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he's my study-buddy. :) of course I'd prefer to cuddle with a bestie guy friend than with a chair and half a dog. :P but I definitely don't mind this for now. :)
Case Study: Bait al Azani
Bait Al-Azani is a very old, established village of around 2,700 people. It is a high altitude village, producing sorghum, maize, beans, qat, tomatoes and potatoes under irrigation and rearing cows and sheep. Some rainfed crops are grown, but the area is suffering from drought and is vulnerable to soil erosion and floods. The agricultural resources are not enough to meet the needs of the population; up to 60% households have employment outside the village.
The village was mined around 1980 during the conflict between north and south. The presence of both anti-vehicle and anti-personnel mines brought insecurity and accidents including several deaths and loss of livestock. Bait Al-Azani was classified as a low impact village in the LIS. Two male survivors were met; one injured in 1982 the other in 2000. Both were interested in compensation and medical treatment.
Village services and communications are reasonably good and the village is within medium distance of a market in the district centre. A strong local cultural association, founded by members of the village, played a useful role in facilitating the work of the demining teams. Demining was carried out in 2004 and 2006, but some un-cleared areas still remain. One incident occurred after 2000, but none since the start of demining. Mine clearance was said to have saved lives and made people feel safer, but they still experience some fear. The main benefits have been the opening of roads and increasing the area for animal grazing, collection of firewood, fodder and stone. No one has yet planted on the cleared land.
The opportunities identified for the demined land, were a water supply project to extend irrigation and ploughs to cultivate the land. Another idea was for a community project such as a sports ground or garden. Road safety could be improved through warning signs, bridges and pavements. They would like demining of the whole affected area. For the wider village, a drinking water project was prioritised. Other ideas were a medical unit, a mosque, renovation or construction of a school, especially for girls; a literacy campaign and extension centre.
Benefits and impacts of demining for the women of Bait Al-Azani
What assets have been made available by mine clearance?
Roads for cars, pastures for animal herding, fuel and areas for cutting wood, fodder collection, stones
Who is using the freed assets?
Most freed assests are used by the entire community. However, only 3-4 houses have use of the new areas for cutting wood and gathering fuel; the land from which stone is gathered is privately owned and only the landowners are allowed to collect stones from it.
What is the freed asset used for?
The road makes communication with other villages and access to urban centers much easier. While the grazing land is used by all households of the village to graze their sheep, cows and goats. Wood and other fuels are used for cooking, fodder is fed to animals, and stone is used in house construction.
What is the socio eco-nomic return from use of the freed assets?
The new road has resulted in residents feeling much more secure. The previous road was narrow and dangerous.
Since stones and fuel are now available in much greater quantities locally, the village is less reliant on products from outside the village. Households thus save money by paying lower prices locally.
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Bani Bahlool District, Sana’a Governorate, Joab
Joab is a medium-sized, high altitude village of approximately 5000 people (about 400 households). Of these 1000 are old, 2000 middle aged and 2000 children. Approximately 90% are classified as poor. All are farmers (even if they have other jobs). 200 are in the military and another 100 have other employment (e.g. school teachers etc).
The village is an agricultural village, despite being only half an hour from Sana’a. Only 10% of the villagers have salaried employment; the rest are land/livestock owners and/or laborers (working for cash) or share-croppers (working for a proportion of the production). Agriculture is limited by lack of water and, previously, by the presence of landmines. No production problems with either crops or livestock were reported. Both animals and crops are important, with crops being predominant. Only 30% of staple food needs come from their land and the remaining 70% is purchased.
Crop land (including that in the cleared/mined mountain areas) has private land titles that go back over generations and each person knows his land. Grazing area is communal. Thus all have access to grazing land, but only a portion to crop land. Surprisingly, 10% of the households own all the large livestock.
The village is a medium impact village according to the Landmine Impact Survey score. Of the 7 minefields, 2 are cleared, one is in the process of clearance, 4 are yet to be started. Village people themselves cleared some of the mined land (they had no training), and made tracks through that land to get to terraced crop land.
Benefits of demining for the farmers of Joab
Land:
Land cleared by de-mining is now 100% in use. It is being used for farming, herding, cutting wood for fuel, and gathering stone. The village as a whole reported Savings on the cost of fodder for 2000 head of live-stock, a 30% savings on the cost of cereals, 10% savings on the cost of fuel wood, and general savings on butane gas which it was no longer necessary to purchase in large quantities due to the availability of fuel wood.
Water:
De-mining has freed much needed water resources. The newly freed resources are being used by the entire village for drinking water for animals and people as well as irrigation of agricultural land. Villagers credited the additional water resources with dramatically improving in the quality of livestock and crops.
Roads:
The ability to use the roads has dramatically reduced the loss of life among livestock. In the past herders use to herd their animals through narrow, mine free paths. Livestock often wondered off the path and were killed by mines as a result. Additionally, the roads have made it much easier to transport stone, giving the stone cutting industry a significant boost.
10x10 cm.
This is an acrylic study. I emulated the subtractive monotype technique and I love the result ! (It is not a monotype because I didn't transfer it to paper) It was very exciting to see that this technique can be used with acrylic provided you work fast enough.
Type: Photographs
Date: 1890
Image ID: RU 31 Box 12 Folder 17
Description: Wilson A. Bentley first became fascinated with snow during his childhood on a Vermont farm, and he experimented for years with ways to view individual snowflakes in order to study their crystalline structure. He eventually attached a camera to his microscope, and in 1885 he successfully photographed the flakes. This photomicrograph and more than five thousand others supported the belief that no two snowflakes are alike, leading scientists to study his work and publish it in numerous scientific articles and magazines. In 1903 Bentley sent prints of his snowflakes to the Smithsonian, hoping they might be of interest to Secretary Samuel P. Langley.
Persistent URL:Link to data base record
Repository:Smithsonian Institution Archives
full caption: Studies in Expression. An imitation of the lady of the house.
Charles Dana Gibson (American illustrator, 1867-1944)
1902 pen and ink on paper
illustration for Life Publishing Co.; published in the artist's collection The Social Ladder (1902)
See MCAD Library's catalog record for this book.
Gibson, Charles Dana. The Gibson Book; a Collection of the Published Works of Charles Dana Gibson ... New York: C. Scribner’s Sons [etc.], 1906
Part of the ongoing "Interior Study" series.
Camera: Canon F-1N 35mm
Lens: FD 50mm f/1.2
Film: Ilford Delta 100 shot at box speed.
Developer: XTOL 1:1 dilution
The economic benefits of mine clearance in Yemen far exceed the total cost of demining.
Case studies illustrating how individual areas gained from demining:
Am-Jarba (Lahij governorate): The minefield was in the middle of an urban area. After demining in 2005, people started utilizing the area for building houses, as a road, a playground and for herding animals. The land is privately owned, and the landlords have plans for building houses, with a rental value of 3 million YR per year. This can be compared to the landmine clearance and land release costs of US$104,085 (20.4 million YR), suggesting that the costs would be covered after about 7 years.
Al-Farsi (Aden governorate): The main beneficiary of clearance, is a large housing estate (2,600 houses) under construction for the Aden Refinery Company, with an estimated value of $US11 million. This compares with an estimated landmine clearance and land release cost of US$382,994, which is only 3.5% of the value of the completed houses and facilities. Without landmine clearance the houses could not have been built.
Al-Qafleh (Al Dhale governorate): Since the access roads have been made safe, 20 terraces of qat have been estab-lished, with a net income of about 7 million YR per year. This compares with an estimated landmine clearance and release cost of US$196,007 (38.4 million YR), which suggests that the total cost of clearance and land release would be covered by 5-6 years of good qat crops.
Al-Jafinah (Sana’a governorate): 30 families have benefited from cultivating approximately 5,000 libna (approximately 22 hectares of cleared land). The value of the land before demining was 25,000$ but after demining it increased to $1.25 million before development, while the value of developed land was around $3.75 million. The estimated net income from growing grapes and qat on this land is around $75,000 per year. This compares to the combined landmine clearance and land release costs of $125,234. Thus the cost of clearance and land release could be recouped after 2 years.
Al-Sharaf (Dhamar governorate): All 7 families in Al-Sharaf have benefited from using the cleared land (around 25% of the total village cultivable land) for grazing their animals. They also collect stones from the land for house construction. Two small areas, formerly the site of the army camp, are cultivated by two households, with an estimated gross value of food crop production of approximately 54,000 YR or US$276. If the community could (by itself or with help from YEMAC) overcome their fear of culti-vating the rest of the cleared land, the annual gross income from crops alone could potentially be around 2,700,000 YR or US$13,776, compared with costs of clearance of US$9,667.
Bait Al-Ra’aee (Ibb governorate): The net revenue from cutting stone is considerable (960,000YR per year), and has been of benefit to the majority of households in the village. This revenue compares to the estimated cost of landmine clearance and release of US$7521 (1.47 million YR). This suggests that two years revenue from stone cutting would pay for the combined clearance and land release costs.
Page 24:
Demining also created opportunities for follow-on investments in housing and land improvements for agriculture in a number of other communities, as is illustrated in the graphs on the original page pictured above. The economic returns from demining (either alone or in combination with follow-on investments) vary widely among communities, but in some cases are extremely high. A convenient way of summarizing the economic benefits is to calculate the internal rate of return (IRR – roughly equivalent to the annual rate of interest earned on an investment). IRR’s results for demined communities range from 66.8% to minus 0.4% (weighted average of 19.9%).
These are very solid rates of return, and it must be emphasized that they represent only a partial accounting of the benefits stemming from demining – for example, they do not include the important benefits of (i) reduced landmine deaths and injuries and (ii) an enhanced sense of security for residents in these communities. The size of the costs and benefits also varied significantly among communities. Of the communities for which we were able to do a full cost-benefit analysis, the benefits were particularly large in Al-Jafinah.
The net economic benefits (i.e. after deducting the costs of demining and the follow-on investments) accruing from these four communities amount to almost $3.5 million. This represents about 41% of total demining costs for the 25 communities included in the survey. Based on this very partial accounting, the total benefits stemming from Yemen’s demining program almost certainly exceed the costs by a wide margin.
The most straightforward example is from Al- Jafinah, in Sana’a Governorate where an investment in demining of about $125,000 led to an increase in the market value of the land of $1,225,000. It also created the opportunity for follow-on investments in the range of $1.25 to $1.7 million to develop the land for crops (qat and grapes). These follow-on investments led to a further increase of $2.53 million in the market value of the land.
Studies for new masks, some came out kind of goofy, but they were instructive nonetheless. This study led to the "elf" mask
The room was filled with Picasso's early works as he developed cubism. Speaking of which, there is even an actual cube shape in his mountain.
Artist: Pablo Picasso (Spanish, 1881-1973, but mainly lived in France)
Title: Landscape Horta de Ebro (1909)
Material: Oil on canvas
Venue: Cincinnati Art Museum, Ohio
Classes resumed yesterday for Meredith. It is her last semester of high school!
I have continued to play with pushing ISO beyond what I would have normally and using available light
The study that gave this book its title was inspired by a survey initiated in the '70s by Chou EnLai as he was dying of cancer. Ninety-six% of the population (880 million people) participated in 2,400 counties in China. The survey included death rates for four dozen different diseases including 12 different kinds of cancers. The resulting atlas implied that cancer was a disease of environmental conditions and lifestyle rather than genetics. The counties with the highest occurrences of some cancers were 100 times greater than in counties with the lowest occurrences.
In the '80s, to further study these results, the author, T. Colin Campbell, a nutritional biochemist at Cornell University, and a handful of other notable scientists from both the United States and China, embarked on an in depth study of the dietary habits of the Chinese in correlation with disease. Thus was born the China Study. Their findings were startling and are the basis of discussion for the rest of the book.
The study showed that high cholesterol was a prevalent indicator of numerous diseases, not just heart disease. More significantly those with very low levels of cholesterol subsisted on a predominantly plant based diet. They were basically vegans. Poor vegans who died of nutritional inadequacy and poor sanitation while the diseases of affluence, the ones that scare us most, were chiefly a result of extravagant living, (but not as extravagant as in the US). The study compared people of the same age so does not mean that poor people died young before they got a chance to get the other diseases.
The conclusions of the scientists were that a high carbohydrate diet of unrefined plant based whole foods, resulted in much more fiber consumed and many plant based antioxidants providing a host of benefits. While consuming diets high in protein and fat transfers the calories into storage as fat rather than into body heat. (The only reason people lost weight on the famous high protein, meat based Atkins diet was because they were severely limiting their calorie intake to 33% less than normal. Over half of those on the Atkins diet suffered from constipation, bad breath, headaches and a 53% increase in calcium excreted in the urine. Plus many more health problems down the road.)
The book does not stop at the results of the China Study alone, but cross references the results with a host of other compelling American studies supporting research on breast, prostate and colon cancers, diabetes, obesity, autoimmune diseases, osteoporosis, kidney stones and Alzheimer's. These studies all point in the same general direction. Diet is more important than genes or environmental toxins in the development of these diseases. An animal based diet is what gets the bad genes to fully express themselves, while a plant based diet can minimize the impact of toxins. Consuming a high fat, high protein, animal based diet increases the rate at which toxins bind to DNA to form products that cause cancer.
It is further revealed that cows milk (casein) is a significant factor in the development of cancers especially prostate cancer and is linked to Type 1 diabetes. As one who is lactose intolerant, growing up in a country that doesn't consume milk products, I've always been suspicious of the myth that milk was necessary for bone health. So what were we thinking to feed human babies milk that is meant to put 1000 pounds on a calf within the first few months of life? According to research, the reason our body doesn't absorb enough calcium is because animal protein increases metabolic acids and this condition actually leaches calcium from bones. Only 5 to 6% of our diet needs to be protein to replace what is excreted as amino acids, not 35% as recommended by industry driven government dietary guidelines. The manipulation of such dietary guidelines accounted for in the book.
The role of big industry, i.e. diary producers, meat producers and big ag in protecting and promoting their product translates to considerable ability to influence government policy with industry driven science while suppressing inconvenient facts, in much the same fashion as the politics of global warming has been obfuscated.
The last third of the book describes how reductionist science is in the habit of studying only one element at a time without regard to how elements react with each other in the environment of the body. The Western habit of isolating just one ingredient in order to derive conclusions about its affect on the body, only makes sense if you plan to use pharmaceuticals to run your body; this lack of context is misleading and confuses the public.
Western doctors are also only peripherally trained in nutrition, as it affects drugs, so are not going to prescribe a diet based treatment for disease despite evidence that a plant based diet can reverse the symptons of disease. Those mavericks that do research diet treatments risk being marginalized and their careers truncated. Campbell describes accounts of such from his own career and those of other doctors doing this work. (He and his colleagues eat a vegan diet and recommends such because it is simpler than focusing on what you can't eat and because he believes the benefits are increased with a zero animal product diet than with the 10% actually consumed by many of those he studied.)
So in the end it is not only the Western diet that is killing us, but Western reductionist thinking and Western propaganda-driven-capitalism. And then there is my pet theory — identity politics. America doesn't want to be taking its diet cues from a Chinese peasant; as Campbell points out, Americans believe that our animal based, protein rich diet is the best in the world and that it is somehow unAmerican to think otherwise. Plus Americans like to eat it so no study is going to change that; annoying vegans being the fanatical exceptions that prove the rule.
We did change our diet though. I am happy to return to my Chinese and Thai lactose free roots with a tiny bit of meat while Catherine again embraces vegetarianism with some cheese. This book was recommended to C by her boss, a big brain science and numbers person, in response to the news of her cancer.
Source: wallboat.com/study-with-coffee/
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