View allAll Photos Tagged System.
Rubbermaid HomeFree series is a fully customizable closet system that offers the unique flexibility of telescoping clothing rods and expanding shelves to make the most of your space.
The crawler-transporter 2, with NASA's mobile launcher atop, makes its way up the ramp to the top of Launch Pad 39B at NASA's Kennedy Space Center in Florida, on Aug. 31, 2018. The ML will undergo a fit check, followed by several days of systems testing. The 380-foot-tall mobile launcher is equipped with the crew access arm and several umbilicals that will provide power, environmental control, pneumatics, communication and electrical connections to NASA's Space Launch System (SLS) and Orion spacecraft. Exploration Ground Systems is preparing the ground systems necessary to launch SLS and Orion on Exploration Mission-1, missions to the Moon and on to Mars. Photo credit: NASA/Cory Huston
This logo was designed for the Natural Areas System. It appears earlier in my portfolio as (www.flickr.com/photos/steveczajka/9002115853/). I am pleased to say that it is now being used as the new branding for the Natural Areas System at the City of Mississauga. The Natural Areas Survey is a study which identifies and inventories natural areas within the City including woodlands, wetlands, creeks and streams. These areas comprise roughly 9% of the total area of the City and are referred to as Natural Areas System. The study also recommends strategies and guidelines for their future protection. The study consists of 4 phases: review of existing reports and databases; survey of public opinion on environmental issues; site visits to remnant natural areas; and development of databases for the natural areas. Each year one quadrant of the City is updated.
This is one of the projects that I manage in my professional life, but in this case I have also contributed with a logo design. While I did not create this featured brochure or website, I did help to steer the overall design and use of powerful infographics to simplify the story and make it interesting for the reader. The brochure was created in Adobe InDesign, the website (www.mississauga.ca/nas) created in a variety of tools including esri mapping, and the logo created in Inkscape/GIMP and authentically hand created calligraphy.
I am seeing more often that my professional career is being influenced by my artistic background, and this is one example of that.
Cheers
Steve
Another old pic of Jupiter I found. At the time taken a year ago, I really didn't have the Photoshop skills to correctly process this. Now, I do. Not great, but still not bad.
Nike-Hercules Missile, designation MIM-14 (initially SAM-N-25), was a solid fuel propelled surface-to-air missile, used by US and NATO armed forces for high- and medium-altitude air defense. It could also be employed in a surface-to-surface role.The Nike-Hercules system, a follow-up to the Nike-Ajax missile, was developed during the Cold War to destroy enemy bombers and enemy bomber formations, as well as serve as an anti-ballistic missile system. Western Electric, Bell Laboratories, and Douglas Aircraft Company were chief contractors for the system. Nuclear-armed Nike Hercules missiles were deployed in the United States, Greece, Italy, and Turkey, and with Belgian, Dutch, and U.S. forces in West Germany. Conventionally-armed Nike Hercules missiles also served in the United States, Germany, Denmark, Japan, Norway, and Taiwan.The first deployments in Europe began in 1959 and the last nuclear-armed Nike Hercules missiles in Europe were deactivated in 1988. The Nike-Hercules missile systems sold to Japan (Nike J) were subsequently upgraded the internal guidance systems by replacing the original vacuum tube systems with transistorized ones.The guidance and control area (Integrated Fire Control, IFC) was located a distance (about 1 mile) from the area from where the missile was launched (Launching Area, LA). The IFC had an acquisition radar to detect (enemy) aircraft. After detecting and identifying a hostile aircraft this aircraft was followed or tracked in elevation, azimuth and range by a Target Tracking Radar (TTR). An analog (later digital) computer computed a point in the sky where the missile and target should meet (intercept point). After the missile was launched by the Battery Control Officer (BCO) a Missile Tracking Radar (MTR) followed the missile and the computer constantly updated the intercept point even if the hostile aircraft performed evasive actions. Steering corrections were sent to the missile by the MTR. When the missile neared the intercept point a command signal was sent to the missile to explode. To measure the range to the target under jamming conditions the IFC also was equipped with a Target Ranging Radar (TRR).
Il MIM-14 Nike Hercules è un missile di fabbricazione statunitense per la difesa antiaerea. Prodotto a partire dagli anni cinquanta fu in dotazione a molte forze armate che aderivano alla NATO.
Il missile MIM-14 Nike Hercules, fece il suo ingresso nel 1958. Pesava circa 5 tonnellate, con 4 motori ausiliari molto simile al precedente sistema missilistico Ajax.Venne utilizzato anche tra le schiere dell'Aeronautica Militare Italiana, che equipaggiò 3 stormi, complessivamente 96 lanciatori, con il suddetto sistema terra-aria.Al giorno d'oggi i MIM-14, sono stati tutti radiati con cerimonia ufficiale.Originariamente il missile venne chiamato SAM-A-25 Nike Hercules, ma poi nelle varie vicissitudini che ebbero le designazioni americane di quel decennio, venne ribattezzato M6, e infine MIM-14. Nel 1958 esso entrò in servizio, rimpiazzando l'Ajax per le basi a difesa di New York, Chicago e Washington D.C..Il nuovo sistema missilistico era quindi stato progettato per essere un'arma formidabile. Esso aveva prestazioni per l'epoca eccezionali, soprattutto in termini di gittata e di quota, tanto che i bombardieri pilotati stratosferici, anche se supersonici, vennero messi in dubbio, e dopo l'avvento di questo sistema non avrebbero più avuto la stessa importanza di prima.La sua struttura, molto caratteristica, era aguzza e possente al tempo stesso, con un insieme di caratteristiche che lo rendevano unico tra i pur numerosi missili antiaerei dell'epoca. Esso era bistadio: il primo aveva ben 4 motori a razzo con propellenti solidi, riuniti in un complesso chiamato M42, studiato per ridurre la lunghezza del missile a valori accettabili, e realizzato con i motori di accelerazione (booster) M5E1. Esso era dotato anche di 4 ali cruciformi per la stabilizzazione. Questo complesso pesava da solo 2345 kg e dava quasi 80.000 kg di spinta per 3,4 secondi.Una volta finita la spinta, veniva sganciato per non appesantire inutilmente il corpo missile vero e proprio, di diametro minore, e che era dotato di una struttura a 'pallottola allungata', con 4 alette anteriori fisse, 4 grandi alette triangolari posteriori per la stabilità del volo ma anche con elevoni per il controllo della direzione e quota, sistemati nella parte finale.Anche la guida del missile era su comando radio. Non appare infatti che esso avesse nessun sistema di bordo per l'acquisizione semiautonoma o autonoma del bersaglio di tipo radar o IR, ma le alette anteriori erano utilizzate come antenne per ricevere i comandi radio da terra ,mentre esisteva un trasponder per dare la posizione del missile alla stazione radar.
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The Kolkata tram is a tram system in Kolkata, India, run by the Calcutta Tramways Company (CTC). It is currently the only operating tram network in India and the oldest operating electric tram in Asia, running since 1902.
An attempt was made in 1873 to run a 3.9 km tramway service between Sealdah and Armenian Ghat Street on 24 February. The service was not adequately patronised, and was discontinued on 20 Nov. In 1880, the Calcutta Tramway Co. Ltd was formed and registered in London on 22 December. Metre-gauge horse-drawn tram tracks were laid from Sealdah to Armenian Ghat via Bowbazar Street, Dalhousie Square and Strand Road. The route was inaugurated by the Viceroy, Lord Ripon, on 1 November. Steam locomotives were deployed experimentally in 1882 to haul tram cars. By the end of the nineteenth century the company owned 166 tram cars, 1000 horses, seven steam locomotives and 19 miles of tram tracks. During 1900, Electrification of the tramway, and reconstruction of tracks to 1,435 mm (standard gauge) began to happen. The first electric tramcar in Asia ran in 1902 from Esplanade to Kidderpore on 27 March, and on 14 June from Esplanade to Kalighat. The Kalighat line was extended during 1903 to Tollygunge, the Esplanade line to Belgachhia (via Bidhan Sarani, Shyambazar), and the Esplanade to Shialdaha route (via Binay Badal Dinesh Bag, Rajib Gandhi Sarani and [present] Mahatma Gandhi Road) opened.
Esplanade to Bagbazar route through College Street opened in 1904. During 1905, Howrah Station to Bandhaghat route was opened to trams in June. Electrification project completed. Bowbazar Junction to Binay Badal Dinesh Bag, Ahiritola Junction to Hatibagan Junction routes opened during 1906.[citation needed] Lines to Shibpur via G.T. Road were prepared in 1908. Esplanade to Shialdaha station via Moula Ali Junction, Moula Ali Junction to Nonapukur, Wattganj Junction to J.Das Park Junction (via Alipur), Mominpur Junction to Behala routes opened. Sealdah Station to Rajabazar route opened during 1910. Mirzapur Junction to Bowbazar Junction and Shialdaha Station to Lebutala Junction routes opened during 1915. In 1920 the Strand Road Junction to High Court route opened. S.C.Mallik Square Junction to Park Circus route (via Royd Street, Nonapukur) opened during 1923. The Barhabazar Junction to Nimtala route opened in 1925. During 1928, the Kalighat to Baliganj route opened. The Park Circus line extended to Garhiahat Junction in 1930. The Rajabazar line extended to Galiff Street during 1941. The Calcutta system was well connected during 1943 with the Howrah section through the new Howrah Bridge in February. With this extension, the total track length reached 67.59 km.
During 1951, the government of West Bengal entered into an agreement with the Calcutta Tramways Company, and the Calcutta Tramways Act of 1951 was enacted. The government assumed all rights regarding the Tramways, and reserved the right to purchase the system (with two years' notice) on 1 January 1972 or any time thereafter. The Government of West Bengal passed the Calcutta Tramways Company (Taking Over of Management) Act and assumed management on 19 July 1967. On 8 November 1976 the Calcutta Tramways (Acquisition of Undertaking) ordinance was promulgated, under which the company (and its assets) united with the government. The Howrah sections were closed in October; the 1971/1973 Nimtala route was closed down in May 1973, and realignment of the Howrah Station terminus occurred. Total track length was now reduced to 61.2 km. Tram tracks on Bentinck Street and Ashutosh Mukhopadhyay Road closed during 1980 for construction of the Kolkata metro; following construction, these stretches were not reopened. Overhead wires were present until 1994 on Bentinck Street. Tracks on Jawaharlal Nehru Road remained after realignment, making a new terminus at Birla Planetarium; the Birla Planetarium route closed in 1991. An overpass was constructed on that road in 2006. The Sealdah Station terminus (along with the Sealdaha – Lebutala stretch on Bipin Bihari Gangopadhyay Street) closed for construction of an overpass in 1982. The site is now occupied by Sealdah Court and a bus terminal.[citation needed] On 17 April 1985, tracks were extended connecting Manicktola to Ultadanga via Manicktola Main road and C. I. T. Road 3.7 km. This was the first Tramways extension since 1947.
On 31 December 1986, further extension of tram tracks from Behala to Joka was completed. In 1993, the Howrah Station terminus closed and tram tracks removed on Howrah Bridge; the cantilever bridge proved too weak for trams. All routes terminated there were shortened to the Barhabazar (Howrah Bridge) terminus (formerly Barhabazar Junction). The High Court terminus closed for reconstruction of Strand Road in 1995. Rails and wires were removed from there and from Strand Road, Hare Street and Shahid Kshudiram Basu Road. The site is now occupied by the newest building of the Kolkata High Court. During 2004, the Garhiahat Depot – Garhiahat Junction link on Gariahat Road closed for construction of the Gariahat overpass. The Mominpur – Behala stretch on Diamond Harbour Road closed in 2006 for construction of an overpass at Taratala. Initially, there was a plan to route tracks on that overpass after its completion, but the road was later converted to a National Highway and the plan dismissed.
During 2007, the Wattgunge Junction – Mominpur Diamond Harbour Road, Mominpur – Jatin Das Park Judges Court Road, Jatin Das Park – Kalighat Shyama Prasad Mukherjee Road routes temporarily closed for reconstruction. The Galiff Street terminus was realigned during 2008. Irregular service from Bagbazar to Galiff Street converted to regular by Route 7/12. Rails and wires removed from part of Bidhan Sarani route (restored by end of year). The Tracks on R. G. Kar Road from Shyambazar five-point crossing to Belgatchia tram depot temporarily closed down for reconstruction during 2009. During 2011, the Joka-Behala stretch and Behala depot closed down for construction of the Joka-BBD Bag metro project while the Ballygunj-Kalighat stretch and Lalbazar-Mirjapur down line closed for reconstruction.[citation needed] On 10 October 2013, the Tollygunge-Esplanade tram route reopened after it was closed for seven years when the route was concretised.
FLEET
CTC owns 257 trams, of which 125 trams are running on the streets of Kolkata on a daily basis. The cars are single-deck articulated cars and can carry 200 passengers (60 seated).
The early horse-drawn cars were imported from England, as were the steel tram cars manufactured before 1952. Until then, most Kolkata tram cars were bought from the English Electric Company and Dick, Kerr & Co. After 1952, the cars were built in India.
ROLLING STOCK EXPERIMENTS
The introductory stock was single-coach, like other Indian cities (Delhi, Mumbai, Chennai and Kanpur), because the new mode of transport was experimental. Since it gained popularity quickly, another coach was attached some years later (as in Mumbai), which is now standard. Double decker trams (like Mumbai's) have never yet been used in Kolkata. Triple-coach trams were unsuccessfully tried. Single-coach trams were used on the Shibpur line until its closure in 1970.
Earlier stock was of the SLT type. It was double-coach with three doors, four wheels under each coach and no wheels between coaches. SLT trams had no front iron net, but had a front-coach trolley pole. The both-end type had a front iron net and a rear-coach trolley pole. SLTs were the first double-coach trams, introduced only on the Kolkata side of the Hooghly River (not on the Howrah side). They were gradually replaced by articulated trams on all routes. The SLC type was introduced much later on the Bandhaghat line, and continued until its closure in 1971; after that, SLC trams began running on the G/H and T/G lines on the Kolkata side. Articulated trams were in use until 1989.
TYPES OF ROLLING STOCK
- Old SLC Type – The first double-coach tram with wheels between the coaches, manufactured at the Nonapukur workshop. It is sometimes called an 'elephant car' by the CTC; its cab and back side is narrow and slightly slanted forward, like the head of an elephant without the trunk. It was introduced as a higher-speed tram with an improved engine, designed to run on express routes such as Galiff Street, Baliganj, Tollyganj, Behala and Khidirpur. It was longer than an articulated tram, and was the first tram with a cab door. Although now fewer in number, SLC trams are still running (mainly on south Kolkata routes). One tram was modified with glass in front, and another with many lighted signs (making it resemble a moving billboard).
- SLC Type – This modified variation has a pivot, and is less stylish than articulated trams; it is also manufactured at Nonapukur. The only difference is that its front and back are straight, not slanted. It was also introduced as a higher-speed tram, with an improved engine, designed to run on express routes. Later, this type enjoyed more general use. "Modi-SLCs" are still in use, except on the Bidhannagar line due to its steep incline under the Kankurgatchi rail bridge. Three cars are still used as water cars.
- Articulated SLC Type – This is a slightly less-stylish variation of the articulated tram, also manufactured at Nonapukur. The only difference is that its front and back are overhanging, and narrow towards the ends. It also had an improved engine, but was suitable for local routes. Later, this type was also used on express routes. Some early cars were well-maintained, and these are also still in use.
- Renovated SLC Type – After many years of SLC and articulated trams a new type of rolling stock arrived in Kolkata, made by Burn Standard India Limited. It is stronger, heavier and faster than earlier designs. A result of the decision around 1982 to continue tram service, it changed the image of Kolkata trams. The improved stock began running throughout the city network on all routes. Some trams were partly modified with front glass; two were modified to resemble Melbourne's B-class trams, with fluorescent lights, back glass and double ends. These are the most common trams in Kolkata.
- New Cars – Before the introduction of the single-bogie tram in December 2012, this was the last new rolling stock, built by Jessop India Limited and a variation of the pivot type, introduced about 1984. Some trams were partly modified with front glass; one was modified with fluorescent lights, FM radio, digital advertising and route boards. These are the second-most-common tram in Kolkata. Three years after its introduction, the closure of Kolkata's trams was again considered by the government, so no more modern stock had been introduced.
- Single-Bogie Type – Currently this is the latest new rolling stock, one of which has been running since 24 December 2012. These trams are claimed to be faster and more maneuverable than the current double-bogie trams with the carriage being longer than the carriages in the double bogie trams. There are now plans to introduce more single-bogie trams across the city, including air-conditioned bogies, possibly replacing the double-bogie trams with the single-bogies and reopening some closed tram routes.
Recently, two trams were completely renovated to world-class standards with front and back glass, fluorescent lights, FM radio, digital display boards, slanted seats and a fibreglass ceiling. More renovated trams are planned; from 2008 to 2010 the Nonapukur workshop manufactured 19 new-look trams, of which four are in the final stages of completion. The rooftop is clear polycarbonate sheeting with a wide window space, comfortable seating and better visibility from inside and out. Nonapukur Workshop is now manufacturing new tram cars and renovating existing steel-body (BSCL) cars. Currently-manufactured tram cars in the CTC workshop now compare favorably with those of other developed countries.[citation needed] After plans for banquet/cafeteria trams and air-conditioned trams to attract commuters and foreign tourists as well as to increase revenue for the company, one single-bogie air-conditioned banquet tram has now been introduced and offers heritage tours to north Kolkata in the morning and south Kolkata in the evening. However, the AC tram received poor patronage when it was introduced, although there are plans for more AC trams in Kolkata. In addition to passenger cars, there are also rail-scrubber cars (which polish the tracks using jets of water), flat cars for goods transportation (some of which are modified from obsolete single-coach Howrah trams) and a tower-inspection car for checking wires.
FARE STRUCTURE
1st class – Rs. 5 & Rs. 6.00 (depending on distance)
(6-7 EURO-Cent)
TECHNICAL DETAILS
CARS
- Length: 19.5 m
- Width: 2.1 m
- Weight: 20 or 22 tons empty, depending on design
- Car manufacturer: England pre-1952; India post-1952. Burn Standard Company in Howrah manufactured numbers 207 to 299 from 1982. In 1986 some were manufactured by Jessop. 684 to 700 were operational, but only 170 operated before 2013. As of 2013, 257 trams are operational with 125 trams operating.
- Length: 17.5 m
- Seating: 60 per car
- Speed: 60 km/h (max); avg speed: 30 km/h
- Controller: Three types – Cam (manufactured in London), GEC (manufactured in England) and Fuji (manufactured in Japan). Fuji is the most modern.
- Traction motor: Four types: TDK, Mitsubishi, Fuji and Bhel. EE-made traction motors are still in use – for example, 133A and 309/1B.
- Propulsion: Traction motor pinion, directly coupled via pinion-and-gear mechanism with drive wheel
- Track gauge: Standard gauge 1,435 mm (4 ft 8 1⁄2 in)
- Brakes: Pneumatic type through air compressor (DC 550V)
- Voltage: 550 volts DC in overhead wires.
- No vestibule or door shutter
- Single-ended car
- Current drawn by trolley pole
DEPOTS & TERMINALS
There are seven tram depots – Belgachhia, Rajabazar, Park Circus, Gariahat, Tollygunge, Kalighat and Kidderpur; nine terminals – Shyambazar, Galiff Street, Bidhannagar, Ballygunge, Esplanade, B. B. D. Bagh, and Howrah Bridge; and one workshop at Nonapukur. Rajabazar and Tollygunge depots are the largest in terms of tracks and area, respectively. Kidderpur depot is the oldest, and Kalighat the smallest. The Esplanade terminus has the most tram routes.
ALIGNMENT & INTERCHANGES
- While almost all routes are on-street running, the tram runs on reserved track across the Maidan between Esplanade and Kidderpore.
- The tram passes over the railway bridge between Shyambazar and Belgachhia, near Tala.
- The tram passes under the railway bridge between Maniktala and Bidhannagar, near Kankurgachi (only under-level track), and between Kalighat and Tollygunge, near Rabindra Sarobar.
- The tram runs parallel over metro track from Shyambazar to Belgachhia, and from Jatin Das Park to Tollygunge.
- The tram track crosses metro track at Aurobinda Sarani, Mahatma Gandhi Road, Bipin Bihari Gangopadhyay Street and Lenin Sarani.
- The tram runs on both sides of the road on Lenin Sarani and Surya Sen Street, and on either the right or left side on part of Acharya Prafulla Chandra Roy Road, part of Acharya Jagadish Chandra Basu Road, Judges Court Road, Diamond Harbour Road, Karl Marx Sarani, Kidderpur Road, Dufferin Road, Casuarina Avenue, Elliot Road, Royd Street and Rabindra Sarani. On all other streets, tram runs in the middle of the road.
- The tram runs on overpass only at Sealdah.
- The tram passes under overpass at Barhabazar, Wattganj, Race Course and Garhiahat.
- The tram crosses canals between Shyambazar and Belgachhia near Shyambazar, between Maniktala and Bidhannagar near Maniktala, between Jatin Das Park and Mominpur near Alipur, and between Wattganj and Esplanade near Wattganj.
- There are interchanges with metro at Belgachhia, Shyambazar, Esplanade, Kalighat and Tollygunge. Shobhabazar, Mahatma Gandhi Road, Central, Jatin Das Park and Rabindra Sarobar metro stations also have tram accessibility.
- There are interchanges with train at Bagbazar, Bidhannagar, Park Circus, Ballygunge, Kidderpore, B.B.D Bagh and Tollygunge. Sealdah and Tala rail stations also have tram accessibility.
ADVANTAGES & CRITICISM
Electric trams were the sole public transport until 1920, when the public bus was introduced in Kolkata. However, tram service until the 1950s was quite smooth and comfortable (although most new lines and extensions were built in pre-independence India). In 1950 there were around 300 tram cars, which were regularly operated on many routes in Kolkata and Howrah. Single-car trams operated on the Shibpur line until its closure; all other lines had double cars. Due to the large number of tram cars, the trams ran frequently (about a 5- to 7-minute wait between trams on all routes). This was possible due to less motor traffic on the roads than today. Derailments were very rare because of careful maintenance. All checkups were done at night, the water car was used for track smoothing and the tower car for wire-checking. Each tram was washed in the depot daily. Breakdown vans and overhead-wire inspection vans were ready at many junctions for quick repairs. Regular inspection of tracks, wires and so forth was done carefully. Tracks and track-bed gravel were replaced periodically for smoother service.
Anti-tram sentiment began about 1955, and spread around the world. Many countries (both developed and developing) began closing their tram systems, and India was no exception. Tram service closed in Kanpur in 1933, Chennai in 1955, Delhi in 1962 and Mumbai in 1964. Kolkata's network survived, but in a truncated form. At the same time the automobile boom began, quickly spreading throughout India.
Many streets were narrow (which was acceptable for tram service), but now cars, buses and lorries also used those roads. The government considered closing the trams, as an alternative to controlling motor traffic. Some routes (Bandhaghat, Shibpur and Nimtala) were closed for that reason, although traffic jams have not been alleviated. Many streets in Kolkata which have no tram line experience daily gridlock.
Although most track beds have been converted from stone to concrete, earlier paving of Strand Road closed the High Court route. Construction of the subway line also destroyed an important north-south connection, from Lalbazar to Jatin Das Park via Esplanade and Birla Planetarium. The development of overpasses is another reason for the decline of Kolkata trams. The Sealdah, Gariahat and Taratala overpasses were the main cause for the closing of the Sealdah terminus, Gahriahat link and the Joka route (which also made way for a national highway). There were many closures between 1970 and 1980, and many thought that it was the beginning of the end for trams in Kolkata, but the situation changed after 1990. At that time, many cities around the world began reevaluating tram service. Greater numbers of automobiles increased air pollution. High prices of petrol and diesel fuel on the international market also made electric-powered street rail more attractive.
Trams have many advantages:
- Clean and green – enhances the environment; no emissions at street level
- Safe – less prone to accidents
- Speedy – short trip times
- Avoid traffic congestion – through segregation and priority of routes
- Smooth and comfortable
- Pedestrian-friendly
- Civilizing – a city transported by trams is a less lonely place
- Acceptable and accepted – only rail-borne modes of transport can actually get people out of cars
- Reassuring – tram lines give confidence in accessibility
- High capacity – only metro systems have higher carrying capacity
- Affordable – the cheapest form of comfortable mass transit
- Versatile – can run at high speeds on rights-of-way way and can reach inner-city historic centers
- Adaptable – can cope with steep grades and tight curves
- Inspiring – modern trams can be aesthetically pleasing
- Heritage – Tramcars are a part of history.
Some political leaders (and many environmentalists) favored tram service. As a result the Kolkata tram survived, but not as robustly as it did before 1970. Tramways in Kolkata are now suffering, due to motor traffic and the outdated business model of its operators (the CTC and the government of West Bengal), although there has been some conversion of trackbed from stone to concrete and renovation of rolling stock.
Trams were the brainchild of the then-Viceroy of India, Lord Curzon. His motives were to ensure better public transport for the native people, better passage of goods from ports and dockyards to their respective destinations, and rapid mobilisation of police contingents to sites of anti-British protests. Thus, trams were the first mode of police transportation in Kolkata since police cars, vans, buses, lorries and armoured cars were not been introduced until 1917. The trams of Kolkata had played a major role in stopping Hindu-Muslim riots during the pre-independence era; in contrast, many trams were also burned by local people as an act of protest against colonial rule, since the tram was viewed by many Indians as a "British" import. Even after independence, during the 1960s many trams were burned for raising fares by only one paise (1/100 Rupee).
The Kolkata tramway has many vintage features. It still uses a trolley pole and foot gong (after a failed experiment with electric horn during the late 1980s), which is rare among international tram systems (except heritage tramways and standard networks like Hong Kong and Toronto). It has tram cars with no front glass or destination board – instead, iron route-boards hang from the front iron net. The last new rolling stock was manufactured in 1987 by Jessop India Ltd, and many trams from 1939 are still running. The recent de-reservation of tram tracks flies in the face of international trends. Although trams are faster, and derailments rare, it is often impossible to get up or down from a moving tram on wide roads such as Acharya Prafulla Chandra Roy Road, Acharya Jagadish Chandra Basu Road, Acharya Satyendra Nath Basu Sarani, Satin Sen Sarani, Syed Amir Ali Avenue, Lila Roy Sarani, Rash Behari Avenue, Deshapran Birendra Shasmal Road or Shyama Prasad Mukhopadhyay Road. Only one new branch (Bidhannagar) and one extension (the short-lived Joka) were built after independence, and no extension of the network had been planned until 2002. With a mix of good and bad, however, the Kolkata tram is still running as Asia's oldest operating electric tram and the only tram in India.
ACCIDENTS
On 19 June, 2014 a freak accident was reported in which a ghost tram rammed into 10 cars. No fatalities or injuries were reported.
FUTURE
Plans have been proposed to refurbish stock and wires, extend the system to more areas or tunnel under the Hooghly River. but (apart from paving the trackbed and repairing wires and masts), little real improvement has been done; for unmaterialized future plans, see the "latest Kolkata tram map" above. However, there have been some proposals to replace the current double-bogie SLC type trams with the new single-bogie trams and extend the tram system to places like Rajarhat and Bantala and reopening some closed routes. There are also plans for a tram route across the riverfront of the Hooghly River while plans are continuing for a tram route to Salt Lake and Rajarhat.
WIKIPEDIA
For funzies. Pull the trigger back, and... let it go!
The launcher fires the ball successfully: it will remain airborne for about 1 ft after launch.
The smaller the piece to be fired, the further it will go... And the results would be even better if I could incorporate more springs...
GP30 #3014 sits beside the B&O yard office at Brooks Avenue Yd. in Rochester, NY on May 28, 1983. Today the line to Rochester is run by the Rochester & Southern RR (a G&W company).(CSS1206a)
NASA’s Space Launch System rocket carrying the Orion spacecraft with NASA astronauts Reid Wiseman, commander; Victor Glover, pilot; Christina Koch, mission specialist; and CSA (Canadian Space Agency) astronaut Jeremy Hansen, mission specialist onboard launches on the Artemis II mission, Wednesday, April 1, 2026, from Launch Complex 39B at NASA’s Kennedy Space Center in Florida. NASA’s Artemis II mission will take Wiseman, Glover, Koch, and Hansen on a 10-day journey around the Moon and back aboard their Orion spacecraft. The quartet launched at 6:35 p.m. EDT, from Launch Complex 39B at the Kennedy Space Center. Photo Credit: (NASA/Joel Kowsky)
Prairie dogs will chirp as an alarm for other prairie dogs, when they see potential danger. The ones at the zoo are accustomed to humans; this little guy may have seen a vulture overhead.
Sometimes I feel like building digitally makes me lazy, and the physical stuff was more challenging.
Then I port something into LDD and that pretty much gets affirmed.
From 1908 on (until ~1918) Fongers used a typical steering-system with a steering lock.
You had to turn the small "blocker" in the upper position to "lock" the steering.
This was done to provide the bicycle falling when it was parked somewhere.
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Read more: "Humanizing immunology"
A test version of the Orion capsule is guided onto its cradle in the well deck of the USS John P. Murtha on Nov. 3, 2018, during Underway Recovery Test-7 (URT-7). The test is one in a series conducted by the Exploration Ground Systems Recovery Team to verify and validate procedures and hardware that will be used to recover the Orion spacecraft after it splashes down in the Pacific Ocean following deep space exploration missions. Orion will have emergency abort capability, sustain the crew during space travel and provide safe re-entry from deep space return velocities. Photo credit: NASA/Kim Shiflett
The Eastern Airlines route system from January 1982. Now here is a national network carrier - the Miami-based airline’s network dominated the eastern seaboard with hubs in Atlanta, Miami and New York, and stretched to the west coast including both major and medium-size cities, like Reno and Tucson.
The map is more geographic than this one from 1980 and, thankfully, includes routes unlike this one from 1986 which uses a similar crayon-drawn like backdrop. It’s a nice effect though the concentration of routes in the eastern US is difficult to follow.
Eastern added Braniff’s South American network to its route map five months later.
Eastern operated 269 aircraft, including 25 A300s, 136 727s and 29 L-1011s, in January 1982, the Flight Fleets Anazlyer shows.
I've written about this before. In practice it seems some lens/body combinations can be a little laggy at stopping down the aperture, but it was a noble concept. I notice that eBay sellers often do not realize what they're selling is a TX lens; and so there can be bargains if the mount type is unclear or some oddball one like Miranda.
The Bell System (aka Ma Bell) refers to popular names used to described a group of companies that operated initial telephone services in the US. In 1877, the American Bell Telephone Company, named after Alexander Graham Bell, opened the first telephone exchange in New Haven, CT. Within a few years local exchange companies were established in every major city in the US. Use of the Bell System name initially referred to those early telephone franchises.
In 1899, American Telephone and Telegraph (AT&T) acquired the assets of the American Bell Telephone Company. Originally AT&T was created to make long distance calls between New York and Chicago and beyond. AT&T became the parent of American Bell because regulatory and tax rules were leaner in New York then in Boston where American Bell was headquartered. Later, the Bell System and its moniker "Ma Bell" became a term that referred generally to all AT&T companies of which there were four major divisions;
• AT&T Long Lines providing long lines to interconnect local exchanges and
long distance calling services.
• Western Electric Company Bell's equipment manufacturing arm,
• Bell Labs conducting research and development for AT&T.
• Bell operating companies providing local exchange telephone services.
In 1913, under AT&T ownership the Bell System became a government sanctioned monopoly regulated by the US Federal Communications Commission. Proliferation of the telephone allowed the company to become the largest corporation in the world until its divestment by the US Department of Justice in 1984, at which time the Bell System ceased to exist.
Source Wikipedia article: Bell System
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A hand drawn sketch by Dr. Christensen from the University of Michigan Medical School for the laboratory sessions he conducted in the Medical Histology Course for first year medical students. The drawings were done with felt markers on a white board in the lab during the morning of the day a particular topic was being studied in the course. When the laboratory session began, the drawings were briefly discussed, and they could be seen by the students throughout the laboratory period.
Download the entire collection by visiting openmi.ch/HistologyDrawings.
Learn more about Dr. Christensen by visiting www-personal.umich.edu/~akc/
Image courtesy of Dr. A. Kent Christensen under a Creative Commons license: BY-SA
Where words fail to describe permaculture, a picture is work 10,000 words!
This diagram will continue to evolve.
Download the PDF here:
abundantsuccession.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2010/11/AS-D...
This system on a farm comprises of 162 x 225W (STP225-20/Wd) polycrystalline panels powering 3 x 12.5kW Power-One Aurora inverter which generates approximately 55,600kWh each year.
I visited the premier UK solo show by famous Barcelona-based urban artist Zosen.
For more info, visit www.urbanartcore.eu/zosen-system-collapse-london/