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Norwood, Bronx
The Williamsbridge Reservoir Keeper's House is the only surviving building in New York City associated with the Bronx and Byram Rivers water system. Particularly between 1884 and 1906, this system served the critical function of supplying the burgeoning western section of the Bronx and helped the city to bridge the gap in the years between the construction of the Old and New Croton Aqueducts. The Bronx River portion of the system was constructed between 1880 and 1889, under the supervision of George W. Birdsall, chief engineer of the Croton Aqueduct in the New York City Department of Public Works.
The fifteen-mile Bronx River pipeline was completed in 1884, but the Williamsbridge Reservoir was not finished until 1889. The Keeper's House, located at the northeast end of the reservoir, was constructed in 1889-90 by contractor Terence A. Smith. L-shaped in plan, the two-and-a-half-story house is built of rock-faced, variegated gray-tan gneiss ashlar with smooth, speckled-gray granite trim, including keyed enframements. In 1925, when it was no longer needed, the reservoir was drained; it was later converted into a playground. The Keeper's House, after five decades as a private residence, was purchased in 1998 by the Mosholu Preservation Corp., a non-profit organization active in neighborhood improvement in Norwood.
DESCRIPTION AND ANALYSIS
The Water Suoolv of New York Citv in the Nineteenth The Bronx and Bvram Rivers Water Supply System
Until the mid-nineteenth century, New York City did not have an adequate and reliable source of fresh water. Citizens were forced to subsist on water from the Collect pond, various wells and pumps, and cisterns. But the serious pollution of these water sources, which were sometimes linked with diseases and epidemics, along with general civic filth and periodic fires exacerbated by lack of water, posed major problems. These were especially aggravated by the rapid growth of the population. Manhattan island, moreover, is located amidst saltwater estuaries, presenting substantial obstacles to bringing in potable water.
As early as 1798, several plans were advanced to divert water from the Bronx River to Manhattan, but these were not implemented. After decades of discussion, an independent Water Commission was authorized by the state legislature in 1834 to plan and construct a water system. The city finally obtained a supply of fresh water in 1842 through the gravity-fed Croton Aqueduct, which was begun in 1837 and completed in 1848. An innovative engineering achievement, an outstanding (if expensive) public works project, and one of the first major municipal water systems in the United States, the Croton Aqueduct was planned under chief engineer David B. Douglass, the leading proponent of the Croton River as water source, but built under chief engineer John B. Jervis.
Water emanating from the Croton River and Reservoir in Westchester County, N.Y., traveled 41 miles through an embanked tunnel, across the High Bridge over the Harlem River/ to a receiving reservoir in what later became Central Park and then to a distributing reservoir at Fifth Avenue and West 42nd Street. An additional water supply system became a municipal necessity after the Civil War with the explosion of the city's population, accompanied by the emergence of indoor plumbing and ever-increasing water usage. However, attempts were first made to increase the capacity of the water flow of the existing Croton system, and extensions were constructed. These included a new receiving reservoir in Central Park, alterations to the High Bridge, and the High Bridge Water Tower and reservoir/ A hydrographic survey of the Croton River watershed in 1857-58 resulted in plans for fourteen additional reservoirs outside the city; this plan was mostly carried out between 1866 and 1911. The (Old) Croton Aqueduct remained the city's principal source of water until 1890.
In 1870, the New York City Department of Public Works was established under Commissioner William M. ("Boss") Tweed, and the Croton Aqueduct came within its jurisdiction. After Tweed's conviction on various graft charges in 1873, the department was headed by Allan Campbell, who promoted a plan to utilize the Bronx and Byram Rivers as the next municipal water source. Of immediate concern was the development and water needs of the western portion of the Bronx, formerly part of Westchester County, annexed as the 23"* and 24* Wards of New York City on January 1,1874. Opponents of Campbell's plan, led by reformers in the Union League Club and others, fearing further departmental corruption, advocated a New Croton Aqueduct under the control of an independent commission. Droughts in 1876-77 and 1880-81 added to anxieties about the adequacy of the city's water. Eventually, both systems were constructed, but the more modest and less expensive Bronx and Byram plan was the first one to be implemented, due largely to strained municipal financial circumstances after the Tweed years and the Panic of 1873.
The proposed scheme consisted of dams and reservoirs to be built across the Byram River in Connecticut, and, in Westchester County, across the Bronx River at Kensico, and at Rye Ponds. The plan also included tapping Byram Pond and digging a channel connecting the two rivers. Construction of the Bronx River portion of this gravity-fed system began in October 1880, under the supervision of Ceorge W. Birdsall, chief engineer of the Croton Aqueduct in the Dept. of Public Works. The Bronx River pipeline, consisting of a 48-inch cast-iron pipe, began service in 1884 and carried water fifteen miles from Kensico to the site of the planned reservoir near Willi amsbridge.
The Bronx River portion of this water system was completed in 1889, while the Byram River portion was delayed until 1891 -97 due to complications in acquiring land. Particularlybetween 1884 and 1906, the Bronx and Byram Rivers water system served the critical function of supplying water to the burgeoning western section of the Bronx. (Part of the eastern section of the Bronx was annexed to the city in 1895, and the entire borough became part of New York City in 1898.) It thus helped to bridge the gap in the years between the construction of the Old and New Croton Aqueducts, and facilitated the rapid development of the Bronx, especially the construction of taller buildings, which needed greater water pressure. This could not have occurred without an adequate water supply.
The Williamsbridge Reservoir and Keeper's House " The use of the name Williams' Bridge for this area dates back to before the American Revolution. It is said to have come from John Williams, owner of a farm adjacent to the bridge carrying the Boston Post Road over the Bronx River since the late seventeenth century. A settlennt called Williamsbridge eventually grew up around the bridge and was the location of a station on the New York & Harlem Railroad in 1842. The city acquired land located to the west of the village, on a ridge called Gun Hill, for the Williamsbridge Reservoir in August 1882. This included part of the farm associated with the Valentine-Varian House (1758) and land owned by Amanda Bussing and the Estate of John Bussing.' This location is bounded by Woodlawn Centery (opened in 1865) and Van Cortlandt Park to the north, the Bronx River to the east, the Mosholu Parkway to the west, and Bronx Park to the south. The city acquired the above-nntioned parkland in 1888.
Though the Dept. of Public Works started plans for the reservoir in 1880, a construction contract was not signed until June 1884. The contractor was Sullivan & Moore. In September 1884, the Bronx River pipeline was finished and supplied water to the city, running under Putnam Place and terminating at the site; however, the reservoir was not completed for several more years. The (?Marter/y Rpo/ty of the Dept. of Public Works contain complaints about the slowness of the reservoir contractor's construction work and annua! cessations because of severe winter weather. The oval reservoir was surrounded by an earthen and stone embanknnt, with the bottom covered with concrete. The interior was completed at the end of 1888. As reported by Stephen Jenkins in 77tg Jfory #/vnjt (1912), "water was admitted into the reservoir on December 4,1888, and the distribution of the water to the Annexed District was begun. The reservoir has a capacity of 150,000,000 gallons when it is filled to a depth of forty fect...."' Chief engineer BirdsaH noted then that "it will take next year to complete and sod the outside bank of this reservoir, erect the necessary fences and complete the roads around same.'"* The receiving and distributing reservoir was filled and in full use by the fall of 1889, and was completed at the end of that year. The cost had been nearly $524,000.
Plans for a Reservoir Keeper's House, to be built of stone with a comer tower, were drawn up by architect Douglas Smyth.'* Apparently, this proposal was scrapped in favor of a less elaborate building. Plans for a two-and-a-half-story stone house, to be located at the northeast end of the reservoir, were approved by Birdsall in February 1889, and a contract was signed in March with building contractor Terence A.Smith. Construction began in September 1889, the exterior stonework was finished by March 1890, and the house was completed in June. The total cost was $8749. shaped in plan, the house is built of rock-faced, variegated gray-tan gneiss ashlar with smooth, speckled-gray granite trim, and embellished by keyed enframennts. The house originally had three wooden porches. Straightforward and massive, the stone house follows the tradition of building stone structures for both Croton Aqueducts. The Williamsbridge Reservoir Keeper's House is the only surviving building in New York City associated with the Bronx and Byram Rivers water supply system.
The first reservoir keeper, whose job it was to maintain and guard the reservoir, was Irish immigrant Matthew Mallahan (1834-1913), in this position from 1890 to about 1911. Mallahan came to the United States in 1875, was a Bronx hotel keeper and liquor dealer in the 1880s, and lived here with several relatives. The house also contained a first-story office for the keeper.
Later History
The Bronx and Byram Rivers water system played a brief but significant role in supplying water to New York City. Shortly after its completion, this system was surpassed by the more extensive New Croton Aqueduct. Constructed between 1885 and 1907 under chief engineers Benjamin S. Church and Alphonse Fteley for the New York City Aqueduct Commission, the New Croton Aqueduct was put into service in 1890. The Jerome Park Reservoir (1895-1906), the New Croton's receiving and distributing reservoir located to the west of the Williamsbridge Reservoir, held a much larger volume of water than the earlier one. Eventually, the capacity of New York's water supply was greatly expanded with the Catskill (1907-29) and Delaware River (1937-50s) water systems. The Old Croton Aqueduct ended service to New York City in 1955.
During the early twentieth century, the Williamsbridge Reservoir continued to supply a percentage of the borough's water. The Bronx and Byram Rivers watersheds were merged into the Catskill system in the 1910s. The reservoir was reduced to serve as an emergency backup system after 1919. The water supply was cut off and the reservoir was drained in 1925. After the land was transferred to the Dept. of Parks, the reservoir was converted into Williamsbridge Oval Playground, which opened in 1937 under parks commissioner Robert Moses.
The park served the neighborhood, known since the construction of the reservoir as Norwood, that had been developed largely with apartment buildings after 1905. Montefiore Hospital locatedherein 1913. The Reservoir Keeper's House was abandoned by the city, but plans were made in the 1930s to convert it to a branch library. However, Dr. Isaac H. Barkey, a physicist and engineer, and his wife Dorothy, interested inpurchasing the house, convinced the city to build a new library nearby and acquired the property in 1946. After five decades in residence, the Barkeys sold the house in 1998 to the Mosholu Preservation Corp. A non-profit organization established in 1981 by Montefiore Medical Center to address the problem of housing abandonment and deterioration in the ethnically diverse Norwood neighborhood, the Mosholu Preservation Corp. has been active in neighborhood improvement and publishes the Norwood Mewy community newspaper. Plans are under way to renovate the Keeper's House for use as its offices, for a local meeting facility, and a youth summer employment center. The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in September 1999.
Description
The Williamsbridge Reservoir Keeper's House is a two-and-a-half-story, L-shaped building constructed of rock-faced, variegated gray-tan gneiss ashlar, with smooth, speckled-gray granite trim, including the watertable, a band course terminating the second story, and keyed enframements. The rubble stone foundation is currently exposed. The roof has gables at the northern end of the front (west) elevation and at the south elevation. Fenestration is rectangular, except for a small round-arched window in each gable. Windows were originally two-over-two double-hung wood sash; these were replaced (c. 1950s) by multipane metal casements.
Front (west) elevation: This elevation has four bays, two tm each wing. The main entrance originally had a wood paneled door; this was replaced (c.1950s) with an historic decorative metal door from a Manhattan town house. The southernmost bay on the first story originally had a double French window (which was salvaged and is currently in storage); the opening is currently covered. There was originally a wood porch with latticework, posts, and steps; a steel mesh deck was installed (c. 1950s).
Rear (east) elevation: This elevation has four bays on the first story and three bays on the second story. The central entrance originally had a wood paneled door (converted into a window c. 1950s) and a wood porch with latticework, posts, and side steps. Stone steps, flanked by a stone areaway wall, lead to a basement entrance with a solid metal door (c. 1950s). North elevation: This elevation has two bays. The entrance in the eastern bay of the first story originally had a wood paneled door (the lower portion survives in part) and a wood porch with latticework, posts, and steps.
South elevation: This elevation has two bays on the southern end of the building, as well as one bay on the second story of the wing projecting from the northern end.
Roof: The roof, a replacement (c. 1950s) of the original slate roof, is covered in variegated slate shingles, with red tile ridgecap (with end finials), snow guards, and copper gutters. Originally there were two corbeled brick chimneys; the one near the southern end survives, while another at the juncture of the two wings was removed.
Lot: There is an original stone retaining wall along the eastern property line, with portions of a deteriorated pipe railing. A chain-link fence currently surrounds the property.
- From the 2000 NYCLPC Landmark Designation Report
A 1st Airlift Squadron crew flies a recruiting mission to several western U.S. states March 13-15, 2016. The 89th Airlift Wing selectively hires for its pilots, communications systems operators, flight attendants, flight engineers and flying crew chiefs, who are hired to maintain and operate 'Air Force One,' ‘Air Force Two,’ and 14 other special air mission platforms. (U.S. Air Force photo by Senior Master Sgt. Kevin Wallace/RELEASED)
Sometimes septic systems are not installed at the site of a home. It this case, sewer lines from a number of homes share the same trenches as the wastewater is moved to an adjacent area where the drainfields are installed.
Fuel Tank with handmade locking system.Itom Astor Competizione 1957
Itom Competizione Ciclomotore 1957 50cc
The Italian company Industria Torinese Meccanica, or ITOM, started in 1948 and produced in the beginning car parts and accessoires.
After a lot of experiments with clip-on engines like the MP 58, in 1953 the Esperia was, the first Itom model with two gears.
In 1954 the Astor Sport followed, with 3 gears and pedalsn 3 versnellingen en (verplichte) pedalen.
This model was to be succeede three yers later with two versions: the Astor Super Sport and the Competizione, both also with pedals. A Competizione tuning-kit was available with resulted in a speed of 110 kmph, out of range of the competition.
By a change of law in 1959, pedals could be removed. Only export models had them.
In 1963 the Competizione is taken out of production. The Super Sport stays top of the bill. It gets a 4 shift hand gear. Two years later the well known Astor 4M with 4 gear foot. It delivers 6 hp and 10.000 rpm and a top speed of just 100 kph.
The Competizione achieved 75 Kph. These had pedals and two type of forks. Itom sold a tuning kit for competition use comprising high compression cylinder head, chrome bore cylinder, Dell' Orto SS20 carburettor, expansion chamber and piston. The pistons were of various types with either 2 or 3 rings.
The last competition models tuned with this kit were capable of 110 Kph, unfaired!
Also available as an option were Ceriani competition forks with external springs. These were fitted as standard production by 1965.
Engine: two strokes unit - cast iron cylinder with alluminium cylinder head - capacity 49,5 cc. -B.H.P 3,2 HP at 8500rpm - initial gear reduction helical drive - 3 speed gear change - constant mesh gear box - oil immersed multiplate clutch with cock insert - 15 watt flywheel magneto with external H.T. coil - lubrication with mixture - lubrication of clutch housing and gear box with SAE60/70 oil.
Frame: Monobeam in shaped tubes reinforced with reticulated structures of support - Front craddle shaped with down tubes - tank in sheet pressing 8 ltres capacity - front suspension with swingng arm and plungers dampers - rear suspension by means of swinging arm with plunger dampers - 15watt 6 volt lighting - expanding brakes of great strength, the rear is controlled by a foot lever - tyres 24x1 3/4 reinforced - maximum speed 85 - 90 kmh./ (with megaphone exhaust
Brief presentation on Intelligent Transportation Systems by Professor Matthew Barth of the University of California at Riverside, sustainability and intelligent transport and secondly by Professor Wei-Bin Zhang, of the University of California Berkeley, one of the engineers greater relevance after the famous and important PATH (www.path.berkeley.edu). The talk took place in the University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria promoted by the Innovation Center for Information Society (CICEI)
Leeton. Population 7,500.
Like Griffith, Leeton was a child of the Murrumbidgee Irrigation Area and also a town designed by the architect who laid out Canberra, Walter Burley Griffin. One of the three men behind the establishment of the MIA was Sir Samuel McCaughey who had a grand house built just outside of Leeton in Euroley Road Yanco. It is now the Yanco Agricultural High School. McCaughey had started his own private irrigation system with channel at Yanco in the early 20th century for pastoralism. He bought Yanco pastoral station (he already had several others) and at great cost built over 300 kms of water channels so that he could not irrigate but supply water to 40,000 acres. In 1906, as a Member of the Legislative Council he envisaged a big government scheme that would support of population of over 50,000 people. In 1906 the NSW government passed a bill to construct the Burrinjuck Dam. Water from that dam first became available in 1912. A narrow gauge railway was built from Narrandera to Yanco in 1907 to transport materials for the development of the MIA. The station at Yanco railway was the nearest for Leeton until 1922. By 1960 there were over 1,900 kms of water supply channel, over 1,200 kms of drainage channels. The town was named Leeton after the Minister of Public Works at that time Charles Lee. The MIA water supply is now for horticulture more than pastoralism except in the outer areas. Leeton is now the rice capital of Australia but extensive areas of citrus trees and vines are grown. McCaughey’s dream ended for him in 1919 when he died at his home in Yanco. His estate was valued at £1,600 million of which he left to charities, the Presbyterian Church, hospitals etc. and a quarter of his estate went to the University of Sydney. At one time before his death he owned around 3.25 million acres! His sandstone and brick mansion at Yanco was left to the area as a school.
The central park in Leeton is McCaughey Park. Walter Burley Griffin was a follower of the Garden City Movement, like Charles Reade the designer of Colonel Light Gardens hence the curved and circular roads, and the avoidance of rectangles and squared corners. Streets were designed to follow contours and the highest point of Leeton, opposite the Hydro Hotel has three decorative water towers named after Walter Burley Griffin. The oldest was erected in 1913, the second in 1937 and the last in 1974 to feed water by gravity to the town. The first solid building built in Leeton was the Murrumbidgee Irrigation Trust offices in 1912 which later became the Water Conservation and Irrigation Commission building in 1937 when a new Art Deco building was opened. . It is now the town museum and art gallery. This Trust employed the men who built the town and in the early years 250 homes were built each year, and the Trust workshops employed about 100 men. Because so much of the town was built during the Art Deco period with 21 buildings registered by the NSW Art Deco society which is impressive as they only list about 80 in the Sydney region. Most of the best examples of Art Deco in Leeton are mainly in: Pine and Kurrajong Avenues. Leeton has an annual Art Deco festival during July each year. Most of the earliest building in Leeton were timber framed and the beautiful Art Deco ones came along in the 1920s to 1940s.
In terms of development of the region at lot happened in 1914 as farmers were on their lands and residents were accommodated in Leeton and workers accommodated in barracks. The Leeton Progress Association was formed in 1914 as were the Yanco Agricultural and Horticultural Society, the Murrumbidgee Dairy Farmers Association (the butter rectory opened in 1913), the Murrumbidgee Farmers Union and the local newspaper, The Murrumbidgee Irrigator began publishing. Clarkes brothers General Store was in a solid shop as opposed to the 1911 tin shed. The one teacher school built in 1911 had five teachers and around 300 children by 1914. A Catholic School began in 1917 using the church as its school room until 1936. By 1914 Leeton had Methodist (replaced 1937), Baptist (replaced 1937), Anglican (the parish hall added in 1929) and Catholic churches (replaced in 1955). The current Presbyterian Church was built in 1957, replacing the 1916 timber framed one. By 1914 Leeton had only one Bank that of NSW (replaced in 1938). A second bank did not open until 1920 – the Commercial Bank of Sydney (replaced in 1957.) Leeton is a prosperous still growing town. One of the important employers in town is the Sunrise rice mill. It is the headquarters of Sunrise Australia which exports much of the rice not destined for the domestic market in Australia. In recent years Leeton has made a positive attempt to attract and befriend immigrant workers and families. Many are needed for the local abattoirs and agricultural work. There is now a sizeable Afghan community in Leeton with the highest proportion outside of Sydney. Leeton has small communities of Fijians, Pacific Islanders and East African workers. Cotton is also grown near Leeton. In terms of industry the town cannery was crucial and the major employed.
The NSW government cannery opened in Leeton in 1914 with government contracts for tinned fruit, vegetables and orange juice. The State Cannery eventually became Leeton Cooperative Cannery. It employed around 750 people throughout the year with a peak work force double that during the harvest season. In its last decades is marketed fruit etc as Letona brand. Sadly the cannery closed in 1994. Letona also sold locally grown rice as Letona Rice. The rice growing industry in Leeton began in 1924 and two sisters. Lois and Margaret Grant were among the first six pioneers of rice growing when it started. Lois Grant succeeded so well in this male industry and she was a founding member of the MIA Rice growing Cooperative Society. The cooperative marketed its rice as SunRice. It is now marketed as SunWhite Rice. Leeton is still a major rice producing region of Australia and most is produced for export. Australia including Leeton and the Riverina region leads the world in water efficient and sustainable and highly mechanised rice growing. The MIA grows much of Australia’s rice with more grown in other regions of the Riverina. About 25,000 to 65,000 hectares are used for rice growing in the MIA depending on the season and water allocations. There are between two rice mills in the Riverina with a major one near Leeton. The other major mill for SunWhite is at Deniliquin. One hectare sown in rice can produce about 12 tons of rice grain.
Some Art Deco structures to look for in Chelmsford Place and in the Main St which is Pine Ave. Starting at the top of Chelmsford Place by the Art Deco Walter Burley Griffin designed water tanks.
•The Walter Burley Griffin water towers. Oldest is 1913.
•The Hydro Hotel. Built as a coffee palace as Leeton originally teetotal site. Built in 1919 and burnt down in 1924. Rebuilt in Art Deco style 1924-26 and re-opened in 1927.The interior has many deco features.
•Water Conservation and Irrigation Commission headquarters. Erected 1937. It has many heritage items in the excellent little museum. It is also the Leeton Art Gallery. Worth a visit. It closes 3 pm.
•Leeton Town Council and Shire Offices. No Art Deco features. Built in 1962. Modernist style.
•The Art Deco Fire station with rounded corners, inset brick work etc. Includes stepped features over doorway. Built in 1938.
•At the roundabout turn left near the modern Art Deco style bus shelter. In front is the Roxy Theatre and the Art Deco memorial clock in the roundabout. The Roxy is to re-open in 2025 after renovations. Built in 1929-30. Check foyer if you can. The memorial clock was unveiled in 1926 in Art Deco style and the clock added in 1965.
•In Pine Ave. First on left is the Commonwealth Bank. This structure built in 1935.
•On the next corner intersection is Leeton Mall in brick with some Art deco features. This was the former Richards Store. A cream and red brick structure with stepped shapes on chamfered corner entrance. Building has vertical and horizontal banding. Built in 1936.
•Next left is the Hotel Leeton a much earlier structure but some Art Deco features. It was built in 1926.
•Nearly opposite is the Seton and Beyond Bank building with some great Art Deco detail with stylistic Rose and radiating rays.
•Just before the next side street adjacent to the Leeton Hotel is the Murrumbidgee Irrigator newspaper offices. Established 1915 but this Pine Ave building is marked as 1928.
•Over the next side street on opposite is the former Kinlock’s store. Built in 1938. Turn around here/
•Almost opposite it is the current Leeton Steel building. It was built in 1930s as the Leeton Fruit Growers Cooperative.
•On the way back take Church Street through to the Park. The Wade Hotel is on the corner with excellent Art Deco motifs. Architect designed and built in 1937. Named after the first head of irrigation for the MIA. As you cross Mountford Park on your left will be the modern St Peters Anglican Church. The first church was built in 1913 of locally made adobe bricks. The newer Church Hall was built in 1929. This Church was built in 1973.
•The next building on your right is the Leeton Courthouse. It was built in 1922 and opened in August 1924.
•On your left is the impressively large red brick Catholic Church. Wagga architect S J O’Halloran designed it in 1951. To facilitate the building, the Wagga Wagga diocese purchased the Yanco Brickworks in 1951 to produced 440,000 bricks for the church. The Romanesque style church is asymmetrical with a round stained glass window over the entry. It was completed in 1955 and at that time was the largest Catholic Church in country NSW. Return to the roundabout and the Roxy Theatre going past some good Art Deco buildings including the Morris Chambers.
Standard Features
Rugged Design
Installs in Minutes
Extends out to 75% of the standard bed length
No Drill Installation with an 800lb load capacity
Drill Installation (requires to bolts) 1200lb load capacity
Accepts up to a 4’ width between side rails for maximum payload
Dual Latching System
New Mesh Bulkhead
Backed by the ATC Bed System Warranty
Available Options
6" Side Rail
12" side Rail
Hitch Holder
Side Storage Tray
Cup Holder
Bottle Opener
1/4" Skid-Free Protective Mat
Diamond Tread Endcap
Join ITS Tactical as we continue our series on How to Build an AR-15 with the second step in assembling your Upper Receiver, installing the Barrel and Rail System.
Please check out our detailed step-by-step write up on ITS Tactical that complements these photos with additional information and video: itstac.tc/oIh9Re
Since we moved to our new office on Nov 1st, the shop room has been neglected. Now we finally have time to set up our CNC router and have moved the laser cutter into it's own protected room.
this room contains: CNC router, dust collection system, table saw, drill press, and laser cutter (in closet)
Another part of why I love this area. Garden plot of collards with an available mailbox in which to leave payment . . . on the honor system.
The Pacific Crest National Scenic Trail (PCT), which spans 2,650 miles from Mexico to Canada, offers access to the monument’s rugged backcountry. As the trail meanders through wildflower strewn meadows, old growth forests, and juniper covered hillsides, hikers and horseback riders can explore the unique and diverse ecosystems of the monument. The trail provides access to Pilot Rock, Hobart Bluff, Soda Mountain, and other monumental attractions, while providing scenic views of Agate Flat, the Soda Mountain Wilderness Study Area, and Mount Shasta.
The easiest place to access the PCT in the monument is at the Greensprings Summit. From I-5, take exit 14 near Ashland and turn on Highway 66 toward Klamath Falls. Take Hwy 66 for 17 miles to the Greensprings Summit. A trailhead and parking area are located at the summit. From there, follow the PCT 6 miles north to Hyatt Reservoir or south to Soda Mountain, Hobart Bluff, and Pilot Rock (12 miles).
The PCT is open to hiking and stock use only. Motorized and mechanized vehicles such as bicycles, game carriers, motorcycles, and OHVs must stay on designated roads within the monument.
Scattered parcels of private land are interspersed with monument lands and at times the PCT passes through private lands with permission of the land owners. Please stay on the trail when passing through private land.
To learn more about the BLM’s portion of the PCT in Oregon head on over to:
Norwood, Bronx
The Williamsbridge Reservoir Keeper's House is the only surviving building in New York City associated with the Bronx and Byram Rivers water system. Particularly between 1884 and 1906, this system served the critical function of supplying the burgeoning western section of the Bronx and helped the city to bridge the gap in the years between the construction of the Old and New Croton Aqueducts. The Bronx River portion of the system was constructed between 1880 and 1889, under the supervision of George W. Birdsall, chief engineer of the Croton Aqueduct in the New York City Department of Public Works.
The fifteen-mile Bronx River pipeline was completed in 1884, but the Williamsbridge Reservoir was not finished until 1889. The Keeper's House, located at the northeast end of the reservoir, was constructed in 1889-90 by contractor Terence A. Smith. L-shaped in plan, the two-and-a-half-story house is built of rock-faced, variegated gray-tan gneiss ashlar with smooth, speckled-gray granite trim, including keyed enframements. In 1925, when it was no longer needed, the reservoir was drained; it was later converted into a playground. The Keeper's House, after five decades as a private residence, was purchased in 1998 by the Mosholu Preservation Corp., a non-profit organization active in neighborhood improvement in Norwood.
DESCRIPTION AND ANALYSIS
The Water Suoolv of New York Citv in the Nineteenth The Bronx and Bvram Rivers Water Supply System
Until the mid-nineteenth century, New York City did not have an adequate and reliable source of fresh water. Citizens were forced to subsist on water from the Collect pond, various wells and pumps, and cisterns. But the serious pollution of these water sources, which were sometimes linked with diseases and epidemics, along with general civic filth and periodic fires exacerbated by lack of water, posed major problems. These were especially aggravated by the rapid growth of the population. Manhattan island, moreover, is located amidst saltwater estuaries, presenting substantial obstacles to bringing in potable water.
As early as 1798, several plans were advanced to divert water from the Bronx River to Manhattan, but these were not implemented. After decades of discussion, an independent Water Commission was authorized by the state legislature in 1834 to plan and construct a water system. The city finally obtained a supply of fresh water in 1842 through the gravity-fed Croton Aqueduct, which was begun in 1837 and completed in 1848. An innovative engineering achievement, an outstanding (if expensive) public works project, and one of the first major municipal water systems in the United States, the Croton Aqueduct was planned under chief engineer David B. Douglass, the leading proponent of the Croton River as water source, but built under chief engineer John B. Jervis.
Water emanating from the Croton River and Reservoir in Westchester County, N.Y., traveled 41 miles through an embanked tunnel, across the High Bridge over the Harlem River/ to a receiving reservoir in what later became Central Park and then to a distributing reservoir at Fifth Avenue and West 42nd Street. An additional water supply system became a municipal necessity after the Civil War with the explosion of the city's population, accompanied by the emergence of indoor plumbing and ever-increasing water usage. However, attempts were first made to increase the capacity of the water flow of the existing Croton system, and extensions were constructed. These included a new receiving reservoir in Central Park, alterations to the High Bridge, and the High Bridge Water Tower and reservoir/ A hydrographic survey of the Croton River watershed in 1857-58 resulted in plans for fourteen additional reservoirs outside the city; this plan was mostly carried out between 1866 and 1911. The (Old) Croton Aqueduct remained the city's principal source of water until 1890.
In 1870, the New York City Department of Public Works was established under Commissioner William M. ("Boss") Tweed, and the Croton Aqueduct came within its jurisdiction. After Tweed's conviction on various graft charges in 1873, the department was headed by Allan Campbell, who promoted a plan to utilize the Bronx and Byram Rivers as the next municipal water source. Of immediate concern was the development and water needs of the western portion of the Bronx, formerly part of Westchester County, annexed as the 23"* and 24* Wards of New York City on January 1,1874. Opponents of Campbell's plan, led by reformers in the Union League Club and others, fearing further departmental corruption, advocated a New Croton Aqueduct under the control of an independent commission. Droughts in 1876-77 and 1880-81 added to anxieties about the adequacy of the city's water. Eventually, both systems were constructed, but the more modest and less expensive Bronx and Byram plan was the first one to be implemented, due largely to strained municipal financial circumstances after the Tweed years and the Panic of 1873.
The proposed scheme consisted of dams and reservoirs to be built across the Byram River in Connecticut, and, in Westchester County, across the Bronx River at Kensico, and at Rye Ponds. The plan also included tapping Byram Pond and digging a channel connecting the two rivers. Construction of the Bronx River portion of this gravity-fed system began in October 1880, under the supervision of Ceorge W. Birdsall, chief engineer of the Croton Aqueduct in the Dept. of Public Works. The Bronx River pipeline, consisting of a 48-inch cast-iron pipe, began service in 1884 and carried water fifteen miles from Kensico to the site of the planned reservoir near Willi amsbridge.
The Bronx River portion of this water system was completed in 1889, while the Byram River portion was delayed until 1891 -97 due to complications in acquiring land. Particularlybetween 1884 and 1906, the Bronx and Byram Rivers water system served the critical function of supplying water to the burgeoning western section of the Bronx. (Part of the eastern section of the Bronx was annexed to the city in 1895, and the entire borough became part of New York City in 1898.) It thus helped to bridge the gap in the years between the construction of the Old and New Croton Aqueducts, and facilitated the rapid development of the Bronx, especially the construction of taller buildings, which needed greater water pressure. This could not have occurred without an adequate water supply.
The Williamsbridge Reservoir and Keeper's House " The use of the name Williams' Bridge for this area dates back to before the American Revolution. It is said to have come from John Williams, owner of a farm adjacent to the bridge carrying the Boston Post Road over the Bronx River since the late seventeenth century. A settlennt called Williamsbridge eventually grew up around the bridge and was the location of a station on the New York & Harlem Railroad in 1842. The city acquired land located to the west of the village, on a ridge called Gun Hill, for the Williamsbridge Reservoir in August 1882. This included part of the farm associated with the Valentine-Varian House (1758) and land owned by Amanda Bussing and the Estate of John Bussing.' This location is bounded by Woodlawn Centery (opened in 1865) and Van Cortlandt Park to the north, the Bronx River to the east, the Mosholu Parkway to the west, and Bronx Park to the south. The city acquired the above-nntioned parkland in 1888.
Though the Dept. of Public Works started plans for the reservoir in 1880, a construction contract was not signed until June 1884. The contractor was Sullivan & Moore. In September 1884, the Bronx River pipeline was finished and supplied water to the city, running under Putnam Place and terminating at the site; however, the reservoir was not completed for several more years. The (?Marter/y Rpo/ty of the Dept. of Public Works contain complaints about the slowness of the reservoir contractor's construction work and annua! cessations because of severe winter weather. The oval reservoir was surrounded by an earthen and stone embanknnt, with the bottom covered with concrete. The interior was completed at the end of 1888. As reported by Stephen Jenkins in 77tg Jfory #/vnjt (1912), "water was admitted into the reservoir on December 4,1888, and the distribution of the water to the Annexed District was begun. The reservoir has a capacity of 150,000,000 gallons when it is filled to a depth of forty fect...."' Chief engineer BirdsaH noted then that "it will take next year to complete and sod the outside bank of this reservoir, erect the necessary fences and complete the roads around same.'"* The receiving and distributing reservoir was filled and in full use by the fall of 1889, and was completed at the end of that year. The cost had been nearly $524,000.
Plans for a Reservoir Keeper's House, to be built of stone with a comer tower, were drawn up by architect Douglas Smyth.'* Apparently, this proposal was scrapped in favor of a less elaborate building. Plans for a two-and-a-half-story stone house, to be located at the northeast end of the reservoir, were approved by Birdsall in February 1889, and a contract was signed in March with building contractor Terence A.Smith. Construction began in September 1889, the exterior stonework was finished by March 1890, and the house was completed in June. The total cost was $8749. shaped in plan, the house is built of rock-faced, variegated gray-tan gneiss ashlar with smooth, speckled-gray granite trim, and embellished by keyed enframennts. The house originally had three wooden porches. Straightforward and massive, the stone house follows the tradition of building stone structures for both Croton Aqueducts. The Williamsbridge Reservoir Keeper's House is the only surviving building in New York City associated with the Bronx and Byram Rivers water supply system.
The first reservoir keeper, whose job it was to maintain and guard the reservoir, was Irish immigrant Matthew Mallahan (1834-1913), in this position from 1890 to about 1911. Mallahan came to the United States in 1875, was a Bronx hotel keeper and liquor dealer in the 1880s, and lived here with several relatives. The house also contained a first-story office for the keeper.
Later History
The Bronx and Byram Rivers water system played a brief but significant role in supplying water to New York City. Shortly after its completion, this system was surpassed by the more extensive New Croton Aqueduct. Constructed between 1885 and 1907 under chief engineers Benjamin S. Church and Alphonse Fteley for the New York City Aqueduct Commission, the New Croton Aqueduct was put into service in 1890. The Jerome Park Reservoir (1895-1906), the New Croton's receiving and distributing reservoir located to the west of the Williamsbridge Reservoir, held a much larger volume of water than the earlier one. Eventually, the capacity of New York's water supply was greatly expanded with the Catskill (1907-29) and Delaware River (1937-50s) water systems. The Old Croton Aqueduct ended service to New York City in 1955.
During the early twentieth century, the Williamsbridge Reservoir continued to supply a percentage of the borough's water. The Bronx and Byram Rivers watersheds were merged into the Catskill system in the 1910s. The reservoir was reduced to serve as an emergency backup system after 1919. The water supply was cut off and the reservoir was drained in 1925. After the land was transferred to the Dept. of Parks, the reservoir was converted into Williamsbridge Oval Playground, which opened in 1937 under parks commissioner Robert Moses.
The park served the neighborhood, known since the construction of the reservoir as Norwood, that had been developed largely with apartment buildings after 1905. Montefiore Hospital locatedherein 1913. The Reservoir Keeper's House was abandoned by the city, but plans were made in the 1930s to convert it to a branch library. However, Dr. Isaac H. Barkey, a physicist and engineer, and his wife Dorothy, interested inpurchasing the house, convinced the city to build a new library nearby and acquired the property in 1946. After five decades in residence, the Barkeys sold the house in 1998 to the Mosholu Preservation Corp. A non-profit organization established in 1981 by Montefiore Medical Center to address the problem of housing abandonment and deterioration in the ethnically diverse Norwood neighborhood, the Mosholu Preservation Corp. has been active in neighborhood improvement and publishes the Norwood Mewy community newspaper. Plans are under way to renovate the Keeper's House for use as its offices, for a local meeting facility, and a youth summer employment center. The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in September 1999.
Description
The Williamsbridge Reservoir Keeper's House is a two-and-a-half-story, L-shaped building constructed of rock-faced, variegated gray-tan gneiss ashlar, with smooth, speckled-gray granite trim, including the watertable, a band course terminating the second story, and keyed enframements. The rubble stone foundation is currently exposed. The roof has gables at the northern end of the front (west) elevation and at the south elevation. Fenestration is rectangular, except for a small round-arched window in each gable. Windows were originally two-over-two double-hung wood sash; these were replaced (c. 1950s) by multipane metal casements.
Front (west) elevation: This elevation has four bays, two tm each wing. The main entrance originally had a wood paneled door; this was replaced (c.1950s) with an historic decorative metal door from a Manhattan town house. The southernmost bay on the first story originally had a double French window (which was salvaged and is currently in storage); the opening is currently covered. There was originally a wood porch with latticework, posts, and steps; a steel mesh deck was installed (c. 1950s).
Rear (east) elevation: This elevation has four bays on the first story and three bays on the second story. The central entrance originally had a wood paneled door (converted into a window c. 1950s) and a wood porch with latticework, posts, and side steps. Stone steps, flanked by a stone areaway wall, lead to a basement entrance with a solid metal door (c. 1950s). North elevation: This elevation has two bays. The entrance in the eastern bay of the first story originally had a wood paneled door (the lower portion survives in part) and a wood porch with latticework, posts, and steps.
South elevation: This elevation has two bays on the southern end of the building, as well as one bay on the second story of the wing projecting from the northern end.
Roof: The roof, a replacement (c. 1950s) of the original slate roof, is covered in variegated slate shingles, with red tile ridgecap (with end finials), snow guards, and copper gutters. Originally there were two corbeled brick chimneys; the one near the southern end survives, while another at the juncture of the two wings was removed.
Lot: There is an original stone retaining wall along the eastern property line, with portions of a deteriorated pipe railing. A chain-link fence currently surrounds the property.
- From the 2000 NYCLPC Landmark Designation Report
FAR too much fun with photoshop elements...I started messing around with rendering effects on a photo of a beach, and ended up with a psuedo-solar system
Photos posted to link to this car's project thread on the Cadillac message boards.
Wow, I think this marks my greatest length of thread-neglect! Almost 5 months! This isn't the new normal though, I will have some time again to work on the car and clear out my parts shelf which once again is getting a little cluttered with the crap I buy on ebay.
I have not done much to the car since my last update besides drive it until the first snow in December. The alternator remains un-rebuilt. Fortunately (?) I made a discovery that the noise I was hearing under certain conditions was not the alternator at all, so it won't need anything besides diode replacement (coming soon).
Now, I did find where the noise was coming from-one of the A.I.R. check valves had failed and sounded something like an accordion for a few minutes when the car was restarted hot. The A.I.R. system switches between two modes of operation-one in which the pump pushes air into the exhaust manifolds, and another in which air gets shot into the catalytic converter-both of which help to keep emissions down. The mode selected depends on what conditions the ECM sees. The check valves keep the boiling hot dirty exhaust from flowing into the hoses and pump which would ruin them in short order-ironically kind of like a diode! In my case, the check valve for the exhaust manifold had failed or was beginning to and on a hot restart the air from the pump would disturb it to create that annoying noise. So it needed to be replaced. Here is the part in question in case you have never heard of/seen it (I didn't)
It is in the vicinity of the power module
The little bastard screws onto a "T" fitting that looked more like plumbing equipment than an auto part to me. On each side of the T, there is a metal line that runs to each exhaust manifold. Clean air flows through the check valve when the switching valve directs air to it.
While the two lines came off easily, the check valve itself was stuck like you would not believe. The tee fits into a 7/8ths wrench, and the captured nut on the valve is 1 inch, and using my two largest wrenches on each with every ounce of strength I had I was only able to break them loose after soaking in transmission fluid for a few days. And even then just barely.
The exact part number of the failed valve was not available so I substituted another one that was otherwise identical. I suspect the differences in part numbers (there are a ton of them) have to do with unique backpressures for every engine configuration GM made across all their cars. I bought one spec'd for a 307 Olds V8, which I figure is as close to the 4100 in terms of back pressure as I could get. Could be totally wrong on that too. Anyway, it no longer makes the noise!
Now the other part of the A.I.R. system is for the catalytic converter. The check valve on this one was good, and I suspect it lives a much easier life than the one for the manifolds as it is not subjected to the high pressures or heat. But it needed love too, when I had the catalytic converter changed, the shop cut off the end of the pipe which entered the old bead converter at a 90 degree angle and used high temperature hose to make the connection.
I can't say I was happy with the way it looked but it seemed to do the job. Except that when braking or accelerating hard, the hose would allow the metal tubing (now loose) to move back and forth which made for an annoying knock. I wasn't sure what to do but I was certainly surprised when I learned Rockauto still stocks this pre-bent metal tubing unique for the 84-85 Eldorado. Go figure. I ordered it and when it arrived, I was disappointed to discover that it lacked the mounting bracket that goes up near the engine. So I ended up taking my old and new tube to a welder who transferred the bracket to the new one for me.
I also put a new check valve on it. Note that this valve lacks the captured nut. That is a catalytic converter check valve and it is physically smaller than the one for the manifold. They thread size is the same, but the nipple is the part that won't allow you to put the other diameter hose on it.
Here it is mounted to the "new" cat. I have to spin that clamp at the Y fitting, it should face the passenger side. Bah shops! So, that concludes today's edition of what invisible repair I managed to waste my time and money on!
NASA’s Space Launch System (SLS) rocket and Orion spacecraft, secured to the mobile launcher, is seen as it rolls out of the Vehicle Assembly Building to Launch Pad 39B, Friday, March 20, 2026, at NASA’s Kennedy Space Center in Florida. NASA’s Artemis II test flight will take Commander Reid Wiseman, Pilot Victor Glover, and Mission Specialist Christina Koch from NASA, and Mission Specialist Jeremy Hansen from the CSA (Canadian Space Agency), around the Moon and back to Earth with launch opportunities beginning in April 2026. Photo Credit: (NASA/Joel Kowsky)
The old Key System Transbay Transit Terminal, seen after nearby buildings had been demolished for reconstruction, in spring 2006.
The terminal was originally used, after opening in 1939, by Southern Pacific's Interurban Electric Railway and Sacramento Northern services as well as Key System electric interurban trains, but the IER and SN services ended after two years, leaving the terminal in use by Key System until that was closed down - after buyout by oil and rubber industry funded National City Lines - in April 1958. The terminal and elevated tracks were converted for use by AC Transit buses, until demolition in 2010.
SECRETS, DETAILS AND OPTIONS FOR THE BREMBO BRAKING SYSTEM ON THE MOST POWERFUL STREET ALFA ROMEO EVER
You've been waiting months, looking for information about it and harbouring hope of a sneak peek. Now that the Alfa Romeo Giulia has arrived in the dealerships, you know everything (almost) about it, but perhaps details on the brakes have escaped you. This information is far from insignificant for a car comprising a 510-hp 2.9-litre twin-turbo V6 gas engine and 600 Nm of torque.
Brembo takes care of filling this gap by revealing all the secrets of the two braking systems (one as standard equipment, one as an optional) for those who are getting ready to purchase an Alfa Romeo Giulia Quadrifoglio.
When "standard equipment" goes way beyond
To stop the Giulia Quadrifoglio, Brembo has provided a stock braking system that very few street cars can boast. It is called the High-performance Brembo brake system, and it comprises Brembo co-cast floating ventilated discs measuring 360 mm in the front and 350 mm in the rear. Not everyone is familiar with co-cast discs. This calls for an explanation.
Co-cast discs bring together the benefits of the two materials that they are made with: cast iron (for its thermal properties, like a reduction in deformation and good conductivity) and aluminium (for its lightness). The distinctive traits comprise the way in which the two materials have been cast into a single component and the behaviour of the disc itself. Indeed, it is a fully-integrated disc at low temperatures, yet it acts like a floating disc at high temperatures when maximum performance is required and the disc tends to get deformed.
Combining these discs with anonymous calipers would have been sacrilege. To exalt the sides of this car, which are enriched with prominent beltlines, Brembo monobloc calipers were chosen with 6 pistons in the front and 4 pistons in the rear. This choice reaffirms the strong personality of the Alfa Romeo Quadrifoglio.
​Carbon-ceramic for those who want the best
This may have been enough, but the engineers and designers at Alfa Romeo decided to push the limit. To satisfy everyone who truly wants the best in terms of brake performance, an optional braking system is available: the Ultra-high-performance Brembo carbon ceramic material (CCM) brake system.
More specifically, these floating ventilated discs are made of carbon-ceramic and measure 390 mm in the front and 360 mm in the rear. These will tempt the most refined palettes because carbon ceramic is characterised by low deformation at high temperatures, a trait that is directly reflected in the car's performance. This material, which Brembo has used on production cars since 2002 (the first was the Ferrari Enzo), isn't afraid of repetitive use.
Notwithstanding intense actuation, the brake force remains unchanged. Even in the most challenging braking, the carbon-ceramic disc never risks succumbing to fading, the phenomenon that occurs when the brakes lose efficiency after overheating. Braking better and doing so for an almost infinite number of times without losing efficiency are two of the greatest aspirations for drivers who favour Alfa Romeo. But we still need to talk about another benefit of the carbon-ceramic discs: their natural state makes them much lighter than traditional discs, which affects the mass of the entire saloon.
Ultimately, with the Ultra-high-performance Brembo carbon ceramic material (CCM) brake system , improvements are seen in acceleration and driver comfort, and, to cap it all, consumption goes down. The extremely high-performing, light-weight discs are accompanied by monobloc aluminium calipers with 6 pistons in the front and 4 pistons in the rear. The front calipers are characterised by a different structure with respect to the standard equipment, one that was designed to meet the specifications of carbon-ceramic discs.
The world is better in colour
We almost forgot to tell you that both sets of calipers come with the iconic Alfa Romeo signature. In order to match the 7 colours of the chassis, Brembo has created calipers in three different shades: the unmistakable Brembo red with white writing, vivacious yellow with a black logo and aggressive black with red writing. It won't be easy to choose.
Electric handbrake
You won't need to exert any effort in the selection of the electronics. Both Brembo braking systems include an electric handbrake. Rather than the classic handbrake lever, there is a system comprising a driver-switch command (to put it simply, a button), an electric command and electromechanical actuation that is independent from the rest of the braking system. It is easier done than said: to disable it, you just press the designated button on the instrument panel while pushing on the brake pedal.
Amongst the many advantages of an electric handbrake is that of Drive Away where the command is automatically disabled one the car is put into gear, the clutch is released and the accelerator pushed. Thanks to mechatronics, which brings together different disciplines like mechanics, electronics and information technology, Brembo integrated the management and monitoring software of the handbrake's small dedicated caliper within the control unit of the vehicle dynamics (ESC).
Alfa Romeo Giulia Quadrifoglio, unequivocal emotion, even in the braking system.
A context free grammar with associated transforms in the plane and RGB space made these...
rules like
a -> bc
b -> bd
but never like:
d -> dd
each symbol is associated with a rotation, shift and scale in the plane, and a step in a direction in he RGB color space.
There are to real terminal symbols, termination occurs when the sub-tree would be less than a pixel in size, and the pixel at the resulting position is coloured.
Much like an L-System, I would say.
Actually because the tree overwrites itself in the image, does that make it context-sensitive, in that the result depends on other symbols? Certainly you need the image buffer as well as the stack to represent the process.
HOUMA, La. — A sweeping arm system, fitted on a commercial vessel, collects oil in the Gulf of Mexico June 10, 2010. Rigged with this type of skimming technology, the vessel becomes a more effective element in the nation's largest oil spill response and recovery. U.S. Coast Guard photo by Petty Officer 1st Class Luke Pinneo.
OM SYSTEM M.Zuiko Digital ED 90mm f3.5 Macro IS PRO
30 stacking images
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I do sell my Work so if you’re interested in any photos, you can buy it with a good price!
Send me an email: kietbull@gmail.com and tell me which photo(s) you want.
Buy me a coffee: paypal.me/KietHuynh490
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Climbing beans in Rwanda perform more than three times better than other varieties, but delivery systems to get them to farmers are key. Visit: www.pabra-africa.org
Credit: ©2015CIAT/GeorginaSmith
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All images in this album are renderings.
Select renderings show customs items which would need to be individually quoted by project.
Finish Disclaimer:
No details on finishes can be provided. Finishes on computer screens can appear different than in person. Dealers should order samples through the Dealer Resource Center (DRC) to determine what works best for their needs.
Sound system graphic available for download at http://dryicons.com/free-graphics/preview/sound-system/ in EPS (vector) format.
View similar vector graphics at DryIcons Graphics.