View allAll Photos Tagged Substrate
Example of asbestos-cement boards installed as soffit panels at exterior overhang canopy.
This particular asbestos-cement material contained a thick white enamel coating with yellow-orange accent paint. Underlying substrate was gypsum board with fiberglass insulation above.
Step 2, glueing on the mirror tiles. When I was making the bottle, I kept seeing that same design on a tissue box, so couldn't wait to start on it.
substrate- paper
color- acrlic paint washes
blog-www.carolbsloan.blogspot.com
These are pages that will be going into an art journal that I am making. I am using light molding paste to add texture to the page without adding a lot of weight at the same time. Check out my blog for more info.
Black squirrels are a melanistic subgroup of squirrels with black coloration on their fur. The phenomenon occurs with several species of squirrels, although it is most frequent with the eastern gray squirrel (Sciurus carolinensis) and the fox squirrel (Sciurus niger). Black morphs of the eastern gray and fox squirrels are the result of a variant pigment gene. Several theories have surfaced as to why the black morph occurs, with some suggesting that the black morph is a selective advantage for squirrels inhabiting the northern ranges of the species, with the black fur providing a thermal advantage over its non-melanistic counterpart.
Black squirrels share the same natural range as their non-melanistic counterparts. Black morphs of eastern gray squirrels occur most frequently in the northern portion of its range around the Great Lakes Basin. Conversely, black morphs of fox squirrels typically occur most frequently in the southeastern portions of the species' natural range, the southeastern United States. Although they are found more frequently in those regions, the coloration remains uncommon in most areas that these species inhabit. However, black morphs of eastern gray squirrels form the majority of the species' population in the Canadian province of Ontario, and the U.S. state of Michigan. In addition to their natural range, black morphs of eastern gray squirrels were also introduced into other areas of Canada, the United Kingdom, and the United States during the 19th and 20th centuries.
Several municipalities and post-secondary schools in the United States have adopted a black squirrel for branding purposes, using it as a symbol and/or mascot. Some municipalities that have adopted the black squirrels as a symbol for their community have also passed ordinances that discourage attempts to threaten them.
Description
The black coloration in both eastern gray squirrels and fox squirrels is believed to stem from a variant pigment gene.[1] A study published by FEBS Letters in 2014 demonstrated how a pigment gene missing a piece of DNA, can be a determinant of an eastern gray squirrel's coat. The emergence of black fur in the eastern gray squirrel is believed to be the result of the 24 bp deletion from their melanocortin 1 receptor (MC1R) gene; with the specific allele referred to as MC1R∆24 A study published by BMC Evolutionary Biology pointed to evidence that the variant pigment gene originated from the black fox squirrel, and was later passed on to eastern gray squirrels as a result of interspecies mating; given that the variant gene in both species were identical. Black coat color is caused by a 24 base pair deletion in MC1R in the western population of fox squirrels and by a point mutation in the agouti-signaling protein gene in the southeastern population.
Black morphs may also occur with Columbian ground squirrels, Eurasian red squirrels, Richardson's ground squirrels, and western gray squirrels, although it is far more unusual for the latter to display color polymorphism. No association between melanism and variations in their MC1R was found in Eurasian red squirrels; with researchers suggesting that the different color variations (including black morphs) in Eurasian red squirrels, and fox squirrels being a polygenic result. Melanism with Richardson's ground squirrels is due to recessive genes.
Benefits of black fur
With regard to black squirrels and melanism, two major theories dominate the literature, that its frequency is the result of crypsis, and/or the result of thermoregulation.
Concealment
It has been theorized that non-melanistic gray squirrels have a concealment advantage in forests dominated by deciduous trees, while black squirrels hold a concealment advantage in forested areas in the northern portions of its range, where conifer trees are more prevalent. The theory is based on the idea that forests where coniferous trees are predominant block more sunlight from reaching the forest below, providing a dimly-lit habitat in which a darker-coated squirrel could better conceal itself compared to its lighter counterpart. It is also suggested that non-melanistic squirrels have a concealment advantage over their melanistic counterparts in deciduous forests because deciduous trees shed their leaves on a seasonal basis, illuminating the forested area below it during the winter season. A study conducted in 1989 on melanistic fox squirrels found the non-melanistic coloration better for concealment while the squirrel was still, but a melanistic coloration provided better concealment for when it was in motion.
The frequency of black morph eastern gray squirrels is thought to have been once relatively common throughout the eastern gray squirrel range, although their frequency and population have dwindled since the 1700s. It has been suggested that their population declined due to extensive deforestation and the hunting of squirrels for their meat and pelts; with the newly changed environment providing non-melanistic gray-colored squirrels an advantage in concealment. However, the theory that the black morphs squirrels were more prevalent prior to the 1700s, and that deforestation led to their decline has been challenged by some researchers. One study found a high frequency of black eastern gray squirrels lived in rural southern Ontario, an area primarily made up of farmland.
Melanism in fox squirrels in the southeast portion of its natural range has also been associated with crypsis, as it inhabits forests that go through periodic burnings. It has been suggested that black squirrels would be harder to detect in forests already burned, due to the blackened substrate.
Thermoregulation
It has also been suggested that black morph squirrels have a considerably higher cold tolerance than gray squirrels given the color of their coat. Black-coated animals were found to have 18 percent lower heat loss in temperatures below −10 °C (14 °F), a 20 percent lower metabolic rate, and a non-shivering thermogenesis capacity that is higher than a gray morph. Additionally, researchers of the color morph have noted a strong negative correlation with the frequency of black squirrels and areas with high air temperature.
The black coat has been suggested as a selective advantage for squirrels inhabiting the northern ranges of the species, as it helps them inhabit colder regions. The apparent thermal advantage has contributed to the expansion of the eastern gray squirrel's range northward following the end of the last glacial period. Black morph eastern gray squirrels have been reported as far north as Sudbury, Ontario, past the traditional range of the eastern gray squirrels.
A study published by the European Journal of Ecology in 2019 on eastern fox squirrels found that the melanistic morphs of the species saw a noticeable increase in their surface temperature (fur and skin) in both sunny and cloudy weather; whereas the non-melanistic fox squirrels only saw their surface temperature increase when it was sunny with no cloud cover. Its ability to gain heat in sunny and cloudy conditions is believed to be the reason why melanistic squirrels are more active during winter mornings. However, the same study noted that there was no difference in metabolic heat production between the color morphs.
Reproduction
Among eastern squirrels, gray mating pairs cannot produce black offspring. Gray squirrels have two copies of a gray pigment gene and black squirrels have either one or two copies of a black pigment gene. If a black squirrel has two copies of the black gene it will be jet black. If it has one copy of a black gene and one gray gene it will be brown-black. Approximately nine percent of melanistic eastern gray squirrels are believed to be jet black. In areas with high concentrations of black squirrels, litters of mixed-color individuals are common.
Differences with non-melanistic squirrels
A study conducted in 1990 of black and gray morphs of the eastern gray squirrel concluded that there was no major difference in behavior between the morphs. The same study also found no difference between the morphs when reacting to either a human or canid predator. However, another study in 2010 also found that gray morphs of the eastern gray squirrel were more prone to initiate flight than black morphs after hearing a red-tailed hawk; although the fact that black morphs were less likely to initiate flight after hearing a red-tailed hawk may not be an effect of pigmentation, rather the environment they inhabit. Given the higher frequency of black morphs in an urban setting, it has been suggested that black morphs have a higher tolerance for human/urban stimuli. It has also been suggested that behavioral differences with regard to mating may exist between the urban and rural populations of eastern gray squirrels.
A 2019 study on fox squirrels found that there was no noticeable difference in metabolism between the different color morphs of that species. However, the same study on fox squirrels found that melanistic fox squirrels were more active than their non-melanistic counterparts during the winter and spring months, with melanistic fox squirrels found to be 30 percent more active during the mornings than their non-melanistic counterparts. Conversely the non-melanistic fox squirrels were more active during the autumn season. It has been suggested that the black squirrel's higher heat gain for its surface temperature is the reason why they are able to be active earlier in the day and remain active longer.
Distribution
Natural populations of black morph eastern gray and fox squirrels can be found in the natural ranges of both species in North America, although their frequency varies depending on the area. Black fur for both species of squirrels is rare and occurs at rates of less than one percent. It has been suggested that one in 10,000 eastern gray squirrels are a black morph.
It has been suggested that the frequency of the black color morph in the eastern gray squirrel populations has declined since the late 1700s, especially south of the Great Lakes. There is a higher frequency of the black morph in the northern portions of the eastern gray squirrel's range; which includes the southern portions of central Canada and northern United States. In particular, large populations of black squirrels are found within the Great Lakes Basin, with a notable increase in their frequency between the 41st parallel north and the 45th parallel north.
Black squirrels occur with the highest frequency in Ontario and Michigan, and are the predominant color morph found in those areas; with the black morph accounting for 66 percent of squirrels documented on iNaturalist in Ontario, and 56 percent in Michigan. Significant populations of black morphs are also present in the other provinces/states that surround the Great Lakes; with approximately 15 percent of the eastern grey squirrels in those regions reported to be melanistic. Black squirrel populations south of the Great Lakes remain largely localized, with the frequency of black squirrels varying from one region to another. Black squirrels were found to be more common in urban areas as opposed to rural areas and forests. Among exurban populations of eastern gray squirrels, the black morph only occurs in high frequencies in Ontario, and northern Michigan.
Conversely, black morphs of fox squirrels occur with the highest frequency in the southeastern portion of its natural range, the southeastern United States. Like the eastern gray squirrels, the frequency of black fox squirrels is dependent on the area, reaching a maximum frequency of 13 percent. Although they occur more frequently in the southeastern United States, large populations of black morph fox squirrels may be found in other areas of the species' natural range; including Council Bluffs, Iowa, around the Missouri River. Approximately half of the fox squirrels found in Council Bluffs are melanistic. Melanistic fox squirrels in Council Bluffs have since expanded across the Missouri River to other areas in the Omaha–Council Bluffs metropolitan area; with melanistic fox squirrels now accounting for 4.6 to 7.6 percent of fox squirrels in Omaha.
Introduced populations
Reintroduction programs
Several populations of black morph squirrels were the result of reintroduction/re-population programs intended to reintroduce the species and/or the black morph to areas they once inhabited, but had been wiped out by human hunting and predators in previous centuries.
Black squirrels in Washington, D.C. originated from eighteen black morphs captured at Rondeau Provincial Park in Ontario and released in the parks around the National Mall in 1902 and in 1906 by Teddy Roosevelt. There remains a level of uncertainty as to why the black morphs were introduced into the National Mall; although representatives from the Smithsonian Museum suggest their introduction may have been part of a larger effort to revitalize the local eastern gray squirrel population whittled down by human hunting. By the 1960s, the black morphs had spread beyond the parks that surround the National Mall, although were largely contained by the Capital Beltway. In 2005, it was estimated that black morphs comprised between 5 and 25 percent of all eastern gray squirrels in that area.
The present population of black eastern gray squirrels in Battle Creek, Michigan was reportedly introduced in 1915 by John Harvey Kellogg, who wanted to repopulate the area with the species after their populations were devastated in the previous centuries by predators and human hunters. He reportedly received 400 eastern gray squirrels from Kent County, Michigan, including some black morphs, and released them into the community. Researchers north of Battle Creek, at the Kellogg Biological Station, later trapped some black morph eastern gray squirrels in 1958 and 1962, and released them on the East Lansing campus of Michigan State University at the behest of the university's president.
Black morphs were once present in Ohio, although the color morph was extirpated from the state by 1930. However, an initiative to reintroduce the black morphs into the squirrel population was undertaken in 1961 by Kent State University, based in Portage County. The university, in coordination from the Canadian and U.S. governments, released ten black squirrels from London, Ontario onto its campus grounds in an effort to reintroduce the black morphs into the area. By 1964, the Record-Courier reported the number of black squirrel increased to 150. Black morphs of the eastern gray squirrels have since expanded through northeastern Ohio.
Introduced/non-native populations
Several populations of black morph squirrels were introduced into the area by accident. Some of these black morph populations have been embraced by their communities, although others are viewed as an invasive species to the local ecosystem.
The introduction of black squirrels in the Quad Cities occurred in the 19th century. According to one story, recounted in the book The Palmers, they were first introduced on the Rock Island Arsenal by either the Palmer family or the base commander. According to the story, some of the black morphs later escaped the arsenal by jumping across ice floes on the Mississippi River when it was frozen, and populated the other areas on Rock Island.
Eastern gray squirrels, including their black morphs, were introduced into British Columbia during the early 1900s. The species was also later introduced into other areas of Canada to which it was not native, such as Calgary, Alberta. The majority of the eastern gray squirrels in Calgary originated as pets, or zoo animals that escaped captivity during the 1930s. As in Ontario, black eastern gray squirrels are now the predominant morph of the species found in Calgary.
The black morph population in Marysville, Kansas were supposedly released into the area by accident. Reportedly the black morphs were brought to Marysville during the 1920s as a part of an exhibit for a circus, but were accidentally released after a child opened the cage holding the black morphs. Attempts to replicate Marysville city branding success with the black squirrels was also attempted by residents of Hobbs, New Mexico; who reportedly took some black morphs from Marysville to populate Hobbs. However, they were unsuccessful in introducing the black morphs into Hobbs, with the local squirrel population reportedly killing the black squirrels that were released there.
The population of black squirrels in Massachusetts's Pioneer Valley originated from two shipments of Michigan black squirrels sent to Frank Stanley Beveridge, the founder of Stanley Park in Westfield. Beveridge reportedly released the black squirrels into the park he established during the late 1940s. The population of black squirrels has since spread throughout the Pioneer Valley, with large populations existing in Amherst and Westfield. During this same period, black squirrels from Canada were also released at parks in Princeton, New Jersey.
Black morphs of eastern gray squirrels are also present in the United Kingdom. The black squirrel population in the UK originates from black morphs brought over from North America, as opposed to a mutation that occurred with the existing population of non-melanistic eastern gray squirrels. However, how the species was introduced into the country's ecosystem remains undetermined. Some suggest the black morph population originated from squirrels released into the wild in the 19th century, while others assert the population originated from black morphs in zoos that escaped captivity. The first black squirrel to be recorded in the wild in the United Kingdom was in 1912, in Woburn, Bedfordshire. By 2009, the black morph accounted for nearly half of all squirrels in Cambridgeshire and in other areas of England, including Hertfordshire and Bedfordshire. There are an estimated 25,000 black morphs squirrels in the East of England in 2009. However, as eastern gray squirrels (both non-melanistic and black morphs) threaten the local Eurasian red squirrel population, local authorities have begun to regulate and control the spread of the species in parts of England.
In culture
Black squirrels have been adopted by several cities and post-secondary institutions in the United States for the purposes of public relations branding, often making the black morphs a mascot.
The city of Marysville, Kansas, adopted the black morph squirrels as an official mascot of the city in 1972, and the "Black Squirrel Song" becoming the town's official anthem in 1987. The same legislation that made it an official mascot provided the "mascots" the freedom to trespass on all city property, "immunity" from all traffic regulations, and the "first pick of all black walnuts growing within the city". Marysville is one of several communities in the United States that have enacted specific legislation to protect the black morph populations, given their low frequency south of the Great Lakes. Other cities that provide legal protection for black squirrels include Council Bluffs, Iowa; which enacted an ordinance that discourages attempts to threaten them.
Several universities also use a black squirrel as an "unofficial" mascot or symbol for their institutions for public relations purposes. Post-secondary institutions typically adopt the black squirrel as an informal mascot for branding purposes, in an effort to further their recognition and visibility and to present an image of a "fun college campus". The black squirrel has been used as an "unofficial" mascot of Kent State University, and the county it resides in since the late 20th century. Kent State University hosts an annual "Black Squirrel Festival," a festival that commemorates the introduction of the species on the university campus in 1961. In 2009, a statue of a black squirrel was unveiled on the campus. The Kent State University Press named a trade imprint Black Squirrel Books, after the black morph eastern gray squirrels that inhabit its campus. Other post-secondary that have also attracted print and digital publicity for its relationship with black squirrels includes Augustana College, the College of Wooster, and Sarah Lawrence College. The athletics program for Haverford College, the Haverford Fords, also adopted the black squirrel as an official mascot.
Literature
Black squirrels are major characters in British author Robin Jarvis's fantasy trilogies The Deptford Mice and The Deptford Histories, which feature anthropomorphic animals. They are portrayed as being of royal blood and are regarded as the wisest and noblest type of squirrel.
In Celtic folklore, black squirrels were associated with magic, occult knowledge, and the otherworld.
Black squirrels inhabit the forest of Mirkwood in the legendarium of J. R. R. Tolkien
Name the enzyme, substrate, and product of this reaction.
The presence of brown color is due to what reaction?
Was it possible to detect enzyme activity in the presence of an inhibitor by increasing enzyme concentration? What tubes show this?
Xanthoparmelia species in that it grows unattached to any substrate.[6] The thalli have no rhizines to anchor its lower surface. In dry conditions, it rolls up into a ball that can be up to 30 millimetres (1.2 in) in diameter, and can be blown about in the wind. When it becomes wet, the ball unrolls and changes to a foliose form with dichotomous branches, and becomes darker in colour.[2][7] Although it rarely fruits, specimens with mature and immature fruits are occasionally seen. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xanthoparmelia_semiviridis
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We would like to introduce ourselves as one of the Pioneer of ROOF HEAT PROOFING in Pakistan. Our company was established in the year 2000.
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SOME OF OUR VALUABLE CLIENTS (COMMERCIAL)
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Substrate- paper
Color- fluid acrylic washes
blog- www.carolbsloan.blogspot.com
This is the back of a folio that I am preparing to add to an art journal that I am making. I added stitch to the front of the page before adding paint to it. This is an example of a "happy accident" on the back of the page. Check out my blog for more info!
Step 1, This is the substrate for the Mirror Mosaic Tissue Box Cover. I foiled and soldered clear glass to make the box which will be mosaiced in mirror tiles.
Arthi Murugesan presenting A Cognitive Substrate for Natural Language Understanding Nick Cassimatis , Arthi Murugesan and Magdalena D. Bugajska of the Human Level Intelligence Lab Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
"The goal of the Human-Level Intelligence Laboratory is to design machines with human-level intelligence and explain human intelligence."
Technical Session # 3: Language and Cognition at the The First Conference on Artificial General Intelligence (AGI-08)
This room is The Zone, at the FedEx Institute of Technology, University of Memphis. It was a very good venue for this conference.
Artificial General Intelligence (AGI) research focuses on the original and ultimate goal of AI -- to create intelligence as a whole, by exploring all available paths, including theoretical and experimental computer science, cognitive science, neuroscience, and innovative interdisciplinary methodologies. AGI is also called Strong AI in the AI community.
Another good reference is Artificial General Intelligence : A Gentle Introduction by Pei Wang
I030208 099
5050/3528 SMD Light Description:
A: use a very soft PCB board or FPC as the substrate, high brightness SMD LED as light, light emitting angles> 120 degrees, light evenly arranged on the bar circuit board positive, very slim, compact form factor.
B: every three LED can follow any of the above cut off tangent formed by the printed circuit board, with imports of 3M adhesive on the back for the paste. Clips can be equipped with red, yellow, blue, green, white and other light colors to choose from, RGB light bar with the controller may issue a variety of dazzling lighting effects.
C: widely used in three-dimensional light-emitting sub, signs, labels, advertising light boxes, etc., as a light source to use; the product waterproof performance, low-voltage DC power supply safe and convenient to use. 5 meters / roll disc packaging or 30CM 50CM / bar.
D: Main features:
1, can be bent, can be arbitrarily fixed in the concave and convex surfaces;
2, every three LED lights to form a loop;
3, small size, rich colors are widely used in building body contour, step, stand, bridge, hotel, KTV decoration
#3 in my "close to home" series
10" x 12" x 3" - lichen, pine twigs, tinted mortar, hand-formed substrate
I'm a big fan of the various species of the so called "ant plants"; plants which have developed symbiotic relationships with ants. In some species (such as the Myrmecodias and Hydnophytums) the plants produce highly modified stems which naturally develop hollow internal chambers which provide living spaces for ant colonies. The ants in turn benefit the plants by protecting their host from insect pests and providing nutrients derived from decomposing detritus from the ant colony. In addition to the previous examples there are a few members of the greater milkweed family which produce modified leaves which also provide sheltered sites for ants to establish their colonies. Some species, such as Dischidia pectinoides and D. major produce modified pouch-like leaves which serve as nesting sites. Other species produce large leaves which provide shallow, dome-like enclosures between the leaf and the substrate which can serve as a living site for ant colonies.
Hoya imbricata is one particularly attractive example of this last type of plant. It is an epiphytic plant with long, thin climbing stems which cling to tree trunks and branches, and bear very large succulent, plate-like leaves (reputedly measuring from about 2 inches, to nearly 10 inches in diameter in some varieties), which clasp the vertical surfaces upon which they grow. These leaves typically grow rather close together, slightly overlapping one another like roofing shingles or fish scales (the specific epithet "imbricata" alludes to this similarity to roofing tiles). Ants colonize the spaces beneath these leaves, often using adjacent leaves to serve as "nurseries", food storage and other specialized rooms or chambers for the ant colony. The spaces beneath the overlapping leaves may also serve as a protected highway, by which ants can travel from the ground to the upper branches of forest trees. This Hoya produces roots all along the length of the stems - those which are located just beneath the leaves will absorb nutrients from the detritus from the ant colony - providing the plant with a significant portion of its fertilization. The plant may also absorb a significant percentage of the carbon dioxide exhaled by the ants - providing the plant with vital carbon necessary in the production of sugars, proteins, and lipids.
Mature plants can grow many yards in length, and will branch and re-branch to produce intricate networks giving its host tree the appearance of being covered with shingles, or giant fish scales.
There are a number of varieties of this species in the wild, but the specific traits which distinguish the different varieties are not entirely clear to me - nor have I been able to find a listing of all of the recognized varieties in my research. Some varieties have closely spaced leaves which overlap, blanketing the trunks upon which they grow, while at least one variety is said to have long internodes with more widely spaced (non-overlapping) leaves. Most have comparatively small leaves (2 to 5 inches in diameter), while at least one variety produces leaves to about 10 inches across. In some, the leaves are of a uniform green coloration, but in others, the leaves are a dark green and are attractively marbled in pale greenish/grey tones. The leaf undersides of all varieties bear magenta to purplish pigments - which in many other plant species, is usually an adaptation to lower light levels - the purplish undersides to the leaf act as an accessory pigment to chlorophyll, which enables the plant to make use of additional wavelengths of light.
The flowers are produced in loose dangling umbels, which in my plant, measured to about 2 inches across. Larger, more mature plants will probably produce larger umbels with more flowers than this. The flowers are quite attractive, bearing "furry" greenish/cream colored petals. Other portions of the flower are of the same coloration, but are glossy and polished looking, earning them the common name for the genus, "Wax Flowers". While the flowers of other Hoya species can be highly fragrant, to my nose, the scent of this species is extremely faint: it is slightly sweet, with a trace of a musty under-tone. My plant has only flowered once: I am uncertain what combination of cooler temperatures, reduced light intensity, shorter daylight hours and less humid conditions may have helped initiate the formation of flower buds, but my plant flowered in November, about 2 months after I brought it indoors for the winter.
Hoya imbricata is not the easiest plant to maintain under typical household conditions. In my 19 months of growing this plant, I have struggled to discover which conditions best suits it: in summer, my plant usually produces a modest flush of growth, but it remains dormant through much of the other 9 months. It responds well to the increased light levels and higher temperatures of summer, especially when I move it into my unheated greenhouse in late spring. This species requires warm temperatures, bright but diffuse light, and quite humid conditions. Without high humidity, my plant languishes in a sort of persistent dormancy, and in winter, it has the tendency to loose moisture from its leaves and abort roots and young stems until humid conditions are restored. It is only when humidity exceeds about 60% that my plant even begins to show signs of growth: at levels closer to 90%, it seems to produce its most rapid growth. I am presently growing cuttings in a sealed 2 liter soda bottle with a soil-less mixture of peat moss and vermiculite watered with a weak solution of Miracle Gro fertilizer. This terrarium is kept just below two 40-watt fluorescent lights (the bulbs actually resting on the surface of the bottle). Because of the proximity of the lights, the temperature inside of the terrarium can rise to as much as 95 degrees Fahrenheit by day. At night (when the lights are off), temperatures typically fall to about 72 degrees. Conditions are very moist, so the sides of the container are perpetually drenched in condensation. This combination of warmth and moisture would rot practically any other plant, but my plant seems to thrive under these conditions, quickly responding with renewed, vigorous growth. After just a few weeks, one small cutting has produced 4 new stems, and the beginnings of at least 2 new leaves. Following this initial success, I started another cutting (a single leaf with several branching stems) under similar conditions. This cutting had been dormant for nearly one year - but within one week of this treatment, I observed the initiation of new growth at two nodes - probably the beginnings of two new vines; about a week later, it is producing the beginnings of new roots. Larger plants can be grown in a sort of mini greenhouse - I am growing my "main" plant horizontally in a long plastic storage container (the type designed for under-the-bed storage) with a pane of glass placed over the top to provide a more or less sealed environment (to ensure high humidity levels). I place fluorescent tubes on top of this (with the tubes resting just a few inches above the plant), and maintain light for approximately 14 hours a day. Even though I grow my plants on the basement floor (the coolest location in the house), temperatures inside of this container will rise to approximately 80 degrees by day, and cools to about 68 degrees at night (conditions which are probably a bit cooler than optimum). It would probably be best to place a 1 inch layer of very moist blend of Vermiculite/Perlite on the bottom of the container to provide adequate humidity, but any moisture retentive medium (such as peat-moss, or sterilized potting soil) will do.
In spite of the purple/magenta pigments on the underside of its leaves, (which is usually an adaptation to low light levels), Hoya imbricata seems to thrive when provided with bright but indirect light. When grown outdoors, bright dapple shade is probably best, but indoors, plants should be maintained just a few inches beneath fluorescent lights. Extended exposure to direct sunlight will tend to bleach and scorch its leaves.
Hoya imbricata requires a good support and a more or less solid surface upon which to grow in order to assure typical growth, otherwise the leaves of unsupported vines tend to roll in upon themselves (imagine a paper plate rolled into a cylinder). Cork-bark slabs, osmunda fiber slabs and posts, even long sections of logs and thick tree branches are good supports. For my own plant, I take two sections of black plastic mesh "gutter guards", and sew these along their sides and bottom to produce a long "sock". I fill this with an orchid potting mix consisting mostly of chipped coconut husk and cork bark. This mix retains moisture much better than cork-bark slabs, and may provide more humid conditions under the leaves than cork slab would alone. This support is rigid enough for the leaves to "clasp" normally, although I have found that it is best to wire new growth against it to assure good contact with the growing medium, at least until roots become established enough to hold the new leaves in place.
As with all Hoyas, this species requires warm temperatures to thrive: 80 to 90 degrees seems to be best, although it will tolerate higher temperatures than this: Extended periods of cooler temperatures (68 to 52 degrees) will tend to send plants into dormancy, and freezing temperatures will practically kill it instantly. While I have not tested its ultimate tolerances to cold, it will likely die if exposed to temperature in the 40's for any more than a few days, so if you do move your plants outdoors in summer, be prepared to bring it back indoors at the first predictions of cool weather.
It seems that only a few conservatories, and dedicated hobbyists grow Hoya imbricata here in the United States. Exceedingly few nurseries stock any of the varieties of this species, so it may sometimes be easier to acquire cuttings from other growers than it is to find in trade. My plant (Hoya imbricata var. basirotunda), for example, was originally acquired as cuttings generously provided by Myron Kimnach. The scarcity of this species in the trade is unfortunate, as this is an exceptionally interesting, and (in my humble opinion) one of the most attractive Hoya species that I know of. Perhaps its reputation as an "ant plant" works against it. While plants which are grown outdoors in the tropics and subtropics may sometimes become colonized by ants, it has been my experience that plants grown in more temperate climates do not attract ants, and can be grown without the presence of ants without ill effects. In nature such symbiotic relationships tend to be fairly specific, and usually involve a relatively few ant species; most ant species from northern latitudes would not colonize this plant. Grown indoors, particularly when grown in a more or less sealed environment, the chances of ants colonizing this species are virtually nil.
The specialized growing needs of Hoya imbricata will probably forever relegate this plant to dedicated growers only, particularly those from non-tropical climates. But for those growers who are not daunted by the challenges of providing year-round warm temperatures, high humidity and bright light, this species may very well be the plant for you. Its distinctive growth habit, attractive foliage (particularly those varieties with attractively marbled leaves), attractive "furry" flowers, and its fascinating adaptations to live symbiotically with ants will make it a standout in any collection. And it is unquestionably the most attractive "ant plant" which I have ever grown.
I'm a big fan of the various species of the so called "ant plants"; plants which have developed symbiotic relationships with ants. In some species (such as the Myrmecodias and Hydnophytums) the plants produce highly modified stems which naturally develop hollow internal chambers which provide living spaces for ant colonies. The ants in turn benefit the plants by protecting their host from insect pests and providing nutrients derived from decomposing detritus from the ant colony. In addition to the previous examples there are a few members of the greater milkweed family which produce modified leaves which also provide sheltered sites for ants to establish their colonies. Some species, such as Dischidia pectinoides and D. major produce modified pouch-like leaves which serve as nesting sites. Other species produce large leaves which provide shallow, dome-like enclosures between the leaf and the substrate which can serve as a living site for ant colonies.
Hoya imbricata is one particularly attractive example of this last type of plant. It is an epiphytic plant with long, thin climbing stems which cling to tree trunks and branches, and bear very large succulent, plate-like leaves (reputedly measuring from about 2 inches, to nearly 10 inches in diameter in some varieties), which clasp the vertical surfaces upon which they grow. These leaves typically grow rather close together, slightly overlapping one another like roofing shingles or fish scales (the specific epithet "imbricata" alludes to this similarity to roofing tiles). Ants colonize the spaces beneath these leaves, often using adjacent leaves to serve as "nurseries", food storage and other specialized rooms or chambers for the ant colony. The spaces beneath the overlapping leaves may also serve as a protected highway, by which ants can travel from the ground to the upper branches of forest trees. This Hoya produces roots all along the length of the stems - those which are located just beneath the leaves will absorb nutrients from the detritus from the ant colony - providing the plant with a significant portion of its fertilization. The plant may also absorb a significant percentage of the carbon dioxide exhaled by the ants - providing the plant with vital carbon necessary in the production of sugars, proteins, and lipids.
Mature plants can grow many yards in length, and will branch and re-branch to produce intricate networks giving its host tree the appearance of being covered with shingles, or giant fish scales.
There are a number of varieties of this species in the wild, but the specific traits which distinguish the different varieties are not entirely clear to me - nor have I been able to find a listing of all of the recognized varieties in my research. Some varieties have closely spaced leaves which overlap, blanketing the trunks upon which they grow, while at least one variety is said to have long internodes with more widely spaced (non-overlapping) leaves. Most have comparatively small leaves (2 to 5 inches in diameter), while at least one variety produces leaves to about 10 inches across. In some, the leaves are of a uniform green coloration, but in others, the leaves are a dark green and are attractively marbled in pale greenish/grey tones. The leaf undersides of all varieties bear magenta to purplish pigments - which in many other plant species, is usually an adaptation to lower light levels - the purplish undersides to the leaf act as an accessory pigment to chlorophyll, which enables the plant to make use of additional wavelengths of light.
The flowers are produced in loose dangling umbels, which in my plant, measured to about 2 inches across. Larger, more mature plants will probably produce larger umbels with more flowers than this. The flowers are quite attractive, bearing "furry" greenish/cream colored petals. Other portions of the flower are of the same coloration, but are glossy and polished looking, earning them the common name for the genus, "Wax Flowers". While the flowers of other Hoya species can be highly fragrant, to my nose, the scent of this species is extremely faint: it is slightly sweet, with a trace of a musty under-tone. My plant has only flowered once: I am uncertain what combination of cooler temperatures, reduced light intensity, shorter daylight hours and less humid conditions may have helped initiate the formation of flower buds, but my plant flowered in November, about 2 months after I brought it indoors for the winter.
Hoya imbricata is not the easiest plant to maintain under typical household conditions. In my 19 months of growing this plant, I have struggled to discover which conditions best suits it: in summer, my plant usually produces a modest flush of growth, but it remains dormant through much of the other 9 months. It responds well to the increased light levels and higher temperatures of summer, especially when I move it into my unheated greenhouse in late spring. This species requires warm temperatures, bright but diffuse light, and quite humid conditions. Without high humidity, my plant languishes in a sort of persistent dormancy, and in winter, it has the tendency to loose moisture from its leaves and abort roots and young stems until humid conditions are restored. It is only when humidity exceeds about 60% that my plant even begins to show signs of growth: at levels closer to 90%, it seems to produce its most rapid growth. I am presently growing cuttings in a sealed 2 liter soda bottle with a soil-less mixture of peat moss and vermiculite watered with a weak solution of Miracle Gro fertilizer. This terrarium is kept just below two 40-watt fluorescent lights (the bulbs actually resting on the surface of the bottle). Because of the proximity of the lights, the temperature inside of the terrarium can rise to as much as 95 degrees Fahrenheit by day. At night (when the lights are off), temperatures typically fall to about 72 degrees. Conditions are very moist, so the sides of the container are perpetually drenched in condensation. This combination of warmth and moisture would rot practically any other plant, but my plant seems to thrive under these conditions, quickly responding with renewed, vigorous growth. After just a few weeks, one small cutting has produced 4 new stems, and the beginnings of at least 2 new leaves. Following this initial success, I started another cutting (a single leaf with several branching stems) under similar conditions. This cutting had been dormant for nearly one year - but within one week of this treatment, I observed the initiation of new growth at two nodes - probably the beginnings of two new vines; about a week later, it is producing the beginnings of new roots. Larger plants can be grown in a sort of mini greenhouse - I am growing my "main" plant horizontally in a long plastic storage container (the type designed for under-the-bed storage) with a pane of glass placed over the top to provide a more or less sealed environment (to ensure high humidity levels). I place fluorescent tubes on top of this (with the tubes resting just a few inches above the plant), and maintain light for approximately 14 hours a day. Even though I grow my plants on the basement floor (the coolest location in the house), temperatures inside of this container will rise to approximately 80 degrees by day, and cools to about 68 degrees at night (conditions which are probably a bit cooler than optimum). It would probably be best to place a 1 inch layer of very moist blend of Vermiculite/Perlite on the bottom of the container to provide adequate humidity, but any moisture retentive medium (such as peat-moss, or sterilized potting soil) will do.
In spite of the purple/magenta pigments on the underside of its leaves, (which is usually an adaptation to low light levels), Hoya imbricata seems to thrive when provided with bright but indirect light. When grown outdoors, bright dapple shade is probably best, but indoors, plants should be maintained just a few inches beneath fluorescent lights. Extended exposure to direct sunlight will tend to bleach and scorch its leaves.
Hoya imbricata requires a good support and a more or less solid surface upon which to grow in order to assure typical growth, otherwise the leaves of unsupported vines tend to roll in upon themselves (imagine a paper plate rolled into a cylinder). Cork-bark slabs, osmunda fiber slabs and posts, even long sections of logs and thick tree branches are good supports. For my own plant, I take two sections of black plastic mesh "gutter guards", and sew these along their sides and bottom to produce a long "sock". I fill this with an orchid potting mix consisting mostly of chipped coconut husk and cork bark. This mix retains moisture much better than cork-bark slabs, and may provide more humid conditions under the leaves than cork slab would alone. This support is rigid enough for the leaves to "clasp" normally, although I have found that it is best to wire new growth against it to assure good contact with the growing medium, at least until roots become established enough to hold the new leaves in place.
As with all Hoyas, this species requires warm temperatures to thrive: 80 to 90 degrees seems to be best, although it will tolerate higher temperatures than this: Extended periods of cooler temperatures (68 to 52 degrees) will tend to send plants into dormancy, and freezing temperatures will practically kill it instantly. While I have not tested its ultimate tolerances to cold, it will likely die if exposed to temperature in the 40's for any more than a few days, so if you do move your plants outdoors in summer, be prepared to bring it back indoors at the first predictions of cool weather.
It seems that only a few conservatories, and dedicated hobbyists grow Hoya imbricata here in the United States. Exceedingly few nurseries stock any of the varieties of this species, so it may sometimes be easier to acquire cuttings from other growers than it is to find in trade. My plant (Hoya imbricata var. basirotunda), for example, was originally acquired as cuttings generously provided by Myron Kimnach. The scarcity of this species in the trade is unfortunate, as this is an exceptionally interesting, and (in my humble opinion) one of the most attractive Hoya species that I know of. Perhaps its reputation as an "ant plant" works against it. While plants which are grown outdoors in the tropics and subtropics may sometimes become colonized by ants, it has been my experience that plants grown in more temperate climates do not attract ants, and can be grown without the presence of ants without ill effects. In nature such symbiotic relationships tend to be fairly specific, and usually involve a relatively few ant species; most ant species from northern latitudes would not colonize this plant. Grown indoors, particularly when grown in a more or less sealed environment, the chances of ants colonizing this species are virtually nil.
The specialized growing needs of Hoya imbricata will probably forever relegate this plant to dedicated growers only, particularly those from non-tropical climates. But for those growers who are not daunted by the challenges of providing year-round warm temperatures, high humidity and bright light, this species may very well be the plant for you. Its distinctive growth habit, attractive foliage (particularly those varieties with attractively marbled leaves), attractive "furry" flowers, and its fascinating adaptations to live symbiotically with ants will make it a standout in any collection. And it is unquestionably the most attractive "ant plant" which I have ever grown.
Dark-field microscopy image of ~90 nm gold nanospheres on oxidized silicon substrate. Gold nanoparticles efficiently scatter light due to phenomenon called Localized Surface Plasmon Resonance. So despite the diffraction limit of the optical microscope, they can be observed as bright points against dark background. Each green dot is the scattering from a SINGLE gold nanosphere, so each gold particle can be used for single particle studies. The intense blue and white colors in the center of the image are the combined result of scattering from gold nanoparticles and residues of stabilizing polymer still covering them. Scale bar 10 μm.