the course of the 250 plus uploads, some churches I found I had not posted all the shots off, I have corrected those, for the most part, and some needed a revisit as I know more about churches now than I did back when I was there last.
Stowting was one that needed a revisit, and I decided it would be the first one to crawl once restrictions allowed. It didn't quite work out that way, but earlier this month, I took a day off and after some orchiding, drove to Stowting.
Stowting is a fine country church, made all the more memorable by the fact it is only accessible through the playground of the village school, which meant that a visit during the school holidays was needed.
I had no idea if it would be unlocked, but if nothing else, I could record the outside and the fine ancient yew trees in the churchyard.
I put on a mask, and add two splashes of hand sanitiser before pushing the porch door wide open. The cool air inside, rushed to greet me.
Back in the jugg agane.
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Tucked away down a path between the buildings of the local school this Victorianised church contains some good things. The reredos is in opus sectile work by the firm of Powell’s (the vestry contains a photo of the church before their mosaic was installed). The SE window of the nave is by Henry Holiday whilst the west windows are by T G Jackson. The south nave window is 15th century but much restored by the firm of Ward and Hughes whilst the north window of the Virgin Mary is also restored, most notably the face which is entirely 20th century. The church has obviously had much love bestowed upon it and continues to do so and is open every day.
www.kentchurches.info/church.asp?p=Stowting
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STOWTING
IS the next parish south-eastward from Elmsted, being written in the survey of Domesday both Stotinges and Estotinges; in later records, Stutinges, and now Stowling.
STOWTING is situated in a wild and forlorn country, for the most part on the great ridge of chalk, or down hills which cross this parish. The church stands in the vale, at some small distance southward from the foot of them, in which part of it is the court-lodge. A little above the church arises the spring, which is the head of the stream, which running through this parish southward by Broad-Street, and thence by Horton priory, joins the Postling branch of the river Stour at some distance below Sellindge. There are several small hamlets. Above the hill is Stowting common, and a little further Limridge green; round both which are hamlets of houses. In this part the hills are very sharp and frequent, the soil barren and very flinty, consisting either of chalk, or a poor reddish earth, mixed with quantities of flint stones; and here there is much rough ground and poor coppice wood, and a very comfortless dreary country, which continues for several miles northward, on each side the Stone-street way, towards Canterbury, throughout which, if the country cannot boast of wealth, yet it can of being exceeding healthy, as all the hills and unfertile parts of this county in general are. Below the church, in the vale, the soil is rather more fertile, though still inclined to chalk, having much wet and swampy pasture ground in it, and some few hops on a piece of land belonging to Stowting court, which thrive exceeding well.
It appears by a manuscript in the Surrenden library, that in the old park here, long before it was dis parked and laid open, there were several urns found, lying in a trough of stone; and Dr. Gale, in his Comment on Antoninus's Itinerary, says, Romancoins have been found in this parish at different times, which may easily be accounted for, from its contiguity to the Stone-street, which was the Roman way between their stations Durovernum and Portum Lemanis. (fn. 1)
THE MANOR OF STOWTING was given, in the year 1044, by one Egelric Bigge, to Christ church, in Canterbury, and on the partition of the lands of it soon after the conquest, between the archbishop and his monks there, was allotted as a limb of the manor of Aldington, which it was then accounted, with it to the former, being held of the archbishop, as such, soon afterwards, by the earl of Ewe; accordingly it is thus entered, under the general title of the archbishop's lands, in the survey of Domesday, in the next entry to that of the manor of Aldington:
Of the same manor (viz. Aldington) the earl of Ewe holds Estotinges for one manor. It was taxed at one suling and an half. In the time of king Edward the Confessor, and now, for one suling only. The arable land is eight carucates. In demesne there are two, and twentyseven villeins, with thirteen borderers, having seven carucales, and one mill of twenty-five pence. There is a church, and twenty acres of meadow. Wood for the pannage of ten bogs, and eight servants. In the time of king Edward the Confessor, and afterwards, it was worth eight pounds, now ten pounds.
In the reign of king Henry II. this manor was held of the archbishop by the family of Heringod, who were good benefactors to the priory of Horton, as appears by the register of it; (fn. 2) one of them, Stephen de Heringod, in the beginning of king Henry III. had the grant of a market, to be held weekly here, on a Tuesday, and a fair yearly for two days, on the vigil and day of the assumption of the Virgin Mary, and died possessed of this manor in the 41st year of that reign. After which, by a female heir, Christiana Heringod, this manor went in marriage to William de Kirkby, who farmed the whole hundred of the king, and he died possessed of it in the 30th year of king Edward I. holding it by knight's service. Soon after which it passed into the family of Burghersh, and Robert de Burghersh, constable of Dover castle, died possessed of it in the 34th year of that reign, whose son Stephen de Burghersh, in the 1st year of king Edward II. obtained a charter of free-warrenin all his demesne lands within it. How long his descendants continued in the possession of this manor I have not found; but it appears by the escheat-rolls of the 1st year of king Edward III. that Walter de Pavely died that year possessed of it, and in the 20th year of the same reign, Thomas de Aldon appears by the Book of Aid, to have died possessed of it in the 35th year of that reign; after which it came again into the family of Pavely, for Sir Walter de Pavely, knight of the garter, died possessed of it in the 49th year of that reign, whose grandson, of the same name, in the 3d year of king Richard II. released and quit-claimed to Sir Stephen de Valence and others, all his right and interest in this manor; (fn. 3) and they passed it away to Sir Thomas Trivet, whose widow Elizabeth died possessed of it in the 12th year of Henry VI. when it was found, that Elizabeth, then wise of Edward Nevill, fourth son of Ralph, earl of Westmoreland, was her next heir in remainder to this manor. She entitled her husband Edward Nevill, above mentioned, lord Lergavenny, to the possession of it. He survived her, and died anno 19 Edward IV. being then possessed of it, among others of her estates, as tenant by the courtesy of England. His eldest son Sir George Nevill, lord Bergavenny, seems to have sold this manor to Sir Thomas Kempe, whose youngest son Thomas, bishop of London, died possessed of it in the 4th year of king Henry VII. leaving Sir Tho. Kempe, K. B. of Ollantigh, his nephew, his next heir, when there was a park here, which continued as such when Lambarde wrote his Perambulation in 1570. His descendant Sir Thomas Kempe, of Ollantigh, dying in 1607, without issue male, devised this manor by will to his brother Mr. Reginald Kempe, afterwards of Tremworth, in Crundal, whose three daughters at length became his coheirs, and they with their trustees, in the 19th year of king James I. joined in the conveyance of the whole of it to Josias Clerke, esq. of Westerfield, in Essex, who had married Anne the eldest of them. He alienated it, in king Charles I.'s reign, to Mr. Thomas Jenkin, gent. of Eythorne, who was descended from a family of this name in the north of England, from whence they came into Kent, and settled at Folkestone about the reign of Henry VIII. There are several memorials of them, after the purchase of this manor, in the chancel of this church. They bore for their arms, Argent, a lion rampant regardant, sable. (fn. 4) In whose descendants it continued down to Wm. Jenkin, gent. of Horsemonceux, who barred the entail made of this manor, and then devised it by will to his brother John Jenkin, gent. since dead, and to his nephew Wm. Jenkin, clerk, of Frampton, in Gloucestershire, who, with the four children of the former, are the present proprietors of this manor. A court leet and court baron is held for the hundred and manor of Stowting.
Charities.
VALENTINE KNOTT, gent. gave by will to the poor not receiving constant relief, out of a farm in Bonnington, called Bonnington-pinn, in the occupation of Robert Goddard, of Mersham, the annual sum of 8s.
The poor constantly receiving alms are about eighteen, casually eight.
STOWTING is within the ECCLESIASTICAL JURISDICTION of the dioceseof Canterbury, and deanry of Elham.
The church, which is dedicated to St. Mary, consists of one isle and one chancel, having at the west end a low pointed turret of wood, projecting over the lower part of it, which is built of brick. In it are four bells. This church has hardly any thing worth notice in it. The memorials of the Jenkin family, as has been already mentioned, are in the chancel, and in the window of the north isle is this legend, on the glass, Orate paibs Rycardy Stotyne & fuliare Statyne ux. ejus; and three figures of antient men with beards, their staves in their hands; and underneath six smaller figures, in a praying posture. In the upper part of the window is a canopy, very finely painted. In the church-yard, which is of higher ground than that round it, seemingly thrown up in former times as a place of defence, are two fine large yew trees, of great age, and three others, younger and more flourishing, near them.
¶The patronage of this rectory was antiently appendant to the manor of Stowting; and in the 21st year of king Edward I. the king brought his claim for the advowson of it, against William de Kirkby, then owner of the manor by marriage with Christian Heringod; but the jury gave it against the king; and the property of it continued in his successors, lords of the manor, till the death of Mr. Reginald Kempe in 1622, whose coheirs afterwards became entitled to it.
How it passed from them, I have not found, only that it was afterwards separated from the manor, and in the hands of different owners. In the reign of Charles II. Margaret Ansell, widow, was owner of it, and her son John Ansell, clerk, afterwards became entitled to it, from whose heirs it passed to John Collier, esq. who owned it in king George I's reign; afterwards James Cranston, esq. of Hastings, became possessed of it; from whom it passed to the Rev. George Holgate, the present patron and rector of this church.
This rectory is valued in the king's books at 7l. 17s. 11d. and the yearly tenths at 15s. 9/12d. In 1588 it was valued at eighty pounds per annum, communicants eighty. In 1640 it was valued at the same, and the like number of communicants. It is now of about the like annual value.
Jordan Kay at Twitter tweeted to say that "when Apple sends out their standard 'Make Your App Accessible' email", they link to my blog post on accessibility.
I asked him to forward me a copy, and sure enough, they do!
The full content of the email is quoted below.
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We are excited to hear about your interest in expanding your app's marketability by addressing the needs of individuals with disabilities. There are benefits for developers who choose to enhance their apps to take advantage of accessibility APIs that drive the VoiceOver feature in iOS including....
* Make your app stand out from the crowd
* Expand your user base (approximately 1 in 6 individuals in the US have some type of disability, but that doesn't preclude them from wanting to use your app. Even those that don’t identify themselves as disabled can also benefit from accessibility features)
* Improve User Interface testing through automation
* Easy to implement using Apple's developer tools
* Appropriate for almost every app
Read Matt Legend Gemmell’s blog post about his experience writing apps that support the visually impaired: Accessibility for iPhone and iPad apps
Here are some great resources to help you make your app more accessible. Please note many of these pages require an iDP developer account to access them.
1) The best place to start is with our iOS Accessibility page: developer.apple.com/technologies/ios/accessibility.html
2) Another great place to learn more about how to program your app for Accessibility is the Accessibility Programming Guide for iOS.
3) You can download the WWDC 2011 Session Videos for free by logging into WWDC 2011 Videos using your Apple ID and password. There you will find a few accessibility sessions which include podcasts and a copy of the presentation slides, but additionally, we would like to highlight the one below for iOS:
iOS Accessibility
Description: iOS devices are incredibly popular for blind and low vision users, and those with other disabilities. Learn how to make your apps accessible to everyone, as well as how to make apps that are tailored expressly for users with disabilities. This talk will cover new and existing UIAccessibility APIs, and it will provide tips and tricks for making all apps more usable by everyone.
4) On our public Apple website, we have a dedicated page discussing our commitment to Accessibility: www.apple.com/accessibility/
5) Finally, here are some great examples of apps that take advantage of VoiceOver:
* Shazam
* itunes.apple.com/us/app/dictionary.com-dictionary/id36474...
* Inkling
MTA Chief Accessibility Officer and Senior Advisor Quemuel Arroyo Tours OMNY Call Center on Friday, November 4, 2022
MTA
Accessible PowerScape 3D play system with shade structures, adaptive whirl and swings, musical instruments, motion activities and much more.
Syracuse Village, affordable housing: flats from $100s, this building appears to be eight apartments. (Model homes had those American flags out front.) Note the subtle ramps on the side; even though everything appeared to be slab on grade, some of the market-rate homes seemed to thwart accessibility with weird stairs. link to Stapleton houses for sale page