This is a 15mm long piece of rough, pale green tsavorite (cost €1 at the Munich Mineral Show 2014) which shows a remarkable fluorescence and absorption spectrum.

The images show the sample in white light (lower panel) and illuminated by a 404nm laser (upper panel). The black inclusions are, most probably, graphite - as appears to be common in these Rift Valley gem minerals.

The spectra are:

purple line: 254nm Hg excited fluorescence;

light blue line: 365nm LED fluorescence;

green line: 404nm laser fluorescence;

orange line: 407nm laser fluorescence

red line: transmission spectrum

Note that the strong lanthanide (rare earth) emission lines are only excited by the 365nm LED and the 404nm laser - and NOT the 407nm laser!

The broad structured emission between 670 and 800nm appears to be characteristic of tsavorite and is supposedly due to vanadium (V3+).

While there are a few weak absorption lines in the green/orange, there is a series of stronger absorption in the nir longwards of 730nm: these are shown enlarged in the next post.

This stone is good spectroscopic value!

The Question of Thresholds: Immersion, Absorption and Dissolution in Cross-modal Environments

In 1968, an unrealized proposal developed in 1968 by visual artists James Turrell and Robert Irwin for curator Maurice Tuchman’s ambitious series of artist/corporate pairings under the auspices of the Art and Technology Program of the Los Angeles County Museum of Art, which ran from 1967-1971, aimed to explore the transformation of consciousness under the extreme reduction of sensory input. Turrell and Irwin attempted to build a combination between two spaces: an anechoic chamber, a room that absorbs all reflection such that no sound ever leaves its point of origin and a ganzfeld, a visual field without depth or size or what Brian Massumi labeled ‘chaos in the total field of vision.’ In the ganzfeld, Massumi writes that ‘although subjects had difficulty putting what they had failed to experience in properly visual terms, they were relentlessly prodded to do so by experimenters.’ Most described an unfocusable ‘cloud’ or ‘fog’ of no determinate shape or measurable distance from the eyes. Some just saw ‘something,’ others just ‘nothing.’ One acute observer saw ‘levels of nothingness.’

My current artistic and theoretical research explores such threshold auditory-visual-perceptual spaces and how such spaces dynamically alter concepts of body and self. I am interested in where our perceiving consciousness loosely defined as a sensory ‘self’ is situated in these processes of immersion, embodiment, dissolution and reconstitution that arise from our encounters with cross modal perception.

This talk will thus examine the repercussions of Turrell’s and Irwin’s proposal to investigate the thresholds of perception in an experiential environment. Specifically, I will focus on the conception of the self and body in both contemporary artistic practices with media coupled with recent concepts arising from enactive cognition. What role does spatiality play in these synchretic perceptions? What happens to the ‘sensing self’ and its embodiment in audio-visual environments that overload or reduce our perception and how does this self expand or dissolve through such encounters?

Christopher L. Salter’s (CA) artistic output and research revolve around the development and production of real-time, computationally-augmented responsive performance environments fusing space, sound, image, architectural material and sensor-based technologies.

Glasses (also called eyeglasses or spectacles) are frames bearing lenses worn in front of the eyes, normally for vision correction, eye protection, or for protection from UV rays.

Modern glasses are typically supported by pads on the bridge of the nose and by temples placed over the ears. Historical types include the pince-nez, monocle, lorgnette, and scissors-glasses.

Eyeglass frames are commonly made from metal or plastic. Lenses were originally made from glass, but many are now made from various types of metal plastic, including CR-39 and polycarbonate. These materials reduce the danger of breakage and weigh less than glass lenses. Some plastics also have more advantageous optical properties than glass, such as better transmission of visible light and greater absorption of ultraviolet light. Some plastics have a greater index of refraction than most types of glass; this is useful in the making of corrective lenses shaped to correct various vision abnormalities such as myopia, allowing thinner lenses for a given prescription. Newer plastic lenses, called izon, can also correct for the higher order aberrations that naturally occur in the surface of our eye. These lenses create sharper vision for the people who have problems with sight and help with the halos, starbursts, and comet-tails often associated with night time driving glare. Wavefront guided LASIK surgery also corrects for the higher order aberrations.

Scratch-resistant coatings can be applied to most plastic lenses giving them similar scratch resistance to glass. Hydrophobic coatings designed to ease cleaning are also available, as are anti-reflective coatings intended to reduce glare, improve night vision and make the wearer's eyes more visible.

CR-39 lenses are the most common plastic lenses due to their low weight, high scratch resistance, and low transparency for ultra violet and infrared radiation. Polycarbonate and Trivex lenses are the lightest and most shatter-resistant, making them the best for impact protection, yet offer poor optics due to high dispersion, and having a low Abbe number of 31.

Not all glasses are designed solely for vision correction but are worn for protection, viewing visual information (such as stereoscopy) or simply just for aesthetic or fashion values. Safety glasses are a kind of eye protection against flying debris or against visible and near visible light or radiation. Sunglasses allow better vision in bright daylight, and may protect against damage from high levels of ultraviolet light.

Precursors

Detail of a portrait of Hugh de Provence, painted by Tomaso da Modena in 1352

The earliest historical reference to magnification dates back to ancient Egyptian hieroglyphs in the 8th century BC, which depict "simple glass meniscal lenses". The earliest written record of magnification dates back to the 1st century AD, when Seneca the Younger, a tutor of Emperor Nero, wrote: "Letters, however small and indistinct, are seen enlarged and more clearly through a globe or glass filled with water". Emperor Nero is also said to have watched the gladiatorial games using an emerald as a corrective lens.

Corrective lenses were said to be used by Abbas Ibn Firnas in the 9th century, who had devised a way to produce very clear glass. These glasses could be shaped and polished into round rocks used for viewing and were known as reading stones. The earliest evidence of "a magnifying device, a convex lens forming a magnified image," dates back the Book of Optics published by Alhazen in 1021. Its translation into Latin in the 12th century was instrumental to the invention of eyeglasses in 13th century Italy.

Invention of eyeglasses

The 'Glasses Apostle' by Conrad von Soest (1403)

Around 1284 in Italy, Salvino D'Armate is credited with inventing the first wearable eye glasses. The earliest pictorial evidence for the use of eyeglasses, however, is Tomaso da Modena's 1352 portrait of the cardinal Hugh de Provence reading in a scriptorium. Another early example would be a depiction of eyeglasses found north of the Alpes in an altarpiece of the church of Bad Wildungen, Germany, in 1403.

Many theories abound for who should be credited for the invention of traditional eyeglasses. In 1676, Francesco Redi, a professor of medicine at the University of Pisa, wrote that he possessed a 1289 manuscript whose author complains that he would be unable to read or write were it not for the recent invention of glasses. He also produced a record of a sermon given in 1305, in which the speaker, a Dominican monk named Fra Giordano da Rivalto, remarked that glasses had been invented less than twenty years previously, and that he had met the inventor. Based on this evidence, Redi credited another Dominican monk, Fra Alessandro da Spina of Pisa, with the re-invention of glasses after their original inventor kept them a secret, a claim contained in da Spina's obituary record.

Seated apostle holding lenses in position for reading. Detail from Death of the Virgin, by the Master of Heiligenkreuz, ca. 1400-30 (Getty Center).

Other stories, possibly legendary, credit Roger Bacon with the invention. Bacon is known to have made one of the first recorded references to the magnifying properties of lenses in 1262, though this was predated by Alhazen's Book of Optics in 1021. Bacon's treatise De iride ("On the Rainbow"), which was written while he was a student of Robert Grosseteste, no later than 1235, mentions using optics to "read the smallest letters at incredible distances". While the exact date and inventor may be forever disputed, it is almost certain that spectacles were invented between 1280 and 1300 in Italy. These early spectacles had convex lenses that could correct both hyperopia (farsightedness), and the presbyopia that commonly develops as a symptom of aging. Nicholas of Cusa is believed to have discovered the benefits of concave lens in the treatment of myopia (nearsightedness). However, it was not until 1604 that Johannes Kepler published in his treatise on optics and astronomy, the first correct explanation as to why convex and concave lenses could correct presbyopia and myopia.

Sunglasses, in the form of flat panes of smoky quartz, protected the eyes from glare and were used in China in the 12th century or possibly earlier. However, they did not offer any corrective powers.

source: wikipedia

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Color of Life note

Biofluorescence results from the absorption of electromagnetic radiation at one wavelength by an organism, followed by its reemission at a longer and lower energy wavelength, visually resulting in green, orange, and red emission coloration. Many species of mantis shrimp, for example, make use of fluorescent body parts when in threat display in order to intimidate or confuse either a predator or a competing male.

Ref: Color sources, California Academy of Sciences Docent program May 2015

PLOS one Biofluorescence journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone...

TAXONOMY

Kingdom: Animalia

Phylum: Arthropoda

Subphylum: Crustacea

Class: Malacostraca

Order: Stomatopoda

Family: Odontodactylidae

Genus/species: Odontodactylus scyllarus

GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS: Beautifully colored in peacock colors of greens, blues, and reds. Has a green body, blue head, green antennal scales, red limbs. The body is elongated with a long, flattened , blue tail and ranges in size from 3–18 cm (1.2-7.0 in). Highly noticeable is the pair of clubbed-shaped, praying mantis-like claws.

DISTRIBUTION/HABITATS: Indo-Pacific Habitat: warm salt water and builds U-shaped burrows in gravel substrates. Depth ranges from 3-40 m (10-131 ft).

DIET IN THE WILD: Feeds on other shrimp, worms, snails, crabs, mollusks. Lies in wait for prey in front of burrow, then swims out and quickly crushes prey with a strong, powerful smash. The claw moves so quickly it generates cavitation bubbles, which explode with a second powerful burst. The speed with which the claw moves through the watergenerates a force 100 times the shrimp’s body weight.

REPRODUCTION: Monogamous. O. scyllarus mate, spawn, brood, and hatch their eggs in their burrows.

LONGEVITY: Often live in pairs for their entire lifetime (4-6 years).

PREDATORS: Yellow Fin tuna

CONSERVATION: IUCN Not Evaluated

REMARKS: Large peacock mantis shrimp generate forces powerful enough to crush the shell of a large conch, and have been known in captivity to break the glass of their tanks! Striking speed of 50+ mph.

The amazingly complex eyes of mantis shrimp detect 12 base colors (compared to our 3). They also can discern ultraviolet, infrared frequencies, and the polarization of light! .

References

California Academy of Sciences Steinhart Aquarium Water Planet, Senses Cluster (Sight) 2016

Animal Diversity Web animaldiversity.org/accounts/Odontodactylus_scyllarus/

Ron's Wordpress shortlink wp.me/p1DZ4b-We

Ron's flickr www.flickr.com/photos/cas_docents/sets/72157608602469734/

9-8-11, 4-22-13, 8-17-15, 2016

Rare Earth Elements: What Confluence?

This green zircon from Burma has a very strong absorption spectrum (green line) which has a profound appearance on the appearance of the fluorescence spectrum. In addition to the narrow lanthanide emission lines, mostly due to Dy3+, the fluorescence is dominated by the ~600nm, broad yellow emission from the radiation-induced colour centres, chopped up by the self absorption. The two emission spectra here show the surface fluorescence (orange line) and the emission from deep within the stone (purple line) which is heavily absorbed.

The coloured spectrum at the bottom of the picture is a photographic transmission spectrum which shows the prominent absorption lines seen through a visual spectroscope.

Three of six cut zircons (Zr Si O_4) from my collection. These show the strongest absorption lines (from uranium). The largest of the three, a green Burmese stone, exhibits detectable radioactivity with my Geiger counter.

The luminescence spectra contain mostly rather diffuse bands (compared to the other three zircons). Most of these bands correspond to the groups of sharper emission lines seen in the weak absorption stones. The green stone appears to show a self-absorbed luminescence spectrum - particularly close to 650nm.

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Rare Earth Elements: What Confluence?

Kantara Castle is a castle in Northern Cyprus. The exact date of its construction remains unknown, the most plausible theory being the Byzantine period. It combines Byzantine and Frankish architectural elements, became derelict in 1525 and was dismantled in 1560. It gave its name to the nearby Kantara monastery.

Kantara is situated to the east of the Buffavento Castle with the St. Hilarion Castle standing even farther to the west forming a protective axis in the Kyrenia mountain range of Northern Cyprus. As both of the other castles are visible from Buffavento, it was used to pass signals between them. The castles were built in conjunction during the Byzantine period but the date of their commission remains unknown. Among the theories put forward to explain their origin the popular are: In 965 (after the expulsion of the Arabs from the island), in 1091 by the rebel Rhapsomates, during the rule of Eumathios Philokales (1091–1094), in the late 11th century after the Cilician coast was overrun by the Seljuk Empire or in 1096 as a countermeasure for the upheaval caused by the First Crusade. The name of the castle derives from the Cypriot Maronite Arabic word kandak which means stone bridge.

Serving as a watchtower for pirate raids, an administrative centre and a place of incarceration the castle saw next to no fighting. In 1191, it was taken by Richard the Lionheart during his campaign against the island's ruler Isaac Komnenos of Cyprus. Richard subsequently sold the island to the Knights Templar whose rule abruptly ended after a major revolt in Nicosia. Cyprus was thus resold to Guy of Lusignan, the former king of Jerusalem who became the first king of Cyprus in 1192. A period of peace ended with the death of Hugh I of Cyprus in 1218. A struggle over who should act as the kingdom's regent ensued, pitting the House of Ibelin with the local supporters of Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor. Frederick's arrival in Limassol in 1228 escalated the conflict into an open war. In 1229, the castle came under siege by the Ibelins, who bombarded it with trebuchets, reportedly destroying several buildings. The castle's garrison surrendered a year later when its commander Gauvain de Cheneche was killed by a crossbow bolt. Afterwards, the Lusignans continued their reign interrupted only by occasional palace coups. In 1373, Cyprus was invaded by the Republic of Genoa imprisoning the local nobility. According to Philip of Novara's chronicle prince John of Antioch managed to escape from Famagusta after disguising himself as the valet of his cook. John subsequently fled to Kantara, from which he organised a successful counter offensive that expelled the Genoese after the latter failed to capture Kantara.

Recognizing the importance of the three Kyrenian castles James I of Cyprus and Peter II of Cyprus vastly expanded their fortifications. During their reign Kantara was transformed into a garrison castle, barracks and an enormous cistern were erected. Another cistern located at the basement of the castle was converted into a prison and later made into rooms for the captain of garrison. In 1489, the Republic of Venice acquired the island, 1519 Italian engineers branded the castle as obsolete. At which time the Kyrenian mountain castles fell into disuse, the last garrison departing in 1525. The castle was finally dismantled in 1560. Kantara's buildings remain in a relatively good condition until they were subjected to looting in the early 20th century. In 1905, the castle was classified as historic heritage due to the efforts of the French archaeologist Camille Enlart. In 1914, British colonial authorities under George Jeffery undertook restoration work at the castle, in an effort to attract sightseers. In 1939, the foundation of the horseshoe tower was refurbished in order to prevent it from collapsing.

Kantara is situated on an elevation of 550–600 metres (1,800–1,970 ft) above sea level. The castle is surrounded by ridges of barren granite and sandstone bedrock which were used as the main building materials for the castle's construction. The materials were subjected to coarse masonry; most of the buildings are coated with thick layers of plaster to cover the poor quality of the materials. Doors, windows and quoins were transported from elsewhere. The lack of local water sources necessitated the collection of rainwater through the use flat roofs which were connected to the cisterns through a drainage system. Among the six cisterns used the largest stood outside the walls. Buildings contained bread ovens and perhaps even a mill.

The steep crags limit the available pathways to a narrow valley on its eastern side, which is guarded by twin towers named Nicolas and Faucherre respectively. The first gate is followed by a barrel vaulted barbican, a steep chicane then leads to the portcullis protected main gate. The barbican shows great similarities with contemporary Cilician Armenian designs, having a gallery of arrowslits and two towers of its own. To the north of the main gate stands a horseshoe shaped tower providing additional support to the defenders of the barbican. The apsidal vault at the front of the tower facilitates better shock absorption. Despite its similarities to Roman and Byzantine military architecture it was in fact constructed sometime between 1208 and 1228.

The surrounding 120 by 70 metres (390 ft × 230 ft) wall contained ten garrison rooms which were constructed in the late 14th century, the barracks were connected with a latrine. A concealed postern, guarded by two towers lies on the south–western corner of the castle. To the south of the main gate, was built a rectangular, barrel vaulted keep, used a prison, later converted into a cistern. The centre of its northern wall is graced by a refined late 14th century Frankish window built from what once was an embrasure. The shape of the embrasures throughout the castle points out that they were mainly used by crossbowmen. At the top of the castle stand the ruins of "The Queen's Chamber", an alleged fortified chapel destroyed in a Turkish naval bombardment in 1525 and looted in the 19th century.

Northern Cyprus, officially the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus (TRNC), is a de facto state that comprises the northeastern portion of the island of Cyprus. It is recognised only by Turkey, and its territory is considered by all other states to be part of the Republic of Cyprus.

Northern Cyprus extends from the tip of the Karpass Peninsula in the northeast to Morphou Bay, Cape Kormakitis and its westernmost point, the Kokkina exclave in the west. Its southernmost point is the village of Louroujina. A buffer zone under the control of the United Nations stretches between Northern Cyprus and the rest of the island and divides Nicosia, the island's largest city and capital of both sides.

A coup d'état in 1974, performed as part of an attempt to annex the island to Greece, prompted the Turkish invasion of Cyprus. This resulted in the eviction of much of the north's Greek Cypriot population, the flight of Turkish Cypriots from the south, and the partitioning of the island, leading to a unilateral declaration of independence by the north in 1983. Due to its lack of recognition, Northern Cyprus is heavily dependent on Turkey for economic, political and military support.

Attempts to reach a solution to the Cyprus dispute have been unsuccessful. The Turkish Army maintains a large force in Northern Cyprus with the support and approval of the TRNC government, while the Republic of Cyprus, the European Union as a whole, and the international community regard it as an occupation force. This military presence has been denounced in several United Nations Security Council resolutions.

Northern Cyprus is a semi-presidential, democratic republic with a cultural heritage incorporating various influences and an economy that is dominated by the services sector. The economy has seen growth through the 2000s and 2010s, with the GNP per capita more than tripling in the 2000s, but is held back by an international embargo due to the official closure of the ports in Northern Cyprus by the Republic of Cyprus. The official language is Turkish, with a distinct local dialect being spoken. The vast majority of the population consists of Sunni Muslims, while religious attitudes are mostly moderate and secular. Northern Cyprus is an observer state of ECO and OIC under the name "Turkish Cypriot State", PACE under the name "Turkish Cypriot Community", and Organization of Turkic States with its own name.

Several distinct periods of Cypriot intercommunal violence involving the two main ethnic communities, Greek Cypriots and Turkish Cypriots, marked mid-20th century Cyprus. These included the Cyprus Emergency of 1955–59 during British rule, the post-independence Cyprus crisis of 1963–64, and the Cyprus crisis of 1967. Hostilities culminated in the 1974 de facto division of the island along the Green Line following the Turkish invasion of Cyprus. The region has been relatively peaceful since then, but the Cyprus dispute has continued, with various attempts to solve it diplomatically having been generally unsuccessful.

Cyprus, an island lying in the eastern Mediterranean, hosted a population of Greeks and Turks (four-fifths and one-fifth, respectively), who lived under British rule in the late nineteenth-century and the first half of the twentieth-century. Christian Orthodox Church of Cyprus played a prominent political role among the Greek Cypriot community, a privilege that it acquired during the Ottoman Empire with the employment of the millet system, which gave the archbishop an unofficial ethnarch status.

The repeated rejections by the British of Greek Cypriot demands for enosis, union with Greece, led to armed resistance, organised by the National Organization of Cypriot Struggle, or EOKA. EOKA, led by the Greek-Cypriot commander George Grivas, systematically targeted British colonial authorities. One of the effects of EOKA's campaign was to alter the Turkish position from demanding full reincorporation into Turkey to a demand for taksim (partition). EOKA's mission and activities caused a "Cretan syndrome" (see Turkish Resistance Organisation) within the Turkish Cypriot community, as its members feared that they would be forced to leave the island in such a case as had been the case with Cretan Turks. As such, they preferred the continuation of British colonial rule and then taksim, the division of the island. Due to the Turkish Cypriots' support for the British, EOKA's leader, Georgios Grivas, declared them to be enemies. The fact that the Turks were a minority was, according to Nihat Erim, to be addressed by the transfer of thousands of Turks from mainland Turkey so that Greek Cypriots would cease to be the majority. When Erim visited Cyprus as the Turkish representative, he was advised by Field Marshal Sir John Harding, the then Governor of Cyprus, that Turkey should send educated Turks to settle in Cyprus.

Turkey actively promoted the idea that on the island of Cyprus two distinctive communities existed, and sidestepped its former claim that "the people of Cyprus were all Turkish subjects". In doing so, Turkey's aim to have self-determination of two to-be equal communities in effect led to de jure partition of the island.[citation needed] This could be justified to the international community against the will of the majority Greek population of the island. Dr. Fazil Küçük in 1954 had already proposed Cyprus be divided in two at the 35° parallel.

Lindley Dan, from Notre Dame University, spotted the roots of intercommunal violence to different visions among the two communities of Cyprus (enosis for Greek Cypriots, taksim for Turkish Cypriots). Also, Lindlay wrote that "the merging of church, schools/education, and politics in divisive and nationalistic ways" had played a crucial role in creation of havoc in Cyprus' history. Attalides Michael also pointed to the opposing nationalisms as the cause of the Cyprus problem.

By the mid-1950's, the "Cyprus is Turkish" party, movement, and slogan gained force in both Cyprus and Turkey. In a 1954 editorial, Turkish Cypriot leader Dr. Fazil Kuchuk expressed the sentiment that the Turkish youth had grown up with the idea that "as soon as Great Britain leaves the island, it will be taken over by the Turks", and that "Turkey cannot tolerate otherwise". This perspective contributed to the willingness of Turkish Cypriots to align themselves with the British, who started recruiting Turkish Cypriots into the police force that patrolled Cyprus to fight EOKA, a Greek Cypriot nationalist organisation that sought to rid the island of British rule.

EOKA targeted colonial authorities, including police, but Georgios Grivas, the leader of EOKA, did not initially wish to open up a new front by fighting Turkish Cypriots and reassured them that EOKA would not harm their people. In 1956, some Turkish Cypriot policemen were killed by EOKA members and this provoked some intercommunal violence in the spring and summer, but these attacks on policemen were not motivated by the fact that they were Turkish Cypriots.

However, in January 1957, Grivas changed his policy as his forces in the mountains became increasingly pressured by the British Crown forces. In order to divert the attention of the Crown forces, EOKA members started to target Turkish Cypriot policemen intentionally in the towns, so that Turkish Cypriots would riot against the Greek Cypriots and the security forces would have to be diverted to the towns to restore order. The killing of a Turkish Cypriot policeman on 19 January, when a power station was bombed, and the injury of three others, provoked three days of intercommunal violence in Nicosia. The two communities targeted each other in reprisals, at least one Greek Cypriot was killed and the British Army was deployed in the streets. Greek Cypriot stores were burned and their neighbourhoods attacked. Following the events, the Greek Cypriot leadership spread the propaganda that the riots had merely been an act of Turkish Cypriot aggression. Such events created chaos and drove the communities apart both in Cyprus and in Turkey.

On 22 October 1957 Sir Hugh Mackintosh Foot replaced Sir John Harding as the British Governor of Cyprus. Foot suggested five to seven years of self-government before any final decision. His plan rejected both enosis and taksim. The Turkish Cypriot response to this plan was a series of anti-British demonstrations in Nicosia on 27 and 28 January 1958 rejecting the proposed plan because the plan did not include partition. The British then withdrew the plan.

In 1957, Black Gang, a Turkish Cypriot pro-taksim paramilitary organisation, was formed to patrol a Turkish Cypriot enclave, the Tahtakale district of Nicosia, against activities of EOKA. The organisation later attempted to grow into a national scale, but failed to gain public support.

By 1958, signs of dissatisfaction with the British increased on both sides, with a group of Turkish Cypriots forming Volkan (later renamed to the Turkish Resistance Organisation) paramilitary group to promote partition and the annexation of Cyprus to Turkey as dictated by the Menderes plan. Volkan initially consisted of roughly 100 members, with the stated aim of raising awareness in Turkey of the Cyprus issue and courting military training and support for Turkish Cypriot fighters from the Turkish government.

In June 1958, the British Prime Minister, Harold Macmillan, was expected to propose a plan to resolve the Cyprus issue. In light of the new development, the Turks rioted in Nicosia to promote the idea that Greek and Turkish Cypriots could not live together and therefore any plan that did not include partition would not be viable. This violence was soon followed by bombing, Greek Cypriot deaths and looting of Greek Cypriot-owned shops and houses. Greek and Turkish Cypriots started to flee mixed population villages where they were a minority in search of safety. This was effectively the beginning of the segregation of the two communities. On 7 June 1958, a bomb exploded at the entrance of the Turkish Embassy in Cyprus. Following the bombing, Turkish Cypriots looted Greek Cypriot properties. On 26 June 1984, the Turkish Cypriot leader, Rauf Denktaş, admitted on British channel ITV that the bomb was placed by the Turks themselves in order to create tension. On 9 January 1995, Rauf Denktaş repeated his claim to the famous Turkish newspaper Milliyet in Turkey.

The crisis reached a climax on 12 June 1958, when eight Greeks, out of an armed group of thirty five arrested by soldiers of the Royal Horse Guards on suspicion of preparing an attack on the Turkish quarter of Skylloura, were killed in a suspected attack by Turkish Cypriot locals, near the village of Geunyeli, having been ordered to walk back to their village of Kondemenos.

After the EOKA campaign had begun, the British government successfully began to turn the Cyprus issue from a British colonial problem into a Greek-Turkish issue. British diplomacy exerted backstage influence on the Adnan Menderes government, with the aim of making Turkey active in Cyprus. For the British, the attempt had a twofold objective. The EOKA campaign would be silenced as quickly as possible, and Turkish Cypriots would not side with Greek Cypriots against the British colonial claims over the island, which would thus remain under the British. The Turkish Cypriot leadership visited Menderes to discuss the Cyprus issue. When asked how the Turkish Cypriots should respond to the Greek Cypriot claim of enosis, Menderes replied: "You should go to the British foreign minister and request the status quo be prolonged, Cyprus to remain as a British colony". When the Turkish Cypriots visited the British Foreign Secretary and requested for Cyprus to remain a colony, he replied: "You should not be asking for colonialism at this day and age, you should be asking for Cyprus be returned to Turkey, its former owner".

As Turkish Cypriots began to look to Turkey for protection, Greek Cypriots soon understood that enosis was extremely unlikely. The Greek Cypriot leader, Archbishop Makarios III, now set independence for the island as his objective.

Britain resolved to solve the dispute by creating an independent Cyprus. In 1959, all involved parties signed the Zurich Agreements: Britain, Turkey, Greece, and the Greek and Turkish Cypriot leaders, Makarios and Dr. Fazil Kucuk, respectively. The new constitution drew heavily on the ethnic composition of the island. The President would be a Greek Cypriot, and the Vice-President a Turkish Cypriot with an equal veto. The contribution to the public service would be set at a ratio of 70:30, and the Supreme Court would consist of an equal number of judges from both communities as well as an independent judge who was not Greek, Turkish or British. The Zurich Agreements were supplemented by a number of treaties. The Treaty of Guarantee stated that secession or union with any state was forbidden, and that Greece, Turkey and Britain would be given guarantor status to intervene if that was violated. The Treaty of Alliance allowed for two small Greek and Turkish military contingents to be stationed on the island, and the Treaty of Establishment gave Britain sovereignty over two bases in Akrotiri and Dhekelia.

On 15 August 1960, the Colony of Cyprus became fully independent as the Republic of Cyprus. The new republic remained within the Commonwealth of Nations.

The new constitution brought dissatisfaction to Greek Cypriots, who felt it to be highly unjust for them for historical, demographic and contributional reasons. Although 80% of the island's population were Greek Cypriots and these indigenous people had lived on the island for thousands of years and paid 94% of taxes, the new constitution was giving the 17% of the population that was Turkish Cypriots, who paid 6% of taxes, around 30% of government jobs and 40% of national security jobs.

Within three years tensions between the two communities in administrative affairs began to show. In particular disputes over separate municipalities and taxation created a deadlock in government. A constitutional court ruled in 1963 Makarios had failed to uphold article 173 of the constitution which called for the establishment of separate municipalities for Turkish Cypriots. Makarios subsequently declared his intention to ignore the judgement, resulting in the West German judge resigning from his position. Makarios proposed thirteen amendments to the constitution, which would have had the effect of resolving most of the issues in the Greek Cypriot favour. Under the proposals, the President and Vice-President would lose their veto, the separate municipalities as sought after by the Turkish Cypriots would be abandoned, the need for separate majorities by both communities in passing legislation would be discarded and the civil service contribution would be set at actual population ratios (82:18) instead of the slightly higher figure for Turkish Cypriots.

The intention behind the amendments has long been called into question. The Akritas plan, written in the height of the constitutional dispute by the Greek Cypriot interior minister Polycarpos Georkadjis, called for the removal of undesirable elements of the constitution so as to allow power-sharing to work. The plan envisaged a swift retaliatory attack on Turkish Cypriot strongholds should Turkish Cypriots resort to violence to resist the measures, stating "In the event of a planned or staged Turkish attack, it is imperative to overcome it by force in the shortest possible time, because if we succeed in gaining command of the situation (in one or two days), no outside, intervention would be either justified or possible." Whether Makarios's proposals were part of the Akritas plan is unclear, however it remains that sentiment towards enosis had not completely disappeared with independence. Makarios described independence as "a step on the road to enosis".[31] Preparations for conflict were not entirely absent from Turkish Cypriots either, with right wing elements still believing taksim (partition) the best safeguard against enosis.

Greek Cypriots however believe the amendments were a necessity stemming from a perceived attempt by Turkish Cypriots to frustrate the working of government. Turkish Cypriots saw it as a means to reduce their status within the state from one of co-founder to that of minority, seeing it as a first step towards enosis. The security situation deteriorated rapidly.

Main articles: Bloody Christmas (1963) and Battle of Tillyria

An armed conflict was triggered after December 21, 1963, a period remembered by Turkish Cypriots as Bloody Christmas, when a Greek Cypriot policemen that had been called to help deal with a taxi driver refusing officers already on the scene access to check the identification documents of his customers, took out his gun upon arrival and shot and killed the taxi driver and his partner. Eric Solsten summarised the events as follows: "a Greek Cypriot police patrol, ostensibly checking identification documents, stopped a Turkish Cypriot couple on the edge of the Turkish quarter. A hostile crowd gathered, shots were fired, and two Turkish Cypriots were killed."

In the morning after the shooting, crowds gathered in protest in Northern Nicosia, likely encouraged by the TMT, without incident. On the evening of the 22nd, gunfire broke out, communication lines to the Turkish neighbourhoods were cut, and the Greek Cypriot police occupied the nearby airport. On the 23rd, a ceasefire was negotiated, but did not hold. Fighting, including automatic weapons fire, between Greek and Turkish Cypriots and militias increased in Nicosia and Larnaca. A force of Greek Cypriot irregulars led by Nikos Sampson entered the Nicosia suburb of Omorphita and engaged in heavy firing on armed, as well as by some accounts unarmed, Turkish Cypriots. The Omorphita clash has been described by Turkish Cypriots as a massacre, while this view has generally not been acknowledged by Greek Cypriots.

Further ceasefires were arranged between the two sides, but also failed. By Christmas Eve, the 24th, Britain, Greece, and Turkey had joined talks, with all sides calling for a truce. On Christmas day, Turkish fighter jets overflew Nicosia in a show of support. Finally it was agreed to allow a force of 2,700 British soldiers to help enforce a ceasefire. In the next days, a "buffer zone" was created in Nicosia, and a British officer marked a line on a map with green ink, separating the two sides of the city, which was the beginning of the "Green Line". Fighting continued across the island for the next several weeks.

In total 364 Turkish Cypriots and 174 Greek Cypriots were killed during the violence. 25,000 Turkish Cypriots from 103-109 villages fled and were displaced into enclaves and thousands of Turkish Cypriot houses were ransacked or completely destroyed.

Contemporary newspapers also reported on the forceful exodus of the Turkish Cypriots from their homes. According to The Times in 1964, threats, shootings and attempts of arson were committed against the Turkish Cypriots to force them out of their homes. The Daily Express wrote that "25,000 Turks have already been forced to leave their homes". The Guardian reported a massacre of Turks at Limassol on 16 February 1964.

Turkey had by now readied its fleet and its fighter jets appeared over Nicosia. Turkey was dissuaded from direct involvement by the creation of a United Nations Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus (UNFICYP) in 1964. Despite the negotiated ceasefire in Nicosia, attacks on the Turkish Cypriot persisted, particularly in Limassol. Concerned about the possibility of a Turkish invasion, Makarios undertook the creation of a Greek Cypriot conscript-based army called the "National Guard". A general from Greece took charge of the army, whilst a further 20,000 well-equipped officers and men were smuggled from Greece into Cyprus. Turkey threatened to intervene once more, but was prevented by a strongly worded letter from the American President Lyndon B. Johnson, anxious to avoid a conflict between NATO allies Greece and Turkey at the height of the Cold War.

Turkish Cypriots had by now established an important bridgehead at Kokkina, provided with arms, volunteers and materials from Turkey and abroad. Seeing this incursion of foreign weapons and troops as a major threat, the Cypriot government invited George Grivas to return from Greece as commander of the Greek troops on the island and launch a major attack on the bridgehead. Turkey retaliated by dispatching its fighter jets to bomb Greek positions, causing Makarios to threaten an attack on every Turkish Cypriot village on the island if the bombings did not cease. The conflict had now drawn in Greece and Turkey, with both countries amassing troops on their Thracian borders. Efforts at mediation by Dean Acheson, a former U.S. Secretary of State, and UN-appointed mediator Galo Plaza had failed, all the while the division of the two communities becoming more apparent. Greek Cypriot forces were estimated at some 30,000, including the National Guard and the large contingent from Greece. Defending the Turkish Cypriot enclaves was a force of approximately 5,000 irregulars, led by a Turkish colonel, but lacking the equipment and organisation of the Greek forces.

The Secretary-General of the United Nations in 1964, U Thant, reported the damage during the conflicts:

UNFICYP carried out a detailed survey of all damage to properties throughout the island during the disturbances; it shows that in 109 villages, most of them Turkish-Cypriot or mixed villages, 527 houses have been destroyed while 2,000 others have suffered damage from looting.

The situation worsened in 1967, when a military junta overthrew the democratically elected government of Greece, and began applying pressure on Makarios to achieve enosis. Makarios, not wishing to become part of a military dictatorship or trigger a Turkish invasion, began to distance himself from the goal of enosis. This caused tensions with the junta in Greece as well as George Grivas in Cyprus. Grivas's control over the National Guard and Greek contingent was seen as a threat to Makarios's position, who now feared a possible coup.[citation needed] The National Guard and Cyprus Police began patrolling the Turkish Cypriot enclaves of Ayios Theodoros and Kophinou, and on November 15 engaged in heavy fighting with the Turkish Cypriots.

By the time of his withdrawal 26 Turkish Cypriots had been killed. Turkey replied with an ultimatum demanding that Grivas be removed from the island, that the troops smuggled from Greece in excess of the limits of the Treaty of Alliance be removed, and that the economic blockades on the Turkish Cypriot enclaves be lifted. Grivas was recalled by the Athens Junta and the 12,000 Greek troops were withdrawn. Makarios now attempted to consolidate his position by reducing the number of National Guard troops, and by creating a paramilitary force loyal to Cypriot independence. In 1968, acknowledging that enosis was now all but impossible, Makarios stated, "A solution by necessity must be sought within the limits of what is feasible which does not always coincide with the limits of what is desirable."

After 1967 tensions between the Greek and Turkish Cypriots subsided. Instead, the main source of tension on the island came from factions within the Greek Cypriot community. Although Makarios had effectively abandoned enosis in favour of an 'attainable solution', many others continued to believe that the only legitimate political aspiration for Greek Cypriots was union with Greece.

On his arrival, Grivas began by establishing a nationalist paramilitary group known as the National Organization of Cypriot Fighters (Ethniki Organosis Kyprion Agoniston B or EOKA-B), drawing comparisons with the EOKA struggle for enosis under the British colonial administration of the 1950s.

The military junta in Athens saw Makarios as an obstacle. Makarios's failure to disband the National Guard, whose officer class was dominated by mainland Greeks, had meant the junta had practical control over the Cypriot military establishment, leaving Makarios isolated and a vulnerable target.

During the first Turkish invasion, Turkish troops invaded Cyprus territory on 20 July 1974, invoking its rights under the Treaty of Guarantee. This expansion of Turkish-occupied zone violated International Law as well as the Charter of the United Nations. Turkish troops managed to capture 3% of the island which was accompanied by the burning of the Turkish Cypriot quarter, as well as the raping and killing of women and children. A temporary cease-fire followed which was mitigated by the UN Security Council. Subsequently, the Greek military Junta collapsed on July 23, 1974, and peace talks commenced in which a democratic government was installed. The Resolution 353 was broken after Turkey attacked a second time and managed to get a hold of 37% of Cyprus territory. The Island of Cyprus was appointed a Buffer Zone by the United Nations, which divided the island into two zones through the 'Green Line' and put an end to the Turkish invasion. Although Turkey announced that the occupied areas of Cyprus to be called the Federated Turkish State in 1975, it is not legitimised on a worldwide political scale. The United Nations called for the international recognition of independence for the Republic of Cyprus in the Security Council Resolution 367.

In the years after the Turkish invasion of northern Cyprus one can observe a history of failed talks between the two parties. The 1983 declaration of the independent Turkish Republic of Cyprus resulted in a rise of inter-communal tensions and made it increasingly hard to find mutual understanding. With Cyprus' interest of a possible EU membership and a new UN Secretary-General Kofi Annan in 1997 new hopes arose for a fresh start. International involvement from sides of the US and UK, wanting a solution to the Cyprus dispute prior to the EU accession led to political pressures for new talks. The believe that an accession without a solution would threaten Greek-Turkish relations and acknowledge the partition of the island would direct the coming negotiations.

Over the course of two years a concrete plan, the Annan plan was formulated. In 2004 the fifth version agreed upon from both sides and with the endorsement of Turkey, US, UK and EU then was presented to the public and was given a referendum in both Cypriot communities to assure the legitimisation of the resolution. The Turkish Cypriots voted with 65% for the plan, however the Greek Cypriots voted with a 76% majority against. The Annan plan contained multiple important topics. Firstly it established a confederation of two separate states called the United Cyprus Republic. Both communities would have autonomous states combined under one unified government. The members of parliament would be chosen according to the percentage in population numbers to ensure a just involvement from both communities. The paper proposed a demilitarisation of the island over the next years. Furthermore it agreed upon a number of 45000 Turkish settlers that could remain on the island. These settlers became a very important issue concerning peace talks. Originally the Turkish government encouraged Turks to settle in Cyprus providing transfer and property, to establish a counterpart to the Greek Cypriot population due to their 1 to 5 minority. With the economic situation many Turkish-Cypriot decided to leave the island, however their departure is made up by incoming Turkish settlers leaving the population ratio between Turkish Cypriots and Greek Cypriots stable. However all these points where criticised and as seen in the vote rejected mainly by the Greek Cypriots. These name the dissolution of the „Republic of Cyprus", economic consequences of a reunion and the remaining Turkish settlers as reason. Many claim that the plan was indeed drawing more from Turkish-Cypriot demands then Greek-Cypriot interests. Taking in consideration that the US wanted to keep Turkey as a strategic partner in future Middle Eastern conflicts.

A week after the failed referendum the Republic of Cyprus joined the EU. In multiple instances the EU tried to promote trade with Northern Cyprus but without internationally recognised ports this spiked a grand debate. Both side endure their intention of negotiations, however without the prospect of any new compromises or agreements the UN is unwilling to start the process again. Since 2004 negotiations took place in numbers but without any results, both sides are strongly holding on to their position without an agreeable solution in sight that would suit both parties.

Sonata Vario acoustic absorbers installed within the sports hall at Charlton School

www.soundreduction.co.uk/Products/Sound-Absorption-Soluti...

Tanner Olsen conducts a Rilem absorption test to measure different effect of concrete surface treatments on absorption and porosity in the new CIM Langdon Lab on Monday, September 23, 2019, in Chico, Calif.

(Jason Halley/University Photographer/CSU Chico)

Line graph showing the relative amounts of light absorption at different light wavelengths by the photosynthetic pigment family known as the Phytochromes. Feel Free to use the photo but please don't forget to give credit to www.ledgrowlightshq.co.uk.Thanks!

MonaVie Health Protein is designed for maximum protein absorption and featuring the antioxidant power of acai and high-DH hydrolyzed whey protein—one of the most advanced, fastest absorbing proteins available

Source Info: monavieindiahealth.wordpress.com/2013/01/30/monavie-rvl-h...

Wetlands are biodiversity rich sensitive ecosystems that harbor hundreds of plants, insects, birds and other animals uniquely adapted to their wetland mode of life.They are crucial to maintain the regional water balance through ground water recharge and absorption of flood waters and also serve as the rice bowl of developing countries. Nevertheless, wetlands play immense role in the socio-economic and livelihood aspects of local communities living around the wetland. In India, rural communities depend wetland for livelihood through farming, mat making etc; for food through fishing and hunting; for roof thatching by collection of reeds and palm leaf ; for firewood; for fodder etc. However, these wetlands are now under a threat of conversion for big industrial and real estate projects, change in lifestyle of local community, over extraction of resources by increased population, pollution,waste dumping, eutrophication and pesticide farming. There are three important wetlands in the Puducherry region namely Oussudu, Bahour and Kaliveli that provide important resources for local communities and also are a home to tens of thousands of migratory birds that visit the Puducherry region in winter. These wetlands have been acknowledged as Important Bird Areas(IBAs) by IBCN, since many of these birds are represented in more than 1% of their global population.

The recent threat on wetlands of Puducherry is more due to the change in life style of local community living around these wetlands. The younger generation is not much dependent on wetland resources, The younger and modern generation has lost the compassion and bonding to the wetland which their forefathers maintained through sustainable livelihood practices. This has resulted in a change in attitude and perception of the community towards unsustainable farming and resource extraction, game hunting, intensive fishing and reclamation, ultimately resulting in shrinking of wetland area and loss of biodiversity at an alarming pace. Local community is leaving the traditional farming practices for more fertilizer and pesticide based farming; fish stock is depleted using invasive Gill nets. Since Puducherry is fast developing region with rapidly growing commercial tourism and industrial establishments, these wetlands are under the threat of reclamation for resort construction and other commercial establishments. Poaching for a sport as well as open selling of birds including the threatened species is common. School drop-out are noticed to get attracted to such practices to make easy money as well as hunting for a sport with peers. With time, they may grow into expert hunters who will depend on poaching as the main source of income for the family. There are many wetland awareness programs organized by Forest Department as well as NGOs targeting school kids and educated community through workshops. School drop-outs are often not specially targeted by any of such programs and often not brought under the ambit of such programs. This gap needs to be addressed for local conservation efforts to be fully effective. We have chosen birds as the umbrella species whose conservation will in turn protect the lake and biodiversity as a whole. Birds are attractive and beautiful; ,which may easily get compassion from drop-out kids if guided appropriately. With proper efforts, the poachers can be turned to protectors and expert tour guides to facilitate ecotourism.

Batik Stamping

1. Prewash T-shirt to remove any finishes that may prevent absorption of dyes. Dry and iron if very wrinkled.

2. Cover table with plastic tablecloth.

3. Cut a rectangular piece of parchment paper about the size of the T-shirt and insert it between the layers of the T-shirt to prevent the resist and dyes from bleeding through to the backside. This paper remains inside the shirt through the entire dyeing and microwave process.

4. Place T-shirt on sheets of plastic wrap that have been overlapped so plastic is slightly larger than shirt.

5. Plan placement of batik stamped design. Fold T-shirt in half to find center. Mark center of neckline with a pin.

6. Pour a small amount of Batik-EZ resist on a paper plate. Using a small brush, apply resist to the daisy stamp. Wipe off excess resist from stamp with end of brush. Wipe on paper towel. Beginning at the neckline, press half of the daisy stamp in the center of the shirt (remove pin before stamping). Then continue stamping half daisies from the center to the shoulder seams.

7. Then randomly stamp whole daisies over the front of the shirt. Stamps can really be placed anywhere – down a sleeve or around the hemline. If you're stamping on the sleeve, be sure to cut a piece of parchment and insert in the sleeve to avoid resist bleeding to the back of the sleeve.

8. Let the Batik EZ resist dry or use a hair dryer to speed up the drying time.

Introduction solarnutcase.livejournal.com/10226.html

Part 1 Spectral line height in the solar atmosphere solarnutcase.livejournal.com/9556.html

Part 2 Understanding the bandwidth of your hydrogen alpha filter solarnutcase.livejournal.com/9896.html

The transmission spectrum here shows the broad absorption band at 550nm attributed to the Ca colloid but also the vibronic ripples below 500nm that is seen in some yellow fluorites coloured by the ozonide ion O_3^- (Bill, 1981). This is the first time that I have seen both colouring mechanisms operating in the same sample.

The regions of the sample that exhibit the ozonide absorption show also a strong red fluorescence under laser excitation around 405nm (see the next post). The transmission spectrum was obtained from the region marked with the mouseover box near the centre of the lower purple band.

Sonata Vario Absorption panels in 'Chrome' installed within Southwold Pavillion. Installation of the panels to the ceiling was carried out by Floorscan Acoustics Ltd. Reverberation within the hall was considerably reduced using this treatment.

www.soundreduction.co.uk/Products/Sound-Absorption-Soluti...

ARTIST'S IMPRESSION OF DOUBLE ROTATION NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE (NMR).

NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE (NMR) INVOLVES THE ABSORPTION AND EMISSION OF RADIO-FREQUENCY ENERGY BY NUCLEAR SPINS AS THEY OSCILLATE AND REORIENT IN THE PRESENCE OF INTERNAL AND EXTERNALLY APPLIED MAGNETIC FIELDS. SCIENTISTS AT LBL HAVE DEVELOPED A NEW TECHNIQUE, DOUBLE ROTATION NMR, TO STUDY THE INTERACTIONS BETWEEN ATOMS IN SOLID MATERIALS. THE DOUBLE ROTATION NMR WILL IMPROVE UP TO 100 TIMES THE ACCURACY WITH WHICH SCIENTISTS CAN DISTINGUISH BETWEEN DIFFERENT SPECIFIC LOCATIONS AND POSITIONS OF ATOMS IN A SOLID. IN NMR SPECTROSCOPY, A SAMPLE IS PLACED IN A MAGNETIC FIELD, FORCING THE SPINS INTO ALIGNMENT. THE SAMPLE IS SUBJECTED TO RADIOWAVE PULSES AND THE NUCLEI ABSORBS ENERGY FROM THEM. THE NUCLEI TOPPLE OUT OF ALIGNMENT WITH THE FIELD, BUT THEN LINE UP AGAIN AS THEY LOSE THE ABSORBED ENERGY. BY MEASURING THE SPECIFIC RADIO FREQUENCIES EMITTED BY THE NUCLEI, AND THE RATE AT WHICH REALIGNMENTS OCCURS, SCIENTISTS GAIN DETAILED INFORMATION ON THE ATOMIC STRUCTURE AND MOTION OF THE SAMPLE.

For more information or additional images, please contact 202-586-5251.

- MERINO sheepskin lining offers all of the advantages of wool over synthetic fibers, providing efficient shock absorption and superior thermal comfort. Sheepskin contains lanolin, a natural substance, which soothes the horse's sensitive or inflamed skin. When sheepskin is set directly against the animal's body, it stimulates blood circulation and promotes a therapeutic effect.

- The Non-Slip mesh upper assures perfect grip and steadily secures the MerinoLUX Half-Pad under the saddle.

- Breathable 3-Dimensional Spacer fabric reduces heat build-up and provides excellent moisture vapor transfer.

- The black non-slip mesh is not visible under the saddle, conforming to the FEI rules and regulations.

- Optimum thickness of the MerinoLUX Half-Pad does not compromise the fit of the saddle.

Immediately after a lecture on action scripting for Flash. Coffee helps absorption of information. A bit.

More pictures from the project

o-studio.se/projects/absorption

Photo Credit: Tzachi Ostrovsky New Arrivals from Quara at Heftz Haim Absorption Center, Jan 1992

AirDrain Agronomic Natural Grass Drainage at the Chesapeake Energy Roof Top Sports Field

74,000 sqft. Natural Grass Field

Benefits of AirDrain in a green roofing system include:

AirDrain creates and helps maintain a constant Gmax for artificial turf (See below)

Thickness and resin consistency of AirDrain provides uniform shock absorbency

Shock absorption reduces the strain on joints and ligaments

AirDrain is only limited by the drainage capacity of the profile above it

Installation time measured in days instead of weeks

AirDrain can be reused when the artificial turf must be replaced

Water harvesting reclamation and reuse

Helps qualify for LEED and other green building credits

A smaller carbon and development footprint with reduced site disturbance

100% vertical drainage under the entire field surface

Minimizes water related injuries / Less infill migration due to superior drainage

AirDrain is a 100% recycled product

Less infill migration due to superior drainage

GMAX Information Existing Conditions for Testing

Turf - 2 1/2” Slit Film, in filled with 50% Green Rubber Infill and 50% Silica Sand.

The drainage/shock pad and turf underlying substrate consists of a concrete deck/rooftop, coated with a waterproof membrane and 10 ounce 100% recycled polyester geo-textile filter fabric.

The Standard Test Method for Shock-Absorbing Properties of Playing Surface Systems and Materials (ASTM F1936-98 American Football Field) testing locations and procedure were preformed. The tests were performed using a Triax 2000 A-1 Missile, tripod mounted Gmax registration unit(www.triax2000.com). This report presents background information on the test procedures, existing conditions, test results and observations in football, baseball, softball, soccer, lacrosse, and field hockey artificial sports fields.

The environmental impact of a green roof is undenyable, and adds significantly to the LEED Point system designed by the USGC in all five major areas: sustainable site development, water savings, energy efficiency, materials selection, and indoor environmental quality. Green roofing replaces the green space displaced by a building, prevents excess storm water drainage, reduces the temperature of a building and the urban heat island effect, protects and extends the useful life of a roof, and reduce energy demands.

What's more, a green roof incorporating AirDrain means your design includes renewable, recycled, and locally obtained materials. We know you have a choice in designing a green roof, and we hope you consider the many benefits of AirDrain.

A typical AirDrain green roof

Flying Scotsman at Great Yarmouth as part of the locomotives 100th. anniversary celebrations.

The Flying Scotsman has been described as the world's most famous steam locomotive

In July 1922, the Great Northern Railway (GNR) filed Engine Order No. 297 which gave the green-light for ten Class A1 4-6-2 'Pacific' locomotives to be built at the Doncaster Works. Designed by Nigel Gresley, the A1's were built to haul mainline and later express passenger trains and following the GNR's absorption into the London and North Eastern Railway (LNER) after the amalgamation of 1923, A1's became a standard design. Flying Scotsman cost £7,944 to build, and was the first engine delivered to the newly formed LNER. It entered service on 24th. February 1923, carrying the GNR number of 1472 as the LNER had not yet decided on a numbering scheme. In February 1924 the locomotive acquired its name after the LNER's Flying Scotsman express service between London King's Cross and Edinburgh Waverley, and was assigned a new number, 4472.

Flying Scotsman became a flagship locomotive for the LNER, representing the company at the British Empire Exhibition at Wembley Park in 1924 and 1925. In 1928, the LNER decided to make The Flying Scotsman a non-stop service for the first time. 4472 became one of five A1's selected for the service, and hauled the inaugural service on 1st. May where it completed the journey in 8 hours and 3 minutes. For this, the locomotives ran with an upgraded tender which held nine long tons of coal and was fitted with a corridor connecting the footplate to the carriages, so a change of driver and fireman could take place while the train was moving. By replenishing water from the water trough system several times en route, these modifications allowed the A1's to travel the 392 miles (631 km) without stopping. Flying Scotsman ran with its corridor tender until October 1936, after which it reverted to the original type. In 1938, it was paired with a streamlined non-corridor tender, and ran with this type until its withdrawal in 1963.

On 30th. November 1934, Flying Scotsman became the first steam locomotive to reach the officially authenticated speed of 100 mph (161 km/h), while hauling a light test train between Leeds and London, and the publicity conscious LNER made much of the fact. Although the Great Western Railway's 3440 City of Truro was reported to have reached the same speed in 1904, the record was unreliable.

Following the success of Gresley's streamlined Class A4's introduced in 1935, Flying Scotsman was relegated to lesser duties but still worked on the main line and hauling passenger services. In 1943, as with all railway stock during World War II, the locomotive was painted black. In 1946, it was renumbered twice by Gresley's successor Edward Thompson, who devised a comprehensive renumbering scheme for the LNER. 4472 was initially assigned number 502, but an amendment to the system several months later led to its renumbering of 103.

In 1928, Gresley began to modify the A1's into an improved version, the Class A3, on a gradual basis. In 1945, the remaining unmodified A1's, which included Flying Scotsman, were reclassified as A10. 103 emerged as an A3 on 4 January 1947 with its original Apple Green livery. Its old 180 psi boiler was replaced with a 225 psi version and it was fitted with more efficient valves and cylinders.

Following the nationalisation of Britain's railways on 1st. January 1948, Flying Scotsman was renumbered E103 for several months, before almost all of the LNER locomotive numbers were increased by 60000, and Flying Scotsman became 60103 that December. Between 1949 and 1952 she wore a BR Express Blue livery, after which it was painted in BR Brunswick Green. On 4th. June 1950, now under British Railways ownership, Flying Scotsman was allocated to its new base at Leicester Central on the Great Central Railway, running passenger services to and from London Marylebone, London St Pancras, Leicester, Sheffield, and Manchester.

60103 returned to the East Coast Main Line in 1953, initially based in Grantham, before returning to London King's Cross in the following year. In December 1958, the locomotive was fitted with a double Kylchap chimney to improve performance and economy, but it caused soft exhaust and smoke drift that tended to obscure the driver's forward vision. The remedy was found in the German type smoke deflectors fitted at the end of 1961.

Amid rumours that British Railways would scrap Flying Scotsman, the Gresley A3 Preservation Society failed to raise the £3,000 to buy it. Businessman and railway enthusiast Alan Pegler stepped in and bought the locomotive for £3,500. Flying Scotsman ended service for British Railways on 14th. January 1963, hauling the 13:15 from London King's Cross to Leeds with the locomotive coming off at Doncaster. The event attracted considerable media interest. It had covered over 2.08 million miles, three weeks short of 40 years in operation.

Pegler immediately restored Flying Scotsman at the Doncaster Works as closely as possible to its LNER condition. It was renumbered 4472 and repainted in LNER Apple Green; the smoke deflectors were removed, the double chimney replaced by a single, and its standard tender was replaced with a corridor type.

Following an overhaul in the winter of 1968–69, Flying Scotsman toured the United States and Canada, hauling a 9 coach exhibition train to support British exports.

In 1972, Pegler, now £132,000 in debt with considerable unpaid bills, declared himself bankrupt and in August, arranged for the engine to be kept in storage at the US Army's Sharpe Depot in Lathrop, California to keep it from unpaid creditors, who by now were demanding payments and threatening legal action.

Amid fears of the engine's future, horticulturist and steam enthusiast Alan Bloom asked businessman William McAlpine to help save it. McAlpine agreed and within a few days paid off outstanding debts and bought the locomotive for £25,000. Flying Scotsman was shipped back to England via the Panama Canal. Upon arrival at Liverpool in February 1973, the engine travelled to Derby. McAlpine paid for its restoration at Derby Works and two subsequent overhauls in the 23 years that he owned and ran it. In 1986, McAlpine leased a former diesel locomotive maintenance shop at Southall Railway Centre in London, which became the new base for Flying Scotsman until 2004.

In October 1988, Flying Scotsman arrived in Australia to take part in the country's bicentenary celebrations as a central attraction in the Aus Steam '88 festival. During the course of the next year Flying Scotsman travelled more than 28,000 miles over Australian rails. On 8th. August 1989 Flying Scotsman set another record en route to Alice Springs from Melbourne, travelling 422 miles (679 km) from Parkes to Broken Hill non-stop, the longest such run by a steam locomotive ever recorded. The same journey also saw Flying Scotsman set its own haulage record when it took a 735 ton train over the 490 mile (790 km) leg between Tarcoola and Alice Springs.

Upon returning to Britain, Flying Scotsman returned to its former British Railways condition with its number changed to 60103, refitting of the smoke deflectors and double chimney, and repainted in BR Brunswick Green. It retired from the mainline in 1992, following the expiration of its running certificate. In 1993, McAlpine sold it to help pay off a mortgage on the locomotive. Music producer and railway enthusiast Pete Waterman became involved and the two formed Flying Scotsman Railways.

In April 1995, Flying Scotsman derailed on the Llangollen Railway, with all wheels coming off the track. When put back into steam, smoke emerged from a crack separating the boiler and the front cab. It was deemed a total failure and immediately withdrawn from service. It returned to Southall awaiting its next major overhaul

By 1996, McAlpine and Waterman had run into financial issues and put Flying Scotsman up for sale. On 23rd. February, Tony Marchington bought the locomotive, a set of Pullman coaches, and the Southall depot for £1.5 million. He spent a further £1 million on the locomotive's subsequent overhaul to mainline running condition, which lasted three years and at that point, the most extensive in its history.[65] It received an upgraded 250 psi boiler originally made for a Class A4, its livery was repainted in LNER Apple Green and it was renumbered 4472. Flying Scotsman's first run following the works was on 4th. July 1999, hauling The Inaugural Scotsman from London King's Cross to York, where an estimated one million people turned out to see it.

In 2002, Marchington was in financial difficulties and in September 2003 was declared bankrupt. A sealed bid auction for the locomotive was held on 2nd. April 2004. Amid fears it could be sold into foreign hands, the National Railway Museum (NRM) in York announced it would bid, and appealed for funds with a Save Our Scotsman campaign. It secured a winning bid of £2.3 million, 15% higher than the second highest bidder, and Flying Scotsman became a part of the NRM's national collection.

In 2004 and 2005, Flying Scotsman intermittently hauled special trains across Great Britain before undergoing numerous repairs, restorations and refits between 2006 and 2016. On 7th. January 2016, Flying Scotsman moved under its own steam for the first time since 2005 on the East Lancashire Railway, where it completed several low speed tests. Its inaugural mainline run was on 6th. February with The Winter Cumbrian Mountain Express from Carnforth to Carlisle. In April 2022, the engine was withdrawn for an overhaul in preparation for its centenary year in 2023. Following the work it will be certified to run on the mainline until 2029, after which it will run solely on heritage railways until 2032.

Charles Gatebe discusses the CAR radiometer, which is in the nose of the P-3B aircraft.

AirDrain Agronomic Natural Grass Drainage at the Chesapeake Energy Roof Top Sports Field

74,000 sqft. Natural Grass Field

Benefits of AirDrain in a green roofing system include:

AirDrain creates and helps maintain a constant Gmax for artificial turf (See below)

Thickness and resin consistency of AirDrain provides uniform shock absorbency

Shock absorption reduces the strain on joints and ligaments

AirDrain is only limited by the drainage capacity of the profile above it

Installation time measured in days instead of weeks

AirDrain can be reused when the artificial turf must be replaced

Water harvesting reclamation and reuse

Helps qualify for LEED and other green building credits

A smaller carbon and development footprint with reduced site disturbance

100% vertical drainage under the entire field surface

Minimizes water related injuries / Less infill migration due to superior drainage

AirDrain is a 100% recycled product

Less infill migration due to superior drainage

GMAX Information Existing Conditions for Testing

Turf - 2 1/2” Slit Film, in filled with 50% Green Rubber Infill and 50% Silica Sand.

The drainage/shock pad and turf underlying substrate consists of a concrete deck/rooftop, coated with a waterproof membrane and 10 ounce 100% recycled polyester geo-textile filter fabric.

The Standard Test Method for Shock-Absorbing Properties of Playing Surface Systems and Materials (ASTM F1936-98 American Football Field) testing locations and procedure were preformed. The tests were performed using a Triax 2000 A-1 Missile, tripod mounted Gmax registration unit(www.triax2000.com). This report presents background information on the test procedures, existing conditions, test results and observations in football, baseball, softball, soccer, lacrosse, and field hockey artificial sports fields.

The environmental impact of a green roof is undenyable, and adds significantly to the LEED Point system designed by the USGC in all five major areas: sustainable site development, water savings, energy efficiency, materials selection, and indoor environmental quality. Green roofing replaces the green space displaced by a building, prevents excess storm water drainage, reduces the temperature of a building and the urban heat island effect, protects and extends the useful life of a roof, and reduce energy demands.

What's more, a green roof incorporating AirDrain means your design includes renewable, recycled, and locally obtained materials. We know you have a choice in designing a green roof, and we hope you consider the many benefits of AirDrain.

A typical AirDrain green roof

The twin role played by the skin – protection from excessive UV radiation and absorption of enough sunlight to trigger the production of vitamin D – means that people living in the lower latitudes, close to the Equator, with intense UV radiation, have developed darker skin to protect them from the damaging effects of UV radiation. In contrast, those living in the higher latitudes, closer to the Poles, have developed fair skin to maximize vitamin D production.

For any form of publication, please include the link to this page:

www.grida.no/resources/7527

This photo has been graciously provided to be used in the GRID-Arendal resources library by: Emmanuelle Bournay, GRID-Arendal

A Rollei Retro (Agfa Aviphot) 400 S film with my Zorki 1 type D (year 1955), Lyon, France, January 30 an 31, 2023.

The Zorki camera was loaded with a 36-exposure superpanchromatic Rollei Retro 400 S film, with its leader trimmed for old Leica's. The Industar-22 lens was equipped with a 36mm push-on filter of the indicated characteristic bellow and a generic metal cylindric shade hood.

Expositions were determined using a Minolta Autometer III with a 10° finder for selective measurements privileging the shadow areas. The absorption of the used filter was corrected according their coefficient.

View with the Foca Yellow filter X 2.5 (compensation needed X 2.5 the exposure time or + 1,5 EV).

Rue des Tables Claudiennes, January 31, 2023

69001 Lyon

France

After exposure, the film was processed using Adox Adonal (= Agfa Rodinal) developer at dilution 1+50, 20°C for 22 min according to the manufacturer indication.

The film was then digitalized using a Sony A7 body adapted to a Minolta Auto Bellows III and a Minolta Slide Duplicator using a lens Minolta Bellow Macro Rokkor 50mm f/3.5 at a reproduction ratio of 1:1. The reproduced RAW files obtained were processed in LR prior the the final JPEG editions.

All views of the film are presented in the dedicated album either in the printed framed versions and unframed full-size jpeg.

About the camera and the lens:

This camera is a practically mint sample of Zorki 1 arrived to me in Lyon, France, January 10, 2023.

The camera looked exiting from the KMZ factory in USSR almost 70 years later spent in a time capsule ... with almost no traces of use. According to a custom receipt of July 28, 1955, signed in Vienna, Austria, the camera body and lens are the original matched ones. As for the original FED, FED-Zorki and Zorki's ("ФЭД", "ФЭД-Зоркий", „Зоркий“), the Zorki 1 was a straight legal copy of the Oskar Barnack Leica II after the cancelation of German camera patents following the end of WWII.

This Zorki 1 is a type D model PM1115 (year 1955 according sovietcams.com/index7584.html). Type D Zorki's were produced from 1953 to 1955 in about 250.000 units with serial numbers ranging from #470.000 to (in 1955) #55 45.000. The original lens of this Zorki units is an collapsible lens Industar-22 1:3.5 f=5cm.

In the rear pocket of the ever-ready leather bag was deposited the custom receipt and a film label of Agfa negative-color CN17 likely from the 60's.

The Mulch Is An Abiotic Part Of The Ecosystem Because It Is Non-Living And Has To Be Produced By Man.

These plots show the yellow fluorescence of a natural yellow/brown zircon. The image shows the stone illuminated by UV light around 370nm. The two spectra show the broad band emission when excited by 254nm Hg light (orange line) and by 365nm LED light (blue line, shifted up 10 units for clarity).

The thin grey lines show gaussian profiles, computed in photon energy space, fitted to the two spectra and plotted here in wavelength space (which makes an asymmetric profile broadened to the red). The fit parameters are shown on the plot ('Gauss_1' referring to the 254nm spectrum).

The fact that single gaussians fit so well supports the notion that this radiation-induced colour centre fluorescence is a single process acting within the crystal.

Such stones have been subject to accumulating radiation damage produced by neutrons and alpha particles emitted during the radiative decay of uranium and thorium impurities over hundreds of millions or even billions of years.

Note that this measurement can only be made with a flux-calibrated spectrometer having a well determined conversion from spectrometer counts to (relative) energy per unit wavelength.

Jojoba Oil Similar structure with human’s sebum, excellent absorption, moisturizing, soften skin without stickiness *Sweet Almond Oil Ease itching, specially for dry skin, recovers tired skin to soften Lip balm and tint combined lip brush container. Delivers moist lips anytime. Menthol ingredient gives cool feelings and plumping effect.

More natural and vivid color as time goes on!

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Easy to pull up and remove

Upto 12 hours of absorption ; Pant style diapers

Made from non woven, soft and breathable material that is gentle on your baby's skin

Zig-Zag channel top layer creates a larger absorbing area and helps in uniform liquid distribution

The bottom layer consists of gel magnets, which are hydrophilic in nature and absorbs large amounts of liquid to keep your baby dry

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Audimute sound absorption panels are great for homes, apartments, and more. Absorb up 100% of the mid and high frequencies in a space. Can be customized with ANY image, photo or logo - also available in over 600 fabric selections!

- MERINO sheepskin lining offers all of the advantages of wool over synthetic fibers, providing efficient shock absorption and superior thermal comfort. Sheepskin contains lanolin, a natural substance, which soothes the horse's sensitive or inflamed skin. When sheepskin is set directly against the animal's body, it stimulates blood circulation and promotes a therapeutic effect.

- The Non-Slip mesh upper assures perfect grip and steadily secures the MerinoLUX Half-Pad under the saddle.

- Breathable 3-Dimensional Spacer fabric reduces heat build-up and provides excellent moisture vapor transfer.

- The black non-slip mesh is not visible under the saddle, conforming to the FEI rules and regulations.

- Optimum thickness of the MerinoLUX Half-Pad does not compromise the fit of the saddle.

TKOOFN Baja covering guiding wheel cover fits mostly all cars with its global dimension. Constructed from comfy as well as soft product, it showcases a standard coat weave layout. The cover shields hands from cool and also warm guiding wheels and also includes a comfy surface area to a routine wheel.

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Click on www.exoticcarsstore.wupples.com to get more information

A comparison of pheophrbide-a with chlorophyll (bay-leaf extract in ethanol). This also shows the effects of self-absorption of the shorter wavelength emission.

Sonata Vario and Memo acoustic absorbers installed within the foyer of the Oriental Institute building at Oxford University. Many thanks to Phil Rust at the Oxford University Estates Directorate for his help with this project