View allAll Photos Tagged Subframing
The World War Two, British Morris Commercial C8 Field Artillery Tractor, which was more commonly known as the ''Quad'' is an artillery tractor used by the British and Commonwealth Forces, used to tow Field Artillery Pieces, such as the 25-pounder Howitzer Gun, and Anti-Tank Guns, such as the 17-pounder. The Quad saw service with many nations’ forces from 1939 right through until the late 1950's. Originally designed and produced by Guy Motors of Wolverhampton, it featured distinctive angular sloping rear bodywork and was first known as the ''Guy Quad-Ant'' due to its four-wheel drive designation, the '‘Quad’' tag soon adopted to describe all similar field tractors built by the several manufacturers.
In 1937 the War Department identified a need for a new field artillery tractor to supplement, and then replace, the Light Dragon and Morris CDSW's then in service. A specification was issued for a four-wheeled, four-wheel drive vehicle, with winch, on a short chassis. Guy Motors produced their design quite quickly using existing components, and Morris followed with theirs. It was a totally new, but conventional, design evolved from the Morris CS8 15-cwt GS truck. It included a new four-cylinder engine mounted on a subframe and not directly onto the chassis. Like the Guy, the body had a very characteristic slope sided, ''beetle back'' shape. It was all-metal and designed to facilitate Chemical Weapon Decontamination, as well as to enable a gun traversing platform to be carried on the rear roof section. In addition to 6 men, it was capable of carrying 24 complete boxed rounds of 25-pounder ammunition and at least 8 boxed anti-tank shells, together with vehicle and gun detachment equipment.
The first Morris C8 Quad was delivered in October 1939 and it then stayed in production until 1945, with two major changes to the mechanical side of the vehicle, and two independent ones to the body. The engine / chassis design was used on other Morris types, such as the C8 Morris 15-cwt truck. A long-wheelbase version was used to produce the C9B Self-Propelled Bofors Light Anti-Aircraft Tractor.
The Quad served with Field Artillery Regiments, each one had 36 Quads, 24 towed a limber and gun, and 12 towed two limbers. They were first issued in late 1939 and first saw action in France in 1940, towing 18-pounder, 18 / 25-pounder and 4.5-in Howitzers. Many were lost in the evacuation of the British Expeditionary Force (BEF) from France and as a result some of these were taken into service by the Wehrmacht. From June 1940 they were also used to tow 3 in guns provided by the U.S.A, which were towed both with and without limbers. Quad's were used wherever the Field Artillery Regiments went, from Iceland to Malaya, primarily as a tractor for the, then new, 25-pounder gun, and also used by most of the Commonwealth and Allied Units equipped with the 25-pounder.
It was a popular vehicle although really too small for all the equipment that was carried, also underpowered when towing loaded. Moving 9 tons with a 70bhp engine was not ideal, and its speed uphill was unspectacular. Considerable use had to be made of the winch on hills and in mud. Later in the war, when the Anti-Tank Regiments were equipped with 6-pounder and 17-pounder guns, Quads were issued as tractors. Normally these guns were towed without a limber but some 17-pounders were towed with Limbers. This can only have been for the aid of the limber's brake, and a smoother tow, as the ammunition would not fit in a limber. At the end of the war the Quad stayed in British service in the same roles, seeing extensive action in the Korean War and Malaya. Many of the Commonwealth and Allied Forces took their Quads to their home countries, and were provided with more ex-British ones to fully re-equip. The Royal Netherlands Army subsequently made extensive use of theirs in the East Indies. The British rebuilt many of their Quad's in the early 1950's, extending their useful life until 1959 when the last was sold off. They were replaced by three-ton tractors, derived from the Bedford RL and Fordson Thames E4.
Variants -
▪︎Mk.I - Only 200 made in 1939 and very early 1940, front axle had provision for a locking differential, and the axle itself was mounted above the springs. The vehicle had permanent four-wheel drive and 10.50 x 20 in tyres. The accelerator pedal was mounted centrally rather than in the conventional position as the right-most pedal.
▪︎Mk.II - Approximately 4,000 made in 1940 and early 1941, it was almost identical to the Mk.I, save for a change in front axle design, which removed the provision for the locking differential.
▪︎Mk.III - Approximately 6,000 made from 1941 to 1945, the front axle was mounted below the springs, and four-wheel drive could be switched on or off as required. Tyres were 10.50 x 16 in size, and the accelerator was mounted conventionally as the right pedal.
General characteristics -
▪︎Type: Artillery Tractor
▪︎Place of Origin: United Kingdom
▪︎Manufacturer: Morris and others
▪︎Number Built: 10,000
▪︎Mass: 3.3 long tons
▪︎Length: 14ft 9in / Width: 7ft 3in / Height: 7ft 5in
▪︎Crew: 1 + 5 Personnel
▪︎Armour: none
▪︎Powerplant: Morris EH, 4-cylinder 3.5 litre petrol engine, 70bhp
▪︎Suspension: Wheel, 4x4
▪︎Operational Range: 160 miles
▪︎Maximum Speed: 50mph.
Information sourced from - en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morris_C8
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Photographed at Algonquin Provincial Park, Ontario, Canada, between 01.17 and 02.02 EDT
(285 km by road north of Toronto)
* Temperature 12° C.
* Total exposure time: 6 minutes
* 540 mm focal length telescope
___________________________________________
Description:
This supernova remnant is a delicate and beautiful sight in long exposure photos. It can also be glimpsed in good amateur telescopes in a dark sky as gossamer silver strands crossing the field of view.
Read more about the Veil Nebula here:
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veil_Nebula
For a version of this photo WITH LABELS, click on your screen to the RIGHT of the photo, or click here:
www.flickr.com/photos/97587627@N06/29324942286
___________________________________________
Technical information:
Nikon D810a camera body on Teleview 101is apochromatic refracting telescope, mounted on Astrophysics 1100GTO equatorial mount with a Kirk Enterprises ball head
Six stacked frames; each frame:
540 mm focal length
ISO 6400; 1 minute exposure at f/5.4; unguided
(with LENR - long exposure noise reduction)
Subframes registered in RegiStar;
Stacked and processed in Photoshop CS6 (levels, brightness, contrast, colour balance, sharpening)
******************************************************************************
Show info:
The Morris Commercial C8 Field Artillery Tractor, commonly known as a Quad, was the main artillery tractor used by the British and Commonwealth forces during the Second World War. It was used to tow field artillery pieces, such as the 25-pounder gun-howitzer, and anti-tank guns, such as the 17-pounder. It was a four-wheel-drive vehicle, with winch, on a short chassis, with a new four-cylinder side-valve engine mounted on a subframe and not directly on a chassis. It was a totally new, but conventional, design evolved from the CS8. With the early models having a completely metal body to facilitate chemical weapon decontamination, the design changed in 1944 to the 'Number 5 body', which was a square shape and a complete canvas top with two circular hatches, and four doors with windows. It enabled vastly more equipment to be carried.
Designation: This version is a 25-pounder gun tractor of G Sub Section, F Troop, 441 Battery, 124 Field Regiment Royal Artillery.
V.E. Day 70th Anniversary Celebrations
St. James's Park, London
10th May 2015
This is my luminance only data from one night's session using longer than usual subframes. Normally I would only go to 5 minutes due to the brightness of the cluster but here each subframe is a ten-minute exposure, except the first test subframe at seven minutes. Total image time 117 minutes.
I hope to post a colour version in due course.
Peter
Equipment:
Atik 460EX mono CCD, 0.75 reducer, 130mm triplet APO refractor, EQ8 mount. Autoguided with 60mm guide scope, 2x Barlow and Lodestar CCD.
Mosaic of four RGB color-composites, each made from subframe pancam images acquired by NASA's Opportunity rover on September 24, 2017 (mission sol 4859). The rover is on the western rim of Endeavour Crater just south of Mars' equator. it is still operational after 13 and a half Earth years...may it remain that way for a long time yet.
The rover's tracks are visible descending the slope on the right center.
Images have not been color-calibrated; the color is subjective but intended to approximate somewhat 'true color' on Mars...with increased contrast for photographic effect.
NASA / JPL-Caltech / Jason Major
4 x 240s subframes
Canon 135mm f/2 at f/4. ISO 1600
Unmodified Canon 6D
Stacked and processed in Pixinsight
Earth & Sky - Mount John University Observatory
The Jaguar E-Type, or the Jaguar XK-E for the North American market, is a British front mid-engined sports car that was manufactured by Jaguar Cars Ltd from 1961 to 1974. Its sleek appearance, advanced technologies, high performance, and competitive pricing established it as an icon. The E-Type's claimed 150 miles per hour (240 km/h) top speed,[4] sub-7-second 0 to 60 mph (97 km/h) acceleration, largely unitary body construction, front and rear independent suspension with disc brakes, mounted inboard at the rear, and rack-and-pinion steering spurred industry-wide changes.[5]
The E-Type was based on Jaguar's D-Type racing car, which had won the 24 Hours of Le Mans for three consecutive years beginning in 1955.[6]
The E-Type employed what was, for the early 1960s, a novel design principle, with a front subframe carrying the engine, front suspension and front bodywork bolted directly to the body tub. No ladder frame chassis, as was common at the time, was needed and as such the first cars weighed only 1,315 kg (2,899 lb).[7]
It is rumored that, on its debut on 15 March 1961,[4] Enzo Ferrari called it "the most beautiful car ever made", but this statement is not fully confirmed.[8] In 2004, Sports Car International magazine placed the E-Type at number one on their list of Top Sports Cars of the 1960s.[9] In March 2008, the Jaguar E-Type ranked first in The Daily Telegraph's online list of the world's "100 most beautiful cars" of all time.[10]
Overview
E-Type Series 1 coupé 1964
E-Type Series 1 OTS 1967
The E-Type was introduced as a rear-wheel drive grand tourer in two-seater coupé form (FHC or Fixed Head Coupé) and as a two-seater convertible (OTS or Open Two Seater). A "2+2" four-seater version of the coupé, with a lengthened wheelbase, was released in 1966.
Later model updates of the E-Type were officially designated "Series 2" and "Series 3", and over time the earlier cars have come to be referred to as "Series 1." As with other partly hand made cars of the time, changes were incremental and ongoing, which has led to confusion over exactly what a Series 1 car is. This is of more than academic interest, as Series 1 E-Types—and particularly Series 1 roadsters—often have values in excess of Series 2 and 3 models.[11]
The Series 1 cars essentially fall into two categories: Those made between 1961 and 1964, which had 3.8-litre engines and (on all but the very last cars) partial synchromesh transmissions; and those made between 1965 and 1967, which increased engine size and torque by around 10% to 4.2 litres, and also provided new reclining seats, an alternator in place of the dynamo, an electrical system switched to negative earth, a more reliable brake servo,[12] and other modern amenities. Styling was unchanged.[5][13]
E-Type Jag 4.2-litre engine
E-Type Series 1 roadster interior, 1962
As a result, the 4.2-litre Type 1 generally became the most valuable form of the car.[14] However, as of the end of 2014, the most expensive regular production Jaguar E-Types sold at auction included a 4.2-litre Series 1 roadster, with matching numbers, original paint and interior, under 80,000 mi (130,000 km) since new, and a history of being in the original buyer's family for 45 years, for $467,000 in 2013,[15] and a 3.8-litre 1961 "flat floor"[clarification needed] Series 1, for $528,000 in 2014.[16] Special run racing lightweights go for far more still. For example, a 1963 E-type Lightweight Competition advertised as very original and with much patina (wearing the "factory installed interior and bodywork showing the patina of decades of use," although it was re-painted and has a non-matching numbers - albeit factory provided - engine), one of just twelve that were built, sold for $7,370,000 at the 2017 Scottsdale, Arizona auctions.[17][18]
Being a British-made car of the 1960s, there are some rather rare sub-types of Series 1 E-Types, particularly at the beginning and end of the Series 1 production. For example, the first 500 Series 1 cars had flat floors and external bonnet latches.[19] At the close of the Series 1 production run, there were a small number of cars produced that are identical in every respect to other Series 1 units (including triple SU carbs, button actuated starter, toggle switches, etc.), except that the headlight covers were removed for better illumination. It is not known exactly how many of these Series 1 cars (sometimes referred to as for convenience sake as "Series 1.25," but per Jaguar, Series 1) were produced, but given that 1,508 Series 1 convertibles were produced worldwide for 1967, combined with the fact that these examples were made in just the last several months of Series 1 production, means that these, like the flat floor examples that began the Series 1 production run, are the lowest volume Series 1 variant, save of course for the special lightweights.[20]
Including both left and right hand drive examples, a total of 7,828 3.8-litre Series 1 open two seaters (OTS) were built, with 6,749 of the later 4.2-litre Series 1 OTS's having been manufactured.[20][21]
While the 1968 Series 1.5 cars maintained the essential design of the Series 1 models, US emission regulations saw its triple SU carburettors replaced there with twin Zenith-Stromberg units, resulting in a drop in claimed power from 265 to 246 hp (198 to 183 kW) and torque from 283 to 263 lb⋅ft (384 to 357 N⋅m).[22]
Of the "Series 1" cars, Jaguar manufactured some limited-edition variants, inspired by motor racing:
The "'Lightweight' E-Type" initiated and designed for competition was intended as a racing follow-up to the D-Type. Jaguar planned to produce 18 units but ultimately only a dozen were reportedly built. Of those, two have been converted to low drag form and two others are known to have been crashed and deemed to be beyond repair, although one has now been rebuilt. These are exceedingly rare and sought after by collectors. *The "Low Drag Coupé" was a one-off technical exercise which was ultimately sold to a Jaguar racing driver. It is presently believed to be part of the private collection of the current Viscount Cowdray. In 2014, Jaguar announced its intention to build the remaining six lightweights, at a cost of approximately £1 million each.[23]
Safety and emissions regulations in the North American market resulted in Series 2 and 3 E-Types being fitted with a larger grille, wider wheel arches, and bigger bumpers. And they were also fitted with a bigger radiator and cooling system because the Series 1 were notorious for overheating[24]
The New York City Museum of Modern Art recognised the significance of the E-Type's design in 1996 by adding a blue roadster to its permanent design collection, one of only six automobiles to receive the distinction.[25] The MoMA XKE is a Series 1 OTS.[26]
With this version Toyota took a big leap in the direction of a more serious high-performance car. Again using subframe, suspension,and drivetrain assemblies from the Z30 Soarer (Lexus SC300/400), test model pre-production started in December 1992 with 20 models, and official mass production began in April 1993. The new Supra was completely redesigned, with rounded body styling and featured two new engines: a naturally aspirated Toyota 2JZ-GE producing 220 hp (164 kW; 223 PS) at 5800 rpm and 210 lb·ft (280 N·m) at 4800 rpm of torque and a twin turbocharged Toyota 2JZ-GTE making 276 hp (206 kW; 280 PS) and 318 lb·ft (431 N·m) of torque for the Japanese version. The styling, while modern, does seem to borrow some elements from Toyota's first grand touring sports car, the Toyota 2000GT. For the export model (America/Europe) Toyota upgraded the Supra turbo's engine (smaller, steel wheeled turbochargers, bigger fuel injectors, etc.). This increased the power output to 320 hp (239 kW; 324 PS) at 5600 rpm and 315 lb·ft (427 N·m) at 4000 rpm. (326hp / 325lbft for Europe)
The turbocharged variant could achieve 0–60 mph in as low as 4.6 seconds and 1/4 mile (402 m) in 13.1 seconds at 109 mph (175 km/h). The turbo version was tested to reach over 285 km/h (177 mph), but the cars are restricted to just 180 km/h (112 mph) in Japan and 250 km/h (155 mph) elsewhere. European versions of the car also had an air intake or scoop on the hood. Drag coefficient is 0.31 for the naturally aspirated models and 0.32 for the turbo models but unknown with the rear spoiler.
The twin turbos operated in sequential mode, not parallel. Initially, all of the exhaust is routed to the first turbine for reduced lag. This resulted in boost and enhanced torque as early as 1800 rpm, where it already produced 300 lb·ft (410 N·m) of torque. At 3500 rpm, some of the exhaust is routed to the second turbine for a "pre-boost" mode, although none of the compressor output is used by the engine at this point. At 4000 rpm, the second turbo's output is used to augment the first turbo's output. Compared to the parallel mode, sequential mode turbos provide quicker low RPM response and increased high RPM boost. This high RPM boost was also aided with technology originally present in the 7M-GE in the form of the Acoustic Control Induction System (ACIS) which is a way of managing the air compression pulses within the intake piping as to increase power.
For this generation, the Supra received a new 6-speed Getrag/Toyota V160 gearbox on the turbo models while the naturally aspirated models made do with a 5-speed manual W58, revised from the previous version. Each model was offered with a 4-speed automatic with manual shifting mode. Turbo models were equipped with larger brakes and tires (Unless you were in Japan where these were an optional extra). All vehicles were equipped with 5-spoke aluminium alloy wheels and a space saver spare tire on a steel wheel to save weight and space.
Toyota took measures to reduce the weight of this new model. Aluminium was used for the hood, targa top (when fitted), front crossmember, oil and transmission pans, and the suspension upper A-arms. Other measures included hollow carpet fibers, magnesium-alloy steering wheel, plastic gas tank and lid, gas injected rear spoiler, and a single pipe exhaust. Despite having more features such as dual airbags, traction control, larger brakes, wheels, tires, and an additional turbo, the car was at least 200 lb (91 kg) lighter than its predecessor. The base model with a manual transmission had a curb weight of 3,210 lb (1,460 kg). The Sport Roof added 40 lb (18 kg) while the automatic transmission added 55 lb (25 kg). It had a 51:49 (front:rear) weight distribution. The turbo model weighed 3,450 lb (1,560 kg) for the manual, automatic added another 10 lb (4.5 kg). Weight distribution was 53% front/47% rear. The Supra was heavier than the spartan Mazda RX-7 and all aluminium bodied Acura/Honda NSX, but it was lighter than the Nissan 300ZX and Mitsubishi 3000GT VR-4.
For the 1996 model year in the US, the turbo model was only available with the automatic transmission owing to OBD-II certification requirements. The targa roof was also made standard on all turbo models. For 1997, manual transmission returned for the optional engine along with a redesign of the tail lights, headlights, front fascia, chromed wheels, and other minor changes such as the radio and steering wheel designs. All 1997 models included badges indicating "Limited Edition 15th Anniversary". All turbo models came standard with the rear spoiler. For 1998, updates were a 3-spoke steering wheel and redesigned radio. In Japan, the turbo engines were installed with VVT-i. The SZ-R model was also updated with the introduction of a six-speed Getrag V161 transmission, the same used for the twin-turbo RZ models.
The stock A80 Supra chassis has also proven an effective platform for roadracing, with several top 20 and top 10 One Lap Of America finishes in the SSGT1 class. Despite its curb weight, in 1994 the A80 managed remarkable skidpad ratings of 0.95 lateral g's (200 ft) and 0.98 lateral g's (300 ft) Supra also featured a four-sensor four-channel track tuned ABS system with yaw control whereby each caliper is sensored and the brakes are controlled individually according to the speed, angle, and pitch of the approaching corner. This unique Formula One-inspired braking system allowed the Supra Turbo to record a 70 mph (113 km/h) -0 braking distance of 149 ft (45 m), the best braking performance of any production car tested in 1997 by Car and Driver magazine. This record was finally broken in 2004 by a Porsche Carrera GT, which does it in 145 ft (44 m) .
The US and UK market Supra featured bigger injectors, steel turbines and bigger inlet cam and had emissions in the range of 259 g/km CO2 despite the addition of Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR). The Japanese market Supra had CO2 emissions in the range of 224 g/km.
By the late 90s, sales of all sporty coupes were declining in North America, so the Supra was withdrawn from the Canadian market in 1996 and the US in 1998. The Turbo was not available in 1998 in California Air Resources Board (CARB) states. Production continued in Japan until August 2002, ceasing owing to restrictive emission standards.
[Text from Wikipedia]
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota_Supra
This miniland-scale Lego Toyota Supra A80 Coupe has been created for Flickr LUGNuts' 92nd Build Challenge, - "Stuck in the 90's", - all about vehicles from the decade of the 1990s.
8h47m20s total
263x 2 Min. Subframes (FWHM <3.6)
TMB115/805 + TSAPORED075 = f/5.25
Canon 6Da @ISO1600
Flats, Darks, Dithering
Location: Wuppertal, Date: 05.2020
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Photographed 11 km east-southeast of Coober Pedy, South Australia, long. 134.85° E., lat. 27.08° S., between 21.47 and 22.17 CAST (Central Australian Standard Time)
* Altitude of centre of frame at time of exposures: 59°
* Temperature 10° C.
* Total exposure time: 12 minutes
* 50 mm focal length lens
___________________________________________
Description:
The three "C" constellations - Centaurus, Crux and Carina - feature many noteworthy objects that southern hemisphere astronomers love to observe and photograph. The Milky Way winds its way through the centres of these constellations, making for a striking spectacle even to the unaided eye gazing skyward from a dark sky location.
The Southern Cross appears in the centre of this image. For a close-up view of this star pattern, click here:
www.flickr.com/photos/97587627@N06/28578438088
Near the top right in this view is the red-pink hydrogen emission nebula surrounding the variable star Eta Carinae. For a close-up view of this nebula, made in Nov. 2014, click here:
www.flickr.com/photos/97587627@N06/15976551352
And at left, side by side, are the two first magnitude stars Alpha and Beta Centauri, which are the 3rd and 11th brightest stars in the sky (other than the Sun).
This is the telescope and mount that I used for my astrophotography on this trip:
www.flickr.com/photos/97587627@N06/28602350028
For a version of this photo WITHOUT LABELS, click on your screen to the LEFT of the photo, or click here:
www.flickr.com/photos/97587627@N06/40677263810
__________________________________________
Technical information:
Sigma 50mm f/1.4 DG HSM Art Lens on Nikon D810a camera body, mounted on Sky-Watcher HEQ5 equatorial mount with Kirk Enterprises ball head
Twelve stacked subframes - each frame:
ISO 2500; 1 minute exposure at f/4, 50 mm focal length, unguided (with LENR - long exposure noise reduction)
Subframes stacked in RegiStar;
Processed in Photoshop CS6 (levels, brightness, contrast, colour balance)
****************************************************************************
The painting "Rosa Orient Express"-Yellow-pink rose in a vase with gold ornaments- is painted with oil paints on canvas stretched on a subframe in 2024 and is signed KAS24. Its dimensions are: height 15.75 inches/ 40 cm and width 11.81 inches/ 30 cm.
18 Months of welding and repair work completed, including a complete new floor, new arches, new inner subframes, new guttering and a new roof panel.
This is a close-up image of the main part of the Andromeda galaxy along with companion galaxy M32 at top right. This is a stacked image of 67 2minute subframes, designed to bring out as much detail as I could of dust lanes and surrounding stars without blowing out the bright core of Andromeda.
Peter
Equipment:
Atik 460EX mono CCD, 0.75 reducer, 130mm triplet APo refractor, EQ8 mount
Re-process. Full Frame.
All 3 minute subframes. 72 minutes of data.
I re-stacked the data & used Fits Liberator to work at stretching in 32 bits.
I removed most of the background gradient this time using Fitswork4 & masks in PS CS5.
I made extensive use of star masks.
I also used the healing brush tool to get rid of the dust bunnies &
bleed lines from some bright stars (on the Luminance layer).
The colour was changed to offset the light pollution filter & other filters
to give more natural colours - I hope?
I reduced colour noise on each channel & it helped to show more detail.
It came out so different from the previous version:
www.flickr.com/photos/24719437@N03/8104531043/in/photostream
I will definitely image this one again to get more data & hopefully a night with better seeing.
With this version Toyota took a big leap in the direction of a more serious high-performance car. Again using subframe, suspension,and drivetrain assemblies from the Z30 Soarer (Lexus SC300/400), test model pre-production started in December 1992 with 20 models, and official mass production began in April 1993. The new Supra was completely redesigned, with rounded body styling and featured two new engines: a naturally aspirated Toyota 2JZ-GE producing 220 hp (164 kW; 223 PS) at 5800 rpm and 210 lb·ft (280 N·m) at 4800 rpm of torque and a twin turbocharged Toyota 2JZ-GTE making 276 hp (206 kW; 280 PS) and 318 lb·ft (431 N·m) of torque for the Japanese version. The styling, while modern, does seem to borrow some elements from Toyota's first grand touring sports car, the Toyota 2000GT. For the export model (America/Europe) Toyota upgraded the Supra turbo's engine (smaller, steel wheeled turbochargers, bigger fuel injectors, etc.). This increased the power output to 320 hp (239 kW; 324 PS) at 5600 rpm and 315 lb·ft (427 N·m) at 4000 rpm. (326hp / 325lbft for Europe)
The turbocharged variant could achieve 0–60 mph in as low as 4.6 seconds and 1/4 mile (402 m) in 13.1 seconds at 109 mph (175 km/h). The turbo version was tested to reach over 285 km/h (177 mph), but the cars are restricted to just 180 km/h (112 mph) in Japan and 250 km/h (155 mph) elsewhere. European versions of the car also had an air intake or scoop on the hood. Drag coefficient is 0.31 for the naturally aspirated models and 0.32 for the turbo models but unknown with the rear spoiler.
The twin turbos operated in sequential mode, not parallel. Initially, all of the exhaust is routed to the first turbine for reduced lag. This resulted in boost and enhanced torque as early as 1800 rpm, where it already produced 300 lb·ft (410 N·m) of torque. At 3500 rpm, some of the exhaust is routed to the second turbine for a "pre-boost" mode, although none of the compressor output is used by the engine at this point. At 4000 rpm, the second turbo's output is used to augment the first turbo's output. Compared to the parallel mode, sequential mode turbos provide quicker low RPM response and increased high RPM boost. This high RPM boost was also aided with technology originally present in the 7M-GE in the form of the Acoustic Control Induction System (ACIS) which is a way of managing the air compression pulses within the intake piping as to increase power.
For this generation, the Supra received a new 6-speed Getrag/Toyota V160 gearbox on the turbo models while the naturally aspirated models made do with a 5-speed manual W58, revised from the previous version. Each model was offered with a 4-speed automatic with manual shifting mode. Turbo models were equipped with larger brakes and tires (Unless you were in Japan where these were an optional extra). All vehicles were equipped with 5-spoke aluminium alloy wheels and a space saver spare tire on a steel wheel to save weight and space.
Toyota took measures to reduce the weight of this new model. Aluminium was used for the hood, targa top (when fitted), front crossmember, oil and transmission pans, and the suspension upper A-arms. Other measures included hollow carpet fibers, magnesium-alloy steering wheel, plastic gas tank and lid, gas injected rear spoiler, and a single pipe exhaust. Despite having more features such as dual airbags, traction control, larger brakes, wheels, tires, and an additional turbo, the car was at least 200 lb (91 kg) lighter than its predecessor. The base model with a manual transmission had a curb weight of 3,210 lb (1,460 kg). The Sport Roof added 40 lb (18 kg) while the automatic transmission added 55 lb (25 kg). It had a 51:49 (front:rear) weight distribution. The turbo model weighed 3,450 lb (1,560 kg) for the manual, automatic added another 10 lb (4.5 kg). Weight distribution was 53% front/47% rear. The Supra was heavier than the spartan Mazda RX-7 and all aluminium bodied Acura/Honda NSX, but it was lighter than the Nissan 300ZX and Mitsubishi 3000GT VR-4.
For the 1996 model year in the US, the turbo model was only available with the automatic transmission owing to OBD-II certification requirements. The targa roof was also made standard on all turbo models. For 1997, manual transmission returned for the optional engine along with a redesign of the tail lights, headlights, front fascia, chromed wheels, and other minor changes such as the radio and steering wheel designs. All 1997 models included badges indicating "Limited Edition 15th Anniversary". All turbo models came standard with the rear spoiler. For 1998, updates were a 3-spoke steering wheel and redesigned radio. In Japan, the turbo engines were installed with VVT-i. The SZ-R model was also updated with the introduction of a six-speed Getrag V161 transmission, the same used for the twin-turbo RZ models.
The stock A80 Supra chassis has also proven an effective platform for roadracing, with several top 20 and top 10 One Lap Of America finishes in the SSGT1 class. Despite its curb weight, in 1994 the A80 managed remarkable skidpad ratings of 0.95 lateral g's (200 ft) and 0.98 lateral g's (300 ft) Supra also featured a four-sensor four-channel track tuned ABS system with yaw control whereby each caliper is sensored and the brakes are controlled individually according to the speed, angle, and pitch of the approaching corner. This unique Formula One-inspired braking system allowed the Supra Turbo to record a 70 mph (113 km/h) -0 braking distance of 149 ft (45 m), the best braking performance of any production car tested in 1997 by Car and Driver magazine. This record was finally broken in 2004 by a Porsche Carrera GT, which does it in 145 ft (44 m) .
The US and UK market Supra featured bigger injectors, steel turbines and bigger inlet cam and had emissions in the range of 259 g/km CO2 despite the addition of Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR). The Japanese market Supra had CO2 emissions in the range of 224 g/km.
By the late 90s, sales of all sporty coupes were declining in North America, so the Supra was withdrawn from the Canadian market in 1996 and the US in 1998. The Turbo was not available in 1998 in California Air Resources Board (CARB) states. Production continued in Japan until August 2002, ceasing owing to restrictive emission standards.
[Text from Wikipedia]
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota_Supra
This miniland-scale Lego Toyota Supra A80 Coupe has been created for Flickr LUGNuts' 92nd Build Challenge, - "Stuck in the 90's", - all about vehicles from the decade of the 1990s.
Chassis with body subframe,rams and tipping frame fitted.Because the owner had selected a chassis that was not normally recommended for tipper use,not being suitably flitched,the original body builders Griffith J.Roberts Ltd. of Dublin,recommended that a subframe be fitted to the chassis,to strengthen it for tipper work. The original tipper body was removed many years ago and now a new tipper body is being built,faithfully copying the original,with the help of old photos and some insider knowledge! (Being that I'm a former Griffith J.Roberts employee!)
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Photographed at Algonquin Provincial Park, Ontario, Canada
(285 km by road north of Toronto)
* Temperature 11 degrees C.
* Total exposure time: 10 minutes.
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Description:
The centre of our home galaxy, the Milky Way, lies in the constellation Sagittarius, which in the northern hemisphere summer lies low in the south at midnight.
In this view appear many favourite targets of amateur astronomers with modest telescopes, including the large glowing Lagoon Nebula at the right side.
For a version of this photo WITHOUT labels, click on your screen to the left of the photo, or click here:
www.flickr.com/photos/97587627@N06/27443774333
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Technical information:
Nikkor AF-S 70 - 200 mm f/2.8 G ED VRII lens on Nikon D810a camera body, mounted on Astrophysics 1100GTO equatorial mount with a Kirk Enterprises ball head
Ten stacked frames; each frame:
140 mm focal length
ISO 5000; 1 minute exposure at f/4.5; unguided
(with LENR - long exposure noise reduction)
Subframes registered in RegiStar;
Stacked and processed in Photoshop CS6 (brightness, contrast, levels, colour balance, colour desaturation)
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Designed and built Apollo Automobili to celebrate the company's 60th anniversary, the P72 plays tribute to the original De Tomaso P70, a collaboration with Alejandro De Tomaso and Carroll Shelby. Norman Choi, chairman of De Tomaso says that the De Tomaso P72 is a modern day homage to the prototype days of the '60s. The P72 is based on an all-car bon chassis, featuring the first all-carbon fibre production chassis. The monocoque, as well as subframes and crash structure adhere to FIA LMP safety requirements. Only 72 examples of this bespoke all carbon-fibre chassis will be produced.
Class XIV : Hyper cars
Zoute Concours d'Elegance
The Royal Zoute Golf Club
Zoute Grand Prix 2019
Knokke - Zoute
België - Belgium
October 2019
The Volkswagen Corrado is a compact four passenger (2+2), three door, front engine, front wheel drive liftback coupe marketed by Volkswagen from 1988 to 1995, and manufactured by Karmann in Osnabrück, Germany.
The Corrado's floorpan is based on the A2 platform (i.e. Mark 2 Golf/Jetta) and, with the exception of VR6 models, all versions use the subframes, suspension, steering and braking components from the Volkswagen A2 platform model range.
The VR6 uses suspension components from the A3 model range, including the rear axle assembly and some parts of the A3's 'plus' type front axle assembly. The subsequent wider front wheel track of the Corrado VR6 necessitated the fitting of new front wings with wider wheel arches and liners along with a new front bumper assembly.
The twelve valve VR6 engine, which came in two variants: a 2.8 litre 179 bhp (133 kW; 181 PS) model for the United States and Canadian markets, and a 2,861 cc (2.9 L; 174.6 cu in) producing 190 PS (187 bhp; 140 kW) at 5,800 rpm and 245 N⋅m (181 lbf⋅ft) at 4,200 rpm of torque version for the European market, fuel feed by Bosch Motronic 2.7 fuel injection.
Only a few subframes on the IC443 with narrowband in HST palette. Hopefully the weather clears again soon for more data.
SII, Ha 4x20min, OIII 3x20min
Leica M6, Carl Zeiss ZM 35mm f/2.8, Ilford HP5+, semi-stand developed in Rodinal 1:100, Plustek OpticFilm 8100.
Captured 16 May 2022, ~23:00 hrs ET, Springfield, VA, USA. Bortle 8 skies, Celestron 8 inch SCT at f/6.3 (eff. fl 1290mm), Orion Atlas AZ/EQ-G Pro mount. QHY 294M Pro camera @ -10C, bin 1, exposure 8 seconds, gain 3100, 11MP mode, stack of 38 subframes, no calibration frames used. Baader Luminance filter.
Clouds: clear
Seeing: avg
Transparency: avg
Moon phase: full
FOV: 28 x 28 arcmin.
Resolution: 0.8 arcsec/pixel.
Orientation: Up is West.
Appearance: Classic globular cluster.
Notes: Focused center FOV. Unguided.
From Wikipedia:
Messier 92 (also known as M92, M 92, or NGC 6341) is a globular cluster of stars in the northern constellation of Hercules. It was discovered by Johann Elert Bode in 1777, then published in the Jahrbuch during 1779. It was inadvertently rediscovered by Charles Messier in 1781 and added as the 92nd entry in his catalogue. It is about 26,700 light-years away from the Solar System.
It is one of the brighter of its sort in apparent magnitude in the northern hemisphere and in its absolute magnitude in the galaxy, but it is often overlooked by amateur astronomers due to angular proximity to bright cluster Messier 13, about 20% closer. It is visible to the naked eye under very good conditions.
It is also one of the galaxy's oldest clusters. It is around 16×103 ly (4.9 kpc) above/below the galactic plane and 33×103 ly (10 kpc) from the Galactic Center. The half-light radius, or radius containing the upper half of its light emission, is 1.09 arcminutes (′), while the tidal radius, the broadest standard measure, is 15.17′. It appears only slightly flattened: its minor axis is about 89% ± 3% of the major.
Characteristic of other globulars, it has little of the elements other than hydrogen and helium; astronomers term this low metallicity. Specifically, relative to the Sun, its iron abundance is [Fe/H] = –2.32 dex, which is 0.5% of 1.0, on this logarithmic scale, the solar abundance. This puts the estimated age range for the cluster at 11 ± 1.5 billion years.
The cluster is not yet in, nor guaranteed to undergo, core collapse and the core radius figures as about 2 arcseconds (″). It is an Oosterhoff type II (OoII) globular cluster, which means it belongs to the group of metal-poor clusters with longer period RR Lyrae variable stars. The 1997 Catalogue of Variable Stars in Globular Clusters listed 28 candidate variable stars in the cluster, although only 20 have been confirmed. As of 2001, there are 17 known RR Lyrae variables in Messier 92. 10 X-ray sources have been detected within the 1.02 arcminute half-mass radius of the cluster, of which half are candidate cataclysmic variable stars.
With this version Toyota took a big leap in the direction of a more serious high-performance car. Again using subframe, suspension,and drivetrain assemblies from the Z30 Soarer (Lexus SC300/400), test model pre-production started in December 1992 with 20 models, and official mass production began in April 1993. The new Supra was completely redesigned, with rounded body styling and featured two new engines: a naturally aspirated Toyota 2JZ-GE producing 220 hp (164 kW; 223 PS) at 5800 rpm and 210 lb·ft (280 N·m) at 4800 rpm of torque and a twin turbocharged Toyota 2JZ-GTE making 276 hp (206 kW; 280 PS) and 318 lb·ft (431 N·m) of torque for the Japanese version. The styling, while modern, does seem to borrow some elements from Toyota's first grand touring sports car, the Toyota 2000GT. For the export model (America/Europe) Toyota upgraded the Supra turbo's engine (smaller, steel wheeled turbochargers, bigger fuel injectors, etc.). This increased the power output to 320 hp (239 kW; 324 PS) at 5600 rpm and 315 lb·ft (427 N·m) at 4000 rpm. (326hp / 325lbft for Europe)
The turbocharged variant could achieve 0–60 mph in as low as 4.6 seconds and 1/4 mile (402 m) in 13.1 seconds at 109 mph (175 km/h). The turbo version was tested to reach over 285 km/h (177 mph), but the cars are restricted to just 180 km/h (112 mph) in Japan and 250 km/h (155 mph) elsewhere. European versions of the car also had an air intake or scoop on the hood. Drag coefficient is 0.31 for the naturally aspirated models and 0.32 for the turbo models but unknown with the rear spoiler.
The twin turbos operated in sequential mode, not parallel. Initially, all of the exhaust is routed to the first turbine for reduced lag. This resulted in boost and enhanced torque as early as 1800 rpm, where it already produced 300 lb·ft (410 N·m) of torque. At 3500 rpm, some of the exhaust is routed to the second turbine for a "pre-boost" mode, although none of the compressor output is used by the engine at this point. At 4000 rpm, the second turbo's output is used to augment the first turbo's output. Compared to the parallel mode, sequential mode turbos provide quicker low RPM response and increased high RPM boost. This high RPM boost was also aided with technology originally present in the 7M-GE in the form of the Acoustic Control Induction System (ACIS) which is a way of managing the air compression pulses within the intake piping as to increase power.
For this generation, the Supra received a new 6-speed Getrag/Toyota V160 gearbox on the turbo models while the naturally aspirated models made do with a 5-speed manual W58, revised from the previous version. Each model was offered with a 4-speed automatic with manual shifting mode. Turbo models were equipped with larger brakes and tires (Unless you were in Japan where these were an optional extra). All vehicles were equipped with 5-spoke aluminium alloy wheels and a space saver spare tire on a steel wheel to save weight and space.
Toyota took measures to reduce the weight of this new model. Aluminium was used for the hood, targa top (when fitted), front crossmember, oil and transmission pans, and the suspension upper A-arms. Other measures included hollow carpet fibers, magnesium-alloy steering wheel, plastic gas tank and lid, gas injected rear spoiler, and a single pipe exhaust. Despite having more features such as dual airbags, traction control, larger brakes, wheels, tires, and an additional turbo, the car was at least 200 lb (91 kg) lighter than its predecessor. The base model with a manual transmission had a curb weight of 3,210 lb (1,460 kg). The Sport Roof added 40 lb (18 kg) while the automatic transmission added 55 lb (25 kg). It had a 51:49 (front:rear) weight distribution. The turbo model weighed 3,450 lb (1,560 kg) for the manual, automatic added another 10 lb (4.5 kg). Weight distribution was 53% front/47% rear. The Supra was heavier than the spartan Mazda RX-7 and all aluminium bodied Acura/Honda NSX, but it was lighter than the Nissan 300ZX and Mitsubishi 3000GT VR-4.
For the 1996 model year in the US, the turbo model was only available with the automatic transmission owing to OBD-II certification requirements. The targa roof was also made standard on all turbo models. For 1997, manual transmission returned for the optional engine along with a redesign of the tail lights, headlights, front fascia, chromed wheels, and other minor changes such as the radio and steering wheel designs. All 1997 models included badges indicating "Limited Edition 15th Anniversary". All turbo models came standard with the rear spoiler. For 1998, updates were a 3-spoke steering wheel and redesigned radio. In Japan, the turbo engines were installed with VVT-i. The SZ-R model was also updated with the introduction of a six-speed Getrag V161 transmission, the same used for the twin-turbo RZ models.
The stock A80 Supra chassis has also proven an effective platform for roadracing, with several top 20 and top 10 One Lap Of America finishes in the SSGT1 class. Despite its curb weight, in 1994 the A80 managed remarkable skidpad ratings of 0.95 lateral g's (200 ft) and 0.98 lateral g's (300 ft) Supra also featured a four-sensor four-channel track tuned ABS system with yaw control whereby each caliper is sensored and the brakes are controlled individually according to the speed, angle, and pitch of the approaching corner. This unique Formula One-inspired braking system allowed the Supra Turbo to record a 70 mph (113 km/h) -0 braking distance of 149 ft (45 m), the best braking performance of any production car tested in 1997 by Car and Driver magazine. This record was finally broken in 2004 by a Porsche Carrera GT, which does it in 145 ft (44 m) .
The US and UK market Supra featured bigger injectors, steel turbines and bigger inlet cam and had emissions in the range of 259 g/km CO2 despite the addition of Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR). The Japanese market Supra had CO2 emissions in the range of 224 g/km.
By the late 90s, sales of all sporty coupes were declining in North America, so the Supra was withdrawn from the Canadian market in 1996 and the US in 1998. The Turbo was not available in 1998 in California Air Resources Board (CARB) states. Production continued in Japan until August 2002, ceasing owing to restrictive emission standards.
[Text from Wikipedia]
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota_Supra
This miniland-scale Lego Toyota Supra A80 Coupe has been created for Flickr LUGNuts' 92nd Build Challenge, - "Stuck in the 90's", - all about vehicles from the decade of the 1990s.
Comet Lovejoy. 28 January 2015. 22h. Mosaic of two stacks of 80 subframes, 2,5 sec each. Sony A7s, cooled, ISO 12800, Hyperstar 14", EQ8 mount. Tenerife in 1200 m altitude. Moon was 68% illuminated and rather close to the comet.
The painting "Lily of the Valley and Wild Strawberries" is an oil on canvas mounted on a subframe by Krasimira Staleva in 2023 and is signed "KAC23".
Its dimensions are 11.81 inches / 30 cm wide and 15.75 inches / 40 cm high.
Voigtländer Bessa R2
Voigtländer Nokton 50 mm F1.4
Ilford HP5 Plus 400
Printed manually in dark room
Scanner Canon iR C3081i
Helsinki - Finland
EQ5 equatorial mount, Nikon D300, 50 mm prime lens @ f/4, 1000 ISO, 18 subframes, 2 minutes each. The meteor appeared at about 2:39 hrs local time.
"The Alfa Romeo 4C (Type 960) is a mid-engined, lightweight, rear-wheel drive sports car. Available in coupé and spider body style, it uses a carbon fiber tub, front and rear crash box, and hybrid rear subframe mainly out of aluminum to keep weight at 895 kilograms (1,973 lb) and 1,050 kilograms (2,315 lb) in the United States. The 4C is Alfa Romeo's first mass-produced vehicle of the 21st century to re-enter the North American automotive market." - info from Wikipedia.
"Sault Ste. Marie (/ˈsuː seɪnt məˈriː/ SOO-seint-ma-REE) is a city on the St. Marys River in Ontario, Canada, close to the Canada–US border. It is the seat of the Algoma District and the third largest city in Northern Ontario, after Sudbury and Thunder Bay.
The Ojibwe, the indigenous Anishinaabe inhabitants of the area, call this area Baawitigong, meaning "place of the rapids." They used this as a regional meeting place during whitefish season in the St. Mary's Rapids. (The anglicized form of this name, Bawating, is used in institutional and geographic names in the area.)
To the south, across the river, is the United States and the Michigan city of the same name. These two communities were one city until a new treaty after the War of 1812 established the border between Canada and the United States in this area at the St. Mary's River. In the 21st century, the two cities are joined by the International Bridge, which connects Interstate 75 on the Michigan side, and Huron Street (and former Ontario Secondary Highway 550B) on the Ontario side. Shipping traffic in the Great Lakes system bypasses the Saint Mary's Rapids via the American Soo Locks, the world's busiest canal in terms of tonnage that passes through it, while smaller recreational and tour boats use the Canadian Sault Ste. Marie Canal.
French colonists referred to the rapids on the river as Les Saults de Ste. Marie and the village name was derived from that. The rapids and cascades of the St. Mary's River descend more than 6 m (20 ft) from the level of Lake Superior to the level of the lower lakes. Hundreds of years ago, this slowed shipping traffic, requiring an overland portage of boats and cargo from one lake to the other. The entire name translates to "Saint Mary's Rapids" or "Saint Mary's Falls". The word sault is pronounced [so] in French, and /suː/ in the English pronunciation of the city name. Residents of the city are called Saultites.
Sault Ste. Marie is bordered to the east by the Rankin and Garden River First Nation reserves, and to the west by Prince Township. To the north, the city is bordered by an unincorporated portion of Algoma District, which includes the local services boards of Aweres, Batchawana Bay, Goulais and District, Peace Tree and Searchmont. The city's census agglomeration, including the townships of Laird, Prince and Macdonald, Meredith and Aberdeen Additional and the First Nations reserves of Garden River and Rankin, had a total population of 79,800 in 2011.
Native American settlements, mostly of Ojibwe-speaking peoples, existed here for more than 500 years. In the late 17th century, French Jesuit missionaries established a mission at the First Nations village. This was followed by development of a fur trading post and larger settlement, as traders, trappers and Native Americans were attracted to the community. It was considered one community and part of Canada until after the War of 1812 and settlement of the border between Canada and the US at the Ste. Mary's River. At that time, the US prohibited British traders from any longer operating in its territory, and the areas separated by the river began to develop as two communities, both named Sault Ste. Marie." - info from Wikipedia.
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