View allAll Photos Tagged Subframing
IC417 (Spider), IC410 (Tadpole), & IC405 (Flaming Star) left to right in a very starry field. 72 min total exposure. FSQ-106ED @ f/3.6, CDS Modified and Cooled A7s Sony Camera, 1 min subframes at ISO 3200, PI processed.
This is ex Citybus/Belfast corporation Daimler Fleetline 2846/846 and carried reg no AOI 846, if anyone wanted to save this bus they'd have alot of work in front of them!!
The engine and gearbox are missing along with the subframe, the radiator and fuel tank are also missing, but those are the big bits, there is only one minor issue to get the bus to move... its concreted to the ground, best start chiselling now then!!
2011 Bombardier Transportation press photo of CTA 5000-series cars on assembly line at Bombardier Plattsburgh, NY assembly plant.
Starting with the CTA 5000 series in 2009, the Plattsburgh assembly plant expanded to include stainless steel fabrication and welding on site, allowing cars to be fully built from the ground up here. The subframes are supplied from Bombardier's Sahagun facility in Mexico.
7 years off the road awaiting spare parts July 1973-January 1981 - this exact body & subframes now preserved as RM848
Year of first registration: 1992.
The GTM Rossa is a Mini based 2+2 kit car by GTM Cars.[1] The car was based on two front mini subframes, with the steering being locked on the rear subframe. The Mark 1 car was produced from 1987 to 1990, and the Mark 2 car was produced beginning in 1990.
Bron: Wikipedia.org
The Flame Nebula, designated as NGC 2024 and Sh2-277, is an emission nebula in the constellation Orion. It is about 900 to 1,500 light-years away.
The bright star Alnitak (ζ Ori), the easternmost star in the Belt of Orion, shines energetic ultraviolet light into the Flame and this knocks electrons away from the great clouds of hydrogen gas that reside there. Much of the glow results when the electrons and ionized hydrogen recombine. Additional dark gas and dust lies in front of the bright part of the nebula and this is what causes the dark network that appears in the center of the glowing gas. The Flame Nebula is part of the Orion Molecular Cloud Complex, a star-forming region that includes the famous Horsehead Nebula. (source: Wiki)
Telescope: Newton 200/1200mm
Guide Scope: 50/150mm Refractor
Camera: Canon 550D
Guide Camera: SPC900
Mount: NEQ6Pro
Exposure: Total 43min in 29 subframes of 1min 30s each. ISO3200
In processing this version of IC 1805 with Pixinsight: (a) I used a subframe weighting of (15*(1-(FWHM-FWHMMin)/(FWHMMax-FWHMMin)) + 15*(1-(Eccentricity-EccentricityMin)/(EccentricityMax-EccentricityMin)) + 20*(SNR-SNRMin)/(SNRMax-SNRMin))+50 and (b) I used the DSE script.
...
My Location: In Bortle class 8
Image acquisition details: 110x300s for a total integration time of 9.17 hours
Dates: 2023/01/26-28
Equipment:
Scope: WO Zenith Star 81mm f/6.9 with WO 6AIII flattener/focal reducer x0.8
Cooled camera: ZWO ASI 2600MC Pro at 100 Gain
Mount: iOptron GEM28-EC mount
Guider: ZWO Off-Axis Guider
Guide camera: ZWO ASI 174MM mini
Focuser: ZWO EAF
Light pollution filter: Optolong L-eXtreme Dual Bandpass Light Pollution Reduction Imaging Filter - 2"
Software: Pixinsight
...
"The Heart Nebula (also known as the Running dog nebula, IC 1805, Sharpless 2-190) is an emission nebula, 7500 light years away from Earth and located in the Perseus Arm of the Galaxy in the constellation Cassiopeia."
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Photographed at Algonquin Provincial Park, Ontario, Canada, between 01.17 and 02.02 EDT
(285 km by road north of Toronto)
* Temperature 12° C.
* Total exposure time: 6 minutes
* 540 mm focal length telescope
___________________________________________
Description:
This supernova remnant is a delicate and beautiful sight in long exposure photos. It can also be glimpsed in good amateur telescopes in a dark sky as gossamer silver strands crossing the field of view.
Read more about the Veil Nebula here:
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veil_Nebula
For a version of this photo WITH LABELS, click on your screen to the RIGHT of the photo, or click here:
www.flickr.com/photos/97587627@N06/29324942286
___________________________________________
Technical information:
Nikon D810a camera body on Teleview 101is apochromatic refracting telescope, mounted on Astrophysics 1100GTO equatorial mount with a Kirk Enterprises ball head
Six stacked frames; each frame:
540 mm focal length
ISO 6400; 1 minute exposure at f/5.4; unguided
(with LENR - long exposure noise reduction)
Subframes registered in RegiStar;
Stacked and processed in Photoshop CS6 (levels, brightness, contrast, colour balance, sharpening)
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This is my luminance only data from one night's session using longer than usual subframes. Normally I would only go to 5 minutes due to the brightness of the cluster but here each subframe is a ten-minute exposure, except the first test subframe at seven minutes. Total image time 117 minutes.
I hope to post a colour version in due course.
Peter
Equipment:
Atik 460EX mono CCD, 0.75 reducer, 130mm triplet APO refractor, EQ8 mount. Autoguided with 60mm guide scope, 2x Barlow and Lodestar CCD.
Six subframes @ exposure time of 600 seconds each taken using Atik 16200 colour CCD camera,Altair Astro Triband filter and Esprit 150ED apo triplet + 0.77x reducer/flattener riding on a Mesu 200 Mk1
Flat.dark frame calibrated and stacked using ASTAP and processed in Photoshop CS2.
Taken on the 10th Feb 2024
This is a detailed close-up of this haunting and spooky-looking nebula, taken in Hydrogen Alpha on 27 April. It is a stack of 15x8minutes subframes.
Peter
Equipment used:
Atik 460EX mono CCD, 0.75 reducer, 130mm triplet APO refractor, Lodestar autoguider through 60mm refractor and 2x Barlow, EQ8 mount.
8h47m20s total
263x 2 Min. Subframes (FWHM <3.6)
TMB115/805 + TSAPORED075 = f/5.25
Canon 6Da @ISO1600
Flats, Darks, Dithering
Location: Wuppertal, Date: 05.2020
With this version Toyota took a big leap in the direction of a more serious high-performance car. Again using subframe, suspension,and drivetrain assemblies from the Z30 Soarer (Lexus SC300/400), test model pre-production started in December 1992 with 20 models, and official mass production began in April 1993. The new Supra was completely redesigned, with rounded body styling and featured two new engines: a naturally aspirated Toyota 2JZ-GE producing 220 hp (164 kW; 223 PS) at 5800 rpm and 210 lb·ft (280 N·m) at 4800 rpm of torque and a twin turbocharged Toyota 2JZ-GTE making 276 hp (206 kW; 280 PS) and 318 lb·ft (431 N·m) of torque for the Japanese version. The styling, while modern, does seem to borrow some elements from Toyota's first grand touring sports car, the Toyota 2000GT. For the export model (America/Europe) Toyota upgraded the Supra turbo's engine (smaller, steel wheeled turbochargers, bigger fuel injectors, etc.). This increased the power output to 320 hp (239 kW; 324 PS) at 5600 rpm and 315 lb·ft (427 N·m) at 4000 rpm. (326hp / 325lbft for Europe)
The turbocharged variant could achieve 0–60 mph in as low as 4.6 seconds and 1/4 mile (402 m) in 13.1 seconds at 109 mph (175 km/h). The turbo version was tested to reach over 285 km/h (177 mph), but the cars are restricted to just 180 km/h (112 mph) in Japan and 250 km/h (155 mph) elsewhere. European versions of the car also had an air intake or scoop on the hood. Drag coefficient is 0.31 for the naturally aspirated models and 0.32 for the turbo models but unknown with the rear spoiler.
The twin turbos operated in sequential mode, not parallel. Initially, all of the exhaust is routed to the first turbine for reduced lag. This resulted in boost and enhanced torque as early as 1800 rpm, where it already produced 300 lb·ft (410 N·m) of torque. At 3500 rpm, some of the exhaust is routed to the second turbine for a "pre-boost" mode, although none of the compressor output is used by the engine at this point. At 4000 rpm, the second turbo's output is used to augment the first turbo's output. Compared to the parallel mode, sequential mode turbos provide quicker low RPM response and increased high RPM boost. This high RPM boost was also aided with technology originally present in the 7M-GE in the form of the Acoustic Control Induction System (ACIS) which is a way of managing the air compression pulses within the intake piping as to increase power.
For this generation, the Supra received a new 6-speed Getrag/Toyota V160 gearbox on the turbo models while the naturally aspirated models made do with a 5-speed manual W58, revised from the previous version. Each model was offered with a 4-speed automatic with manual shifting mode. Turbo models were equipped with larger brakes and tires (Unless you were in Japan where these were an optional extra). All vehicles were equipped with 5-spoke aluminium alloy wheels and a space saver spare tire on a steel wheel to save weight and space.
Toyota took measures to reduce the weight of this new model. Aluminium was used for the hood, targa top (when fitted), front crossmember, oil and transmission pans, and the suspension upper A-arms. Other measures included hollow carpet fibers, magnesium-alloy steering wheel, plastic gas tank and lid, gas injected rear spoiler, and a single pipe exhaust. Despite having more features such as dual airbags, traction control, larger brakes, wheels, tires, and an additional turbo, the car was at least 200 lb (91 kg) lighter than its predecessor. The base model with a manual transmission had a curb weight of 3,210 lb (1,460 kg). The Sport Roof added 40 lb (18 kg) while the automatic transmission added 55 lb (25 kg). It had a 51:49 (front:rear) weight distribution. The turbo model weighed 3,450 lb (1,560 kg) for the manual, automatic added another 10 lb (4.5 kg). Weight distribution was 53% front/47% rear. The Supra was heavier than the spartan Mazda RX-7 and all aluminium bodied Acura/Honda NSX, but it was lighter than the Nissan 300ZX and Mitsubishi 3000GT VR-4.
For the 1996 model year in the US, the turbo model was only available with the automatic transmission owing to OBD-II certification requirements. The targa roof was also made standard on all turbo models. For 1997, manual transmission returned for the optional engine along with a redesign of the tail lights, headlights, front fascia, chromed wheels, and other minor changes such as the radio and steering wheel designs. All 1997 models included badges indicating "Limited Edition 15th Anniversary". All turbo models came standard with the rear spoiler. For 1998, updates were a 3-spoke steering wheel and redesigned radio. In Japan, the turbo engines were installed with VVT-i. The SZ-R model was also updated with the introduction of a six-speed Getrag V161 transmission, the same used for the twin-turbo RZ models.
The stock A80 Supra chassis has also proven an effective platform for roadracing, with several top 20 and top 10 One Lap Of America finishes in the SSGT1 class. Despite its curb weight, in 1994 the A80 managed remarkable skidpad ratings of 0.95 lateral g's (200 ft) and 0.98 lateral g's (300 ft) Supra also featured a four-sensor four-channel track tuned ABS system with yaw control whereby each caliper is sensored and the brakes are controlled individually according to the speed, angle, and pitch of the approaching corner. This unique Formula One-inspired braking system allowed the Supra Turbo to record a 70 mph (113 km/h) -0 braking distance of 149 ft (45 m), the best braking performance of any production car tested in 1997 by Car and Driver magazine. This record was finally broken in 2004 by a Porsche Carrera GT, which does it in 145 ft (44 m) .
The US and UK market Supra featured bigger injectors, steel turbines and bigger inlet cam and had emissions in the range of 259 g/km CO2 despite the addition of Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR). The Japanese market Supra had CO2 emissions in the range of 224 g/km.
By the late 90s, sales of all sporty coupes were declining in North America, so the Supra was withdrawn from the Canadian market in 1996 and the US in 1998. The Turbo was not available in 1998 in California Air Resources Board (CARB) states. Production continued in Japan until August 2002, ceasing owing to restrictive emission standards.
[Text from Wikipedia]
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota_Supra
This miniland-scale Lego Toyota Supra A80 Coupe has been created for Flickr LUGNuts' 92nd Build Challenge, - "Stuck in the 90's", - all about vehicles from the decade of the 1990s.
Drizzle integration of 950x20s subs (= 5.28 hours) acquired using Seestar S50 in equatorial mode in Washington D.C. May 3-5, 2026.
All processing was done entirely in PixInsight.
Used Subframe Selector to identify the sub with the highest weight*.
Ran Fast Batch Preprocessing script, with drizzle enabled, to integrate the subs to get a master image using the highest-weighted sub as the reference frame for alignment.
To the master image, applied Gradient Correction > Blur Xterminator > Spectrophotometric Color Calibration > Blur Xterminator > Delinearization using Histogram Transformation (HT) > Dynamic Crop.
To compress the dynamic range of the very bright galaxy core HDRMultiscale Transform (HDRMT) was applied to a clone of the above-processed master image. Pixel Math was then used to blend 60% of the HDRMT-modified clone with 40% of the unmodified master image.
Applied Star Xterminator to split the above blended result into starless (containing the galaxy) and stars-only images.
Created a mask from the starless image by extracting its L-channel using Channel Extraction, applying Binarize to adjust the size to cover the target image area, and applying Convolution to blur the mask’s edges.
Placed the resulting mask back on the starless image to protect its background and applied Local Histogram Equalization (LHE) to adjust local contrast and visibility of the galaxy. Inverted the mask to protect the galaxy and applied Noise Xterminator (NXT) to the background.
Used Pixel Math to combine the processed starless and stars-only images to create a rejoined image.
Placed the mask on the rejoined image to protect the galaxy and applied NXT and HT (to adjust shadows and midtones) to the background.
Inverted the mask to protect the background and applied LHE, Color Saturation (for hue shift), Curves Transformation (to adjust chroma and saturation), and NXT to the galaxy.
Reinverted the mask to protect the galaxy and applied HT, NXT, and SCNR to the background.
* Weighting expression: (15*(1-(FWHM-FWHMMin)/(FWHMMax-FWHMMin)) + (15*(1-(Eccentricity-EccentricityMin)/(EccentricityMax-EccentricityMin))) + (20*(PSFFlux-PSFFluxMin)/(PSFFluxMax-PSFFluxMin)))+50.
…
“M94 has an inner ring […] and an outer ring […]. The inner ring is the site of strong star formation activity and is sometimes referred to as a starburst ring.” en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messier_94
18 Months of welding and repair work completed, including a complete new floor, new arches, new inner subframes, new guttering and a new roof panel.
With this version Toyota took a big leap in the direction of a more serious high-performance car. Again using subframe, suspension,and drivetrain assemblies from the Z30 Soarer (Lexus SC300/400), test model pre-production started in December 1992 with 20 models, and official mass production began in April 1993. The new Supra was completely redesigned, with rounded body styling and featured two new engines: a naturally aspirated Toyota 2JZ-GE producing 220 hp (164 kW; 223 PS) at 5800 rpm and 210 lb·ft (280 N·m) at 4800 rpm of torque and a twin turbocharged Toyota 2JZ-GTE making 276 hp (206 kW; 280 PS) and 318 lb·ft (431 N·m) of torque for the Japanese version. The styling, while modern, does seem to borrow some elements from Toyota's first grand touring sports car, the Toyota 2000GT. For the export model (America/Europe) Toyota upgraded the Supra turbo's engine (smaller, steel wheeled turbochargers, bigger fuel injectors, etc.). This increased the power output to 320 hp (239 kW; 324 PS) at 5600 rpm and 315 lb·ft (427 N·m) at 4000 rpm. (326hp / 325lbft for Europe)
The turbocharged variant could achieve 0–60 mph in as low as 4.6 seconds and 1/4 mile (402 m) in 13.1 seconds at 109 mph (175 km/h). The turbo version was tested to reach over 285 km/h (177 mph), but the cars are restricted to just 180 km/h (112 mph) in Japan and 250 km/h (155 mph) elsewhere. European versions of the car also had an air intake or scoop on the hood. Drag coefficient is 0.31 for the naturally aspirated models and 0.32 for the turbo models but unknown with the rear spoiler.
The twin turbos operated in sequential mode, not parallel. Initially, all of the exhaust is routed to the first turbine for reduced lag. This resulted in boost and enhanced torque as early as 1800 rpm, where it already produced 300 lb·ft (410 N·m) of torque. At 3500 rpm, some of the exhaust is routed to the second turbine for a "pre-boost" mode, although none of the compressor output is used by the engine at this point. At 4000 rpm, the second turbo's output is used to augment the first turbo's output. Compared to the parallel mode, sequential mode turbos provide quicker low RPM response and increased high RPM boost. This high RPM boost was also aided with technology originally present in the 7M-GE in the form of the Acoustic Control Induction System (ACIS) which is a way of managing the air compression pulses within the intake piping as to increase power.
For this generation, the Supra received a new 6-speed Getrag/Toyota V160 gearbox on the turbo models while the naturally aspirated models made do with a 5-speed manual W58, revised from the previous version. Each model was offered with a 4-speed automatic with manual shifting mode. Turbo models were equipped with larger brakes and tires (Unless you were in Japan where these were an optional extra). All vehicles were equipped with 5-spoke aluminium alloy wheels and a space saver spare tire on a steel wheel to save weight and space.
Toyota took measures to reduce the weight of this new model. Aluminium was used for the hood, targa top (when fitted), front crossmember, oil and transmission pans, and the suspension upper A-arms. Other measures included hollow carpet fibers, magnesium-alloy steering wheel, plastic gas tank and lid, gas injected rear spoiler, and a single pipe exhaust. Despite having more features such as dual airbags, traction control, larger brakes, wheels, tires, and an additional turbo, the car was at least 200 lb (91 kg) lighter than its predecessor. The base model with a manual transmission had a curb weight of 3,210 lb (1,460 kg). The Sport Roof added 40 lb (18 kg) while the automatic transmission added 55 lb (25 kg). It had a 51:49 (front:rear) weight distribution. The turbo model weighed 3,450 lb (1,560 kg) for the manual, automatic added another 10 lb (4.5 kg). Weight distribution was 53% front/47% rear. The Supra was heavier than the spartan Mazda RX-7 and all aluminium bodied Acura/Honda NSX, but it was lighter than the Nissan 300ZX and Mitsubishi 3000GT VR-4.
For the 1996 model year in the US, the turbo model was only available with the automatic transmission owing to OBD-II certification requirements. The targa roof was also made standard on all turbo models. For 1997, manual transmission returned for the optional engine along with a redesign of the tail lights, headlights, front fascia, chromed wheels, and other minor changes such as the radio and steering wheel designs. All 1997 models included badges indicating "Limited Edition 15th Anniversary". All turbo models came standard with the rear spoiler. For 1998, updates were a 3-spoke steering wheel and redesigned radio. In Japan, the turbo engines were installed with VVT-i. The SZ-R model was also updated with the introduction of a six-speed Getrag V161 transmission, the same used for the twin-turbo RZ models.
The stock A80 Supra chassis has also proven an effective platform for roadracing, with several top 20 and top 10 One Lap Of America finishes in the SSGT1 class. Despite its curb weight, in 1994 the A80 managed remarkable skidpad ratings of 0.95 lateral g's (200 ft) and 0.98 lateral g's (300 ft) Supra also featured a four-sensor four-channel track tuned ABS system with yaw control whereby each caliper is sensored and the brakes are controlled individually according to the speed, angle, and pitch of the approaching corner. This unique Formula One-inspired braking system allowed the Supra Turbo to record a 70 mph (113 km/h) -0 braking distance of 149 ft (45 m), the best braking performance of any production car tested in 1997 by Car and Driver magazine. This record was finally broken in 2004 by a Porsche Carrera GT, which does it in 145 ft (44 m) .
The US and UK market Supra featured bigger injectors, steel turbines and bigger inlet cam and had emissions in the range of 259 g/km CO2 despite the addition of Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR). The Japanese market Supra had CO2 emissions in the range of 224 g/km.
By the late 90s, sales of all sporty coupes were declining in North America, so the Supra was withdrawn from the Canadian market in 1996 and the US in 1998. The Turbo was not available in 1998 in California Air Resources Board (CARB) states. Production continued in Japan until August 2002, ceasing owing to restrictive emission standards.
[Text from Wikipedia]
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota_Supra
This miniland-scale Lego Toyota Supra A80 Coupe has been created for Flickr LUGNuts' 92nd Build Challenge, - "Stuck in the 90's", - all about vehicles from the decade of the 1990s.
Chassis with body subframe,rams and tipping frame fitted.Because the owner had selected a chassis that was not normally recommended for tipper use,not being suitably flitched,the original body builders Griffith J.Roberts Ltd. of Dublin,recommended that a subframe be fitted to the chassis,to strengthen it for tipper work. The original tipper body was removed many years ago and now a new tipper body is being built,faithfully copying the original,with the help of old photos and some insider knowledge! (Being that I'm a former Griffith J.Roberts employee!)
The Metro is a supermini car that was produced by the Austin Rover Group division of British Leyland and its successors. It was launched in 1980 as the Austin mini Metro. It was intended to complement the Mini, and was developed under the codename LC8. During its 18-year lifespan, the Metro wore many names: Austin Metro, MG Metro and Rover Metro. It was re-badged as the Rover 100 series in 1994. There were also van versions known as the Morris Metro and later, Metrovan. At the time of its launch, the Metro was sold as an Austin. From 1982, MG versions became available.
On 8 October 1980, BL introduced the Austin mini Metro. It was intended as a big brother, rather than as a replacement, for the Mini, the earlier Mini replacement project, ADO88, having been replaced in late 1977 by a new project, LC8, for the development of a larger car which could compete more effectively with the successful superminis, such as the Ford Fiesta.[4] Some of the Mini's underpinnings were carried over into the Metro, namely the 998 cc and 1275 cc A-Series engines, much of the front-wheel drivetrain and four-speed manual gearbox, and suspension subframes. The Metro used the Hydragas suspension system found on the Allegro but without front to rear interconnection. The hatchback body shell was one of the most spacious of its time and this was a significant factor in its popularity. Initially, the Metro was sold as a three-door hatchback.
The name was chosen through a ballot of BL employees. They were offered a choice of three names, Match, Maestro or Metro. Once the result was announced, the manufacturer of trains and buses, Metro Cammell, objected to the use of the Metro name by BL. The issue was resolved by BL promising to advertise the car only as the miniMetro.
The Metro quickly proved popular with buyers, and during the early part of its production life it was the best selling mini-car in the UK, before being eclipsed by the updated Ford Fiesta. Its clever interior design made it spacious considering its dimensions, and Hydragas compensation gave surprisingly good ride and handling. Its updated A+ series 1.0 and 1.3L OHV engines hardly represented the cutting edge in performance, but they were strong on economy.
A major TV advertising campaign was created by the London agency, Leo Burnett which came up with the headline "a British car to beat the world". The advert also featured the similar-sized Fiat 127, Renault 5, Volkswagen Polo and Datsun Cherry as "foreign invaders" and the voiceover spoke of the Metro's ability to "send the foreigners back where they belong".
The Metro range was expanded in 1982 to include the Vanden Plas and MG versions. The Vanden Plas featured higher levels of luxury and equipment, while the slightly more powerful MG Metro 1.3 sold as a sports model (0-60 mph in 10.1 seconds, top speed 105 mph). The Vanden Plas variant received the same MG engine from 1984 onwards (with the exception of the VP Automatic, which retained the 63 bhp (47 kW) 1275 cc unit). The luxury fittings marking out the Metro Vanden Plas took the form of a radio-cassette player, electric front windows, an improved instrument panel with tachometer, and a variety of optional extras such as trip computer, leather trim, remote boot release, and front fog lamps.
The changes between the MG engine and the standard 1.3 were relatively minor, with modified cylinder head and altered cam profile being the major contributors to a modest increase in BHP. Soon afterwards, the MG Metro Turbo variant was released with a quoted bhp of 93, 0-60 mph in 8.9 seconds, and top speed of 115 mph (185 km/h). This model had a great many modifications over the normally aspirated MG model. Aside from the turbocharger and exhaust system itself, and what was (at the time) a relatively sophisticated boost delivery and control system, the MG Turbo variant incorporated stiffer suspension (purportedly with engineering input from Lotus), including a rear anti-rollbar plus uprated crankshaft and uprated gearbox.
Both MG variants were given a "sporty" interior with red seat belts, red carpets and a sports-style steering wheel. The later MG variants were emblazoned with the MG logo both inside and out, which only served to fuel claims of badge engineering from some of the more steadfast MG enthusiasts. Others believed that this sentiment was unfounded, particularly in the case of the turbo variant, due to the undeniably increased performance and handling when compared to the non-MG models. Indeed, at the time of its release, the MG Metro was the first in a succession of modern cars which heralded a spirited return of the MG marque after several years' absence of new MGs.
A mild facelift during 1985 saw some minor styling modifications to the Metro's front end, wider suspension subframes, along with a new dashboard design and the long-awaited 5-door version. This gave it a competitive edge over three-door only rivals like the Ford Fiesta and Volkswagen Polo, while guiding the Metro in the directions of the Peugeot 205, Fiat Uno, Seat Ibiza and Opel Corsa/Vauxhall Nova, all of which were available with five doors by this time.
A rear spoiler reduced drag coefficient to increase the Metro's already good fuel economy.
From 1990 until its demise in 1994, the Metro was sold only as a Rover.
Although the new Rover 200 (introduced in 1995 and smaller than previous 200 models) had originally been designed as a replacement for the Metro, it was not marketed as such after its launch[3]. A direct replacement in the supermini class did not arrive until 2004 with the CityRover. The Rover 100 was finally cancelled in 1998, ironically being out-lived (by two years) by the original Mini it was meant to replace.
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Photographed at Algonquin Provincial Park, Ontario, Canada
(285 km by road north of Toronto)
* Temperature 11 degrees C.
* Total exposure time: 10 minutes.
___________________________________________
Description:
The centre of our home galaxy, the Milky Way, lies in the constellation Sagittarius, which in the northern hemisphere summer lies low in the south at midnight.
In this view appear many favourite targets of amateur astronomers with modest telescopes, including the large glowing Lagoon Nebula at the right side.
For a version of this photo WITHOUT labels, click on your screen to the left of the photo, or click here:
www.flickr.com/photos/97587627@N06/27443774333
___________________________________________
Technical information:
Nikkor AF-S 70 - 200 mm f/2.8 G ED VRII lens on Nikon D810a camera body, mounted on Astrophysics 1100GTO equatorial mount with a Kirk Enterprises ball head
Ten stacked frames; each frame:
140 mm focal length
ISO 5000; 1 minute exposure at f/4.5; unguided
(with LENR - long exposure noise reduction)
Subframes registered in RegiStar;
Stacked and processed in Photoshop CS6 (brightness, contrast, levels, colour balance, colour desaturation)
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Seestar S50, PixInsight, GraXpert, RCAstro, GHS
EQ mode, LP filter, Bortle 7
1397 subframes
9 hrs 52 min exposure
'ImageIntegration' top 1000 subframes
Leica M6, Carl Zeiss ZM 35mm f/2.8, Ilford HP5+, semi-stand developed in Rodinal 1:100, Plustek OpticFilm 8100.
The Volkswagen Corrado is a compact four passenger (2+2), three door, front engine, front wheel drive liftback coupe marketed by Volkswagen from 1988 to 1995, and manufactured by Karmann in Osnabrück, Germany.
The Corrado's floorpan is based on the A2 platform (i.e. Mark 2 Golf/Jetta) and, with the exception of VR6 models, all versions use the subframes, suspension, steering and braking components from the Volkswagen A2 platform model range.
The VR6 uses suspension components from the A3 model range, including the rear axle assembly and some parts of the A3's 'plus' type front axle assembly. The subsequent wider front wheel track of the Corrado VR6 necessitated the fitting of new front wings with wider wheel arches and liners along with a new front bumper assembly.
The twelve valve VR6 engine, which came in two variants: a 2.8 litre 179 bhp (133 kW; 181 PS) model for the United States and Canadian markets, and a 2,861 cc (2.9 L; 174.6 cu in) producing 190 PS (187 bhp; 140 kW) at 5,800 rpm and 245 N⋅m (181 lbf⋅ft) at 4,200 rpm of torque version for the European market, fuel feed by Bosch Motronic 2.7 fuel injection.
www.saal-digital.net/share/oxpn3Pi/
For those who wish, it is possible to purchase the high definition print on Aluminum 75 x 34, Printing mode: HD, aluminum subframe for display with hooks, at a special price at the link I inserted.
-----------------------------------
LEFT: Stella Sadr
Sadr (also known as Sadir or Sador; γ Cygni/γ Cyg) is the second brightest star in the constellation Cygnus, after Deneb (α Cyg).
Located at the center of the asterism known as the Northern Cross, it has an apparent magnitude of +2.23.Its name derives from the Arabic صدر şadr, "bust", from which the name of the star Shedir (α Cassiopeiae) also derives.
It is almost 1800 light years away from the solar systemVisually located in a complex region of the Milky Way, Sadr appears surrounded by the diffuse emission nebula IC 1318, illuminated by recently formed hot blue dwarf stars; However, Sadr is not part of the nebulous complex, since it is located at an intermediate distance compared to that of the nebula and therefore appears in the foreground of it.
The open cluster NGC 6910, which appears in the same field of view, is located at an even greater distance than the nebula and the star.
RIGHT: The Crescent Nebula NGC 6888 (also known as the Crescent Nebula or by the acronym C27) is a diffuse nebula visible in the southern part of the constellation Cygnus.
It is located 2.5 degrees south-west of the star γ Cygni, immediately west of a very rich star field, which includes objects such as M29 and IC 4996.
The most intense part of the nebula is located in the western part, and forms an arc extended more in declination than in right ascension; this characteristic meant that the nebula was called crescent, since it has the "hump" in the west, like the Moon in its waxing phase.
To locate it you need a telescope, even if it has a small aperture; binoculars allow you to just glimpse it in clear sky conditions.
It is a typical stellar wind bubble generated by a massive Wolf-Rayet star (HD 192163), which is located within it; this star would also be responsible for the nebula, which would constitute the material of the expelled outermost layers of the star.
This wind collided with the material expelled by the star when it reached the red giant stage, between 250,000 and 400,000 years ago, energizing it.
The result is a gaseous shell and the presence of two shock waves, which then interacted with the surrounding dense interstellar medium.
In the past it was also believed that it was a supernova remnant, whose progenitor star was part of the HD 192163 system.
The nebula extends about 16 light years into space.
With this version Toyota took a big leap in the direction of a more serious high-performance car. Again using subframe, suspension,and drivetrain assemblies from the Z30 Soarer (Lexus SC300/400), test model pre-production started in December 1992 with 20 models, and official mass production began in April 1993. The new Supra was completely redesigned, with rounded body styling and featured two new engines: a naturally aspirated Toyota 2JZ-GE producing 220 hp (164 kW; 223 PS) at 5800 rpm and 210 lb·ft (280 N·m) at 4800 rpm of torque and a twin turbocharged Toyota 2JZ-GTE making 276 hp (206 kW; 280 PS) and 318 lb·ft (431 N·m) of torque for the Japanese version. The styling, while modern, does seem to borrow some elements from Toyota's first grand touring sports car, the Toyota 2000GT. For the export model (America/Europe) Toyota upgraded the Supra turbo's engine (smaller, steel wheeled turbochargers, bigger fuel injectors, etc.). This increased the power output to 320 hp (239 kW; 324 PS) at 5600 rpm and 315 lb·ft (427 N·m) at 4000 rpm. (326hp / 325lbft for Europe)
The turbocharged variant could achieve 0–60 mph in as low as 4.6 seconds and 1/4 mile (402 m) in 13.1 seconds at 109 mph (175 km/h). The turbo version was tested to reach over 285 km/h (177 mph), but the cars are restricted to just 180 km/h (112 mph) in Japan and 250 km/h (155 mph) elsewhere. European versions of the car also had an air intake or scoop on the hood. Drag coefficient is 0.31 for the naturally aspirated models and 0.32 for the turbo models but unknown with the rear spoiler.
The twin turbos operated in sequential mode, not parallel. Initially, all of the exhaust is routed to the first turbine for reduced lag. This resulted in boost and enhanced torque as early as 1800 rpm, where it already produced 300 lb·ft (410 N·m) of torque. At 3500 rpm, some of the exhaust is routed to the second turbine for a "pre-boost" mode, although none of the compressor output is used by the engine at this point. At 4000 rpm, the second turbo's output is used to augment the first turbo's output. Compared to the parallel mode, sequential mode turbos provide quicker low RPM response and increased high RPM boost. This high RPM boost was also aided with technology originally present in the 7M-GE in the form of the Acoustic Control Induction System (ACIS) which is a way of managing the air compression pulses within the intake piping as to increase power.
For this generation, the Supra received a new 6-speed Getrag/Toyota V160 gearbox on the turbo models while the naturally aspirated models made do with a 5-speed manual W58, revised from the previous version. Each model was offered with a 4-speed automatic with manual shifting mode. Turbo models were equipped with larger brakes and tires (Unless you were in Japan where these were an optional extra). All vehicles were equipped with 5-spoke aluminium alloy wheels and a space saver spare tire on a steel wheel to save weight and space.
Toyota took measures to reduce the weight of this new model. Aluminium was used for the hood, targa top (when fitted), front crossmember, oil and transmission pans, and the suspension upper A-arms. Other measures included hollow carpet fibers, magnesium-alloy steering wheel, plastic gas tank and lid, gas injected rear spoiler, and a single pipe exhaust. Despite having more features such as dual airbags, traction control, larger brakes, wheels, tires, and an additional turbo, the car was at least 200 lb (91 kg) lighter than its predecessor. The base model with a manual transmission had a curb weight of 3,210 lb (1,460 kg). The Sport Roof added 40 lb (18 kg) while the automatic transmission added 55 lb (25 kg). It had a 51:49 (front:rear) weight distribution. The turbo model weighed 3,450 lb (1,560 kg) for the manual, automatic added another 10 lb (4.5 kg). Weight distribution was 53% front/47% rear. The Supra was heavier than the spartan Mazda RX-7 and all aluminium bodied Acura/Honda NSX, but it was lighter than the Nissan 300ZX and Mitsubishi 3000GT VR-4.
For the 1996 model year in the US, the turbo model was only available with the automatic transmission owing to OBD-II certification requirements. The targa roof was also made standard on all turbo models. For 1997, manual transmission returned for the optional engine along with a redesign of the tail lights, headlights, front fascia, chromed wheels, and other minor changes such as the radio and steering wheel designs. All 1997 models included badges indicating "Limited Edition 15th Anniversary". All turbo models came standard with the rear spoiler. For 1998, updates were a 3-spoke steering wheel and redesigned radio. In Japan, the turbo engines were installed with VVT-i. The SZ-R model was also updated with the introduction of a six-speed Getrag V161 transmission, the same used for the twin-turbo RZ models.
The stock A80 Supra chassis has also proven an effective platform for roadracing, with several top 20 and top 10 One Lap Of America finishes in the SSGT1 class. Despite its curb weight, in 1994 the A80 managed remarkable skidpad ratings of 0.95 lateral g's (200 ft) and 0.98 lateral g's (300 ft) Supra also featured a four-sensor four-channel track tuned ABS system with yaw control whereby each caliper is sensored and the brakes are controlled individually according to the speed, angle, and pitch of the approaching corner. This unique Formula One-inspired braking system allowed the Supra Turbo to record a 70 mph (113 km/h) -0 braking distance of 149 ft (45 m), the best braking performance of any production car tested in 1997 by Car and Driver magazine. This record was finally broken in 2004 by a Porsche Carrera GT, which does it in 145 ft (44 m) .
The US and UK market Supra featured bigger injectors, steel turbines and bigger inlet cam and had emissions in the range of 259 g/km CO2 despite the addition of Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR). The Japanese market Supra had CO2 emissions in the range of 224 g/km.
By the late 90s, sales of all sporty coupes were declining in North America, so the Supra was withdrawn from the Canadian market in 1996 and the US in 1998. The Turbo was not available in 1998 in California Air Resources Board (CARB) states. Production continued in Japan until August 2002, ceasing owing to restrictive emission standards.
[Text from Wikipedia]
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota_Supra
This miniland-scale Lego Toyota Supra A80 Coupe has been created for Flickr LUGNuts' 92nd Build Challenge, - "Stuck in the 90's", - all about vehicles from the decade of the 1990s.
Re-process. Full Frame.
All 3 minute subframes. 72 minutes of data.
I re-stacked the data & used Fits Liberator to work at stretching in 32 bits.
I removed most of the background gradient this time using Fitswork4 & masks in PS CS5.
I made extensive use of star masks.
I also used the healing brush tool to get rid of the dust bunnies &
bleed lines from some bright stars (on the Luminance layer).
The colour was changed to offset the light pollution filter & other filters
to give more natural colours - I hope?
I reduced colour noise on each channel & it helped to show more detail.
It came out so different from the previous version:
www.flickr.com/photos/24719437@N03/8104531043/in/photostream
I will definitely image this one again to get more data & hopefully a night with better seeing.
Captured 16 May 2022, ~23:00 hrs ET, Springfield, VA, USA. Bortle 8 skies, Celestron 8 inch SCT at f/6.3 (eff. fl 1290mm), Orion Atlas AZ/EQ-G Pro mount. QHY 294M Pro camera @ -10C, bin 1, exposure 8 seconds, gain 3100, 11MP mode, stack of 38 subframes, no calibration frames used. Baader Luminance filter.
Clouds: clear
Seeing: avg
Transparency: avg
Moon phase: full
FOV: 28 x 28 arcmin.
Resolution: 0.8 arcsec/pixel.
Orientation: Up is West.
Appearance: Classic globular cluster.
Notes: Focused center FOV. Unguided.
From Wikipedia:
Messier 92 (also known as M92, M 92, or NGC 6341) is a globular cluster of stars in the northern constellation of Hercules. It was discovered by Johann Elert Bode in 1777, then published in the Jahrbuch during 1779. It was inadvertently rediscovered by Charles Messier in 1781 and added as the 92nd entry in his catalogue. It is about 26,700 light-years away from the Solar System.
It is one of the brighter of its sort in apparent magnitude in the northern hemisphere and in its absolute magnitude in the galaxy, but it is often overlooked by amateur astronomers due to angular proximity to bright cluster Messier 13, about 20% closer. It is visible to the naked eye under very good conditions.
It is also one of the galaxy's oldest clusters. It is around 16×103 ly (4.9 kpc) above/below the galactic plane and 33×103 ly (10 kpc) from the Galactic Center. The half-light radius, or radius containing the upper half of its light emission, is 1.09 arcminutes (′), while the tidal radius, the broadest standard measure, is 15.17′. It appears only slightly flattened: its minor axis is about 89% ± 3% of the major.
Characteristic of other globulars, it has little of the elements other than hydrogen and helium; astronomers term this low metallicity. Specifically, relative to the Sun, its iron abundance is [Fe/H] = –2.32 dex, which is 0.5% of 1.0, on this logarithmic scale, the solar abundance. This puts the estimated age range for the cluster at 11 ± 1.5 billion years.
The cluster is not yet in, nor guaranteed to undergo, core collapse and the core radius figures as about 2 arcseconds (″). It is an Oosterhoff type II (OoII) globular cluster, which means it belongs to the group of metal-poor clusters with longer period RR Lyrae variable stars. The 1997 Catalogue of Variable Stars in Globular Clusters listed 28 candidate variable stars in the cluster, although only 20 have been confirmed. As of 2001, there are 17 known RR Lyrae variables in Messier 92. 10 X-ray sources have been detected within the 1.02 arcminute half-mass radius of the cluster, of which half are candidate cataclysmic variable stars.
The Jimini is a Mini based car, utilising the suspension and mechanical components throughout. The front and rear subframes bolt to the new GRP bodyshell, utilising the existing Mini engine, transmission and suspension. The whole windscreen and dash assembly can be put together on a bench and then fitted to the car once complete. This enables the Jimini to be built without the builder having to perform impossible contortions to wire up the instruments under the dash.