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Theme: Understanding, Living, and Sharing Islam
April 22 – 24, 2011
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Understanding Seasons Conference. with Apostle Dr. Paul M Gitwaza at Gospel Restoration Church Abilene Texas United States
Understanding Seasons Conference. with Apostle Dr. Paul M Gitwaza at Gospel Restoration Church Abilene Texas United States
Ceremonia Inaugural
Participa Secretario General, Presidente de Costa Rica y la Representante del BM para CA.
Del 12 al 14 de febrero Costa Rica es anfitrión del Understanding Risk Centroamérica, una conferencia donde cerca de 500 expertos internacionales se reúnen para conversar sobre prácticas e innovaciones para la compresión del riesgo de desastres y el riesgo climático en Centroamérica.
En la actividad que se desarrolla en el Centro de Convenciones de Costa Rica participan expertos, organizaciones, e instituciones académicas, quienes buscarán construir alianzas estratégicas para pasar de la comprensión del riesgo a la acción en resiliencia ante desastres.
Asimismo, se abordarán diversos temas en materia de inclusión social, compromiso comunitario, patrimonio cultural, resiliencia costera, servicios meteorológicos, climáticos e hidrológicos, resiliencia fiscal y financiera, urbanismo, análisis de riesgos y comunicación del riesgo.
En la inauguración este miércoles participaron Carlos Alvarado, presidente de la República; Vinicio Cerezo, secretario general del Sistema de la Integración Centroamericana (SICA); Seynabou Sakho, directora del Banco Mundial para Centroamérica; investigadores de la NASA como Sandra Cauffman y Daniel E. Irwin, y el gerente país de Waze para Colombia, Perú y Centroamérica, entre otros invitados.
#SICA #ElSalvador #CostaRica #Nicaragua #RepublicaDominicana #Belize #Honduras #Panama #Guatemala
With medical school in his near future, Ebrahin Ghazali knows just how important blood donations are to helping patients in need.
(McAllen, Texas, December 18, 2025) Mexico Agrees to Meet Water Treaty Obligations for Farmers in the American Southwest. On December 12, 2025, the United States and Mexico reached an understanding to meet the current water obligations of American farmers and ranchers and for Mexico to repay the water deficit in Texas as part of the 1944 Water Treaty. This agreement extends to the current cycle and the previous cycle’s water deficit. For more information, see www.usda.gov/about-usda/news/press-releases/2025/12/12/me...
The Rio Grande is the lifeline of South Texas agriculture, and its flow is shaped by an international agreement—the 1944 Mexico Water Treaty. This treaty ensures that water from six Mexican tributaries is shared between Mexico and the United States. The U.S. receives one-third of the natural flows, while Mexico retains two-thirds. Mexico must order the release of their share in specified amounts. In this case Mexico has agreed to release 202,000-acre feet of water to the United States with deliveries expected to begin the week of December 15, 2025. The US/Mexico water is stored in two major international reservoirs: Amistad Dam near Del Rio and Falcon Dam near Zapata. Amistad holds most of the water because its depth reduces evaporation. When irrigation districts downstream need water, the Rio Grande Watermaster orders releases from Falcon Dam. For Edcouch, Texas, water takes about a few days to travel from Falcon. As the water flows down the Rio Grande, some is diverted by the Hidalgo County Irrigation District No. 2 pumping station, which serves McAllen and surrounding areas. The pump station uses up to ten 400 horsepower pumps to take up water in submerged 42-inch uptake pipes, lifts it 32 feet, when the flow is measured as it is discharged at a capacity of up to 680 cubic feet per second into a main canal. This process ensures that every drop is accounted for—meeting agricultural needs while minimizing freshwater loss to the gulf.
Today, two pumps provide the flow needed by the system. Water will flow in the primary delivery canal (SEEN) for a short distance into a nearby settling pond to help clarify the water before continuing into a main conveyance channel that leads north, through McAllen, Texas. Smaller channels or pipelines will branch off to municipal and irrigation water districts such as the Delta Lake Irrigation District and it’s Delta Lake Reservoir, with the capacity of 10,669 acre-feet of water and a surface area of 2,371 acres. Delta Lake Irrigation District currently serves 69,500 acres and diverts municipal water to the City of Raymondville, La Sara, Monte Alto and the City of Lyford. Their irrigation canals flow to the farms where growers such as the Edinburg Citrus Association then use their pump houses to draw the water and distribute it to their fields using pressurized pipelines for drip irrigation systems that deliver life-giving water to the grapefruit orchards. Their micro-irrigation tubes/tapes deliver a slow flow to the base of each tree to increase absorption into the soil, reduce evaporation, runoff and unwanted growth between the rows and other benefits.
The organization that diverts water from the Rio Grande for irrigation and municipal use in Texas is managed under the Rio Grande Watermaster Program, which operates under the Texas Commission on Environmental Quality (TCEQ). The Rio Grande Watermaster Program is a system managed by the Texas Commission on Environmental Quality (TCEQ) that oversees and regulates the use of water from the Rio Grande in Texas. Its main job is to make sure water is distributed fairly and according to legal water rights. The Watermaster calculates how much water is needed by farmers, cities, and industries, then orders releases from reservoirs like Falcon Dam and Amistad Dam. It also tracks water as it flows down the river to ensure that every drop goes to the correct user and that as little as possible is wasted or flows into the gulf.
In 1932, a group of South Texas citrus growers came together to form the Edinburg Citrus Association (ECA), a non-profit co-op. The goal of the group is to maintain the highest quality pack and provide customers a highly marketable product at a competitive price.
USDA Media by Lance Cheung.
Students find a wealth of inspiration for their Plan of Concentration in the local landscape, such as this field study of the impact of ice storms on forest ecology.
Ceremonia Inaugural
Participa Secretario General, Presidente de Costa Rica y la Representante del BM para CA.
ROMA ARCHEOLOGICA & RESTAURO ARCHITETTURA 2025-26. Update, the Forum of Caesar & the 'Work in Progress' New and forthcoming Research Materials, 2023-26.; Note: original Danish text translated into English and Italian. / Aggiornamento, il Foro di Cesare e i 'Lavori in Corso' Nuovi e imminenti materiali di ricerca, 2023-26. Nota: testo originale danese tradotto in inglese e italiano. (12/10/2025). wp.me/pbTL6-3y
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Note: Rome - the very accurate and greatly detailed in color 3D high resolution digital reconstructions are of the area of the Imperial fora in Antiquity superimposed over the modern ruins of the Imperial Fora and the Via dei Fori are cited from the following sources:
Nota: Roma - le ricostruzioni digitali 3D ad alta risoluzione, molto accurate e dettagliate a colori, dell'area dei Fori Imperiali nell'antichità sovrapposte alle rovine moderne dei Fori Imperiali e della Via dei Fori sono citate dalle seguenti fonti:
— Danila Loginov, digital creator and Roman Architecture illustrator; © 2025 History in 3D (10/2025) =
History in 3D / Fb (2025) www.facebook.com/groups/195338323917461/user/100000666270... ; www.relivehistoryin3d.com/ &
— Danila Loginov, Imperial Forums - Now and Then - Virtual Ancient Rome in 3D - Today, we will examine the area of the Imperial Fora—how it looks today and how it appeared in antiquity, in the 4th century CE.; in:
YouTube [17:05] (27 March 2025) youtu.be/VxVEBX7Fut8?t=207
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1). ROME - The Forum of Caesar and the Carlsberg Foundation, Denmark (08/2024):
Summary - Dr. Jan Kindberg Jacobsen & Preparing the final publication of the Danish – Italian excavations on the Forum of Caesar in Rome between 2019 and 2024. The publication will provide a detailed understanding of the cultural development of the site from c. 1100 BC until the present day providing a new key to the understanding of more than 3000 years of history of the Italian capital.
— ROMA - Il Foro di Cesare e la Fondazione Carlsberg, Danimarca (08/2024):
Riepilogo - Jan Kindberg Jacobsen & Preparazione della pubblicazione finale degli scavi danesi e italiani sul Foro di Cesare a Roma tra il 2019 e il 2024. La pubblicazione fornirà una comprensione dettagliata dello sviluppo culturale del sito dal 1100 a.C. circa fino ai giorni nostri, fornendo una nuova chiave di lettura per oltre 3000 anni di storia della capitale italiana.
Fonte / source:
— The Carlsberg Foundation, Denmark (08/2024)
www.carlsbergfondet.dk/en/what-we-have-funded/cf24-1863/
2). ROME - Dr. Jan Kindberg Jacobsen, "Rome's rich urban history thrives during Caesar's Forum"; in: The Forum of Caesar and the Carlsberg Foundation, Denmark (19 & 25/08/2025). Note: Original article complete text in Danish.
How did the Romans limit the spread of infection and improve hygiene in the 16th century? And what do fragments of a crystal chandelier and buttons made of bone tell us about Roman middle-class life around the year 1900? These questions are just some of the pieces in the great archaeological puzzle that the Danish-Italian excavation of Caesar's Forum in Rome has been trying to solve over the past eight years with support from the Carlsberg Foundation.
The many objects from the seven-meter-deep layer of soil and its 3,000 years of rich Roman history have been carefully documented and registered. For example, the small bronze amulets that were brought with them when a Roman was admitted to the hospital in the 16th century. Chicken bones and coins.
Fragments of marble columns and oil lamps date back to the time, over 2,000 years ago, when the large rectangular square, Caesar's Forum, was built and put into use with both the Temple of Venus and public life. A square commissioned by Julius Caesar himself around 52 BCE. It has since undergone countless changes: from a powerful city forum to agriculture with farms and fields, followed by dense housing and finally today's roads on top of it all. Thick layers of life.
It's not just the soil layers themselves that contain finds. The underground sewers and cisterns on site hold invaluable material for understanding the history of the area. Remains of a crystal chandelier found in a sewer that is more than 100 years old. Dried up, to be sure, but still with an unmistakable and tight scent of its original use.
As such, it is an important piece in documenting life in the Alessandrino residential area with 3,000 residents. It stood over the square for almost 350 years, but was simply demolished and erased during the fascist Italian rule of the 1930s - and thus largely erased from the collective memory.
Work in the middle of ancient Rome attracts great attention
Since 2017, archaeologist Jan Kindberg Jacobsen has led the excavation of Caesar's Forum on behalf of the Danish Institute in Rome in collaboration with the director of the archaeological authority of the municipality of Rome, Claudio Parisi Presicce. The project has been financed with several grants from the Carlsberg Foundation and the Aarhus University Research Foundation, among others.
The exciting project has received a lot of attention internationally and not least locally. Physically, it takes place right next to and under the parade road Via dei Fori Imperiali.
"Working in the middle of Rome at Caesar's Forum is similar to archaeologists in Denmark working with, for example, the Sun Chariot, the Grauballe Man, the Egtved Girl or similar national symbols. It naturally attracts a lot of interest, and everyone has an opinion. In addition, a good 100,000 people pass by the excavation site itself every day," explains Jan Kindberg Jacobsen.
Passersby have been able to look directly down into the excavation, where both a Bobcat excavator and a backhoe have been used.
The clear ancient heyday right here in the area with five imperial forums and the Colosseum nearby has traditionally been the primary focus of Italian archaeology. But the Danish-Italian research team behind the excavation has chosen to give space and attention to all the historical periods that the excavation touches on.
This means that the upper layers of soil in the excavation with their history do not simply have to be 'cleared' in order to get down to the period known as antiquity, dated approximately 750 BCE to 400 CE.
Data from the extensive project is still being processed. But it has already provided many insights into widely different forms of life and death at the site. From Bronze Age settlements in the area to children's graves from the 6th century BCE, through the Roman period to the Renaissance and not least the contemporary period in the 1930s.
A city district is erased – one and a half plastic boxes with archaeological evidence remain
In 1932, Italian leader Mussolini chose to build the Via dei Fori Imperiali, a parade road right through the center of Rome, flanked by the many monuments of antiquity on both sides. The road cuts through or intersects five imperial forums, including Caesar's Forum, completed and inaugurated by Emperor Augustus in 29 BCE.
“It doesn't take much imagination to see how the fascist leader was able to reflect himself in the greatness of the past in the form of the imperial forums along the road,” explains Jan Kindberg Jacobsen.
The construction was the death knell for the 350-year-old Alessandrino residential area. It covered most of Caesar's Forum and stretched from the present-day Piazza Venezia to the Colosseum. The more than 3,000 residents had no say: they were to be forcibly relocated to new housing on the outskirts of Rome. The heavy-handed approach was justified by the fact that it was a run-down slum area anyway, so the residents were better served by new housing. However, archaeology has brought new knowledge to light.
“When we excavated a 19th-century sewer on site, we found several objects that paint a somewhat different picture of the neighborhood. Objects that we can date to between 1880 and 1920. Here were remnants of middle-class life in the form of fragments of a crystal chandelier, buttons made of bone, coins, glass and plates. We could also see in the building remains how the architecture had changed and been improved over time. For example, there was running water and new sewers,” explains Jan Kindberg Jacobsen.
The project's built-in contemporary archaeology has thus gained important information for the day about a neighborhood that, with all its stories and life, disappeared with a stroke of the pen. As Jan Kindberg Jacobsen says, the objects only fill one and a half plastic boxes. But with these, the neighborhood can be given its rightful place in Roman urban history. And the research team has already heard from several descendants of the forcibly relocated residents.
Infection control in the 16th century – found in the cistern.
The Alessandrino district gradually grew up in the latter half of the 16th century. It is also from this period in the Renaissance that the Caesar's Forum project found the remains of a medical waste heap in another underground cistern. Probably from a nearby hospital.
The objects have clearly been discarded deliberately. They are the remains of a kind of 'disposable service' for patients: glazed ceramic jars with lids for heating food, plates and charred furniture remains. Some plates are decorated with family coats of arms.
Perhaps the wealthier ones carried them, like the small medallion amulets. Archaeologists estimate that the whole thing was thrown out to control infection at a time when plague, among other things, was ravaging Europe.
"The finds contribute to a more complete understanding of hygiene, disease control and containment in early modern Europe and of practices around disposal. Knowledge from here can be a key to understanding other sites and a detailed contribution to medical archaeology," says Jan Kindberg Jacobsen.
Fragments of everyday life at Caesar's Forum, possibly in the year 100
The interest in glimpses of everyday life also applies to Caesar's Forum itself in antiquity.
As Jan Kindberg Jacobsen emphasizes, we already know a lot about ancient architecture and the construction of forums as the city's focal point and center of power. The elongated squares were created as early as the 7th century BCE and have since served as a model for squares and squares in cities and villages throughout Europe.
Julius Caesar erected a marble temple in honor of the goddess Venus Genitrix, fountains, and an equestrian statue of himself on his forum. Over the years, other buildings have been added that have dealt with, for example, legislation, and already very early on, the city's laws could be seen written down on bronze tablets set up on the site.
But what bustling everyday life and urban culture has unfolded here in the area, where there were both shops and restaurants?
"We were lucky to find a lot of objects in an underground channel that can provide clues about everyday life around Caesar's Forum dated to the year 100 AD. These include fragments of oil lamps, animal bones, glass and small clay vessels that may contain remains of cosmetics. We are still awaiting analysis of this," he says.
The detail-oriented approach and a book on the way.
In the extensive work, it is not only the many objects and fragments of these that are registered and carefully examined. The archaeologists also analyze everything from mortar composition to floor coverings, pollen and seeds. This very detail-oriented approach is, in Jan Kindberg Jacobsen's view, Danish archaeology's special contribution to the excavation work:
“Mediterranean archaeologists typically get a lot of whole and often intact things out of the ground when they dig. It can be glass vases from antiquity, clay vessels, bowls and so on. When we dig in Denmark, we might get some post holes and the remains of a wooden pole. So we have to be much more focused on the details such as the tiny remains of objects and pollen to get results. So a Danish-Italian team is a good match.”
Jan Kindberg Jacobsen is now writing a monograph, supported by a grant from the Carlsberg Foundation, which will provide a comprehensive presentation of the finds in the project's phase from 2017 to 2024. In addition, articles written by other participants in the large archaeological team will continuously bring new knowledge to light about the rich life at the site over 3,000 years.
Fonte /source:
— Dott. Jan Kindberg Jacobsen & Videnskab.dk for Carlsbergfondet (19/08/2025).
carlsbergfondet.dk/viden/roms-rige-byhistorie-pibler-frem...
Dr. Rubina Raja (et al), Caesar’s Visions and Impact on the Roman Empire - Revisiting the Archaeological and Historical Record of the 40s BC; in: ROME STUDIES / R2 - Brepols Publishers NV : Turnhout (2026?): Pp. 268; www.brepols.net/products/IS-9782503619309-1
See:
— Christopher Hallet and Rubina Raja, "3. Caesar’s monumentum and his Vision for Rome. Missing Entrances and Conjectural Connections: Probing the Boundaries of Rome’s First Imperial Forum."
— Roms rige byhistorie pibler frem under Cæsars Forum - Området ved Colosseum og fem øvrige kejserlige fora tæt ved har traditionelt været det primære fokus for italiensk arkæologi om antikkens Rom; in: Dott. Jan Kindberg Jacobsen & Carlsbergfondet / Fb (25/08/2025).
www.facebook.com/carlsbergfondet/posts/pfbid02Pe2NsZniapx...
— ROMA - Dott. Jan Kindberg Jacobsen, "La ricca storia urbana di Roma prospera durante il Foro di Cesare"; in: Il Foro di Cesare e la Fondazione Carlsberg, Danimarca (19 & 25/08/2025). Nota: il testo completo dell'articolo originale è in danese.
Come fecero i Romani a limitare la diffusione delle infezioni e a migliorare l'igiene nel XVI secolo? E cosa ci raccontano i frammenti di un lampadario di cristallo e i bottoni in osso sulla vita della borghesia romana intorno al 1900? Queste domande sono solo alcuni dei tasselli del grande puzzle archeologico che gli scavi italo-danesi del Foro di Cesare a Roma hanno cercato di risolvere negli ultimi otto anni con il supporto della Fondazione Carlsberg.
I numerosi oggetti rinvenuti nello strato di terreno profondo sette metri e i suoi 3.000 anni di ricca storia romana sono stati accuratamente documentati e registrati. Ad esempio, i piccoli amuleti di bronzo che venivano portati con sé quando un romano veniva ricoverato in ospedale nel XVI secolo. Ossa di pollo e monete.
Frammenti di colonne di marmo e lampade a olio risalgono a oltre 2.000 anni fa, quando la grande piazza rettangolare, il Foro di Cesare, fu costruita e utilizzata sia con il Tempio di Venere che per la vita pubblica. Una piazza commissionata dallo stesso Giulio Cesare intorno al 52 a.C. Da allora ha subito innumerevoli cambiamenti: da potente foro cittadino ad agricoltura con fattorie e campi, poi a una fitta rete residenziale e infine alle strade odierne. Spessi strati di vita.
Non sono solo gli strati del terreno a contenere reperti. Le fogne e le cisterne sotterranee del sito contengono materiale inestimabile per comprendere la storia della zona. Resti di un lampadario di cristallo rinvenuti in una fogna vecchia di oltre 100 anni. Prosciugato, certo, ma ancora con un inconfondibile e intenso odore del suo utilizzo originale.
In quanto tale, è un pezzo importante per documentare la vita nel quartiere residenziale di Alessandrino, che conta 3.000 residenti. Rimase sulla piazza per quasi 350 anni, ma fu semplicemente demolito e cancellato durante il regime fascista italiano degli anni '30, e quindi in gran parte cancellato dalla memoria collettiva.
I lavori nel cuore dell'antica Roma suscitano grande attenzione -
Dal 2017, l'archeologo Jan Kindberg Jacobsen ha guidato gli scavi del Foro di Cesare per conto dell'Istituto Danese di Roma, in collaborazione con il direttore della Soprintendenza Archeologica del Comune di Roma, Claudio Parisi Presicce. Il progetto è stato finanziato con diversi finanziamenti, tra cui quelli della Fondazione Carlsberg e della Fondazione per la Ricerca dell'Università di Aarhus.
Questo entusiasmante progetto ha ricevuto grande attenzione a livello internazionale e, non da ultimo, a livello locale. Fisicamente, si svolge proprio accanto e sotto la strada d'onore Via dei Fori Imperiali.
"Lavorare nel cuore di Roma, al Foro di Cesare, è simile a quello che fanno gli archeologi in Danimarca quando lavorano, ad esempio, con il Carro del Sole, l'Uomo di Grauballe, la Ragazza di Egtved o simboli nazionali simili. Naturalmente, suscita molto interesse e ognuno ha la sua opinione. Inoltre, ben 100.000 persone passano ogni giorno davanti al sito di scavo", spiega Jan Kindberg Jacobsen.
I passanti hanno potuto osservare direttamente gli scavi, dove sono stati utilizzati sia un escavatore Bobcat che una terna.
Il periodo di massimo splendore dell'antichità, proprio qui, nell'area dei cinque fori imperiali e del Colosseo nelle vicinanze, è tradizionalmente al centro dell'attenzione dell'archeologia italiana. Ma il team di ricerca italo-danese che ha condotto lo scavo ha scelto di dare spazio e attenzione a tutti i periodi storici toccati.
Ciò significa che gli strati superficiali del terreno nello scavo, con la loro storia, non devono essere semplicemente "ripuliti" per risalire al periodo noto come antichità, datato approssimativamente tra il 750 a.C. e il 400 d.C.
I dati di questo ampio progetto sono ancora in fase di elaborazione. Ma hanno già fornito numerosi spunti sulle diverse forme di vita e di morte nel sito. Dagli insediamenti dell'età del bronzo nella zona alle tombe infantili del VI secolo a.C., passando per l'epoca romana fino al Rinascimento e, non da ultimo, al periodo contemporaneo degli anni '30.
Un quartiere della città viene cancellato: rimangono solo una scatola e mezza di plastica con reperti archeologici
Nel 1932, Mussolini decise di costruire Via dei Fori Imperiali, una strada di rappresentanza che attraversava il centro di Roma, fiancheggiata da numerosi monumenti antichi su entrambi i lati. La strada attraversa o interseca cinque fori imperiali, tra cui il Foro di Cesare, completato e inaugurato dall'imperatore Augusto nel 29 a.C.
"Non ci vuole molta immaginazione per capire come il leader fascista sia riuscito a rispecchiarsi nella grandezza del passato attraverso i fori imperiali lungo la strada", spiega Jan Kindberg Jacobsen.
La costruzione segnò la fine del quartiere residenziale di Alessandrino, risalente a 350 anni fa. Copreva gran parte del Foro di Cesare e si estendeva dall'attuale Piazza Venezia al Colosseo. Gli oltre 3.000 residenti non ebbero voce in capitolo: sarebbero stati trasferiti forzatamente in nuove abitazioni alla periferia di Roma. L'approccio pesante era giustificato dal fatto che si trattava comunque di una baraccopoli degradata, quindi i residenti avrebbero trovato più facilmente alloggio in nuove abitazioni. Tuttavia, l'archeologia ha portato alla luce nuove conoscenze.
"Quando abbiamo scavato in loco una fognatura del XIX secolo, abbiamo trovato diversi oggetti che dipingono un quadro un po' diverso del quartiere. Oggetti che possiamo datare tra il 1880 e il 1920. Qui c'erano resti della vita borghese sotto forma di frammenti di un lampadario di cristallo, bottoni d'osso, monete, vetri e piatti. Abbiamo anche potuto vedere nei resti dell'edificio come l'architettura fosse cambiata e migliorata nel tempo. Ad esempio, c'era acqua corrente e nuove fognature", spiega Jan Kindberg Jacobsen.
L'archeologia contemporanea integrata nel progetto ha quindi acquisito informazioni importanti per il giorno d'oggi su un quartiere che, con tutte le sue storie e la sua vita, è scomparso con un tratto di penna. Come dice Jan Kindberg Jacobsen, gli oggetti riempiono solo una scatola di plastica e mezza. Ma con questi, il quartiere può essere ricollocato nel suo legittimo posto nella storia urbana romana. E il team di ricerca ha già ascoltato diversi discendenti dei residenti trasferiti forzatamente.
Controllo delle infezioni nel XVI secolo – ritrovato nella cisterna.
Il quartiere Alessandrino si sviluppò gradualmente nella seconda metà del XVI secolo. È sempre di questo periodo rinascimentale che il progetto del Foro di Cesare ha rinvenuto i resti di un cumulo di rifiuti sanitari in un'altra cisterna sotterranea. Probabilmente provenienti da un ospedale vicino.
Gli oggetti sono stati chiaramente scartati deliberatamente. Sono i resti di una sorta di "servizio monouso" per i pazienti: vasi di ceramica smaltata con coperchio per riscaldare il cibo, piatti e resti di mobili carbonizzati. Alcuni piatti sono decorati con stemmi di famiglia.
Forse i più ricchi li portavano con sé, come i piccoli amuleti a medaglione. Gli archeologi stimano che il tutto sia stato gettato via per controllare le infezioni in un periodo in cui la peste, tra le altre cose, stava devastando l'Europa.
"I reperti contribuiscono a una comprensione più completa dell'igiene, del controllo e del contenimento delle malattie nell'Europa moderna e delle pratiche di smaltimento. Le conoscenze acquisite possono essere la chiave per comprendere altri siti e un contributo dettagliato all'archeologia medica", afferma Jan Kindberg Jacobsen.
Frammenti di vita quotidiana al Foro di Cesare, forse nell'anno 100
L'interesse per scorci di vita quotidiana si applica anche allo stesso Foro di Cesare nell'antichità.
Come sottolinea Jan Kindberg Jacobsen, sappiamo già molto sull'architettura antica e sulla costruzione dei fori come punto focale e centro del potere della città. Le piazze allungate furono create già nel VII secolo a.C. e da allora sono servite da modello per piazze e piazze in città e villaggi in tutta Europa.
Giulio Cesare fece erigere un tempio in marmo in onore della dea Venere Genitrice, fontane e una statua equestre di se stesso nel suo foro. Nel corso degli anni, sono stati aggiunti altri edifici che si occupavano, ad esempio, di legislazione, e già molto presto le leggi della città potevano essere viste scritte su tavolette di bronzo esposte sul sito.
Ma quale vivace vita quotidiana e cultura urbana si svolgeva qui, in questa zona, dove c'erano sia negozi che ristoranti?
"Siamo stati fortunati a trovare molti oggetti in un canale sotterraneo che possono fornire indizi sulla vita quotidiana intorno al Foro di Cesare risalenti all'anno 100 d.C. Tra questi, frammenti di lampade a olio, ossa di animali, vetri e piccoli vasi di argilla che potrebbero contenere resti di cosmetici. Siamo ancora in attesa di analisi", afferma.
L'approccio attento ai dettagli e un libro in arrivo.
In questo ampio lavoro, non sono solo i numerosi oggetti e frammenti ad essere registrati ed esaminati attentamente. Gli archeologi analizzano anche tutto, dalla composizione della malta ai rivestimenti per pavimenti, al polline e ai semi. Questo approccio estremamente attento ai dettagli è, secondo Jan Kindberg Jacobsen, il contributo speciale dell'archeologia danese al lavoro di scavo:
"Gli archeologi del Mediterraneo in genere recuperano molti oggetti interi e spesso intatti durante gli scavi. Possono essere vasi di vetro antichi, recipienti di argilla, ciotole e così via. Quando scaviamo in Danimarca, potremmo trovare buche per pali e resti di pali di legno. Quindi dobbiamo concentrarci molto di più sui dettagli, come i minuscoli resti di oggetti e il polline, per ottenere risultati. Quindi un team danese-italiano è la combinazione ideale."
Jan Kindberg Jacobsen sta attualmente scrivendo una monografia, supportata da un finanziamento della Fondazione Carlsberg, che fornirà una presentazione completa dei ritrovamenti nella fase del progetto dal 2017 al 2024. Inoltre, articoli scritti da altri partecipanti al grande team archeologico porteranno costantemente alla luce nuove conoscenze sulla ricca vita del sito per oltre 3.000 anni.
Fonte /source:
— Dott. Jan Kindberg Jacobsen & Videnskab.dk for Carlsbergfondet (19/08/2025).
carlsbergfondet.dk/viden/roms-rige-byhistorie-pibler-frem...
— Roms rige byhistorie pibler frem under Cæsars Forum - Området ved Colosseum og fem øvrige kejserlige fora tæt ved har traditionelt været det primære fokus for italiensk arkæologi om antikkens Rom; in: Dott. Jan Kindberg Jacobsen & Carlsbergfondet / Fb (25/08/2025).
www.facebook.com/carlsbergfondet/posts/pfbid02Pe2NsZniapx...
3). ROMA ARCHEOLOGICA & RESTAURO ARCHITETTURA 2023. C. C. Presicce & M. Vitti, ” Speciale – Scavo / Foro di Cesare – La Magnifica incompiuta del Divo Guilio”; in: Archeo n. 459, (Maggio 2023): 87-107 [testo completo]. Si veda anche: F. di Cesare, Scavi (1998-99): foto inedite degli scavi / archivistici e planimetrie (dall’età moderna ai livelli medievali). Con informazioni supplementari citate da: R. Meneghini, ARCHEO. MED., XLIV (2022 [= maggio 2023]): 13-38; Anche: Roma, Foro di Cesare (2002-04): i rilievi architettonici (dall’antichità all’età moderna); in: Dott.ssa Arch. Barbara Baldrati / inedito (2002-04) & Prof.ssa Arch. Maria G. Putzu (2002-04, 2015-16 e 2021). Inoltre anche: “Roma in Foto – Foro di Cesare, Iniziò Scavi Archeologici”; in: Virginia Raggi – Sindaca di Rome, “La Sindaca Informa.” Comune di Roma; No. 102 (02 Feb. 2019): 3 [in PDF]. wp.me/pbMWvy-44D & wp.me/pbMWvy-59D
3.1). ROME - Dr. Jan Kindberg Jacobsen, "the Danish – Italian excavations on the Forum of Caesar in Rome between 2019 and 2024" / For an extremely detailed and the very best public / academic photographic collection, chronologically photographing and disseminating views from the 'work in progress' on nearly a month by month basis between early February 2019 and mid-August 2025; see:
3.2). ROMA - Dott. Jan Kindberg Jacobsen, "Gli scavi danesi-italiani nel Foro di Cesare a Roma tra il 2019 e il 2024" / Per una raccolta fotografica pubblica / accademica estremamente dettagliata e di altissima qualità, che fotografa e diffonde cronologicamente le viste dei "lavori in corso" su base quasi mensile tra l'inizio di febbraio 2019 e la metà di agosto 2025; vedere:
— ROMA - Francesco Campanini (a cura di), "Foro di Cesare, l’inizio di un nuovo progetto di scavo e indagine approfondita, 2019 in poi"; in: 'ARCHEO VALLEY IMPERIALE' / ROMA (08/2025).
www.archeovalley.it/archeo-valley-imperiale.html & www.archeovalley.it/foro-di-cesare.html
FOTO / ROMA – Il Foro di Cesare 2018, Sig. Gianni de Dominicis – fotografo professionista e ricercatore indipendente, in piedi accanto a una ricostruzione digitale del Tempio di Venere Genitrice; in: “Mini Tour Atavistico con il mitico Gianni, superbo conoscitore di Roma Antica. Il passato non è mai stato così presente”; di: Riccardo Crocetti et al., atavistic / Fb (29/09/2018). S.v., RARA 2025 / ROMA (Foro di Cesare, materiali d’archivio [11/10/2018]) wp.me/pbMWvy-59D
Cape Town, South Africa. July 2012.
South Africa hosted the second global Understanding Risk (UR) Forum in Cape Town from July 2-6, 2012. The Forum convened more than 500 thought leaders and decision-makers from 86 countries to exchange knowledge and share best practice in disaster risk assessment.
Photo: World Bank
HG 9396 .R68 2011.
Understanding Health Insurance, Eleventh Edition, is the essential learning tool you need when preparing for a career in medical insurance billing. This comprehensive and easy-to-understand text is fully-updated with the latest code sets and guidelines, and covers important topics in the field like managed care, legal and regulatory issues, coding systems, reimbursement methods, medical necessity, and common health insurance plans. The eleventh edition has been updated to include new legislation that affects healthcare, ICD-10-CM coding, implementing the electronic health record, the Medical Integrity Program (MIP), medical review process, and more. The practice exercises in each chapter provide plenty of review, and the accompanying workbook provides even more application-based assignments and additional case studies for reinforcement. Includes free online StudyWARE™ software that allows you to test your knowledge, free online SimClaim™ CMS-1500 claims completion software, and free-trial access to Ingenix's EncoderPro.com--Expert encoder software.
Networks Understanding Networks, MIT Media Lab
#MediaLabNtwks
www.media.mit.edu/events/2011/10/12/networks-understandin...
Ceremonia Inaugural
Participa Secretario General, Presidente de Costa Rica y la Representante del BM para CA.
Del 12 al 14 de febrero Costa Rica es anfitrión del Understanding Risk Centroamérica, una conferencia donde cerca de 500 expertos internacionales se reúnen para conversar sobre prácticas e innovaciones para la compresión del riesgo de desastres y el riesgo climático en Centroamérica.
En la actividad que se desarrolla en el Centro de Convenciones de Costa Rica participan expertos, organizaciones, e instituciones académicas, quienes buscarán construir alianzas estratégicas para pasar de la comprensión del riesgo a la acción en resiliencia ante desastres.
Asimismo, se abordarán diversos temas en materia de inclusión social, compromiso comunitario, patrimonio cultural, resiliencia costera, servicios meteorológicos, climáticos e hidrológicos, resiliencia fiscal y financiera, urbanismo, análisis de riesgos y comunicación del riesgo.
En la inauguración este miércoles participaron Carlos Alvarado, presidente de la República; Vinicio Cerezo, secretario general del Sistema de la Integración Centroamericana (SICA); Seynabou Sakho, directora del Banco Mundial para Centroamérica; investigadores de la NASA como Sandra Cauffman y Daniel E. Irwin, y el gerente país de Waze para Colombia, Perú y Centroamérica, entre otros invitados.
#SICA #ElSalvador #CostaRica #Nicaragua #RepublicaDominicana #Belize #Honduras #Panama #Guatemala
Won’t stream YouTube etc…
see a verbose description of the Apple TV 64-128GB (Third Generation) on Google Docs..
docs.google.com/document/u/0/d/12my6sV8hYyeGAbvCxjAE0zND_...
From Gemini Deep Research
Understanding Memory Usage in the Apple 2022 Apple TV 4K (3rd Generation) with 64GB StorageI. IntroductionThe Apple 2022 Apple TV 4K (3rd Generation) represents a significant iteration in the realm of streaming media devices, offering enhanced processing power and advanced features designed to elevate the home entertainment experience. A crucial aspect of its functionality is the internal storage, which, in the Wi-Fi model under examination, amounts to 64GB.1 While primarily designed for streaming content, this storage capacity plays a vital role in the device's overall operation, influencing its ability to run applications, manage data, and maintain optimal performance. This report aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of how the 64GB internal storage is utilized within this specific Apple TV model, delving into the operating system's storage management strategies, the types of data stored, caching mechanisms, user management capabilities, and the ultimate impact of this storage capacity on the device's functionality. The existence of both 64GB and 128GB models 1 suggests that storage capacity is a deliberate design consideration by Apple, likely catering to different user profiles and usage demands. The distinction between these models implies that the 64GB variant might present certain trade-offs or limitations compared to its higher-capacity counterpart, which will be explored throughout this analysis.II. tvOS and Core System StorageThe Apple TV 4K (3rd Generation) operates on tvOS, Apple's dedicated operating system for its television platform.5 While a third-party retailer listing incorrectly identifies the operating system as "Apple iOS" 5, Apple's official documentation confirms the use of tvOS.6 A significant portion of the 64GB internal storage is inherently allocated to the tvOS itself, encompassing the foundational software and essential system files necessary for the device to initiate its processes, execute its functions, and manage its core operations.7 These fundamental files include the operating system kernel, core system libraries, and various pre-installed applications that provide baseline functionality. Furthermore, the process of updating tvOS also necessitates the temporary storage of update files on the internal memory before and during the installation procedure.7 This temporary storage requirement ensures a smooth and reliable update process. While the exact quantum of storage consumed by the base tvOS installation and its associated system files is not explicitly detailed within the provided research materials, it is an undeniable and necessary component of the device's overall storage utilization. User discussions have indicated that the storage consumed by the system can sometimes be substantial, leading to situations where the reported usable storage appears less than expected.10 This observation underscores the fact that the advertised 64GB capacity represents the total available NAND flash memory, and a portion of this will always be occupied by the pre-installed software infrastructure, thereby reducing the storage available for user-installed applications and personal data.III. Application and Game Storage ManagementBeyond the storage reserved for the core operating system, the primary allocation of the remaining internal memory in the Apple TV 4K (3rd Generation) is dedicated to the storage of applications and games downloaded from the Apple TV App Store.5 As highlighted by a retailer's specification page, the device offers "64GB of Storage Options for Apps and Games".19 The digital footprint of these applications and games can exhibit considerable variability, with certain games, particularly those available through Apple Arcade, potentially demanding several gigabytes of storage space.14 To optimize storage usage, tvOS incorporates a feature known as "Offload Unused Apps".13 This automated mechanism intelligently identifies and removes applications that have not been accessed recently, thereby freeing up valuable storage space while crucially preserving the associated user data.13 Should a user wish to utilize an offloaded application in the future, it can be readily redownloaded from the App Store, and the previously stored data will be restored, provided the app remains available.13 This feature provides an automated approach to managing storage, reducing the need for manual intervention. In addition to this automated offloading, users retain the ability to exercise direct control over their storage by manually deleting applications that are no longer required.9 This can be accomplished through the "Manage Storage" option accessible within the Settings menu. Deleting an application permanently removes both the application itself and all of its corresponding data 13, offering a more definitive method for reclaiming storage space.IV. Caching Mechanisms on Apple TVThe internal storage of the Apple TV 4K (3rd Generation) also serves as a repository for various types of cached content, which plays a role in enhancing the user experience.Streaming MediaThe device may employ caching to store segments of streamed movies, television shows, or music.9 This temporary storage can contribute to smoother playback and mitigate buffering issues, particularly in scenarios where internet connectivity might be intermittent.9 While some sources suggest that larger storage capacities could potentially accommodate more cached streaming content 15, the process is largely managed automatically by the system without direct user intervention.14 This lack of user control over streaming media caching has been a point of frustration for some users encountering storage limitations.10Temporary FilesApplications running on the Apple TV may also utilize the internal storage to store temporary files and data necessary for their operation.7 These files, which can include items like thumbnails, user preferences, and runtime data, are typically managed by the individual applications and the operating system itself. tvOS is designed to automatically remove these temporary files when storage space becomes constrained.7ScreensaversA notable consumer of storage space on the Apple TV is the collection of downloaded Aerial screensavers, particularly when viewed in high-resolution 4K.9 tvOS has the capability to automatically download new screensavers over time 12, which can progressively consume a significant portion of the available storage. Users are provided with some degree of control over this by being able to adjust the download frequency of these screensavers 9, allowing them to manage the potential storage impact to a certain extent. However, the inability to selectively delete individual screensavers limits the user's ability to precisely manage the storage they consume.12The automatic and often opaque nature of caching on the Apple TV can lead to situations where users find their storage being utilized in ways they do not fully understand.10 While designed to enhance performance and user experience, the limited transparency and control over these processes can be a source of difficulty when managing the finite storage capacity of the device. Furthermore, the concept of "purgeable" data within tvOS suggests an ability to reclaim storage used for temporary files when needed. However, user reports of substantial unexplained storage usage raise questions about the consistent effectiveness of this automatic purging mechanism.7V. User Data and Media Storage CapabilitiesThe Apple TV 4K (3rd Generation) is primarily engineered as a streaming device, and consequently, its internal storage has limitations when it comes to storing personal media files such as downloaded movies, TV shows, or music.8 Discussions within Apple's support forums explicitly state that the device is not intended for saving movies for offline playback.8 While certain third-party applications, such as VLC, might offer a degree of functionality for sideloading and temporarily storing media files locally 16, this is not the device's primary function, and the operating system may automatically remove these files when storage space becomes scarce.16 User experiences have indicated that media stored in this manner can disappear without warning, highlighting the unreliability of using the Apple TV's internal storage for permanent media archiving.16 Users can access their iCloud Photos library through the dedicated Photos application on the Apple TV.9 However, this access typically involves streaming or caching recently viewed content rather than a full local storage of the entire photo library. The Apple TV functions as a display interface for cloud-based media rather than a storage solution for it. This design emphasizes the Apple TV's role as a central hub for accessing content from online services and connected devices, aligning with the broader ecosystem strategy that favors cloud-based storage and on-demand streaming over extensive local media storage on client devices. The ephemeral nature of local storage for user-added media, even through third-party applications, underscores the intended usage model of the Apple TV.VI. Storage Management Options for UsersUsers of the Apple TV 4K (3rd Generation) have several avenues available to manage the device's internal storage.Checking Storage UsageThe primary method for users to ascertain their storage consumption is by navigating to Settings > General > Usage > Manage Storage.9 This section presents a list of installed applications along with the amount of storage each one is utilizing. It is important to note, however, that the storage information presented here might not always provide a complete picture of the total used space, as system files and various forms of cached data might not be comprehensively accounted for within this view.7 For a more detailed analysis of storage allocation, users can turn to third-party applications available on the App Store, such as "TV Info" 7 and others like "Storage Analysis" or "Space Free" 29, which can offer a more granular breakdown of storage usage, potentially including system data and cached files.Deleting AppsTo reclaim storage space occupied by unwanted applications, users can manually delete them by navigating to Settings > General > Usage > Manage Storage, selecting the specific application, and choosing the Delete option.13 This action will permanently remove the selected application and all associated data from the device.Offloading AppsA less drastic measure for managing storage is the option to offload unused applications. This can be found under Settings > Apps > Offload Unused Apps.13 When enabled, tvOS will automatically remove applications that have not been used recently but will retain their associated data. This allows users to easily reinstall the application at a later time and resume their previous activity.Managing Screensaver DownloadsUsers can control the storage impact of Aerial screensavers by adjusting their download frequency. This setting can be found under Settings > Screensaver > Aerials > Download Frequency.9 Setting this to "Never" will prevent the automatic download of new screensavers, thus conserving storage space.Restarting the Apple TVPerforming a restart of the Apple TV can sometimes be beneficial in clearing temporary cached files and addressing storage-related performance issues.22 This can typically be done through the Settings > System > Restart menu or simply by disconnecting and reconnecting the power cord.Resetting the Apple TVAs a last resort for reclaiming storage or resolving persistent storage-related problems, users can perform a factory reset of their Apple TV. This option is located under Settings > System > Reset.9 It is crucial to understand that this action will erase all data on the device and restore it to its original factory settings.The discrepancy often observed between the storage usage reported by the native tvOS tools and third-party applications highlights a potential limitation in Apple's built-in storage management interface.7 This lack of comprehensive and transparent reporting can impede users' ability to effectively manage their storage. While users have some degree of control over applications and screensavers, the limited options for directly managing system caches and other temporary files underscore the operating system's emphasis on automated management.22 This approach, while simplifying the user experience for many, might not always align with the needs of users who desire more granular control over their device's storage.VII. Storage Expansion PossibilitiesCurrently, there is no official method to expand the internal storage of the Apple TV 4K (3rd Generation).35 Neither external hard drives nor memory cards are supported for this purpose. The USB-C port located on the Siri Remote is solely intended for charging the remote's battery.1 Similarly, the USB-C port on the Apple TV device itself does not support external storage devices.35 For users who require access to extensive libraries of media content, network-attached storage (NAS) devices or media server software solutions like Plex or Infuse offer a viable alternative.26 These solutions enable users to stream their media content to the Apple TV over their home network, effectively negating the need for large amounts of local storage on the Apple TV itself for media files. Apple's iCloud+ service provides cloud storage for photos and other types of data 37, but it does not function as an extension of the Apple TV's local storage for applications or system files. The absence of expandable storage reinforces the Apple TV's core design as a streaming-centric device. Users who anticipate needing more storage for a large number of applications or for potential local media caching (where supported by third-party apps) should consider opting for the 128GB model at the time of purchase.VIII. Impact of 64GB Storage on Performance and FunctionalityThe 64GB storage capacity of the Apple TV 4K (3rd Generation) can have implications for the device's performance and overall functionality in several key areas.App Installation LimitsThe available 64GB of storage will inherently impose a limit on the number of applications and, more significantly, large games that can be installed concurrently.5 Users who actively engage with a wide array of applications or who frequently download and play large games from services like Apple Arcade might encounter storage limitations more readily and may need to manage their installed applications more frequently, potentially uninstalling older or less-used apps to accommodate new ones.Caching and ResponsivenessThe capacity of the internal storage can influence the device's ability to cache frequently accessed content. While some argue that a larger storage capacity allows for more extensive caching, potentially leading to improved responsiveness, especially in situations with limited internet bandwidth 15, others contend that the primary driver of the Apple TV's responsiveness is its powerful A15 Bionic chip.6 If the available storage becomes critically low, it could potentially have a negative impact on buffering during streaming or the performance of applications 16 as the system might struggle to efficiently manage temporary files and cached data.Software UpdatesA device with a near-full storage capacity might encounter challenges when attempting to download and install tvOS software updates.9 The update process typically requires a certain amount of temporary storage space for the download and installation files. Insufficient free space could potentially prevent the update from proceeding, necessitating the user to free up storage by removing applications or other content.MultitaskingWhile the performance of multitasking is more directly correlated with the device's Random Access Memory (RAM) – which is reported to be 4GB for this model 38 – insufficient storage space could indirectly affect the system's ability to manage temporary data associated with running multiple applications in the background or rapidly switching between them. A lack of available storage might lead to more frequent reloading of applications, which could slightly impact the overall user experience.For users whose primary use case involves streaming content and utilizing a moderate number of commonly used applications, the 64GB storage capacity is likely to be adequate. However, individuals who identify as heavy gamers or those who maintain an extensive library of applications might find the 128GB model to be a more suitable option, potentially mitigating the need for frequent storage management.5 While a larger storage capacity can theoretically facilitate more extensive caching, the practical benefits of this for improving streaming performance are not definitively established and are likely heavily influenced by the quality and stability of the user's internet connection, as well as the efficiency of tvOS's caching algorithms. The presence of the A15 Bionic chip in the 3rd generation Apple TV 4K is a more significant factor contributing to the device's overall responsiveness and smooth operation for the majority of tasks.6IX. ConclusionIn summary, the 64GB internal storage of the Apple 2022 Apple TV 4K (3rd Generation) serves as the foundation for storing the tvOS operating system, downloaded applications and games from the App Store, various forms of cached data including streaming media and screensavers, and temporary files necessary for system and application operation. While the device is primarily designed for streaming content, the local storage plays a crucial role in enabling its diverse functionalities. There are limitations regarding the storage of personal media files directly on the device, and users seeking to access large media libraries will need to rely on network streaming solutions. Furthermore, the internal storage is not user-expandable, making the initial storage selection important based on individual usage patterns. For typical users who primarily stream content and use a reasonable number of applications, the 64GB capacity is likely sufficient. However, users who intend to heavily engage with gaming or maintain a large number of installed applications might find the 128GB model a more appropriate choice to avoid frequent storage management. Ultimately, the Apple TV 4K (3rd Generation) strikes a balance between providing adequate local storage for its intended functions and prioritizing a seamless, streaming-centric user experience, leveraging its powerful processor to deliver smooth performance within the constraints of its storage capacity.Table 1: Apple TV 4K (3rd Generation) Storage Usage Breakdown (Estimated)
CategoryDescriptionPotential Storage UsageSource SnippetstvOS and System FilesSpace occupied by the operating system and essential system files.Unknown (Significant)7Installed Apps & GamesStorage used by downloaded applications and games from the App Store.Variable (User-Dependent)5Cached Streaming MediaTemporary storage for portions of streamed content (movies, TV shows, music).Variable (System-Managed)9Cached Temporary FilesData stored temporarily by apps for their operation.Variable (App-Dependent)7Cached ScreensaversStorage used by downloaded Aerial screensavers, especially in 4K resolution.Variable (User-Managed)9Other System DataMiscellaneous files, logs, and temporary data managed by the system.Variable (Small)7Total Usable StorageAdvertised capacity (64GB) minus storage used by the operating system and other non-user-removable files.< 64GB1Free StorageTotal Usable Storage minus storage used by installed apps, cached data, and other user-related content.Variable9