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Thunderbird supercomputer at Sandia National Laboratory.
Sandia computer scientists Ron Minnich (foreground) and Don Rudish have successfully run more than a million Linux kernels as virtual machines, an achievement that will allow cyber security researchers to more effectively observe behavior found in malicious botnets. They utilized Sandia's Thunderbird supercomputing cluster for the demonstration.
For more information or additional images, please contact 202-586-5251.
Mira: The Argonne Leadership Computing Facility's Next-Generation Supercomputer
Mira will provide billions more processor-hours per year to the scientists, engineers, and researchers who use it to run complex simulations of everything from nuclear reactors to blood vessels through allocations awarded through INCITE, ALCC and Director's Discretionary programs.
Sebastian Buckup, Shinpei Kato, Nikolaus Lang, Angela Wang Nan speaking in the Supercomputers on Wheels session at the Annual Meeting of the New Champions 2023 in Tianjin, People's Republic of China, 28 June 2023. Tianjin Meijiang Convention Center - Room: Hub A. Copyright: World Economic Forum/Benedikt von Loebell
The Aberdeen Proving Ground (APG) Centennial Gala, held Friday, October 20, in Aberdeen was the culminating event of a year-long celebration of APG’s 100th Anniversary. Approximately 780 people attended the Cabaret-themed event, which featured live music, a casino, dancing, comedy, fireworks, acrobats and other performers, and an After-Party at the Speakeasy. Merritt Property, which manages the Aberdeen Corporate Park on route 22 next to the Target store, donated the use of the 90,000-square foot building for the event. U.S. Congressman Dutch Ruppersberger, MG Randy Taylor, local and state elected officials, and senior Army officials were in attendance, as were hundreds of members of the Harford and Cecil County communities.
The Gala was hosted by the APG Centennial Celebration Association, which is working to establish the APG Discovery Center in Aberdeen. This facility will house an interactive STEM educational space for learners of all ages to experience science and technology through hands-on exhibits and demonstrations.
During 2017, the APG community hosted over 150 events during 2017 to commemorative APG’s 100-year history. The Live Fire, the APG Memorial dedication, the Rosie the Riveters movie, exhibits at the college and libraries, historical talks and presentations, and Science Cafes.
Bravura Information Technologies was the presenting sponsor of the event. Additional funding was provided by Harford County Office of Economic Development, APG Federal Credit Union, SURVICE Engineering, Harford Community College, AFCEA, IRA, Association of Old Crows, Tenax Technologies, Northeastern Maryland Technology Council, Veteran Corps of America, Profile Partners, Leidos, Cray Supercomputers, CACI, ManTech, Jacobs, Adams Communication, Booz Allen, Camber, Jones Junction Greater Harford Committee, Signatech, Cecil College and many more businesses.
Sebastian Buckup, Shinpei Kato, Nikolaus Lang, Angela Wang Nan speaking in the Supercomputers on Wheels session at the Annual Meeting of the New Champions 2023 in Tianjin, People's Republic of China, 28 June 2023. Tianjin Meijiang Convention Center - Room: Hub A. Copyright: World Economic Forum/Benedikt von Loebell
The world's first production Cray CS300-LC.
Mississippi State University
High Performance Computing Collaboratory
Sebastian Buckup, Shinpei Kato, Nikolaus Lang, Angela Wang Nan speaking in the Supercomputers on Wheels session at the Annual Meeting of the New Champions 2023 in Tianjin, People's Republic of China, 28 June 2023. Tianjin Meijiang Convention Center - Room: Hub A. Copyright: World Economic Forum/Benedikt von Loebell
Mickey Leland research associate Diana Alvarado working in the lab with mentor Biswanath Dutta. Diana is working on the Reaction Engineering Team at NETL studying Synthesis and Characterization of high-energy-surface structures/facets for alkane dehydrogenation reactions. In this research, Diana will learn how to conduct database searching and how to use NETL supercomputer Joule 2.0 to perform density functional theory (DFT) calculations and lattice phonon dynamics simulation with existing software packages (VASP, PhonoPy, etc.). This project is directly related to our research tasks of the on-going NETL Carbon Capture FWP on developing CO2 capture & utilization technologies for fighting global warming.
The China Supercomputer.
Supercomputers perform operations billion times faster than a personal or minicomputers.
A revolutionary parallel-processing supercomputer pioneered by the brilliant Danny Hillis, is more powerful than the Cray, IBM, and Sun Microsystems models. The demonstration theatre created my PMDI shows off this awesome speed and power.
Design/ Production of murals + furniture + exhibits + retail displays + signage + light fixtures + architectural details
philmanker@comcast.net
Boston
617-291-8584
Long before tablets, PCs, laptops, desktops, pocket calculators there were slide-rules. This low cost plastic K+E model dates from the 1960s and can multiply, divide, take square roots and cube roots, do trigonometry and more. No keyboard, screen or batteries - just 2 moving parts. Unlike current computers (but like projected quantum computers) it performed an infinite number of calculations at the same time! Required good eyesight and manual dexterity - you needed to keep track of the number of zeros and the decimal place in your head. The first few sessions of the Freshman physics class at a "prestigious Northeast technical University" had the subject "thinking about numbers" - how many leaves on a tree?, how many grains of sand on a beach? Then came the "easy stuff" - quantum mechanics and relativity.
This model was to use, not a fashion statement. No self respecting turbo-nerd geek would go to a "tuition riot" without an expensive deluxe 2-sided magnesium log-log-deci-log model in a genuine leather belt holster. Plus a plastic pocket protector to look the part. The magnesium version would "burn baby burn" and nothing (not even sand or water) could put out the flames.
Once you spent all day doing calculations, you needed to use pre-printed "graph paper" to plot the results. In the background is an example of 2 cycle x 3 cycle log-log paper, also by K+E. This would be useful in plotting the "frequency response" of a stereo system for example.
At least until the 1980s, my former ex-employer hired women to do nothing but plot data by hand on paper like this. Not until the mid 1990s did every engineer have a computer that could automatically plot data and show the results "instantly" on the screen.
Until 1968 K+E was a major employer in Hoboken New Jersey housed in a large building with a Clock Tower. After being abandoned for decades it was redeveloped into apartments, spurring the renewal of Hoboken.
3-D structures of adenine riboswitch RNA calculated using RS3D, a computer program that runs on the supercomputer Mira. RNAs like adenine riboswitch are biological structures found in all human cells; they help control how and when genes are expressed.
Some of these structures are linked to cancer and other diseases, and by using RS3D to learn more about them, researchers can better understand how associated diseases evolve, which could lead to better treatments or cures.
Image credit: Wei Jiang, Argonne National Laboratory; Yuba Bhandari and Yun-Xing Wang, National Cancer Institute.
2013. Senator Dick Durbin (Ill.) joined Argonne staff to celebrate the dedication of Mira, the lab's new supercomputer and the fifth fastest computer in the world.
From left to right: Joanna Livengood, Manager of the U.S. Department of Energy's Argonne Site Office; David Turek, Vice President for Exascale Computing at IBM; Rick Stevens, Associate Laboratory Director for Computing, Environment & Life Sciences; Sen. Dick Durbin (Ill.); Eric Isaacs, Argonne Director; Donald Levy, University of Chicago Vice President for Research and for National Laboratories.
30494D39
Wij weten nu dat er ongeveer 21.000 korrels in een pak zitten... Een leuke voordracht door Vincent van der Noort en Tammo Jan Dijkema.
Vincent van der Noort laat graag anderen kennis maken met de mooie en geheimzinnige kanten van de wiskunde. Hij studeerde wiskunde aan de Universiteit van Amsterdam en deed daarna onderzoek naar symmetrieën in oneindig-dimensionale ruimtes aan de Universiteit van Utrecht. Nu werkt hij aan het Nederlands Kanker Instituut waar hij zijn kennis over wiskunde inzet voor onderzoek naar kanker. Naast zijn onderzoek schreef Vincent verschillende populair wetenschappelijke artikelen en het boek ‘Getallen zijn je beste vrienden’, en begeleidde hij wiskunde-zomerkampen voor scholieren.
Tammo Jan Dijkema is numeriek wiskundige: hij lost met computers complexe wiskundige problemen op. Momenteel werkt hij als wetenschappelijk programmeur bij Astron, dat met nieuwe telescopen en supercomputers speurt naar onontdekte zaken in het heelal. Daarvoor deed hij aan de Universiteit Utrecht promotieonderzoek naar het snel oplossen van vergelijkingen in veel dimensies. (www.popupwetenschapper.nl)
Arsenal (Vienna)
The Vienna Arsenal, object 1
(Pictures you can see by clicking on the link at the end of page!)
The Arsenal in Vienna is a former military complex in the southeast of the city, in the 3rd District of Vienna located. The mighty, consisting of several brick buildings facility is located on a rectangular plan on a hill south of the country Strasser belt (Landstraßer Gürtel).
Meaning
The Arsenal is the most important secular assembly of Romantic Historicism in Vienna and was conducted in Italian-Medieval and Byzantine-Moorish forms. Essentially the system is preserved in its original forms; only the former workshop buildings within the bounding, from the the outside visible wings were replaced by new constructions.
History to 1945
Bird's eye view of the complex, arsenal, lithography Alexander Kaiser, 1855
Vienna Arsenal (Museum of Military History)
Arsenal, with HGM (Heeresgeschichtliches Museum) from the East
The plant, with a total of 31 "objects" (buildings) was built from 1849 to 1856 on the occasion of the March Revolution of 1848 and was the first building of the fortress triangle, the old Vienna's city walls replacing, with the Rossauerstrasse Barracks and the now-defunct Franz Joseph barracks at Stubenring. These buildings should not serve to deter foreign enemies from the city, but to secure state power in the event of revolutionary upheavals in Vienna. The decision to build the Arsenal, it came from the 19-year-old Emperor Franz Joseph I who on 2 December 1848 had come to the throne.
The design for the Imperial Artillery Arsenal came from General Artillery Director Vincenz Freiherr von Augustin, which, subsequently, the site management had been transferred. Under his leadership, the buildings under allocation of sectors have been planned of the architects Carl Roesner, Antonius Pius de Riegel, August Sicard von Sicardsburg, Eduard van der Nüll, Theophil von Hansen and Ludwig Förster and built by the company of the architect Leopold Mayr.
From 1853 to 1856, Arsenal church was built by the architect Carl Roesner. The K.K. Court Weapon Museum, later K.K. Army Museum, now Museum of Military History, housed in a separate representative free-standing wing, was completed structurally in 1856, but was only in 1869 for the first time accessible.
For the construction of the Arsenal 177 million bricks were used. Construction costs totaled $ 8.5 million guilders. In the following years, there have been extensions. During the two world wars, the complex served as a weapons factory and arsenal, especially as barracks.
The record number of employees in Arsenal was reached in the First World War, with around 20,000 staffers. After 1918, the military-industrial operation with own steel mill was transformed into a public service institution with the name "Austrian art arsenal". However, there were almost insoluble conversion problems in the transition to peacetime production, the product range was too great and the mismanagement considerable. The number of employees declined steadily, and the company became one of the great economic scandals of the First Republic.
By the fall of 1938, the area belonged to the 10th District Favoriten. However, as was established during the "Third Reich" the Reich District of Greater Vienna the arsenal complex and the south-east of it lying areas in the wake of district boundary changes became parts of the 3rd District.
During the Second World War, in the Arsenal tank repair workshops of the Waffen-SS were set up. In the last two years of the war several buildings were severely damaged by bombing. During the Battle of Vienna, in the days of 7 to 9 April 1945, was the arsenal, defended by the 3rd SS Panzer Division "Totenkopf", focus of the fighting, the Red Army before their victory recording heavy losses.
History since 1945
Ruins of the object 15 after the air raids 1944
Deposits at the Arsenal Street
After heavy bomb damages during the Second World War, the buildings of the Arsenal were largely restored to their original forms.
In the southern part and in the former courtyard of the arsenal several new buildings were added, among them 1959-1963 the decoration workshops of the Federal Theatre designed by the architects Erich Boltenstern and Robert Weinlich. From 1961 to 1963, the telecommunications central office was built by the architect Fritz Pfeffer. From 1973 to 1975 were built plant and office building of the Post and Telephone Head Office for Vienna, Lower Austria and Burgenland (now Technology Centre Arsenal of Telekom Austria) with the 150-foot radio tower in Vienna Arsenal according to the plans of architect Kurt Eckel. In the 1990s, a rehearsal stage of the castle theater (Burgtheater) was built according to plans by Gustav Peichl.
Also the Austrian Research and Testing Centre Arsenal, now Arsenal Research, which has made itself wordwide a celebrity by one of the largest air chambers (now moved to Floridsdorf - 21st District ), was housed in the complex. A smaller part of the system is still used by the Austrian army as a barracks. Furthermore, the Central Institute for Disinfection of the City of Vienna and the Central Chemical Laboratory of the Federal Monuments Office are housed in the arsenal. The Military History Museum uses multiple objects as depots.
In one part of the area residential buildings were erected. The Arsenal is forming an own, two census tracts encompassing census district, which according to the census in 2001 2.058 inhabitants had.
End of 2003, the arsenal in connection with other properties of the Federal Property Society (BIG - Bundesimmobiliengesellschaft) was sold to a private investor group. Since early 2006, the lawyer of Baden (Lower Austria, not far away from Vienna) Rudolf Fries and industrialist Walter Scherb are majority owners of the 72,000 m2 historic site that they want to refurbish and according to possibility rent new. Fries also plans to enlarge the existing living space by more than half (about 40,000 m2).
An architectural design competition, whose jury on 28 and 29 in June 2007 met, provided proposals amounting to substantial structural changes in the system. Such designed competition winner Hohensinn a futuristic clouds clip modeled after El Lissitzky's cloud bracket, a multi-level horizontal structure on slender stilts over the old stock on the outskirts of the Swiss Garden. The realization of these plans is considered unlikely.
Some objects are since 2013 adapted for use by the Technical University of Vienna: Object 227, the so-called "Panzerhalle" will house laboratories of the Institute for Powertrains and Automotive Technology. In object 221, the "Siemens hall", laboratories of the Institute for Energy Technology and Thermodynamics as well as of the Institute for Manufacturing Technology and High Power Laser Technology are built. In object 214 is besides the Technical Testing and Research Institute (TVFA) also the second expansion stage of the "Vienna Scientific Cluster" housed, of a supercomputer, which was built jointly by the Vienna University of Technology, the University of Vienna and the University of Agricultural Sciences.
Accessibility
The arsenal was historically especially over the Landstraßer Gürtel developed. Today passes southeast in the immediate proximity the Südosttangente called motorway A23 with it connection Gürtel/Landstraßer Hauptstrasse. Southwest of the site runs the Eastern Railway, the new Vienna Central Station closes to the west of the arsenal. Two new bridges over the Eastern Railway, the Arsenal Stay Bridge and the Southern Railway bridge and an underpass as part of Ghegastraße and Alfred- Adler-Straße establish a connection to the on the other side of the railway facilities located Sonnwendviertel in the 10th District, which is being built on the former site of the freight train station Vienna South Station.
On the center side is between Arsenal and Landstraßer Gürtel the former Maria Josefa Park located, now known as Swiss Garden. Here stands at the Arsenalstraße the 21er Haus, a branch of the Austrian Gallery Belvedere, on the center-side edge of the Swiss Garden has the busy suburban main railway route the stop Vienna Quartier Belvedere, next to it the Wiener Linien D (tram) and 69A (bus) run.
Alameda County Computer Resource Center accepts unwanted computers, converting hazardous waste into usable computers and donating them to needy projects. They also use vegetable oil in their facility. At the Maker Faire, they connected donated, unwanted computer hardware to form a supercomputer. The cluster was powered by a vegetable oil fueled generator.
Arsenal (Vienna)
The Vienna Arsenal, object 1
(Pictures you can see by clicking on the link at the end of page!)
The Arsenal in Vienna is a former military complex in the southeast of the city, located in the 3rd district of Vienna. The mighty, consisting of several brick buildings facility is located on a rectangular plan on a hill south of the Country Road Belt (Landstraßer Gürtel).
Meaning
The Arsenal is the most important secular assembly of Romantic Historicism in Vienna and was conducted in Italian-Medieval and Byzantine-Moorish forms. Essentially the complex is preserved in its original forms; only the former workshop buildings within the bounding, from the the outside visible wings were replaced by new constructions.
History to 1945
Bird's eye view of the complex, arsenal, lithography Alexander Kaiser, 1855
Vienna Arsenal (Museum of Military History)
Arsenal, with HGM (Heeresgeschichtliches Museum) from the East
The complex, with a total of 31 "objects" (buildings) was built from 1849 to 1856 on the occasion of the March Revolution of 1848 and was the first building of the fortress triangle, replacing the old Vienna's city walls, with the Rossauer Barracks and the now-defunct Franz Joseph barracks at Stubenring. These buildings should not serve to deter foreign enemies from the city, but to secure state power in the event of revolutionary upheavals in Vienna. The decision to build the Arsenal, it came from the 19-year-old Emperor Franz Joseph I who on 2 December 1848 had come to the throne.
The design for the Imperial Artillery Arsenal came from General Artillery Director Vincenz Freiherr von Augustin, to which, subsequently, the site management had been transferred. Under his leadership, the buildings under assignment of sectors have been planned of the architects Carl Roesner, Antonius Pius de Riegel, August Sicard von Sicardsburg, Eduard van der Nüll, Theophil von Hansen and Ludwig Förster and built by the company of the architect Leopold Mayr.
From 1853 to 1856, Arsenal church was built by the architect Carl Roesner. The K.K. Court Weapon Museum, later K.K. Army Museum, now Museum of Military History, housed in a separate representative free-standing wing, was completed structurally in 1856, but was only in 1869 for the first time accessible.
For the construction of the Arsenal 177 million bricks were used. Construction costs totaled $ 8.5 million guilders. In the following years, there have been extensions. During the two world wars, the complex served as a weapons factory and arsenal, especially as barracks.
The record number of employees in Arsenal was reached in the First World War, with around 20,000 staffers. After 1918, the military-industrial operation with own steel mill was transformed into a public service institution with the name "Austrian Factories Arsenal". However, there were almost insoluble conversion problems in the transition to peacetime production, the product range was too great and the mismanagement considerable. The number of employees declined steadily, and the company became one of the great economic scandals of the First Republic.
By the fall of 1938, the area belonged to the 10th District Favoriten. However, as was established during the "Third Reich" the Reich District of Greater Vienna, became the arsenal complex and the south-east of it lying areas in the wake of district boundary changes parts of the 3rd District.
During the Second World War, in the Arsenal tank repair workshops of the Waffen-SS were set up. In the last two years of the war several buildings were severely damaged by bombing. During the Battle of Vienna, in the days of 7 to 9 April 1945, was the arsenal, defended by the 3rd SS Panzer Division "Totenkopf", focus of the fighting, the Red Army before its victory facing heavy losses.
History since 1945
Ruins of the object 15 after the air raids 1944
Deposits at the Arsenal Street
After heavy bomb damages during the Second World War, the buildings of the Arsenal were largely restored to their original forms.
In the southern part and in the former courtyard of the arsenal several new buildings were added, among them 1959-1963 the decoration workshops of the Federal Theatre designed by the architects Erich Boltenstern and Robert Weinlich. From 1961 to 1963, the telecommunications central office was built by the architect Fritz Pfeffer. From 1973 to 1975 were built operation and office building of the Post and Telephone Head Office for Vienna, Lower Austria and Burgenland (now Technology Centre Arsenal of Telekom Austria) with the 150-meter high radio tower in Vienna Arsenal according to the plans of architect Kurt Eckel. In the 1990s, a rehearsal stage of the Castle Theater (Burgtheater) was built according to plans by Gustav Peichl.
Also the Austrian Research and Testing Centre Arsenal, now Arsenal Research, which has made itself wordwide a celebrity by one of the largest air chambers (now moved to Floridsdorf - 21st District), was housed in the complex. A smaller part of the complex is still used by the Austrian army as a barracks. Furthermore, the Central Institute for Disinfection of the City of Vienna and the Central Chemical Laboratory of the Federal Monuments Office are housed in the arsenal. The Military History Museum uses multiple objects as depots.
In one part of the area residential buildings were erected. The Arsenal is forming an own, two census tracts encompassing census district, which according to the census in 2001 had 2.058 inhabitants.
End of 2003, the arsenal in connection with other properties of the Federal Property Society (BIG - Bundesimmobiliengesellschaft) was sold to a private investor group. Since early 2006, the lawyer of Baden (Lower Austria, not far away from Vienna) Rudolf Fries and industrialist Walter Scherb are majority owners of the 72,000 m2 historic site that they want to refurbish and according to possibility rent new. Fries also plans to enlarge the existing living space by more than a half (about 40,000 m2).
An architectural design competition, whose jury on 28 and 29 in June 2007 met, provided proposals amounting to substantial structural changes in the complex. Such designed competition winner Hohensinn a futuristic clouds clip modeled after El Lissitzky's cloud bracket, a multi-level horizontal structure on slender stilts over the old stock on the outskirts of the Swiss Garden. The realization of these plans is considered unlikely.
Some objects are since 2013 adapted for use by the Technical University of Vienna: Object 227, the so-called "Panzerhalle" will house laboratories of the Institute for Powertrains and Automotive Technology. In object 221, the "Siemens hall", laboratories of the Institute for Energy Technology and Thermodynamics as well as of the Institute for Manufacturing Technology and High Power Laser Technology are built. In object 214 is besides the Technical Testing and Research Institute (TVFA) also the second expansion stage of the "Vienna Scientific Cluster" housed, of a supercomputer, which was built jointly by the Vienna University of Technology, the University of Vienna and the University of Agricultural Sciences.
Accessibility
The arsenal was historically especially over the Landstraßer Gürtel developed. Today passes southeast in the immediate proximity the Südosttangente called motorway A23 with it connection Gürtel/Landstraßer Hauptstrasse. Southwest of the site runs the Eastern Railway, the new Vienna Central Station closes to the west of the arsenal. Two new bridges over the Eastern Railway, the Arsenal Stay Bridge and the Southern Railway bridge and an underpass as part of Ghegastraße and Alfred- Adler-Straße establish a connection to the on the other side of the railway facilities located Sonnwendviertel in the 10th District, which is being built on the former site of the freight train station Vienna South Station.
On the center side is between Arsenal and Landstraßer Gürtel the former Maria Josefa Park located, now known as Swiss Garden. Here stands at the Arsenal street the 21er Haus, a branch of the Austrian Gallery Belvedere, on the center-side edge of the Swiss Garden has the busy suburban main railway route the stop Vienna Quartier Belvedere, next to it the Wiener Linien D (tram) and 69A (bus) run.
Deep in space, giant galaxy clusters filled with vast clouds of hot, X-ray producing gas are assembled through supersonic collisions over billions of years. In order to better understand these astrophysical phenomena, called galaxy cluster mergers, scientists visualize them using supercomputers—resulting in this beautiful image.
--more details--
Dark matter makes up the majority of the cluster material, up to 90% by mass, and the gravitational force of the dark matter dominates the physics of the merger. Most of the ordinary matter is in the form of a hot, diffuse plasma known as the intra-cluster medium. These gases interact directly, unlike the dark matter particles, whose motion is thought to be collisionless. However the mixing of the gas is completely driven by the violent orbital motion of the dark matter cores. Shown here are volume renderings of the gases (in blue and yellow) zoomed in so that detail of the structure involved in the mixing of the gases can be seen.
Researchers: John Zuhone, Harvard-Smithsonian CfA; Donald Q. Lamb, University of Chicago
Visualization: Brad Gallagher, University of Chicago
Research supported by:
DOE/NNSA ASC Alliance Flash Center, DOE/Office of Science INCITE Program
The first phase of the Department of Energy's National Energy Research Scientific Computing center's (NERSC) next-generation supercomputer was delivered to the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory's Oakland Science Facility this month. NERSC awarded the contract for this system to Cray Inc. in August 2009.
The system that was delivered is a Cray XT5â„¢ massively parallel processor supercomputer, which will be upgraded to a future-generation Cray supercomputer. When completed, the new system will deliver a peak performance of more than one petaflops, equivalent to more than one quadrillion calculations per second. This machine is named Hopper, after rear admiral Grace Murray Hopper who was an American computer scientist and United States Naval officer.
NERSC Center currently serves thousands of scientists at national laboratories and universities across the country researching problems in climate modeling, computational biology, environmental sciences, combustion, materials science, chemistry, geosciences, fusion energy, astrophysics, and other disciplines. NERSC is managed by Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory under contract with DOE.
For more information about the system and the contract, please visit: www.lbl.gov/cs/Archive/news080509.html
For more information about computing sciences at Berkeley Lab, please visit: www.lbl.gov/cs
For more information about Science at NERSC, please visit: www.nersc.gov/projects
credit: Lawrence Berkeley Nat'l Lab - Roy Kaltschmidt, photographer
XBD200910-00886-055.TIF
NSF MSGI research associate Arthur Mills and his mentor Wu Zhang outside of the JOULE supercomputer at NETL in Morgantown, WV. Arthur is studying Description of 3D Configuration. This project develops mathematics description of objects. Equations, and Matlab code will be needed to construct image of object in 3D space. There are several such problems in NETL’s research challenge list. The researcher of this project will be asked to work on one or more of them based on their own interests and background. One group of problems comes from the need to supply 3D printer an algorithm and/code with which an object can be manufactured through 3D printing. One of the objects would be a screw, and the other would be a hollow circular tube with arms at three different locations with each orientated differently around the tube. The other group of problem is represented by the image of a long rod in a curved tube. This is a simulation of the bending status of drill string in directional well, as commonly occurred in drilling an oil and gas well. The validation of the mathematic description of the object is expected to be conducted by providing 3D imaging of the objects with a series of cross section images staking over one and another. If time allow, the objects will be made to perform certain motion. For example, the motion can be rotating the screw or moving the rod downward simulating the drilling progress.
Canon EOS 550D with Tamron 17-50mm f:/2,8. Panorama merged in Photoshop CS5 from 16 handheld shots at f:/2,8 1/30s @17mm ISO800 in 2 rows x 8 frames.
En el CERN, situado entre Francia y Suiza, hay dos experimentos de propósito general que utilizan el acelerador de partÃculas LHC (o Gran Colisionador de Hadrones). Uno de estos experimentos es el CMS (o Solenoide Compacto de Muones) y sus objetivos son descubrir el Bosón de Higgs (bastante escurridizo), buscar evidencias de la supersimetrÃa, estudiar las colisiones de iones pesados y explorar la materia a nivel de los TeV. El funcionamiento se resume en introducir un haz de partÃculas cargadas en un tubo circular y acelerarlas mediante el uso de potentes imanes, hasta que se hacen colisionar con otras partÃculas en el interior de un detector como el de la imagen. Mediante calorÃmetros ultrasensibles se detectan las trayectorias y energÃas de las partÃculas resultantes de los choques, se recogen los datos y, a través de los cables azules, se envÃan a potentes ordenadores en los que se analizan y se proponen modelos que expliquen las colisiones. Estos experimentos sirven para avalar o refutar las teorÃas que se van proponiendo acerca de la constitución de la materia a nivel subatómico, algo que escapa a mi modesto conocimiento de bioquÃmico. Quien quiera saber más sobre el tema, puede consultar:
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compact_Muon_Solenoid
The CMS (Compact Muon Solenoid) experiment is one of the two large general-purpose particle detectors built on the LHC (Large Hadron Collider) at CERN (between Switzerland and France). Its supposed goals are exploring matter physics at the TeV scale, discovering the Higgs Boson, studying aspects of heavy ions collisions and looking for evidence of supersimmetry. How does it work? A charged particles beam is introduced in a circular pipe and they are accelerated with very powerful magnets, until they are forced to collide against other particles within this huge detector. By means of ultrasensible calorimeters, the resulting particles are tracked and their energies measured. Through the blue wires, the data are sent to supercomputers which analyse and check if the proposed models explain the collisions and resulting particles, which later is used to endorse or refute the theories about the constitution of matter at subatomic levels. As far as my knowledge of Fundamental Physics is limited to a biochemist's, if someone wants to know how it works and which are the different components of the detector, better go to:
Arsenal (Vienna)
The Vienna Arsenal, object 1
(Pictures you can see by clicking on the link at the end of page!)
The Arsenal in Vienna is a former military complex in the southeast of the city, located in the 3rd district of Vienna. The mighty, consisting of several brick buildings facility is located on a rectangular plan on a hill south of the Country Road Belt (Landstraßer Gürtel).
Meaning
The Arsenal is the most important secular assembly of Romantic Historicism in Vienna and was conducted in Italian-Medieval and Byzantine-Moorish forms. Essentially the complex is preserved in its original forms; only the former workshop buildings within the bounding, from the the outside visible wings were replaced by new constructions.
History to 1945
Bird's eye view of the complex, arsenal, lithography Alexander Kaiser, 1855
Vienna Arsenal (Museum of Military History)
Arsenal, with HGM (Heeresgeschichtliches Museum) from the East
The complex, with a total of 31 "objects" (buildings) was built from 1849 to 1856 on the occasion of the March Revolution of 1848 and was the first building of the fortress triangle, replacing the old Vienna's city walls, with the Rossauer Barracks and the now-defunct Franz Joseph barracks at Stubenring. These buildings should not serve to deter foreign enemies from the city, but to secure state power in the event of revolutionary upheavals in Vienna. The decision to build the Arsenal, it came from the 19-year-old Emperor Franz Joseph I who on 2 December 1848 had come to the throne.
The design for the Imperial Artillery Arsenal came from General Artillery Director Vincenz Freiherr von Augustin, to which, subsequently, the site management had been transferred. Under his leadership, the buildings under assignment of sectors have been planned of the architects Carl Roesner, Antonius Pius de Riegel, August Sicard von Sicardsburg, Eduard van der Nüll, Theophil von Hansen and Ludwig Förster and built by the company of the architect Leopold Mayr.
From 1853 to 1856, Arsenal church was built by the architect Carl Roesner. The K.K. Court Weapon Museum, later K.K. Army Museum, now Museum of Military History, housed in a separate representative free-standing wing, was completed structurally in 1856, but was only in 1869 for the first time accessible.
For the construction of the Arsenal 177 million bricks were used. Construction costs totaled $ 8.5 million guilders. In the following years, there have been extensions. During the two world wars, the complex served as a weapons factory and arsenal, especially as barracks.
The record number of employees in Arsenal was reached in the First World War, with around 20,000 staffers. After 1918, the military-industrial operation with own steel mill was transformed into a public service institution with the name "Austrian Factories Arsenal". However, there were almost insoluble conversion problems in the transition to peacetime production, the product range was too great and the mismanagement considerable. The number of employees declined steadily, and the company became one of the great economic scandals of the First Republic.
By the fall of 1938, the area belonged to the 10th District Favoriten. However, as was established during the "Third Reich" the Reich District of Greater Vienna, became the arsenal complex and the south-east of it lying areas in the wake of district boundary changes parts of the 3rd District.
During the Second World War, in the Arsenal tank repair workshops of the Waffen-SS were set up. In the last two years of the war several buildings were severely damaged by bombing. During the Battle of Vienna, in the days of 7 to 9 April 1945, was the arsenal, defended by the 3rd SS Panzer Division "Totenkopf", focus of the fighting, the Red Army before its victory facing heavy losses.
History since 1945
Ruins of the object 15 after the air raids 1944
Deposits at the Arsenal Street
After heavy bomb damages during the Second World War, the buildings of the Arsenal were largely restored to their original forms.
In the southern part and in the former courtyard of the arsenal several new buildings were added, among them 1959-1963 the decoration workshops of the Federal Theatre designed by the architects Erich Boltenstern and Robert Weinlich. From 1961 to 1963, the telecommunications central office was built by the architect Fritz Pfeffer. From 1973 to 1975 were built operation and office building of the Post and Telephone Head Office for Vienna, Lower Austria and Burgenland (now Technology Centre Arsenal of Telekom Austria) with the 150-meter high radio tower in Vienna Arsenal according to the plans of architect Kurt Eckel. In the 1990s, a rehearsal stage of the Castle Theater (Burgtheater) was built according to plans by Gustav Peichl.
Also the Austrian Research and Testing Centre Arsenal, now Arsenal Research, which has made itself wordwide a celebrity by one of the largest air chambers (now moved to Floridsdorf - 21st District), was housed in the complex. A smaller part of the complex is still used by the Austrian army as a barracks. Furthermore, the Central Institute for Disinfection of the City of Vienna and the Central Chemical Laboratory of the Federal Monuments Office are housed in the arsenal. The Military History Museum uses multiple objects as depots.
In one part of the area residential buildings were erected. The Arsenal is forming an own, two census tracts encompassing census district, which according to the census in 2001 had 2.058 inhabitants.
End of 2003, the arsenal in connection with other properties of the Federal Property Society (BIG - Bundesimmobiliengesellschaft) was sold to a private investor group. Since early 2006, the lawyer of Baden (Lower Austria, not far away from Vienna) Rudolf Fries and industrialist Walter Scherb are majority owners of the 72,000 m2 historic site that they want to refurbish and according to possibility rent new. Fries also plans to enlarge the existing living space by more than a half (about 40,000 m2).
An architectural design competition, whose jury on 28 and 29 in June 2007 met, provided proposals amounting to substantial structural changes in the complex. Such designed competition winner Hohensinn a futuristic clouds clip modeled after El Lissitzky's cloud bracket, a multi-level horizontal structure on slender stilts over the old stock on the outskirts of the Swiss Garden. The realization of these plans is considered unlikely.
Some objects are since 2013 adapted for use by the Technical University of Vienna: Object 227, the so-called "Panzerhalle" will house laboratories of the Institute for Powertrains and Automotive Technology. In object 221, the "Siemens hall", laboratories of the Institute for Energy Technology and Thermodynamics as well as of the Institute for Manufacturing Technology and High Power Laser Technology are built. In object 214 is besides the Technical Testing and Research Institute (TVFA) also the second expansion stage of the "Vienna Scientific Cluster" housed, of a supercomputer, which was built jointly by the Vienna University of Technology, the University of Vienna and the University of Agricultural Sciences.
Accessibility
The arsenal was historically especially over the Landstraßer Gürtel developed. Today passes southeast in the immediate proximity the Südosttangente called motorway A23 with it connection Gürtel/Landstraßer Hauptstrasse. Southwest of the site runs the Eastern Railway, the new Vienna Central Station closes to the west of the arsenal. Two new bridges over the Eastern Railway, the Arsenal Stay Bridge and the Southern Railway bridge and an underpass as part of Ghegastraße and Alfred- Adler-Straße establish a connection to the on the other side of the railway facilities located Sonnwendviertel in the 10th District, which is being built on the former site of the freight train station Vienna South Station.
On the center side is between Arsenal and Landstraßer Gürtel the former Maria Josefa Park located, now known as Swiss Garden. Here stands at the Arsenal street the 21er Haus, a branch of the Austrian Gallery Belvedere, on the center-side edge of the Swiss Garden has the busy suburban main railway route the stop Vienna Quartier Belvedere, next to it the Wiener Linien D (tram) and 69A (bus) run.
Arsenal (Vienna)
The Vienna Arsenal, object 1
(Pictures you can see by clicking on the link at the end of page!)
The Arsenal in Vienna is a former military complex in the southeast of the city, located in the 3rd district of Vienna. The mighty, consisting of several brick buildings facility is located on a rectangular plan on a hill south of the Country Road Belt (Landstraßer Gürtel).
Meaning
The Arsenal is the most important secular assembly of Romantic Historicism in Vienna and was conducted in Italian-Medieval and Byzantine-Moorish forms. Essentially the complex is preserved in its original forms; only the former workshop buildings within the bounding, from the the outside visible wings were replaced by new constructions.
History to 1945
Bird's eye view of the complex, arsenal, lithography Alexander Kaiser, 1855
Vienna Arsenal (Museum of Military History)
Arsenal, with HGM (Heeresgeschichtliches Museum) from the East
The complex, with a total of 31 "objects" (buildings) was built from 1849 to 1856 on the occasion of the March Revolution of 1848 and was the first building of the fortress triangle, replacing the old Vienna's city walls, with the Rossauer Barracks and the now-defunct Franz Joseph barracks at Stubenring. These buildings should not serve to deter foreign enemies from the city, but to secure state power in the event of revolutionary upheavals in Vienna. The decision to build the Arsenal, it came from the 19-year-old Emperor Franz Joseph I who on 2 December 1848 had come to the throne.
The design for the Imperial Artillery Arsenal came from General Artillery Director Vincenz Freiherr von Augustin, to which, subsequently, the site management had been transferred. Under his leadership, the buildings under assignment of sectors have been planned of the architects Carl Roesner, Antonius Pius de Riegel, August Sicard von Sicardsburg, Eduard van der Nüll, Theophil von Hansen and Ludwig Förster and built by the company of the architect Leopold Mayr.
From 1853 to 1856, Arsenal church was built by the architect Carl Roesner. The K.K. Court Weapon Museum, later K.K. Army Museum, now Museum of Military History, housed in a separate representative free-standing wing, was completed structurally in 1856, but was only in 1869 for the first time accessible.
For the construction of the Arsenal 177 million bricks were used. Construction costs totaled $ 8.5 million guilders. In the following years, there have been extensions. During the two world wars, the complex served as a weapons factory and arsenal, especially as barracks.
The record number of employees in Arsenal was reached in the First World War, with around 20,000 staffers. After 1918, the military-industrial operation with own steel mill was transformed into a public service institution with the name "Austrian Factories Arsenal". However, there were almost insoluble conversion problems in the transition to peacetime production, the product range was too great and the mismanagement considerable. The number of employees declined steadily, and the company became one of the great economic scandals of the First Republic.
By the fall of 1938, the area belonged to the 10th District Favoriten. However, as was established during the "Third Reich" the Reich District of Greater Vienna, became the arsenal complex and the south-east of it lying areas in the wake of district boundary changes parts of the 3rd District.
During the Second World War, in the Arsenal tank repair workshops of the Waffen-SS were set up. In the last two years of the war several buildings were severely damaged by bombing. During the Battle of Vienna, in the days of 7 to 9 April 1945, was the arsenal, defended by the 3rd SS Panzer Division "Totenkopf", focus of the fighting, the Red Army before its victory facing heavy losses.
History since 1945
Ruins of the object 15 after the air raids 1944
Deposits at the Arsenal Street
After heavy bomb damages during the Second World War, the buildings of the Arsenal were largely restored to their original forms.
In the southern part and in the former courtyard of the arsenal several new buildings were added, among them 1959-1963 the decoration workshops of the Federal Theatre designed by the architects Erich Boltenstern and Robert Weinlich. From 1961 to 1963, the telecommunications central office was built by the architect Fritz Pfeffer. From 1973 to 1975 were built operation and office building of the Post and Telephone Head Office for Vienna, Lower Austria and Burgenland (now Technology Centre Arsenal of Telekom Austria) with the 150-meter high radio tower in Vienna Arsenal according to the plans of architect Kurt Eckel. In the 1990s, a rehearsal stage of the Castle Theater (Burgtheater) was built according to plans by Gustav Peichl.
Also the Austrian Research and Testing Centre Arsenal, now Arsenal Research, which has made itself wordwide a celebrity by one of the largest air chambers (now moved to Floridsdorf - 21st District), was housed in the complex. A smaller part of the complex is still used by the Austrian army as a barracks. Furthermore, the Central Institute for Disinfection of the City of Vienna and the Central Chemical Laboratory of the Federal Monuments Office are housed in the arsenal. The Military History Museum uses multiple objects as depots.
In one part of the area residential buildings were erected. The Arsenal is forming an own, two census tracts encompassing census district, which according to the census in 2001 had 2.058 inhabitants.
End of 2003, the arsenal in connection with other properties of the Federal Property Society (BIG - Bundesimmobiliengesellschaft) was sold to a private investor group. Since early 2006, the lawyer of Baden (Lower Austria, not far away from Vienna) Rudolf Fries and industrialist Walter Scherb are majority owners of the 72,000 m2 historic site that they want to refurbish and according to possibility rent new. Fries also plans to enlarge the existing living space by more than a half (about 40,000 m2).
An architectural design competition, whose jury on 28 and 29 in June 2007 met, provided proposals amounting to substantial structural changes in the complex. Such designed competition winner Hohensinn a futuristic clouds clip modeled after El Lissitzky's cloud bracket, a multi-level horizontal structure on slender stilts over the old stock on the outskirts of the Swiss Garden. The realization of these plans is considered unlikely.
Some objects are since 2013 adapted for use by the Technical University of Vienna: Object 227, the so-called "Panzerhalle" will house laboratories of the Institute for Powertrains and Automotive Technology. In object 221, the "Siemens hall", laboratories of the Institute for Energy Technology and Thermodynamics as well as of the Institute for Manufacturing Technology and High Power Laser Technology are built. In object 214 is besides the Technical Testing and Research Institute (TVFA) also the second expansion stage of the "Vienna Scientific Cluster" housed, of a supercomputer, which was built jointly by the Vienna University of Technology, the University of Vienna and the University of Agricultural Sciences.
Accessibility
The arsenal was historically especially over the Landstraßer Gürtel developed. Today passes southeast in the immediate proximity the Südosttangente called motorway A23 with it connection Gürtel/Landstraßer Hauptstrasse. Southwest of the site runs the Eastern Railway, the new Vienna Central Station closes to the west of the arsenal. Two new bridges over the Eastern Railway, the Arsenal Stay Bridge and the Southern Railway bridge and an underpass as part of Ghegastraße and Alfred- Adler-Straße establish a connection to the on the other side of the railway facilities located Sonnwendviertel in the 10th District, which is being built on the former site of the freight train station Vienna South Station.
On the center side is between Arsenal and Landstraßer Gürtel the former Maria Josefa Park located, now known as Swiss Garden. Here stands at the Arsenal street the 21er Haus, a branch of the Austrian Gallery Belvedere, on the center-side edge of the Swiss Garden has the busy suburban main railway route the stop Vienna Quartier Belvedere, next to it the Wiener Linien D (tram) and 69A (bus) run.
Intel's James Tullos gives the closing keynote remarks on  'Performance Tuning on Knights Landing (KNL) with Intel Parallel Studio XE 2017 Cluster Edition' at the Intel Xeon Phi User's Group (IXPUG) annual meeting at Argonne.
The Apple IIc, the fourth model in the Apple II series of personal computers, was Apple Computer’s first endeavor to produce a portable computer. The end result was a luggable 7.5 lb (3.4 kg) notebook-sized version of the Apple II that could easily be transported from place to place.
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_IIc
Retrocomputing (a portmanteau of retro and computing) is the use of early computer hardware and software today. Retrocomputing is usually classed as a hobby and recreation rather than a practical application of technology; enthusiasts often collect rare and valuable hardware and software for sentimental reasons. However some do make use of it.[1] Retrocomputing often gets its start when a computer user realizes that expensive fantasy systems like IBM Mainframes, DEC Superminis, SGI workstations and Cray Supercomputers have become affordable on the used computer market, usually in a relatively short time after the computers' era of use.
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retrocomputing
Con il termine retrocomputing si indica una attività di "archeologia informatica" che consiste nel reperire, specialmente a costi minimi, computer di vecchie generazioni, che hanno rappresentato fasi importanti dell'evoluzione tecnologica, ripararli se sono danneggiati, metterli nuovamente in funzione e preservarli.
Researchers at the U.S. Department of Energy’s Argonne National Laboratory have revealed previously unobserved behaviors that show how details of the transfer of heat at the nanoscale cause nanoparticles to change shape in ensembles.
Above: This diagram shows a model consists three distinct transitional states satisfactorily explains the x-ray signal as the nanorod transitions to its intermediate state and then on to its final nanosphere state. The data was collected using laser and x-ray source at the 7-ID beamline of the Advanced Photon Source. Image credit: Yuelin Li et. al.
PI: Thomas LeCompte, Argonne National Laboratory
With this project, Argonne researchers are showing that supercomputers like Mira can help drive future discoveries at CERN’s Large Hadron Collider (LHC). Running particle collision simulations on DOE leadership computing resources provides three key benefits to LHC experiments: increasing the amount of simulated data that can be produced; simulating more complex and realistic events than are currently possible; and helping to evolve LHC’s substantial code base for current and future supercomputing platforms.
A visualization of a simulated collision event in the ATLAS detector. This simulation, containing a Z boson and five hadronic jets, is an example of an event that is too complex to be simulated in bulk using ordinary PC-based computing grids.
Image credit: Taylor Childers, Argonne National Laboratory
Scientific discipline: Physics
This research used resources of the Argonne Leadership Computing Facility at Argonne National Laboratory.
India is a land of diversity. Facts ,aspects ,contributions and wonders of india that make the country stand out from other nations have been presented in the poster in the form of symbolic 3d models ( modeled using google sketchup and 3ds max ) and composed in such a way that they look like floating objects on water. They have been coloured to bring in the tricolor flavor – the colours of our national flag. in the middle of all these models, a model of the father of our nation- mahatma Gandhi is included to make the viewer remember the ways of peace and non-violence that the mahatma had taught us.
Explanation for the models arranged ( from top left )
Missile - to represent the developments in the related field of defense and science and technology.
The tanjore brahadeeswara temple in tamil nadu,is the world’s first granite temple built by the chola king rajaraja chozhan.
The taj mahal on the banks of Yamuna river is considered one of the world’s wonders. The taj was built by mughal king shah jahan.
Computer and supercomputer(behind)- india is one of only three countries that makes supercomputers. India has the second largest community of software developers.
Bombay stock exchange-(top right corner)- The Bombay stock exchange lists more than 6,600 companies.
Books and graduation hat- The world's first university was established in Takshila in 700 BC. More than 10,500 students from all over the world studied more than 60 subjects. The University of Nalanda built in the 4th century was one of the greatest achievements of ancient India in the field of education.
Milk packet ,coffee & tea mugs ,fish ,rice bag, sugarcane,rubber tree - India is the world’s largest producer of milk, and among the top five producers of sugar, cotton, tea, coffee, spices, rubber, silk, and fish.
Satellite-India is one of six countries that launches satellites.
Human -India is the largest democracy in the world, the 6th largest Country in the world, and one of the most ancient civilizations.
Dy/dx,cos b,etc.-Algebra, Trigonometry and Calculus originated in India.Quadratic Equations were used by Sridharacharya in the 11th century.
Hockey stick and cricket bat- the two widely played played sport in the nation(hockey – the national game).
Veena – Indian music with its rich ragas and tala variety is much more older than other contemporary forms of music . There are also different music & dance forms for each state .
Syringe and capsule - By volume of pills produced, the Indian pharmaceutical industry is the world’s second largest . Sushruta is regarded as the Father of Surgery. Chess - was invented in India.
Zero point (0.) -The 'Place Value System' and the 'Decimal System' were developed in India in 100 B.C.
Train track and paved road - india has the second largest network of paved highways. The largest employer in India is the Indian Railways, employing over a million people.
Ayurveda - Ayurveda is the earliest school of medicine known to mankind. The Father of Medicine, Charaka, consolidated Ayurveda 2500 years ago.
Sun and planets orbiting- Bhaskaracharya rightly calculated the time taken by the earth to orbit the Sun hundreds of years before the astronomer Smart
Pi- The value of "pi" was first calculated by the Indian Mathematician Budhayana, and he explained the concept of what is known as the Pythagorean Theorem.
Human figures in different asanas- Martial Arts were first created in India, and later spread to Asia by Buddhist missionaries.Yoga has its origins in India and has existed for over 5,000 years.
The U.S. Department of Energy announced a $200 million investment to deliver a next-generation supercomputer, known as Aurora, to the Argonne Leadership Computing Facility. When commissioned in 2018, this supercomputer will be open to all scientific users – drawing America’s top researchers to Argonne.
Atos Senior Executive Vice-President Adrian Gregory, CEO UK&I, and ECMWF Director-General Florence Rabier signed a four-year contract for the supply of an Atos BullSequana XH2000 supercomputer to ECMWF. (Photo: Stephen Shepherd)
More information: www.ecmwf.int/en/about/media-centre/news/2020/ecmwf-signs...
The National Defense Management Center is the supreme command and control center of the Ministry of Defense of Russia and the Armed Forces of Russia.
The center is considered as the second highest authority responsible for the Defense Ministry's management and supervision, after the Minister himself and is directly subordinate to the General Staff of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, overseen by the Chief of the General Staff.
It has a powerful military supercomputer called NDMC Supercomputer with a speed of 16 petaflops and storage capacity of 236 petabytes.
The center is located in the Main Building of the Ministry of Defense at Frunzenskaya Embankment, 22, Moscow, Russia.
The computer network of the center is based on the Russian military computer operating system Astra Linux by Rusbitech company, which in 2018 was declared the future ultimate standard for the Army.[citation needed] Modernization with artificial intelligence software is underway.
The Apple IIc, the fourth model in the Apple II series of personal computers, was Apple Computer’s first endeavor to produce a portable computer. The end result was a luggable 7.5 lb (3.4 kg) notebook-sized version of the Apple II that could easily be transported from place to place.
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_IIc
Retrocomputing (a portmanteau of retro and computing) is the use of early computer hardware and software today. Retrocomputing is usually classed as a hobby and recreation rather than a practical application of technology; enthusiasts often collect rare and valuable hardware and software for sentimental reasons. However some do make use of it.[1] Retrocomputing often gets its start when a computer user realizes that expensive fantasy systems like IBM Mainframes, DEC Superminis, SGI workstations and Cray Supercomputers have become affordable on the used computer market, usually in a relatively short time after the computers' era of use.
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retrocomputing
Con il termine retrocomputing si indica una attività di "archeologia informatica" che consiste nel reperire, specialmente a costi minimi, computer di vecchie generazioni, che hanno rappresentato fasi importanti dell'evoluzione tecnologica, ripararli se sono danneggiati, metterli nuovamente in funzione e preservarli.