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AirDrain Agronomic Natural Grass Drainage at the Chesapeake Energy Roof Top Sports Field
74,000 sqft. Natural Grass Field
Benefits of AirDrain in a green roofing system include:
AirDrain creates and helps maintain a constant Gmax for artificial turf (See below)
Thickness and resin consistency of AirDrain provides uniform shock absorbency
Shock absorption reduces the strain on joints and ligaments
AirDrain is only limited by the drainage capacity of the profile above it
Installation time measured in days instead of weeks
AirDrain can be reused when the artificial turf must be replaced
Water harvesting reclamation and reuse
Helps qualify for LEED and other green building credits
A smaller carbon and development footprint with reduced site disturbance
100% vertical drainage under the entire field surface
Minimizes water related injuries / Less infill migration due to superior drainage
AirDrain is a 100% recycled product
Less infill migration due to superior drainage
GMAX Information Existing Conditions for Testing
Turf - 2 1/2” Slit Film, in filled with 50% Green Rubber Infill and 50% Silica Sand.
The drainage/shock pad and turf underlying substrate consists of a concrete deck/rooftop, coated with a waterproof membrane and 10 ounce 100% recycled polyester geo-textile filter fabric.
The Standard Test Method for Shock-Absorbing Properties of Playing Surface Systems and Materials (ASTM F1936-98 American Football Field) testing locations and procedure were preformed. The tests were performed using a Triax 2000 A-1 Missile, tripod mounted Gmax registration unit(www.triax2000.com). This report presents background information on the test procedures, existing conditions, test results and observations in football, baseball, softball, soccer, lacrosse, and field hockey artificial sports fields.
The environmental impact of a green roof is undenyable, and adds significantly to the LEED Point system designed by the USGC in all five major areas: sustainable site development, water savings, energy efficiency, materials selection, and indoor environmental quality. Green roofing replaces the green space displaced by a building, prevents excess storm water drainage, reduces the temperature of a building and the urban heat island effect, protects and extends the useful life of a roof, and reduce energy demands.
What's more, a green roof incorporating AirDrain means your design includes renewable, recycled, and locally obtained materials. We know you have a choice in designing a green roof, and we hope you consider the many benefits of AirDrain.
A typical AirDrain green roof
AirDrain Agronomic Natural Grass Drainage at the Chesapeake Energy Roof Top Sports Field
74,000 sqft. Natural Grass Field
Benefits of AirDrain in a green roofing system include:
AirDrain creates and helps maintain a constant Gmax for artificial turf (See below)
Thickness and resin consistency of AirDrain provides uniform shock absorbency
Shock absorption reduces the strain on joints and ligaments
AirDrain is only limited by the drainage capacity of the profile above it
Installation time measured in days instead of weeks
AirDrain can be reused when the artificial turf must be replaced
Water harvesting reclamation and reuse
Helps qualify for LEED and other green building credits
A smaller carbon and development footprint with reduced site disturbance
100% vertical drainage under the entire field surface
Minimizes water related injuries / Less infill migration due to superior drainage
AirDrain is a 100% recycled product
Less infill migration due to superior drainage
GMAX Information Existing Conditions for Testing
Turf - 2 1/2” Slit Film, in filled with 50% Green Rubber Infill and 50% Silica Sand.
The drainage/shock pad and turf underlying substrate consists of a concrete deck/rooftop, coated with a waterproof membrane and 10 ounce 100% recycled polyester geo-textile filter fabric.
The Standard Test Method for Shock-Absorbing Properties of Playing Surface Systems and Materials (ASTM F1936-98 American Football Field) testing locations and procedure were preformed. The tests were performed using a Triax 2000 A-1 Missile, tripod mounted Gmax registration unit(www.triax2000.com). This report presents background information on the test procedures, existing conditions, test results and observations in football, baseball, softball, soccer, lacrosse, and field hockey artificial sports fields.
The environmental impact of a green roof is undenyable, and adds significantly to the LEED Point system designed by the USGC in all five major areas: sustainable site development, water savings, energy efficiency, materials selection, and indoor environmental quality. Green roofing replaces the green space displaced by a building, prevents excess storm water drainage, reduces the temperature of a building and the urban heat island effect, protects and extends the useful life of a roof, and reduce energy demands.
What's more, a green roof incorporating AirDrain means your design includes renewable, recycled, and locally obtained materials. We know you have a choice in designing a green roof, and we hope you consider the many benefits of AirDrain.
A typical AirDrain green roof
These plots show the yellow fluorescence of a natural yellow/brown zircon. The image shows the stone illuminated by UV light around 370nm. The two spectra show the broad band emission when excited by 254nm Hg light (orange line) and by 365nm LED light (blue line, shifted up 10 units for clarity).
The thin grey lines show gaussian profiles, computed in photon energy space, fitted to the two spectra and plotted here in wavelength space (which makes an asymmetric profile broadened to the red). The fit parameters are shown on the plot ('Gauss_1' referring to the 254nm spectrum).
The fact that single gaussians fit so well supports the notion that this radiation-induced colour centre fluorescence is a single process acting within the crystal.
Such stones have been subject to accumulating radiation damage produced by neutrons and alpha particles emitted during the radiative decay of uranium and thorium impurities over hundreds of millions or even billions of years.
Note that this measurement can only be made with a flux-calibrated spectrometer having a well determined conversion from spectrometer counts to (relative) energy per unit wavelength.
Jojoba Oil Similar structure with human’s sebum, excellent absorption, moisturizing, soften skin without stickiness *Sweet Almond Oil Ease itching, specially for dry skin, recovers tired skin to soften Lip balm and tint combined lip brush container. Delivers moist lips anytime. Menthol ingredient gives cool feelings and plumping effect.
More natural and vivid color as time goes on!
Más info en Español: cosmeticacoreana.blogspot.com.es/2012/03/tony-moly-backst...
Kantara Castle is a castle in Northern Cyprus. The exact date of its construction remains unknown, the most plausible theory being the Byzantine period. It combines Byzantine and Frankish architectural elements, became derelict in 1525 and was dismantled in 1560. It gave its name to the nearby Kantara monastery.
Kantara is situated to the east of the Buffavento Castle with the St. Hilarion Castle standing even farther to the west forming a protective axis in the Kyrenia mountain range of Northern Cyprus. As both of the other castles are visible from Buffavento, it was used to pass signals between them. The castles were built in conjunction during the Byzantine period but the date of their commission remains unknown. Among the theories put forward to explain their origin the popular are: In 965 (after the expulsion of the Arabs from the island), in 1091 by the rebel Rhapsomates, during the rule of Eumathios Philokales (1091–1094), in the late 11th century after the Cilician coast was overrun by the Seljuk Empire or in 1096 as a countermeasure for the upheaval caused by the First Crusade. The name of the castle derives from the Cypriot Maronite Arabic word kandak which means stone bridge.
Serving as a watchtower for pirate raids, an administrative centre and a place of incarceration the castle saw next to no fighting. In 1191, it was taken by Richard the Lionheart during his campaign against the island's ruler Isaac Komnenos of Cyprus. Richard subsequently sold the island to the Knights Templar whose rule abruptly ended after a major revolt in Nicosia. Cyprus was thus resold to Guy of Lusignan, the former king of Jerusalem who became the first king of Cyprus in 1192. A period of peace ended with the death of Hugh I of Cyprus in 1218. A struggle over who should act as the kingdom's regent ensued, pitting the House of Ibelin with the local supporters of Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor. Frederick's arrival in Limassol in 1228 escalated the conflict into an open war. In 1229, the castle came under siege by the Ibelins, who bombarded it with trebuchets, reportedly destroying several buildings. The castle's garrison surrendered a year later when its commander Gauvain de Cheneche was killed by a crossbow bolt. Afterwards, the Lusignans continued their reign interrupted only by occasional palace coups. In 1373, Cyprus was invaded by the Republic of Genoa imprisoning the local nobility. According to Philip of Novara's chronicle prince John of Antioch managed to escape from Famagusta after disguising himself as the valet of his cook. John subsequently fled to Kantara, from which he organised a successful counter offensive that expelled the Genoese after the latter failed to capture Kantara.
Recognizing the importance of the three Kyrenian castles James I of Cyprus and Peter II of Cyprus vastly expanded their fortifications. During their reign Kantara was transformed into a garrison castle, barracks and an enormous cistern were erected. Another cistern located at the basement of the castle was converted into a prison and later made into rooms for the captain of garrison. In 1489, the Republic of Venice acquired the island, 1519 Italian engineers branded the castle as obsolete. At which time the Kyrenian mountain castles fell into disuse, the last garrison departing in 1525. The castle was finally dismantled in 1560. Kantara's buildings remain in a relatively good condition until they were subjected to looting in the early 20th century. In 1905, the castle was classified as historic heritage due to the efforts of the French archaeologist Camille Enlart. In 1914, British colonial authorities under George Jeffery undertook restoration work at the castle, in an effort to attract sightseers. In 1939, the foundation of the horseshoe tower was refurbished in order to prevent it from collapsing.
Kantara is situated on an elevation of 550–600 metres (1,800–1,970 ft) above sea level. The castle is surrounded by ridges of barren granite and sandstone bedrock which were used as the main building materials for the castle's construction. The materials were subjected to coarse masonry; most of the buildings are coated with thick layers of plaster to cover the poor quality of the materials. Doors, windows and quoins were transported from elsewhere. The lack of local water sources necessitated the collection of rainwater through the use flat roofs which were connected to the cisterns through a drainage system. Among the six cisterns used the largest stood outside the walls. Buildings contained bread ovens and perhaps even a mill.
The steep crags limit the available pathways to a narrow valley on its eastern side, which is guarded by twin towers named Nicolas and Faucherre respectively. The first gate is followed by a barrel vaulted barbican, a steep chicane then leads to the portcullis protected main gate. The barbican shows great similarities with contemporary Cilician Armenian designs, having a gallery of arrowslits and two towers of its own. To the north of the main gate stands a horseshoe shaped tower providing additional support to the defenders of the barbican. The apsidal vault at the front of the tower facilitates better shock absorption. Despite its similarities to Roman and Byzantine military architecture it was in fact constructed sometime between 1208 and 1228.
The surrounding 120 by 70 metres (390 ft × 230 ft) wall contained ten garrison rooms which were constructed in the late 14th century, the barracks were connected with a latrine. A concealed postern, guarded by two towers lies on the south–western corner of the castle. To the south of the main gate, was built a rectangular, barrel vaulted keep, used a prison, later converted into a cistern. The centre of its northern wall is graced by a refined late 14th century Frankish window built from what once was an embrasure. The shape of the embrasures throughout the castle points out that they were mainly used by crossbowmen. At the top of the castle stand the ruins of "The Queen's Chamber", an alleged fortified chapel destroyed in a Turkish naval bombardment in 1525 and looted in the 19th century.
Northern Cyprus, officially the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus (TRNC), is a de facto state that comprises the northeastern portion of the island of Cyprus. It is recognised only by Turkey, and its territory is considered by all other states to be part of the Republic of Cyprus.
Northern Cyprus extends from the tip of the Karpass Peninsula in the northeast to Morphou Bay, Cape Kormakitis and its westernmost point, the Kokkina exclave in the west. Its southernmost point is the village of Louroujina. A buffer zone under the control of the United Nations stretches between Northern Cyprus and the rest of the island and divides Nicosia, the island's largest city and capital of both sides.
A coup d'état in 1974, performed as part of an attempt to annex the island to Greece, prompted the Turkish invasion of Cyprus. This resulted in the eviction of much of the north's Greek Cypriot population, the flight of Turkish Cypriots from the south, and the partitioning of the island, leading to a unilateral declaration of independence by the north in 1983. Due to its lack of recognition, Northern Cyprus is heavily dependent on Turkey for economic, political and military support.
Attempts to reach a solution to the Cyprus dispute have been unsuccessful. The Turkish Army maintains a large force in Northern Cyprus with the support and approval of the TRNC government, while the Republic of Cyprus, the European Union as a whole, and the international community regard it as an occupation force. This military presence has been denounced in several United Nations Security Council resolutions.
Northern Cyprus is a semi-presidential, democratic republic with a cultural heritage incorporating various influences and an economy that is dominated by the services sector. The economy has seen growth through the 2000s and 2010s, with the GNP per capita more than tripling in the 2000s, but is held back by an international embargo due to the official closure of the ports in Northern Cyprus by the Republic of Cyprus. The official language is Turkish, with a distinct local dialect being spoken. The vast majority of the population consists of Sunni Muslims, while religious attitudes are mostly moderate and secular. Northern Cyprus is an observer state of ECO and OIC under the name "Turkish Cypriot State", PACE under the name "Turkish Cypriot Community", and Organization of Turkic States with its own name.
Several distinct periods of Cypriot intercommunal violence involving the two main ethnic communities, Greek Cypriots and Turkish Cypriots, marked mid-20th century Cyprus. These included the Cyprus Emergency of 1955–59 during British rule, the post-independence Cyprus crisis of 1963–64, and the Cyprus crisis of 1967. Hostilities culminated in the 1974 de facto division of the island along the Green Line following the Turkish invasion of Cyprus. The region has been relatively peaceful since then, but the Cyprus dispute has continued, with various attempts to solve it diplomatically having been generally unsuccessful.
Cyprus, an island lying in the eastern Mediterranean, hosted a population of Greeks and Turks (four-fifths and one-fifth, respectively), who lived under British rule in the late nineteenth-century and the first half of the twentieth-century. Christian Orthodox Church of Cyprus played a prominent political role among the Greek Cypriot community, a privilege that it acquired during the Ottoman Empire with the employment of the millet system, which gave the archbishop an unofficial ethnarch status.
The repeated rejections by the British of Greek Cypriot demands for enosis, union with Greece, led to armed resistance, organised by the National Organization of Cypriot Struggle, or EOKA. EOKA, led by the Greek-Cypriot commander George Grivas, systematically targeted British colonial authorities. One of the effects of EOKA's campaign was to alter the Turkish position from demanding full reincorporation into Turkey to a demand for taksim (partition). EOKA's mission and activities caused a "Cretan syndrome" (see Turkish Resistance Organisation) within the Turkish Cypriot community, as its members feared that they would be forced to leave the island in such a case as had been the case with Cretan Turks. As such, they preferred the continuation of British colonial rule and then taksim, the division of the island. Due to the Turkish Cypriots' support for the British, EOKA's leader, Georgios Grivas, declared them to be enemies. The fact that the Turks were a minority was, according to Nihat Erim, to be addressed by the transfer of thousands of Turks from mainland Turkey so that Greek Cypriots would cease to be the majority. When Erim visited Cyprus as the Turkish representative, he was advised by Field Marshal Sir John Harding, the then Governor of Cyprus, that Turkey should send educated Turks to settle in Cyprus.
Turkey actively promoted the idea that on the island of Cyprus two distinctive communities existed, and sidestepped its former claim that "the people of Cyprus were all Turkish subjects". In doing so, Turkey's aim to have self-determination of two to-be equal communities in effect led to de jure partition of the island.[citation needed] This could be justified to the international community against the will of the majority Greek population of the island. Dr. Fazil Küçük in 1954 had already proposed Cyprus be divided in two at the 35° parallel.
Lindley Dan, from Notre Dame University, spotted the roots of intercommunal violence to different visions among the two communities of Cyprus (enosis for Greek Cypriots, taksim for Turkish Cypriots). Also, Lindlay wrote that "the merging of church, schools/education, and politics in divisive and nationalistic ways" had played a crucial role in creation of havoc in Cyprus' history. Attalides Michael also pointed to the opposing nationalisms as the cause of the Cyprus problem.
By the mid-1950's, the "Cyprus is Turkish" party, movement, and slogan gained force in both Cyprus and Turkey. In a 1954 editorial, Turkish Cypriot leader Dr. Fazil Kuchuk expressed the sentiment that the Turkish youth had grown up with the idea that "as soon as Great Britain leaves the island, it will be taken over by the Turks", and that "Turkey cannot tolerate otherwise". This perspective contributed to the willingness of Turkish Cypriots to align themselves with the British, who started recruiting Turkish Cypriots into the police force that patrolled Cyprus to fight EOKA, a Greek Cypriot nationalist organisation that sought to rid the island of British rule.
EOKA targeted colonial authorities, including police, but Georgios Grivas, the leader of EOKA, did not initially wish to open up a new front by fighting Turkish Cypriots and reassured them that EOKA would not harm their people. In 1956, some Turkish Cypriot policemen were killed by EOKA members and this provoked some intercommunal violence in the spring and summer, but these attacks on policemen were not motivated by the fact that they were Turkish Cypriots.
However, in January 1957, Grivas changed his policy as his forces in the mountains became increasingly pressured by the British Crown forces. In order to divert the attention of the Crown forces, EOKA members started to target Turkish Cypriot policemen intentionally in the towns, so that Turkish Cypriots would riot against the Greek Cypriots and the security forces would have to be diverted to the towns to restore order. The killing of a Turkish Cypriot policeman on 19 January, when a power station was bombed, and the injury of three others, provoked three days of intercommunal violence in Nicosia. The two communities targeted each other in reprisals, at least one Greek Cypriot was killed and the British Army was deployed in the streets. Greek Cypriot stores were burned and their neighbourhoods attacked. Following the events, the Greek Cypriot leadership spread the propaganda that the riots had merely been an act of Turkish Cypriot aggression. Such events created chaos and drove the communities apart both in Cyprus and in Turkey.
On 22 October 1957 Sir Hugh Mackintosh Foot replaced Sir John Harding as the British Governor of Cyprus. Foot suggested five to seven years of self-government before any final decision. His plan rejected both enosis and taksim. The Turkish Cypriot response to this plan was a series of anti-British demonstrations in Nicosia on 27 and 28 January 1958 rejecting the proposed plan because the plan did not include partition. The British then withdrew the plan.
In 1957, Black Gang, a Turkish Cypriot pro-taksim paramilitary organisation, was formed to patrol a Turkish Cypriot enclave, the Tahtakale district of Nicosia, against activities of EOKA. The organisation later attempted to grow into a national scale, but failed to gain public support.
By 1958, signs of dissatisfaction with the British increased on both sides, with a group of Turkish Cypriots forming Volkan (later renamed to the Turkish Resistance Organisation) paramilitary group to promote partition and the annexation of Cyprus to Turkey as dictated by the Menderes plan. Volkan initially consisted of roughly 100 members, with the stated aim of raising awareness in Turkey of the Cyprus issue and courting military training and support for Turkish Cypriot fighters from the Turkish government.
In June 1958, the British Prime Minister, Harold Macmillan, was expected to propose a plan to resolve the Cyprus issue. In light of the new development, the Turks rioted in Nicosia to promote the idea that Greek and Turkish Cypriots could not live together and therefore any plan that did not include partition would not be viable. This violence was soon followed by bombing, Greek Cypriot deaths and looting of Greek Cypriot-owned shops and houses. Greek and Turkish Cypriots started to flee mixed population villages where they were a minority in search of safety. This was effectively the beginning of the segregation of the two communities. On 7 June 1958, a bomb exploded at the entrance of the Turkish Embassy in Cyprus. Following the bombing, Turkish Cypriots looted Greek Cypriot properties. On 26 June 1984, the Turkish Cypriot leader, Rauf Denktaş, admitted on British channel ITV that the bomb was placed by the Turks themselves in order to create tension. On 9 January 1995, Rauf Denktaş repeated his claim to the famous Turkish newspaper Milliyet in Turkey.
The crisis reached a climax on 12 June 1958, when eight Greeks, out of an armed group of thirty five arrested by soldiers of the Royal Horse Guards on suspicion of preparing an attack on the Turkish quarter of Skylloura, were killed in a suspected attack by Turkish Cypriot locals, near the village of Geunyeli, having been ordered to walk back to their village of Kondemenos.
After the EOKA campaign had begun, the British government successfully began to turn the Cyprus issue from a British colonial problem into a Greek-Turkish issue. British diplomacy exerted backstage influence on the Adnan Menderes government, with the aim of making Turkey active in Cyprus. For the British, the attempt had a twofold objective. The EOKA campaign would be silenced as quickly as possible, and Turkish Cypriots would not side with Greek Cypriots against the British colonial claims over the island, which would thus remain under the British. The Turkish Cypriot leadership visited Menderes to discuss the Cyprus issue. When asked how the Turkish Cypriots should respond to the Greek Cypriot claim of enosis, Menderes replied: "You should go to the British foreign minister and request the status quo be prolonged, Cyprus to remain as a British colony". When the Turkish Cypriots visited the British Foreign Secretary and requested for Cyprus to remain a colony, he replied: "You should not be asking for colonialism at this day and age, you should be asking for Cyprus be returned to Turkey, its former owner".
As Turkish Cypriots began to look to Turkey for protection, Greek Cypriots soon understood that enosis was extremely unlikely. The Greek Cypriot leader, Archbishop Makarios III, now set independence for the island as his objective.
Britain resolved to solve the dispute by creating an independent Cyprus. In 1959, all involved parties signed the Zurich Agreements: Britain, Turkey, Greece, and the Greek and Turkish Cypriot leaders, Makarios and Dr. Fazil Kucuk, respectively. The new constitution drew heavily on the ethnic composition of the island. The President would be a Greek Cypriot, and the Vice-President a Turkish Cypriot with an equal veto. The contribution to the public service would be set at a ratio of 70:30, and the Supreme Court would consist of an equal number of judges from both communities as well as an independent judge who was not Greek, Turkish or British. The Zurich Agreements were supplemented by a number of treaties. The Treaty of Guarantee stated that secession or union with any state was forbidden, and that Greece, Turkey and Britain would be given guarantor status to intervene if that was violated. The Treaty of Alliance allowed for two small Greek and Turkish military contingents to be stationed on the island, and the Treaty of Establishment gave Britain sovereignty over two bases in Akrotiri and Dhekelia.
On 15 August 1960, the Colony of Cyprus became fully independent as the Republic of Cyprus. The new republic remained within the Commonwealth of Nations.
The new constitution brought dissatisfaction to Greek Cypriots, who felt it to be highly unjust for them for historical, demographic and contributional reasons. Although 80% of the island's population were Greek Cypriots and these indigenous people had lived on the island for thousands of years and paid 94% of taxes, the new constitution was giving the 17% of the population that was Turkish Cypriots, who paid 6% of taxes, around 30% of government jobs and 40% of national security jobs.
Within three years tensions between the two communities in administrative affairs began to show. In particular disputes over separate municipalities and taxation created a deadlock in government. A constitutional court ruled in 1963 Makarios had failed to uphold article 173 of the constitution which called for the establishment of separate municipalities for Turkish Cypriots. Makarios subsequently declared his intention to ignore the judgement, resulting in the West German judge resigning from his position. Makarios proposed thirteen amendments to the constitution, which would have had the effect of resolving most of the issues in the Greek Cypriot favour. Under the proposals, the President and Vice-President would lose their veto, the separate municipalities as sought after by the Turkish Cypriots would be abandoned, the need for separate majorities by both communities in passing legislation would be discarded and the civil service contribution would be set at actual population ratios (82:18) instead of the slightly higher figure for Turkish Cypriots.
The intention behind the amendments has long been called into question. The Akritas plan, written in the height of the constitutional dispute by the Greek Cypriot interior minister Polycarpos Georkadjis, called for the removal of undesirable elements of the constitution so as to allow power-sharing to work. The plan envisaged a swift retaliatory attack on Turkish Cypriot strongholds should Turkish Cypriots resort to violence to resist the measures, stating "In the event of a planned or staged Turkish attack, it is imperative to overcome it by force in the shortest possible time, because if we succeed in gaining command of the situation (in one or two days), no outside, intervention would be either justified or possible." Whether Makarios's proposals were part of the Akritas plan is unclear, however it remains that sentiment towards enosis had not completely disappeared with independence. Makarios described independence as "a step on the road to enosis".[31] Preparations for conflict were not entirely absent from Turkish Cypriots either, with right wing elements still believing taksim (partition) the best safeguard against enosis.
Greek Cypriots however believe the amendments were a necessity stemming from a perceived attempt by Turkish Cypriots to frustrate the working of government. Turkish Cypriots saw it as a means to reduce their status within the state from one of co-founder to that of minority, seeing it as a first step towards enosis. The security situation deteriorated rapidly.
Main articles: Bloody Christmas (1963) and Battle of Tillyria
An armed conflict was triggered after December 21, 1963, a period remembered by Turkish Cypriots as Bloody Christmas, when a Greek Cypriot policemen that had been called to help deal with a taxi driver refusing officers already on the scene access to check the identification documents of his customers, took out his gun upon arrival and shot and killed the taxi driver and his partner. Eric Solsten summarised the events as follows: "a Greek Cypriot police patrol, ostensibly checking identification documents, stopped a Turkish Cypriot couple on the edge of the Turkish quarter. A hostile crowd gathered, shots were fired, and two Turkish Cypriots were killed."
In the morning after the shooting, crowds gathered in protest in Northern Nicosia, likely encouraged by the TMT, without incident. On the evening of the 22nd, gunfire broke out, communication lines to the Turkish neighbourhoods were cut, and the Greek Cypriot police occupied the nearby airport. On the 23rd, a ceasefire was negotiated, but did not hold. Fighting, including automatic weapons fire, between Greek and Turkish Cypriots and militias increased in Nicosia and Larnaca. A force of Greek Cypriot irregulars led by Nikos Sampson entered the Nicosia suburb of Omorphita and engaged in heavy firing on armed, as well as by some accounts unarmed, Turkish Cypriots. The Omorphita clash has been described by Turkish Cypriots as a massacre, while this view has generally not been acknowledged by Greek Cypriots.
Further ceasefires were arranged between the two sides, but also failed. By Christmas Eve, the 24th, Britain, Greece, and Turkey had joined talks, with all sides calling for a truce. On Christmas day, Turkish fighter jets overflew Nicosia in a show of support. Finally it was agreed to allow a force of 2,700 British soldiers to help enforce a ceasefire. In the next days, a "buffer zone" was created in Nicosia, and a British officer marked a line on a map with green ink, separating the two sides of the city, which was the beginning of the "Green Line". Fighting continued across the island for the next several weeks.
In total 364 Turkish Cypriots and 174 Greek Cypriots were killed during the violence. 25,000 Turkish Cypriots from 103-109 villages fled and were displaced into enclaves and thousands of Turkish Cypriot houses were ransacked or completely destroyed.
Contemporary newspapers also reported on the forceful exodus of the Turkish Cypriots from their homes. According to The Times in 1964, threats, shootings and attempts of arson were committed against the Turkish Cypriots to force them out of their homes. The Daily Express wrote that "25,000 Turks have already been forced to leave their homes". The Guardian reported a massacre of Turks at Limassol on 16 February 1964.
Turkey had by now readied its fleet and its fighter jets appeared over Nicosia. Turkey was dissuaded from direct involvement by the creation of a United Nations Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus (UNFICYP) in 1964. Despite the negotiated ceasefire in Nicosia, attacks on the Turkish Cypriot persisted, particularly in Limassol. Concerned about the possibility of a Turkish invasion, Makarios undertook the creation of a Greek Cypriot conscript-based army called the "National Guard". A general from Greece took charge of the army, whilst a further 20,000 well-equipped officers and men were smuggled from Greece into Cyprus. Turkey threatened to intervene once more, but was prevented by a strongly worded letter from the American President Lyndon B. Johnson, anxious to avoid a conflict between NATO allies Greece and Turkey at the height of the Cold War.
Turkish Cypriots had by now established an important bridgehead at Kokkina, provided with arms, volunteers and materials from Turkey and abroad. Seeing this incursion of foreign weapons and troops as a major threat, the Cypriot government invited George Grivas to return from Greece as commander of the Greek troops on the island and launch a major attack on the bridgehead. Turkey retaliated by dispatching its fighter jets to bomb Greek positions, causing Makarios to threaten an attack on every Turkish Cypriot village on the island if the bombings did not cease. The conflict had now drawn in Greece and Turkey, with both countries amassing troops on their Thracian borders. Efforts at mediation by Dean Acheson, a former U.S. Secretary of State, and UN-appointed mediator Galo Plaza had failed, all the while the division of the two communities becoming more apparent. Greek Cypriot forces were estimated at some 30,000, including the National Guard and the large contingent from Greece. Defending the Turkish Cypriot enclaves was a force of approximately 5,000 irregulars, led by a Turkish colonel, but lacking the equipment and organisation of the Greek forces.
The Secretary-General of the United Nations in 1964, U Thant, reported the damage during the conflicts:
UNFICYP carried out a detailed survey of all damage to properties throughout the island during the disturbances; it shows that in 109 villages, most of them Turkish-Cypriot or mixed villages, 527 houses have been destroyed while 2,000 others have suffered damage from looting.
The situation worsened in 1967, when a military junta overthrew the democratically elected government of Greece, and began applying pressure on Makarios to achieve enosis. Makarios, not wishing to become part of a military dictatorship or trigger a Turkish invasion, began to distance himself from the goal of enosis. This caused tensions with the junta in Greece as well as George Grivas in Cyprus. Grivas's control over the National Guard and Greek contingent was seen as a threat to Makarios's position, who now feared a possible coup.[citation needed] The National Guard and Cyprus Police began patrolling the Turkish Cypriot enclaves of Ayios Theodoros and Kophinou, and on November 15 engaged in heavy fighting with the Turkish Cypriots.
By the time of his withdrawal 26 Turkish Cypriots had been killed. Turkey replied with an ultimatum demanding that Grivas be removed from the island, that the troops smuggled from Greece in excess of the limits of the Treaty of Alliance be removed, and that the economic blockades on the Turkish Cypriot enclaves be lifted. Grivas was recalled by the Athens Junta and the 12,000 Greek troops were withdrawn. Makarios now attempted to consolidate his position by reducing the number of National Guard troops, and by creating a paramilitary force loyal to Cypriot independence. In 1968, acknowledging that enosis was now all but impossible, Makarios stated, "A solution by necessity must be sought within the limits of what is feasible which does not always coincide with the limits of what is desirable."
After 1967 tensions between the Greek and Turkish Cypriots subsided. Instead, the main source of tension on the island came from factions within the Greek Cypriot community. Although Makarios had effectively abandoned enosis in favour of an 'attainable solution', many others continued to believe that the only legitimate political aspiration for Greek Cypriots was union with Greece.
On his arrival, Grivas began by establishing a nationalist paramilitary group known as the National Organization of Cypriot Fighters (Ethniki Organosis Kyprion Agoniston B or EOKA-B), drawing comparisons with the EOKA struggle for enosis under the British colonial administration of the 1950s.
The military junta in Athens saw Makarios as an obstacle. Makarios's failure to disband the National Guard, whose officer class was dominated by mainland Greeks, had meant the junta had practical control over the Cypriot military establishment, leaving Makarios isolated and a vulnerable target.
During the first Turkish invasion, Turkish troops invaded Cyprus territory on 20 July 1974, invoking its rights under the Treaty of Guarantee. This expansion of Turkish-occupied zone violated International Law as well as the Charter of the United Nations. Turkish troops managed to capture 3% of the island which was accompanied by the burning of the Turkish Cypriot quarter, as well as the raping and killing of women and children. A temporary cease-fire followed which was mitigated by the UN Security Council. Subsequently, the Greek military Junta collapsed on July 23, 1974, and peace talks commenced in which a democratic government was installed. The Resolution 353 was broken after Turkey attacked a second time and managed to get a hold of 37% of Cyprus territory. The Island of Cyprus was appointed a Buffer Zone by the United Nations, which divided the island into two zones through the 'Green Line' and put an end to the Turkish invasion. Although Turkey announced that the occupied areas of Cyprus to be called the Federated Turkish State in 1975, it is not legitimised on a worldwide political scale. The United Nations called for the international recognition of independence for the Republic of Cyprus in the Security Council Resolution 367.
In the years after the Turkish invasion of northern Cyprus one can observe a history of failed talks between the two parties. The 1983 declaration of the independent Turkish Republic of Cyprus resulted in a rise of inter-communal tensions and made it increasingly hard to find mutual understanding. With Cyprus' interest of a possible EU membership and a new UN Secretary-General Kofi Annan in 1997 new hopes arose for a fresh start. International involvement from sides of the US and UK, wanting a solution to the Cyprus dispute prior to the EU accession led to political pressures for new talks. The believe that an accession without a solution would threaten Greek-Turkish relations and acknowledge the partition of the island would direct the coming negotiations.
Over the course of two years a concrete plan, the Annan plan was formulated. In 2004 the fifth version agreed upon from both sides and with the endorsement of Turkey, US, UK and EU then was presented to the public and was given a referendum in both Cypriot communities to assure the legitimisation of the resolution. The Turkish Cypriots voted with 65% for the plan, however the Greek Cypriots voted with a 76% majority against. The Annan plan contained multiple important topics. Firstly it established a confederation of two separate states called the United Cyprus Republic. Both communities would have autonomous states combined under one unified government. The members of parliament would be chosen according to the percentage in population numbers to ensure a just involvement from both communities. The paper proposed a demilitarisation of the island over the next years. Furthermore it agreed upon a number of 45000 Turkish settlers that could remain on the island. These settlers became a very important issue concerning peace talks. Originally the Turkish government encouraged Turks to settle in Cyprus providing transfer and property, to establish a counterpart to the Greek Cypriot population due to their 1 to 5 minority. With the economic situation many Turkish-Cypriot decided to leave the island, however their departure is made up by incoming Turkish settlers leaving the population ratio between Turkish Cypriots and Greek Cypriots stable. However all these points where criticised and as seen in the vote rejected mainly by the Greek Cypriots. These name the dissolution of the „Republic of Cyprus", economic consequences of a reunion and the remaining Turkish settlers as reason. Many claim that the plan was indeed drawing more from Turkish-Cypriot demands then Greek-Cypriot interests. Taking in consideration that the US wanted to keep Turkey as a strategic partner in future Middle Eastern conflicts.
A week after the failed referendum the Republic of Cyprus joined the EU. In multiple instances the EU tried to promote trade with Northern Cyprus but without internationally recognised ports this spiked a grand debate. Both side endure their intention of negotiations, however without the prospect of any new compromises or agreements the UN is unwilling to start the process again. Since 2004 negotiations took place in numbers but without any results, both sides are strongly holding on to their position without an agreeable solution in sight that would suit both parties.
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Upto 12 hours of absorption ; Pant style diapers
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Audimute sound absorption panels are great for homes, apartments, and more. Absorb up 100% of the mid and high frequencies in a space. Can be customized with ANY image, photo or logo - also available in over 600 fabric selections!
- MERINO sheepskin lining offers all of the advantages of wool over synthetic fibers, providing efficient shock absorption and superior thermal comfort. Sheepskin contains lanolin, a natural substance, which soothes the horse's sensitive or inflamed skin. When sheepskin is set directly against the animal's body, it stimulates blood circulation and promotes a therapeutic effect.
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Sonata Vario and Memo acoustic absorbers installed within the foyer of the Oriental Institute building at Oxford University. Many thanks to Phil Rust at the Oxford University Estates Directorate for his help with this project
06 August 2017
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Ventura, CA
A little self-awareness goes a really long way.
It’s totally different than self-absorption. I remember times where I directed way too much energy towards trying to craft some sort of image, to come across as a certain way, or to impress the right groups of people. It’s amazing how much time you can spend thinking about yourself without self-awareness.
Self-awarness takes honesty. Knowing your natural strengths, weaknesses, motivations, and tendencies can be such a difference-maker. The more I’ve understood these things about myself, the more I’ve understood the best ways for me to help people, things I should commit to that challenge me, and why the same event might trigger different reactions from me than other people I’m close to.
I’ve learned to embrace my adventurous side, while realizing that the things that grow me more are long term, patience-testing commitments. I’ve learned to appreciate the fact that I’m an inevitable optimist without expecting the same amount of belief from other people.
Everyone has their own path to growth, but it’s so much easier to commit to growth when you know your starting points.
This figure shows a full calculation of the mica fringe pattern using the methodology presented by R. Swanepoel, 1983, J. Phys. E: Sci. Instrum. 16, 1214. (orange line). The observed data are shown as the blue line (visible JAZ spectrum) and the blue x (NIR NIRQUEST spectrum - which does not resolve the fringes below about 1100nm).
In the calculation, the absorption coefficient (giving the imaginary part of the refractive index) has been determined from transmission measurements (green line) of a thicker (0.63 ± 0.02 mm) mica flake.
For simplicity, I have used a value for n (the real part of the refractive index) which is a linear function of wavelength. This is not a very good approximation and should really be replaced by a more appropriate functional form. However, the model is a respectable fit to the data.
The black dots show the interference order calculated by the simple geometrical formula for transmission maxima (no phase change of pi as in reflection) are given by:
2 n d cos(beta) = m Lambda_t
where n is the refractive index (using the same linear function), d is the mica thickness, beta is the angle of refraction (inside the mica) = zero in this case, m is the order of the interference and Lambda_t is the wavelength of maximum transmission.
In this plot, the order, m, runs from 10 to 62.
This has been an interesting exercise for me in classical optics modelling and is, of course, very relevant for problems such as 'fringing' in CCD imaging.
Function: protection, secretion, absorption
Location: linings of uterus, stomach and intestines
Epithelial Tissue
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Balanced Calcium Formula To Deliver More Calcium
Are you taking the right kind of calcium supplement?
Are you sure that you are absorbing the calcium tablets you are taking?
With Nn Calcium Plus, you can be sure that you are getting the right form of calcium that allows maximum absorption for a lifetime of stronger bones.
Superior, balanced calcium formula with the essential nutrients, including Magnesium, Vitamin D, Manganese and Zinc, needed to optimise calcium absorption and utilisation in the body. Each easy-to-swallow tablet provides 1,050mg of Calcium citrate.
Vitamin D omproves calcium absorption in the intestines, directs calcium into the bones and suppresses the parathyroid hormones responsible for calcium loss from the bones. Manganese, on the other hand, accelerates the synthesis of mucopolysaccharides for bone matrix formation, while Zinc activates osteoblast (bone forming cells), and improves collagen and chondroitin synthesis for stronger joints. Most importantly, Magnesium ensures bones formed are more flexible and less brittle.
• No chalky taste
• Higher absorption - 2.5 times MORE bio-available than calcium carbonate*
• May be taken any time - even on an empty stomach
• Does not cause constipation or gas like conventional calcium tablets
*Based on research by University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, published in Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 1999 Nov; 39(11):1151-4
Are you absorbing your calcium supplements?
You may not be getting the most out of the calcium that you are taking if it is not in the correct form. Studies confirmed that Calcium citrate is more superior to most commercial calcium supplements. Even if you have insufficient stomach acid like most people, you would still be able to absorb 45% of Calcium citrate supplements, in comparison to only 4% of Calcium carbonate supplement. When calcium isn't absorbed into your bones, it collects in your joints causing bone spurs (a symptom of arthritis), in your kidneys causing kidney stones, or in your blood vessels causing clogged arteries.
How strong are your bones?
Calcium alone doesn't protect your bones! In fact, too much calcium without magnesium can lead to the formation of brittle bones that break easily. Magnesium makes the bones more flexible and less prone to breaking. A good example is to observe the difference between chalk and ivory. Blackboard chalk is calcium carbonate. It breaks wasily when you drop it. Ivory, on the other hand, is a combination of calcium and magnesium. It bounces back without breaking when it's dropped. Similary you'd want your bones to be like ivory and not chalk.
What Calcium Can Do For You?
• Builds strong bones & teeth
• Prevents osteoporosis
• Relieves muscle cramps & twitches
• Alleviates insomnia & sleeping problems
• Reduces high blood pressure (Hypertension)
• Alleviates Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS)
COFFEE DRINKERS - BEWARE!
You lose about 5mg of calcium with each cup of coffee you drink. Unless you are replenishing the lost calcium, you may risk losing your bones.
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Meriva (click on name to go to product pages)
For People Who Just Play Too HardTM
We all have occasional aches and pains from over-exertion. We play too hard, work too hard, and we pay for it with stiff joints and sore muscles. Meriva can help reduce the occasional stiffness and soreness we all experience.*
The body's normal inflammatory response is a natural process and a contributor to many reactions that go on in your body. This response happens automatically and is not something you can control. The primary objective of the body's normal inflammatory response is to isolate and eradicate irritants and then repair surrounding tissue.
What is "Normal Inflammatory Response?"
The term "normal inflammatory response" may not mean much to you, but its physical impact on your body is vitally important. It can arise from trauma, infection, or other influences, and is a normal process that encourages healing. From the slightest seemingly harmless bump on your arm to a major health concern, the body's normal inflammatory response is always at work to keep you as healthy as possible or to restore your health as best as it can. Of course, a lot of this depends on individual health.
The body's normal inflammatory response is the protective response of the body's tissues to irritation or injury. Sometimes this response can be prolonged due to a deficiency of essential fatty acids or other nutrients. In such cases, supplementation with beneficial fatty acids or other nutrients is often suggested. Sometimes there are other reasons for a prolonged inflammatory response and physical therapy or dietary changes may be helpful. For centuries, people have used natural chemicals found in plants (phytochemicals) to enhance the body's normal inflammatory response to injury or wear and tear. For example, the bark of the willow tree was used to relieve pain and discomfort more than 2,000 years ago by the Greeks and Romans and evolved into the aspirin we use today.
Curcumin – Supports the Body's Normal Inflammatory Response*
Turmeric, a well-known traditional herb, contains curcumin, a potent antioxidant that offers numerous health benefits.* Most of these benefits come from curcumin's strong antioxidant activity and its ability to support the body's normal inflammatory response.* Curcumin interacts with numerous biochemicals in the body to promote the body's normal inflammatory response and help keep this response functioning as it should.*
Emerging research suggests curcumin's antioxidant activity and support of the body's normal inflammatory response, as well as its potential to support already normal cholesterol levels, has a significant role to play in contributing to cardiovascular health, liver function, and joint health.*
Absorption You've Been Aching ForTM
The potential health benefits of curcumin are the subject of numerous ongoing clinical studies and have been featured in print media and television news programs. However, what makes curcumin so beneficial to the human body – its molecular structure – also makes it difficult to be absorbed into the bloodstream. If the curcumin isn't absorbed, it can't get to the body's cells that need it. To address this issue, Thorne Research has teamed up with Indena S.p.A., the worldwide experts in botanical extract technology, to bring you Meriva Curcumin Phytosome, a well-absorbed curcumin extract.*
Superior Absorption*
Phytosomes are plant extracts bound to phosphatidylcholine (fos-fa-tidal-ko-leen), which is an essential component of human cells. Our bodies make phosphatidylcholine, but we can also get it from food and supplements. When taken orally, phosphatidylcholine is very well absorbed.* To improve absorption, scientists at Indena found a way to attach curcumin to phosphatidylcholine – the result is Meriva! When you take Meriva your body readily absorbs the phosphatidylcholine and the curcumin attached to it, resulting in more curcumin reaching the cells that can benefit from it.*
Superior Bioavailability*
A 2007 study published in the journal Cancer Chemotherapy and Pharmacology demonstrated Meriva's superior bioavailability compared to a standardized curcumin extract. This animal study noted a significantly greater amount of curcumin in the blood and tissue after dosing with Meriva. A human study compared blood levels of curcumin after dosing with 4 grams of a standardized curcuminoid extract to 450 mg Meriva curcuminoids (bound to phosphatidylcholine), and found similar blood levels of curcumin.
Ensure Superior Absorption When Purchasing Meriva
Thorne is the only company to provide Meriva in a patent-pending, time-release matrix, which causes the Meriva to be released slowly into the intestines, ensuring controlled absorption into the bloodstream.* This is similar to how nutrients are absorbed from a high-fiber meal. Non-time release products may absorb quickly – but in order to keep curcumin blood levels in your body consistent, more frequent dosing is required. Meriva-SR's sustained-release technology allows you to take it twice daily, because it is released more slowly into the body. Thorne Research does not add the flowing agent magnesium stearate to its Meriva product. This ensures you get only the purest product that contains no unnecessary ingredients that can inhibit the product's absorption. The whole concept with Meriva is that it can significantly increase the absorption of curcumin in the body; however, magnesium stearate may inhibit absorption. One reason physicians choose Thorne for their patients is that Thorne never uses magnesium stearate. Thorne is about purity and absorption.
Meriva-SR provides 250mg of curcumin phytosome per capsule in our patent-pending time-release matrix. Each bottle contains 120 vegetarian capsules.
Jojoba Oil Similar structure with human’s sebum, excellent absorption, moisturizing, soften skin without stickiness *Sweet Almond Oil Ease itching, specially for dry skin, recovers tired skin to soften Lip balm and tint combined lip brush container. Delivers moist lips anytime. Menthol ingredient gives cool feelings and plumping effect.
More natural and vivid color as time goes on!
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Sanlitun, Beijing
July 2012
China
Urban life
Ricoh GR Digital IV
Please do not reproduce or use this picture without my explicit permission.
If you ask nicely I will probably say yes, just ask me first!
If you happen to be in one of my frames and have any objections to this.
Please contact me!
Please no glossy awards, scripted comments and big thumbnails back to your own work.
I will remove them..
Image and transmission spectra of natural apatite crystals containing the rare earth ion Neodymium^3+ which gives the distinct absorption spectrum.
The grey-line comparison spectrum is of a synthetic YAG (ytitrium aluminium garnet) boule also containing Nd^3+ which is used to make NIR and green (frequency doubled) lasers.
The thicker (turquoise) line shows the fluorescence of blue apatite with 404nm laser excitation.
These are some of the most complex visible spectra from solids.
Sonata Vario and Memo acoustic absorbers used within the hall at Brownhill School, Leeds
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Flying Scotsman at Great Yarmouth as part of the locomotives 100th. anniversary celebrations.
The Flying Scotsman has been described as the world's most famous steam locomotive
In July 1922, the Great Northern Railway (GNR) filed Engine Order No. 297 which gave the green-light for ten Class A1 4-6-2 'Pacific' locomotives to be built at the Doncaster Works. Designed by Nigel Gresley, the A1's were built to haul mainline and later express passenger trains and following the GNR's absorption into the London and North Eastern Railway (LNER) after the amalgamation of 1923, A1's became a standard design. Flying Scotsman cost £7,944 to build, and was the first engine delivered to the newly formed LNER. It entered service on 24th. February 1923, carrying the GNR number of 1472 as the LNER had not yet decided on a numbering scheme. In February 1924 the locomotive acquired its name after the LNER's Flying Scotsman express service between London King's Cross and Edinburgh Waverley, and was assigned a new number, 4472.
Flying Scotsman became a flagship locomotive for the LNER, representing the company at the British Empire Exhibition at Wembley Park in 1924 and 1925. In 1928, the LNER decided to make The Flying Scotsman a non-stop service for the first time. 4472 became one of five A1's selected for the service, and hauled the inaugural service on 1st. May where it completed the journey in 8 hours and 3 minutes. For this, the locomotives ran with an upgraded tender which held nine long tons of coal and was fitted with a corridor connecting the footplate to the carriages, so a change of driver and fireman could take place while the train was moving. By replenishing water from the water trough system several times en route, these modifications allowed the A1's to travel the 392 miles (631 km) without stopping. Flying Scotsman ran with its corridor tender until October 1936, after which it reverted to the original type. In 1938, it was paired with a streamlined non-corridor tender, and ran with this type until its withdrawal in 1963.
On 30th. November 1934, Flying Scotsman became the first steam locomotive to reach the officially authenticated speed of 100 mph (161 km/h), while hauling a light test train between Leeds and London, and the publicity conscious LNER made much of the fact. Although the Great Western Railway's 3440 City of Truro was reported to have reached the same speed in 1904, the record was unreliable.
Following the success of Gresley's streamlined Class A4's introduced in 1935, Flying Scotsman was relegated to lesser duties but still worked on the main line and hauling passenger services. In 1943, as with all railway stock during World War II, the locomotive was painted black. In 1946, it was renumbered twice by Gresley's successor Edward Thompson, who devised a comprehensive renumbering scheme for the LNER. 4472 was initially assigned number 502, but an amendment to the system several months later led to its renumbering of 103.
In 1928, Gresley began to modify the A1's into an improved version, the Class A3, on a gradual basis. In 1945, the remaining unmodified A1's, which included Flying Scotsman, were reclassified as A10. 103 emerged as an A3 on 4 January 1947 with its original Apple Green livery. Its old 180 psi boiler was replaced with a 225 psi version and it was fitted with more efficient valves and cylinders.
Following the nationalisation of Britain's railways on 1st. January 1948, Flying Scotsman was renumbered E103 for several months, before almost all of the LNER locomotive numbers were increased by 60000, and Flying Scotsman became 60103 that December. Between 1949 and 1952 she wore a BR Express Blue livery, after which it was painted in BR Brunswick Green. On 4th. June 1950, now under British Railways ownership, Flying Scotsman was allocated to its new base at Leicester Central on the Great Central Railway, running passenger services to and from London Marylebone, London St Pancras, Leicester, Sheffield, and Manchester.
60103 returned to the East Coast Main Line in 1953, initially based in Grantham, before returning to London King's Cross in the following year. In December 1958, the locomotive was fitted with a double Kylchap chimney to improve performance and economy, but it caused soft exhaust and smoke drift that tended to obscure the driver's forward vision. The remedy was found in the German type smoke deflectors fitted at the end of 1961.
Amid rumours that British Railways would scrap Flying Scotsman, the Gresley A3 Preservation Society failed to raise the £3,000 to buy it. Businessman and railway enthusiast Alan Pegler stepped in and bought the locomotive for £3,500. Flying Scotsman ended service for British Railways on 14th. January 1963, hauling the 13:15 from London King's Cross to Leeds with the locomotive coming off at Doncaster. The event attracted considerable media interest. It had covered over 2.08 million miles, three weeks short of 40 years in operation.
Pegler immediately restored Flying Scotsman at the Doncaster Works as closely as possible to its LNER condition. It was renumbered 4472 and repainted in LNER Apple Green; the smoke deflectors were removed, the double chimney replaced by a single, and its standard tender was replaced with a corridor type.
Following an overhaul in the winter of 1968–69, Flying Scotsman toured the United States and Canada, hauling a 9 coach exhibition train to support British exports.
In 1972, Pegler, now £132,000 in debt with considerable unpaid bills, declared himself bankrupt and in August, arranged for the engine to be kept in storage at the US Army's Sharpe Depot in Lathrop, California to keep it from unpaid creditors, who by now were demanding payments and threatening legal action.
Amid fears of the engine's future, horticulturist and steam enthusiast Alan Bloom asked businessman William McAlpine to help save it. McAlpine agreed and within a few days paid off outstanding debts and bought the locomotive for £25,000. Flying Scotsman was shipped back to England via the Panama Canal. Upon arrival at Liverpool in February 1973, the engine travelled to Derby. McAlpine paid for its restoration at Derby Works and two subsequent overhauls in the 23 years that he owned and ran it. In 1986, McAlpine leased a former diesel locomotive maintenance shop at Southall Railway Centre in London, which became the new base for Flying Scotsman until 2004.
In October 1988, Flying Scotsman arrived in Australia to take part in the country's bicentenary celebrations as a central attraction in the Aus Steam '88 festival. During the course of the next year Flying Scotsman travelled more than 28,000 miles over Australian rails. On 8th. August 1989 Flying Scotsman set another record en route to Alice Springs from Melbourne, travelling 422 miles (679 km) from Parkes to Broken Hill non-stop, the longest such run by a steam locomotive ever recorded. The same journey also saw Flying Scotsman set its own haulage record when it took a 735 ton train over the 490 mile (790 km) leg between Tarcoola and Alice Springs.
Upon returning to Britain, Flying Scotsman returned to its former British Railways condition with its number changed to 60103, refitting of the smoke deflectors and double chimney, and repainted in BR Brunswick Green. It retired from the mainline in 1992, following the expiration of its running certificate. In 1993, McAlpine sold it to help pay off a mortgage on the locomotive. Music producer and railway enthusiast Pete Waterman became involved and the two formed Flying Scotsman Railways.
In April 1995, Flying Scotsman derailed on the Llangollen Railway, with all wheels coming off the track. When put back into steam, smoke emerged from a crack separating the boiler and the front cab. It was deemed a total failure and immediately withdrawn from service. It returned to Southall awaiting its next major overhaul
By 1996, McAlpine and Waterman had run into financial issues and put Flying Scotsman up for sale. On 23rd. February, Tony Marchington bought the locomotive, a set of Pullman coaches, and the Southall depot for £1.5 million. He spent a further £1 million on the locomotive's subsequent overhaul to mainline running condition, which lasted three years and at that point, the most extensive in its history.[65] It received an upgraded 250 psi boiler originally made for a Class A4, its livery was repainted in LNER Apple Green and it was renumbered 4472. Flying Scotsman's first run following the works was on 4th. July 1999, hauling The Inaugural Scotsman from London King's Cross to York, where an estimated one million people turned out to see it.
In 2002, Marchington was in financial difficulties and in September 2003 was declared bankrupt. A sealed bid auction for the locomotive was held on 2nd. April 2004. Amid fears it could be sold into foreign hands, the National Railway Museum (NRM) in York announced it would bid, and appealed for funds with a Save Our Scotsman campaign. It secured a winning bid of £2.3 million, 15% higher than the second highest bidder, and Flying Scotsman became a part of the NRM's national collection.
In 2004 and 2005, Flying Scotsman intermittently hauled special trains across Great Britain before undergoing numerous repairs, restorations and refits between 2006 and 2016. On 7th. January 2016, Flying Scotsman moved under its own steam for the first time since 2005 on the East Lancashire Railway, where it completed several low speed tests. Its inaugural mainline run was on 6th. February with The Winter Cumbrian Mountain Express from Carnforth to Carlisle. In April 2022, the engine was withdrawn for an overhaul in preparation for its centenary year in 2023. Following the work it will be certified to run on the mainline until 2029, after which it will run solely on heritage railways until 2032.
AN ATOMIC ABSORPTION MEASUREMENT OF CONCENTRATIONS OF METALLIC IONS.
THESE IONS ARE USED AS TRACERS IN DISPERSION STUDIES. THIS RESEARCH IS DONE TO DETERMINE LONG-TERM ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS OF INJECTING CHEMICALS INTO SUBSURFACE RESERVOIRS.
For more information or additional images, please contact 202-586-5251.
Zircon spectra vary a lot - both the absorption and fluorescence lines. I have a few other examples that I have not examined in detail yet. The fluorescence lines here are from dysprosium and samarium at least. In these fluorescence spectra I have corrected for the yellow filter absorption down to 450nm. The purple (upper) and brown (lower) lines refer to the larger, round zircon.
Note that the sharp line at 808nm is the 404nm laser line in the second order of the grating diffraction. Also, I believe that the line at 695nm is a ghost or reflection due to the large amount of laser light entering the spectrometer during this observation.
Audimute Acoustic Absorption Panels are an eco-friendly acoustic absorption product that gets rid of mid and high frequencies. Great for homes, apartments, studios, auditoriums - ANY place where echoes and reverb are a concern. Acoustic Absorption Panels are available in many sizes, shapes, & colors - can even be customizes with ANY image, photo or logo.
Nike Air Force 1 Mid 07, Obsidian, Denim, Sail, Gum, Light Brown, 315123-408, Men’s, Size 10.5, Off White, leather and textile upper, padded ankle collar, provides a comfortable fit, VELCRO closure across the ankle adds stability and support, Full-length Phylon midsole with heel Air-Sole unit provides added shock absorption, Rubber outsole supplies durable traction, Basketball, Classic/Retro, Mid-Top, Bruce Kilgore, Release Year 2015, AF1, Uptowns, Basketball, Classic/Retro, Mid-Top
Sonata Vario Acoustic Absorbers installed to the ceiling within Keighley Civic Centre
www.soundreduction.co.uk/Blog/Article/Arresting-Acoustics...
www.soundreduction.co.uk/Products/Sound-Absorption-Soluti...
This is another improvement on previous attempts to capture the weak and elusive luminescence spectrum of titanite (sphene). This sample was excited by a powerful (500mW) violet 404nm diode laser and the spectrometer protected with a yellow filter cutting at 500nm. The filter exhibits an orange continuum fluorescence which slightly contaminates the luminescence spectum of the crystal spectrum. The maximum contamination is shown by the grey line.
The emission lines are from rare earth elements (REE) and the elements terbium, erbium, europium, samarium and neodymium have been identified.
True lovers are as shadows, and when the sun shines in glory the shadows vanish away. He is a true lover of God to whom God says, "I am thine, and thou art mine!"
- MEVLANA RUMI (r.a) -
Atomic Absorption measurements of candidate Reference Materials- filling of the sample changer. (IAEA Chemistry Unit, Seibersdorf, Austria, 2 July 2007)
Photo Credit: Dean Calma / IAEA
In a survey of 1,000 parents, it found more than half of children under the age of 16 regularly use one. Some parents give their children handsets at a very young age. More than 13 per cent of parents with three-year-olds said their youngster had used a phone. Among three to six-year-olds, the figure was 23 per cent. By secondary school, about 94 per cent of children had their own phone.
Most parents place restrictions on how much their children spend on calls and texts. Three-quarters said they only allowed their youngsters pay-as-you-go phones to avoid them running up huge bills. But only 36 per cent of parents questioned said they stopped their children from accessing the internet on their mobile and just under a third barred them from calling premium rate numbers. But over two-thirds said they did nothing to stop their children downloading ringtones and screensavers that cost up to £3.50 each.
Sonata Vario acoustic absorbers installed within the hall at Aldwyn Primary School Hall in Audenshaw.
Atomic Absorption measurements of candidate Reference Materials- filling of the sample changer. (IAEA Chemistry Unit, Seibersdorf, Austria, 2 July 2007)
Photo Credit: Dean Calma / IAEA
- MERINO sheepskin lining offers all of the advantages of wool over synthetic fibers, providing efficient shock absorption and superior thermal comfort. Sheepskin contains lanolin, a natural substance, which soothes the horse's sensitive or inflamed skin. When sheepskin is set directly against the animal's body, it stimulates blood circulation and promotes a therapeutic effect.
- The Non-Slip mesh upper assures perfect grip and steadily secures the MerinoLUX Half-Pad under the saddle.
- Breathable 3-Dimensional Spacer fabric reduces heat build-up and provides excellent moisture vapor transfer.
- The black non-slip mesh is not visible under the saddle, conforming to the FEI rules and regulations.
- Optimum thickness of the MerinoLUX Half-Pad does not compromise the fit of the saddle.