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Monetary Dialogue and ESRB (European Stability Risk Board) Public Hearing with ECB President Mario Draghi on 23 September 2013.

 

www.europarl.europa.eu/committees/en/econ/home.html

 

This photo is free to use under Creative Commons license (CC) and must be credited: "© European Union 2013 - European Parliament" (Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs Creative Commons license). For HR files please contact: webcom-flickr(AT)europarl.europa.eu

www.usaraf.army.mil

 

Army Africa offers opportunity for lessons learned

 

By Rick Scavetta, U.S. Army Africa

 

VICENZA, Italy – When U.S. Army Africa staff transformed an airborne infantry headquarters into U.S. Africa Command’s army service component, Lt. Col. Stephen McCroary was taking notes

McCroary, from the U.S. Army’s Center For Army Lessons Learned, spent most of the past nine months focused on how U.S. Army Africa plans and conducts theater security cooperation events – one part of the command’s overall mission to partner with African land forces, strengthen professional military capabilities and promote conditions that lead to security, stability and peace in Africa.

 

“My focus was looking at how U.S. Army Africa plans and executes military-to military familiarization engagements in Africa,” McCroary said. “This is the only CALL assignment that is looking specifically at lessons learned on the Army service component command level.”

 

During a 2009 visit to Fort Leavenworth, Kan., U.S. Army Africa’s commander, Maj. Gen William B. Garrett III, suggested that the Army would benefit from a CALL officer at U.S. Army Africa’s headquarters at Caserma Ederle in Vicenza, Italy. In Oct. 2009, U.S. Army Africa became the Army’s newest service component command.

 

Recently, McCroary reported on U.S. Army Africa’s participation in a U.S. Africa Command planning conference with Senegal, where planners discussed theater security cooperation – familiarization events between the U.S. and Senegal that will strengthen the West African nation’s professional military capacity. His report defines the event under current Army regulation, details what occurred and offers recommendations to make such events better.

 

McCroary captured key issues during planning for military familiarization events, said Jonathan Ng, a regional engagement officer focused on West and Central Africa.

 

“As an outside observer, he was able to provide professional insights while extracting information about our planning processes. That allowed us to quickly identify potential ways to improve certain aspects."

 

McCroary had previously served with the Vicenza-based Southern European Task Force augmentation unit – a U.S. Army Reserve command that supported SETAF’s active duty headquarters, to include Joint Task Force Liberia in 2002, an operation McCroary took part in.

Before returning to Vicenza, McCroary researched the command using the Internet and through conversations with U.S. Army Africa staff, he said.

 

One of McCroary’s first reports focused on U.S. Army Africa’s public affairs office employing unique tactics to engage the public to include incorporating a social media center into its official website.

 

“With web technology rapidly changing the way the Army communicates its message, a CALL report on an Army command employing robust social media tools can have significant impact on Army-wide web applications,” said Ed Johnson, U.S. Army Africa’s chief of command information.

 

More than two dozen CALL officers and noncommissioned officers deploy across the globe to learn more about Army programs and write reports, McCroary said. Much of that collection work has recently focused on operations in Iraq and Afghanistan. One CALL officer is currently collects on Army operations in the Horn of Africa. CALL also sent an officer to report on 18th Airborne Corps operations in Haiti.

 

Theater observers and analysis teams from CALL collect information and best practices from the Army, plus joint, intergovernmental and multinational operations. The data is then analyzed, integrated into Army guidance and archived – efforts that support progress Army-wide.

 

In late-March, another CALL officer will replace McCroary to continue collecting information and writing reports that can help the entire Army. New initiatives will look closer at how U.S. Army Africa conducts exercises with its African land force partners.

 

McCroary’s observations and insights offered staff an omniscient look at its actions during the transformation from the Southern European Task Force to U.S. Army Africa, said Col. Eric Nantz, U.S. Army Africa’s senior operation officer.

 

“CALL can look from the outside and help us see ourselves from a different perspective,” Nantz said. “This is great opportunity to provide the Army with lessons learned from a transforming organization. By sharing USARAF’s lessons - all ASCCs can learn from our development and hopefully improve their processes and efficiencies.”

 

More information on the U.S. Army Center For Lesson Learned can be found at: call.army.mil

 

To learn more about U.S. Army Africa visit our official website at www.usaraf.army.mil

 

Official Twitter Feed: www.twitter.com/usarmyafrica

 

Official YouTube video channel: www.youtube.com/usarmyafrica

  

Almost two years after the presentation of the EU Global Strategy and more than a year after Jean Claude Juncker’s white book on the future of Europe, the European Union still struggles with major challenges and threats that seem to undermine the stability of the security environment within its borders and in its neighbourhood. In the aftermath of Brexit and with the proximity of to the European Parliament elections in 2019, the third International Conference Europe as a Global Actor (Lisbon, May 24 & 25, 2018) will discuss the role the EU can play in the current global transformations, as well as the domestic and external obstacles it faces as a global actor.

The Center for International Studies of ISCTE-IUL organized the third edition of the International Conference “Europe as a global actor”, on 24 and 25 May.

The opening lecture was given by the Portuguese Minister of Foreign Affairs, Augusto Santos Silva, on May 24, at 09:30 am.

The Conference Program also included a debate on the state of the Union with the presence of Portuguese MEPs, panels and round-tables on the challenges of the Common Security and Defense Policy, the future of European security and defense, the EU’s relationship with other global players and the future of the European Union as a global player. In addition to the presence of several invited scholars, in plenary sessions moderated by Portuguese journalists, the program also included the presentation of communications by around 40 international researchers in this area of knowledge.

 

May 24th

 

9h00 | Registration – Floor 2, Building II

 

09h30 | Opening Remarks (Aud. B203) – session in Portuguese

 

Keynote Speaker: Augusto Santos Silva, Portuguese Minister for Foreign Affairs

Helena Carreiras (Director, School of Sociology and Public Policies, ISCTE-IUL)

Luís Nuno Rodrigues (Director, Center for International Studies, CEI-IUL)

 

10h45 – 11h00 – Coffee Break

 

11h00 | Round Table I: CSDP: challenges and opportunities (Aud. B203)

 

Moderator: António Mateus (RTP)

 

Laura Ferreira-Pereira (Universidade do Minho)

Jochen Rehrl (EEAS – ESDC)

Ana Isabel Xavier (CEI-IUL)

  

12h30 – 14h00 – Lunch

  

14h00 – 15h45 | Parallel Sessions I

 

Panel 1 –The future of European Security and Defence (Room C201)

 

Moderator: Ana Isabel Xavier (CEI-IUL)

 

Stefano Loi (CEI-IUL): “The PESCO agreement and the future of the European common defence”

Lorinc Redei & Michael Mosser (University of Texas at Austin): “The European Union as a Catalyst in European Security”

Patricia Daehnhardt (IPRI-NOVA): “The EU and transatlantic relations: the end of the Euro-Atlantic security community?”

   

Panel 2 – The European policy on migration and asylum (Room C301)

 

Moderator: Giulia Daniele (CEI-IUL)

 

João Barroso (CEI-IUL): “The EU and the refugee crisis: a literature review”

Tommaso Emiliani (College of Europe): “EU Migration Agencies: More “Guarding”, Less “Support for Asylum”? An Assessment of How the European Board and Coast Guard and the European Asylum Support Office Pursue Their Relations with Third Countries in Light of the So-Called ‘Refugee Crisis’.”

Emellin de Oliveira (NOVA): “The Securitization of Migration through Technology: an analysis of the PNR Directive”

   

Panel 3 – The state of the Union and the future of Europe: reflections and scenarios (Room C302)

 

Moderator: Ana Lúcia Sá (CEI-IUL)

 

Luís Machado Barroso (CEI-IUL; IUM) & Marco António Ferreira da Cruz (IUM): “It is not enough to be… It needs to be seen”: the analysis of EUGS implementation 1st Year report”

Ricardo Alexandre (CEI-IUL): “The Western Balkans Euro-fatigue and the impact on EU of potential alternatives to integration”

Dina Sebastião (University of Coimbra): “The persistence of Portuguese Atlanticism as a block for a supranationalization of European defence policy”

   

15h45 – 16h00 – Coffee Break

   

16h00-18h00 | Round Table II – The EU & other global players (Aud. B204)

 

Moderator: Helena Tecedeiro (Diário de Notícias)

 

Thomas Diez (University of Tübingen)

Maria Raquel Freire (CES-UC, Coimbra)

Luís Tomé (Universidade Autónoma de Lisboa)

Bruno Cardoso Reis (CEI-IUL, Lisbon)

  

18h00 – 20h00 | Parallel Sessions II

 

Panel 4 – Brexit (Room C401)

 

Moderator: Bruno Cardoso Reis (CEI-IUL)

 

Sanja Ivic (Institute for European Studies, Serbia): “The Question of European Identity in Light of Brexit”

Allan F. Tatham (Universidad San Pablo-CEU): “‘Breaking up is Hard to Do’: The evolution of the EU’s withdrawal criteria”

Christopher Pitcher (ISCTE-IUL): “‘I voted remain’ a look at the social and political divides within Brexit Britain through qualitative analysis of the narratives and attitudes of British citizens who voted remain”

Luana Lo Piccolo (ISPI – Milan): “Brexit: an increasing fragmentation of the international architecture”

   

Panel 5 – The EU and its Neighbourhood (Room C402)

 

Moderator: Cátia Miriam Costa (CEI-IUL)

 

Petar Georgiev (Council of the EU): “Pursuit of greener pastures in the Eastern neighbourhood: reconciliation of EU’s security interests and normative ambitions”

César García Andrés (Universidad de Valladolid): “The role of Ukraine within the European neighborhood policy and its effects on relations with Russia”

Mónica Canário (CEI-IUL): “Why do we need a real gender policy in the EU?”

Filipe Lima (CEI-IUL): “The EU and Israel and Palestinian Conflict”

   

Panel 6 – Transnational threats (Room C502)

 

Moderator: Ana Margarida Esteves (CEI-IUL)

 

Sofia Geraldes (ISCTE-IUL): “Digital Battlefields: Assessing the EU soft security actorness countering social media information warfare activities”

Marc de Carrière (Amarante International): “Going beyond NATO’s Article 5: A EU-NATO Blockchain to deter cyber warfare”

Davoud Gharayagh-Zandi (IRS; Shahid Beheshti University) & João Almeida Silveira (FCSH-NOVA): “The European Union security actorness within EU-Iran relations in the Post JCPOA Era”

Henrique Miguel Alves Garcia: “Radicalization in Belgium and EU security environment”

 

Susana Pedro

Jeong Joon Yu (SK Group), Olga Algayerova (UNECE), Carlos Monje (Under Secretary for Transportation Policy, US), Mark Harper (Secretary of State for Transport, UK), Hee-ryong Won (Minster of Land, Infrastructure and Transport, Korea), Melissa Williams (Shell Marine), Kris Peeters (European Investment Bank, EIB) and moderator Axel Threlfall explore the role of transport in promoting economic co-operation, peace and stability in the Open Plenary "Transport as an enabler of sustainable economies, peace and stability in time of crisis". The event takes place during the International Transport Forum's 2023 Summit on "Transport Enabling Sustainable Economies" in Leipzig, Germany on 24 May 2023.

IMF Financial Counselor Tobias Adrian provides the Global Financial Stability Report update during the COVID-19 Pandemic at the International Monetary Fund in Washington, D.C. on June 25, 2020. IMF Photo/Cory Hancock

PHILIPPINE SEA (Oct. 7, 2020) Damage Controlman 2nd Class Erik Coffee, from White House, Texas, recharges self-contained breathing apparatus bottles during a damage control drill aboard the amphibious dock landing ship USS Germantown (LSD 42). Germantown, part of Expeditionary Strike Group 7, along with the 31st Marine Expeditionary Unit, is operating in the U.S. 7th Fleet area of responsibility to enhance interoperability with allies and partners, and serve as a ready response force to defend peace and stability in the Indo-Pacific region. (U.S. Navy photo by Mass Communication Specialist 2nd Class Taylor DiMartino)

Almost two years after the presentation of the EU Global Strategy and more than a year after Jean Claude Juncker’s white book on the future of Europe, the European Union still struggles with major challenges and threats that seem to undermine the stability of the security environment within its borders and in its neighbourhood. In the aftermath of Brexit and with the proximity of to the European Parliament elections in 2019, the third International Conference Europe as a Global Actor (Lisbon, May 24 & 25, 2018) will discuss the role the EU can play in the current global transformations, as well as the domestic and external obstacles it faces as a global actor.

The Center for International Studies of ISCTE-IUL organized the third edition of the International Conference “Europe as a global actor”, on 24 and 25 May.

The opening lecture was given by the Portuguese Minister of Foreign Affairs, Augusto Santos Silva, on May 24, at 09:30 am.

The Conference Program also included a debate on the state of the Union with the presence of Portuguese MEPs, panels and round-tables on the challenges of the Common Security and Defense Policy, the future of European security and defense, the EU’s relationship with other global players and the future of the European Union as a global player. In addition to the presence of several invited scholars, in plenary sessions moderated by Portuguese journalists, the program also included the presentation of communications by around 40 international researchers in this area of knowledge.

 

May 24th

 

9h00 | Registration – Floor 2, Building II

 

09h30 | Opening Remarks (Aud. B203) – session in Portuguese

 

Keynote Speaker: Augusto Santos Silva, Portuguese Minister for Foreign Affairs

Helena Carreiras (Director, School of Sociology and Public Policies, ISCTE-IUL)

Luís Nuno Rodrigues (Director, Center for International Studies, CEI-IUL)

 

10h45 – 11h00 – Coffee Break

 

11h00 | Round Table I: CSDP: challenges and opportunities (Aud. B203)

 

Moderator: António Mateus (RTP)

 

Laura Ferreira-Pereira (Universidade do Minho)

Jochen Rehrl (EEAS – ESDC)

Ana Isabel Xavier (CEI-IUL)

  

12h30 – 14h00 – Lunch

  

14h00 – 15h45 | Parallel Sessions I

 

Panel 1 –The future of European Security and Defence (Room C201)

 

Moderator: Ana Isabel Xavier (CEI-IUL)

 

Stefano Loi (CEI-IUL): “The PESCO agreement and the future of the European common defence”

Lorinc Redei & Michael Mosser (University of Texas at Austin): “The European Union as a Catalyst in European Security”

Patricia Daehnhardt (IPRI-NOVA): “The EU and transatlantic relations: the end of the Euro-Atlantic security community?”

   

Panel 2 – The European policy on migration and asylum (Room C301)

 

Moderator: Giulia Daniele (CEI-IUL)

 

João Barroso (CEI-IUL): “The EU and the refugee crisis: a literature review”

Tommaso Emiliani (College of Europe): “EU Migration Agencies: More “Guarding”, Less “Support for Asylum”? An Assessment of How the European Board and Coast Guard and the European Asylum Support Office Pursue Their Relations with Third Countries in Light of the So-Called ‘Refugee Crisis’.”

Emellin de Oliveira (NOVA): “The Securitization of Migration through Technology: an analysis of the PNR Directive”

   

Panel 3 – The state of the Union and the future of Europe: reflections and scenarios (Room C302)

 

Moderator: Ana Lúcia Sá (CEI-IUL)

 

Luís Machado Barroso (CEI-IUL; IUM) & Marco António Ferreira da Cruz (IUM): “It is not enough to be… It needs to be seen”: the analysis of EUGS implementation 1st Year report”

Ricardo Alexandre (CEI-IUL): “The Western Balkans Euro-fatigue and the impact on EU of potential alternatives to integration”

Dina Sebastião (University of Coimbra): “The persistence of Portuguese Atlanticism as a block for a supranationalization of European defence policy”

   

15h45 – 16h00 – Coffee Break

   

16h00-18h00 | Round Table II – The EU & other global players (Aud. B204)

 

Moderator: Helena Tecedeiro (Diário de Notícias)

 

Thomas Diez (University of Tübingen)

Maria Raquel Freire (CES-UC, Coimbra)

Luís Tomé (Universidade Autónoma de Lisboa)

Bruno Cardoso Reis (CEI-IUL, Lisbon)

  

18h00 – 20h00 | Parallel Sessions II

 

Panel 4 – Brexit (Room C401)

 

Moderator: Bruno Cardoso Reis (CEI-IUL)

 

Sanja Ivic (Institute for European Studies, Serbia): “The Question of European Identity in Light of Brexit”

Allan F. Tatham (Universidad San Pablo-CEU): “‘Breaking up is Hard to Do’: The evolution of the EU’s withdrawal criteria”

Christopher Pitcher (ISCTE-IUL): “‘I voted remain’ a look at the social and political divides within Brexit Britain through qualitative analysis of the narratives and attitudes of British citizens who voted remain”

Luana Lo Piccolo (ISPI – Milan): “Brexit: an increasing fragmentation of the international architecture”

   

Panel 5 – The EU and its Neighbourhood (Room C402)

 

Moderator: Cátia Miriam Costa (CEI-IUL)

 

Petar Georgiev (Council of the EU): “Pursuit of greener pastures in the Eastern neighbourhood: reconciliation of EU’s security interests and normative ambitions”

César García Andrés (Universidad de Valladolid): “The role of Ukraine within the European neighborhood policy and its effects on relations with Russia”

Mónica Canário (CEI-IUL): “Why do we need a real gender policy in the EU?”

Filipe Lima (CEI-IUL): “The EU and Israel and Palestinian Conflict”

   

Panel 6 – Transnational threats (Room C502)

 

Moderator: Ana Margarida Esteves (CEI-IUL)

 

Sofia Geraldes (ISCTE-IUL): “Digital Battlefields: Assessing the EU soft security actorness countering social media information warfare activities”

Marc de Carrière (Amarante International): “Going beyond NATO’s Article 5: A EU-NATO Blockchain to deter cyber warfare”

Davoud Gharayagh-Zandi (IRS; Shahid Beheshti University) & João Almeida Silveira (FCSH-NOVA): “The European Union security actorness within EU-Iran relations in the Post JCPOA Era”

Henrique Miguel Alves Garcia: “Radicalization in Belgium and EU security environment”

 

Susana Pedro

A wish for peace and stability for the people of Egypt. If I could reach out and offer a helping hand of support, I would...

 

Hands from an Amarna era statue, 18th dynasty Egypt, now displayed at Berlin's Neues Museum.

H.M. Queen Mathilde of Belgium (L), Queen of Belgium listens to Angel Gurria (R), Secretary-General, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), before the session 'Europe's Twin Challenges: Growth and Stability' in the congress centre at the Annual Meeting 2015 of the World Economic Forum in Davos, January 22, 2015.

 

WORLD ECONOMIC FORUM/swiss-image.ch/Photo Remy Steinegger

PHILIPPINE SEA (Sept. 24, 2020) Seaman Steven Mendoza, left, from Newark, N.J., heaves in a line while Senior Chief Boatswain's Mate Jairon Rivera, from Los Angeles, supervises during an underway replenishment aboard the amphibious transport dock ship USS New Orleans (LPD 18). New Orleans, part of Expeditionary Strike Group Seven (ESG 7), along with the 31st Marine Expeditionary Unit, is operating in the U.S. 7th Fleet area of responsibility to enhance interoperability with allies and partners and serve as a ready response force to defend peace and stability in the Indo-Pacific region. (U.S. Navy photo by Mass Communication Specialist 2nd Class Kelby Sanders)

Sgt. Jon O'Gaffney, flight engineer, 1-126th GSAB, looks out over the Sierra foothills during a clear blue sky sunrise and constantly checks the stability and maintenance of his CH-47 twin engine, tandem rotor helicopter during a recovery mission of a downed Navy Seahawk.

 

A CH-47 Chinook crew from Bravo Company, 1-126th General Support Aviation Battalion, was called to assist aviators from the Naval Strike and Air Warfare Center from Fallon, Nev., on Jan. 5, 2012. One of their Navy MH-60S Seahawk's had crash landed during a training mission high in the Toiyabe National Forest near the U.S. Marine Corps Mountain Warfare Training Center (MWTC), northwest of Bridgeport, Calif. All four crewmen aboard were able to walk away from the Dec. 21 incident but now the Navy wanted their aircraft back. The California Army National Guard flight crew from Stockton landed on a bald hilltop at 9,200 feet and was escorted to the crash site by Marines from the MWTC. Over the next few hours U.S. Marine rigging specialists from the Combat Logistics Battalion 17, specially called up from Camp Pendleton, worked with their fellow Devil Dogs trained in alpine, rock, and snow warfare, to prepare the pre-stripped helicopter for extraction. Taking guidance from a Naval MH-60S crew chief and the experts flying the tandem rotor hauling machine, the multi-service recovery team was able to pluck the 15,000 pound fallen bird, which was painted as an opposition force "enemy" aircraft, above the pine trees, down the canyon and back to the MWTC. Everyone watching, including representatives from the U.S. Forestry Service and the MWTC Environmental Office applauded the safe and successful operation. The aircraft, which lost its tail end during the hard landing, will rest on the Marines tarmac while it is subjected to further pokes and prods as key personnel continue to investigate how the incident happened. (Army National Guard photos by Master Sgt. Paul Wade)

To compete with fast American airliners, namely the Lockheed 12 Electra and Boeing 247, Ernst Heinkel directed his aircraft company to develop the fastest airliner in the world, sacrificing number of passengers for speed. It would use elliptical, inverted gull wings for better stability and lift. Initially, this would be the single-engined Heinkel He 70 Blitz, but since the He 70 could only carry four passengers, it was expanded to a two-engined, larger aircraft with a capacity for 8-12 passengers as the He 111. It was indeed the fastest airliner in the world when it first flew in February 1935, but its speed and capacity attracted the interest of the Luftwaffe, which was engaged in a steady buildup following Hitler’s accession to power in Germany. The Luftwaffe had no interest in a fast transport, but in a medium bomber. Though the He 111 would continue to be referred to as a “passenger aircraft” until the beginning of World War II, it was obvious to both friend and foe that it was being developed into a bomber—though Lufthansa would operate a few He 111C airliners until 1939 in that role.

 

The initial design used in the He 111A through L variants was a conventional stepped-nose, similar to that used in the Boeing B-17. These stepped-nose variants were used operationally by the Condor Legion force Hitler sent to fight in the Spanish Civil War. While the stepped-nose aircraft flew no worse or better than any other aircraft, the Luftwaffe desired speed and more visibility for pilots, who reported difficulty seeing over the nose on landing.

 

This led to a complete redesign of the nose, which deleted the cockpit “step” in favor of a bullet shape, with the entire nose glassed-in. The pilot and bombardier remained on the flight deck, with the instrument panel relocated slightly above the pilot and the rudder pedals on bars: essentially, there was no floor to the flight deck. To get to his bombsight, the bombardier slid his seat back and went forward. This added significant speed to the He 111P, the first variant with the redesigned nose, and pilots liked the superb visibility afforded by the all-glass nose. Because of the fuselage diameter, the bombs on the He 111 were carried vertically, which caused them to drop tail-first from the bomb bay before spinning the bomb nose-down. This caused a loss in both payload and accuracy, but the Luftwaffe never intended to be the He 111 to be a strategic bomber, nor worried much about accuracy.

 

Though stepped-nose He 111s would be used in small numbers as transports throughout World War II, the bullet-nose He 111Ps were quickly superseded on Heinkel’s production lines by the Junkers Jumo-engined He 111H, the definitive variant; the Daimler-Benz DB 601 engine was needed by Luftwaffe fighters. The first test of the He 111P/H series was over Poland in September 1939. Immediately, German crews learned the He 111’s fatal flaw: it did not have enough defensive armament. Lessons learned over Spain had led the Luftwaffe to believe that the He 111 was too fast for fighters to intercept, but an alarming number of losses over Poland—whose air force was obsolescent—proved otherwise. He 111 crews began finding spots for machine guns all over the aircraft as Heinkel itself began producing dizzying variants of the He 111, each with different defensive armament setups. Even this proved inadequate when the He 111 was committed to attacking England during the Battle of Britain: Hurricane and Spitfire fighters found the He 111 easy prey. In the bomber’s defense, this was due less to the He 111’s lack of armament and more towards flawed tactics by the Luftwaffe: the He 111, along with other bombers used by the Luftwaffe, were simply not designed for what they were attempting to do.

 

The He 111 nonetheless did inflict a great deal of damage to England’s cities; following the Battle of Britain, the Luftwaffe bomber force switched to night bombing, and thousands of British citizens were killed by He 111s in the Blitz of London and the near-destruction of other British cities such as Coventry and Liverpool. While the He 111 was not effective as anything but an area bomber and lacked defensive armament, it was still liked by its crews for its easy handling, and surprisingly, if the pilot was not killed or catastrophic damage done to the aircraft, it proved to be relatively resilient to battle damage.

 

Following the end of the Blitz, the He 111 was recognized by the Luftwaffe as being practically obsolete, but as Germany itself came under attack, replacement designs (such as the He 177 Greif) were either never built or never progressed beyond prototype stage, as emphasis shifted to fighter production. As a result, the He 111 remained in service and would continue to see action in the Mediterranean, over the Soviet Union, and in Norway, where it served as an adequate torpedo bomber. Production was slowed in favor of the Junkers Ju 88, which was far more versatile, and finally ended for good in 1944. By that time, the remaining He 111s in Luftwaffe service had their bomb racks removed and were flying as transports (ironically, what Heinkel had intended all along); a few were rebuilt as He 111Z Zwilling (Twin) heavy glider tugs, which were two He 111Hs joined at the wingtip with a fifth engine.

 

At the end of World War II, nearly all He 111s were scrapped. A large number survived in Spain, however, where they were built as CASA C.211s for some time after war’s end. These would be ironically reengined with Rolls-Royce Merlin engines and updated with new cockpit instruments, but remained basically the same as the He 111H. 6714 He 111s and C.211s were built, and the Spanish did not retire their aircraft until 1973. Of this number, 14 C.211s and four He 111s remain today, all in museums; the last flyable example, a C.211, crashed in 2003.

 

Frankfurt International Airport used to have a small vintage aircraft collection on the roof of the main terminal, including a Messerschmitt Me 262, a Junkers Ju 87 Stuka replica, and a Heinkel He 111--the latter, in actuality, one of the Spanish C.211s. Apparently the collection is no longer there, though the C.211 is now at another aviation museum at Hermeskeil, Germany.

 

This aircraft is one of the C.211s used in the movie "Battle of Britain," with Merlin engines. Dad got this picture on a typically rainy spring afternoon in 1980.

 

The bases of the facade contain sculptures symbolizing the stability of the cosmos. The one closer to the sea is a sea turtle; the one closer to the mountains is a land tortoise.

 

From Wikipedia: The Temple Expiatori de la Sagrada Família (official Catalan name; Spanish: Templo Expiatorio de la Sagrada Familia; "Expiatory Temple of the Holy Family"), often simply called the Sagrada Família, is a massive Roman Catholic church under construction in Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain. Construction began in 1882 and continues to this day.

 

Originally designed by Antoni Gaudí (1852 – 1926), who worked on the project for over 40 years, devoting the last 15 years of his life entirely to the endeavor, the project is scheduled to be completed in 2026. On the subject of the extremely long construction period, Gaudí is said to have remarked, "My client is not in a hurry." After Gaudí's death in 1926, work continued under the direction of Domènech Sugranyes until interrupted by the Spanish Civil War in 1936.

 

Parts of the unfinished church and Gaudí's models and workshop were destroyed during the war by Catalan anarchists. The present design is based on reconstructed versions of the lost plans as well as on modern adaptations. Since 1940 the architects Francesc Quintana, Isidre Puig Boada, Lluís Bonet i Gari and Francesc Cardoner have carried on the work. The current director and son of Lluís Bonet, Jordi Bonet i Armengol, has been introducing computers into the design and construction process since the 1980s. Mark Burry of New Zealand serves as Executive Architect and Researcher. Sculptures by J. Busquets, Etsuro Sotoo and the controversial Josep Subirachs decorate the fantastical façades.

 

According to the newspaper El Periódico de Catalunya, 2.26 million people visited the partially built church in 2004, making it one of the most popular attractions in Spain. The central nave vaulting was completed in 2000 and the main tasks since then have been the construction of the transept vaults and apse. Current work (2006) concentrates on the crossing and supporting structure for the main tower of Jesus Christ as well as the southern enclosure of the central nave which will become the Glory façade.

 

Recently, the Ministry of Public Works of Spain (Ministerio de Fomento in Spanish), has projected the construction of a tunnel for the high speed train just under where the principal façade of the temple has to be built. Although the ministry claims that the project poses no risk to the cathedral, the engineers and architects of the temple disagree as there are no guarantee that the tunnel will not affect the stability of the building. A campaign is being waged by the Sagrada Família preservation society (Patronat de la Sagrada Família) and the neighbourhood association AVE pel Litoral.

 

Towers

Every part of the design of La Sagrada Família is rich with Christian symbolism, as Gaudí intended the church to be the "last great sanctuary of Christendom". Its most striking aspect is its spindle-shaped towers. A total of 18 tall towers are called for, representing in ascending order of height the Twelve Apostles, the four Evangelists, the Virgin Mary and, tallest of all, Jesus Christ. (According to the 2005 "Works Report" of the temple's official website, drawings signed by Gaudí found recently in the Municipal Archives indicate that the tower of the Virgin was in fact intended by Gaudí to be shorter than those of the evangelists, and this is the design — which the Works Report states is more compatible with the existing foundations — that will be followed. The same source explains the symbolism in terms of Christ being known through the Evangelists.) The Evangelists' towers will be surmounted by sculptures of their traditional symbols: a bull (St Luke), a winged man (St Matthew), an eagle (St John), and a lion (St Mark). The central tower of Jesus Christ is to be surmounted by a giant cross; the tower's total height (170 m) will be one metre less than that of Montjuïc, as Gaudí believed that his work should not surpass that of God. Lower towers are surmounted by communion hosts with sheaves of wheat and chalices with bunches of grapes, representing the Eucharist.

  

The Church will have three grand façades: the Nativity façade to the East, the Glory façade to the South (yet to be completed) and the Passion façade to the West. The Nativity facade was built before work was interrupted in 1935 and bears the most direct Gaudí influence. The Passion façade is especially striking for its spare, gaunt, tormented characters, including emaciated figures of Christ being flogged and on the crucifix. These controversial designs are the work of Subirachs.

 

The church plan is that of a Latin cross with five aisles. The central nave vaults reach 45 meters while the side nave vaults reach 30 meters. The transept has 3 aisles. The columns are on a 7.5 meter grid however the columns of the apse, resting on del Villar's foundation, do not adhere to the grid, requiring a section of columns of the ambulatory to transition to the grid thus creating a horseshoe pattern to the layout of those columns. The crossing rests on the four central columns of porphyry supporting a great hyperboloid surrounded by two rings of 12 hyperboloids (currently under construction). The central vault reaches 60 meters. The apse will be capped by a hyperboloid vault reaching 75 meters. Gaudi intended that a visitor standing at the main entrance be able to see the vaults of the nave, crossing, and apse, thus the graduated increase in vault loftiness.

 

The columns of the interior are a unique Gaudi design. Besides branching to support their load, their ever-changing surfaces are the result of the intersection of various geometric forms. The simplest example is that of a square base evolving into an octagon as the column rises, then a 16-sided form, and eventually to a circle. This effect is the result of a three-dimensional intersection of helicoidal columns (for example a square cross-section column twisting clockwise and a similar one twisting counter-clockwise).

 

The towers on the Nativity façade are crowned with geometrically shaped tops that are reminiscent of Cubism (they were finished around 1930), and the intricate decoration is contemporary to the style of Art Nouveau, but Gaudí's unique style drew primarily from nature, not other artists or architects, and resists categorization.

 

Gaudí used hyperboloid structures in later designs of the Sagrada Família (more obviously after 1914), however there are a few places on the nativity façade—a design not equated with Gaudí's ruled-surface design, where the hyperboloid crops up. For example, all around the scene with the pelican there are numerous examples (including the basket held by one of the figures). There is a hyperboloid adding structural stability to the cypress tree (by connecting it to the bridge). And finally, the "bishop's mitre" spires are capped with hyperboloid structures[1]. In his later designs, ruled surfaces are prominent in the nave's vaults and windows and the surfaces of the Passion facade.

 

Themes throughout the decoration include words from the liturgy. The towers are decorated with words such as "Hosanna", "Excelsis", and "Sanctus"; the great doors of the Passion façade reproduce words from the Bible in various languages including Catalan; and the Glory façade is to be decorated with the words from the Apostles' Creed.

 

Areas of the sanctuary will be designated to represent various concepts, such as saints, virtues and sins, and secular concepts such as regions, presumably with decoration to match.

 

The building works are expected to be completed around 2026, the 100th anniversary of Gaudi's death, although the likelihood of meeting this date is disputed. Computer modelling has been used for the detailed design of the intricate structure of supporting columns inside the church. See also catenary. CAD/CAM technology has been used to speed up the construction of the building; initially, the construction work was expected to last for several hundred years, based on building techniques available in the early 1900s. The construction work calls for many pieces of stone to be machined to unique shapes, each being subtly different from the next, and these pieces are now being machined accurately off-site, reducing the overall construction time.

OKINAWA, Japan (Sept. 19, 2020) Landing Craft, Air Cushion 10, assigned to Naval Beach Unit 7, currently attached to the amphibious dock landing ship USS Germantown (LSD 42), arrives at Blue Beach during amphibious operations. Germantown, part of Expeditionary Strike Group Seven (ESG 7), along with the 31st Marine Expeditionary Unit, is operating in the U.S. 7th Fleet area of responsibility to enhance interoperability with allies and partners and serve as a ready response force to defend peace and stability in the Indo-Pacific region. (U.S. Navy photo by Mass Communication Specialist 2nd Class Taylor DiMartino)

Financial Counselor and Director of the IMF’s Monetary and Capital Markets Department Jose Vinals at the High Level Conference on Latin America “Rising Challenges to Growth and Stability in a Shifting Global Environment” on June 1, 2015 at International Monetary Fund Headquarters in Washington, DC. ©IMF Photo

Whether you’re a paddleboarding newbie or a long-time enthusiast, we all know how important it is to remain stable on the water. With an inflatable paddle board from iROCKER, you can find the perfect model to give you the stability you’re looking for. If you’re a beginner, a wider model can make a difference. If you’re looking for more speed on the water, a narrow model has what you need. With so many choices, it’s easy to find the right board to match your skill level.

Check out iROCKER’s full selection of inflatable paddle boards at www.irockersup.com/

 

AI artwork generated with Stable Diffusion AI v1.4

 

Prompt: "abstract art of a beautiful portrait, solid shapes, geometric shapes, neotokyo colors, muted colors, pixar, artstation, greg rutkowski, samdoesart, ge "

 

Seed: 8356453

CFG usually either 7, or 14

 

Upscaled with Topaz Gigapixel AI:

- Upscale: 2x

- Mode: Standard

- De-noising: 0

- Blur Reduction: 20

- Face recovery: 10

 

My Workflow:

- Generate hundreds of 10-20 step "rough draft" images in Google Colab

- Grab the seeds of the good-ish ones

- Rerun in Google Colab with 50-100 steps using the seeds

- Send the good images to Gigapixel AI, export with Standard Mode settings

- Finally, send them through Sharpen AI, often with "Too soft - Normal" and 30-70 added grain. This step isn't that crucial, but it does help a tiny bit.

- Post to flikr with JS scripts to automate this description :)

- Probably about 1%-5% of AI generations get posted to Flickr. It depends a lot on the prompt, different prompts run into different issues. Bust portraits tend to be more successful since hands, arms, and legs almost always come out wrong.

 

Start creating right away with the official Stable Diffusion web UI: beta.dreamstudio.ai/

You get 200 free credits. Alternatively, find a Google Colab to make images at a cheaper rate. My personal one is too personalized to publicly share.

Join the Stable Diffusion community on Discord: discord.gg/stablediffusion

 

Almost all generations use v1.4 Stable Diffusion. However, a couple anime-related images may instead use the anime-trained Stable Diffusion model, "Waifu Diffusion".

 

The Labour Party in Ireland is a social-democratic political party. The Party was founded in 1912 in Clonmel, County Tipperary, by James Connolly, James Larkin and William X. O'Brien as the political wing of the Irish Trade Union Congress. Unlike the other main Irish political parties, Labour does not trace its origins to the original Sinn Féin. In the 2011 general election it gained 37 of the 166 seats in Dáil Éireann, almost double its total of 20 in the 2007 election, making it the second largest political party in the 31st Dáil. The Labour Party has served in government for a total of nineteen years, six times in coalition either with Fine Gael alone or with Fine Gael and other smaller parties, and once with Fianna Fáil, giving it the second-longest time in government of Irish parties, next to Fianna Fáil. As of 9 March 2011 it is the junior partner in a coalition with Fine Gael for the period of the 31st Dáil.

 

The current party leader is Eamon Gilmore, elected in October 2007 alongside Joan Burton as deputy leader. Gilmore is the current Tánaiste (deputy prime minister).

 

The Labour Party is a member of the Socialist International and the Party of European Socialists, whilst the party's MEPs sit in the European Parliament group of the Progressive Alliance of Socialists and Democrats. Through these bodies Labour is linked with the Social Democratic and Labour Party in Northern Ireland.

 

www.streetsofdublin.com

PHILIPPINE SEA (Sept. 24, 2020) Hospital Corpsman 2nd Class Shelby Sparks, from Somerset, Ky., stands by line handlers as a safety observer aboard the amphibious dock landing ship USS Germantown (LSD 42) as the ship conducts a replenishment-at-sea with the fleet replenishment oiler USNS John Ericsson (T-AO 194). Germantown, part of Expeditionary Strike Group Seven (ESG 7), along with the 31st Marine Expeditionary Unit, is operating in the U.S. 7th Fleet area of responsibility to enhance interoperability with allies and partners, and serve as a ready response force to defend peace and stability in the Indo-Pacific region. (U.S. Navy photo by Mass Communication Specialist 2nd Class Taylor DiMartino)

+++ DISCLAIMER +++

Nothing you see here is real, even though the conversion or the presented background story might be based historical facts. BEWARE!

  

Some background:

The Macchi C.200 Saetta (Italian: both Arrow or Lightning), or MC.200, was a World War II fighter aircraft built by Aeronautica Macchi in Italy, and used in various forms throughout the Regia Aeronautica (Italian Air Force). The MC.200 had excellent manoeuvrability and general flying characteristics left little to be desired. Stability in a high-speed dive was exceptional, but it was underpowered and underarmed for a modern fighter.

Macchi's lead designer was Mario Castoldi, the creator of several racing aircraft which competed for the Schneider Trophy, including the M.39, which won the competition in 1926. He also designed the M.C. 72. In designing a modern fighter, Castoldi proposed a modern all-metal cantilever low-wing monoplane, with retractable landing gear, and an enclosed cockpit. The fuselage was of semi-monocoque construction, with self-sealing fuel tanks under the pilot's seat, and in the centre section of the wing. The distinctive "hump" elevated the cockpit to provide the pilot with a relatively unobstructed view over the engine. The wing had an advanced system whereby the hydraulically actuated flaps were interconnected with the ailerons, so that when the flaps were lowered the ailerons drooped as well.

 

Power was initially provided by the 650 kW (870 hp) Fiat A.74 radial engine, although Castoldi preferred inline engines, and had used them in all of his previous designs. With "direttiva" (Air Ministry Specification) of 1932, Italian industrial leaders had been instructed to concentrate solely on radial engines for fighters, due to their better reliability. The A.74 was a re-design of the American Pratt & Whitney R-1830 SC-4 Twin Wasp made by engineers Tranquillo Zerbi and Antonio Fessia and was the only Italian engine that could provide a reliability similar to Allied products.

 

And there was another issue: range. The early C.200 only had a range of 570 km (354 mi), and this was not acceptable for escort missions. So Castoldi reverted to his preferred V engine arrangement and obtained several downrated Daimler Benz DB601 V12 engines from Germany, which were experimentally mated with the C.200 airframe. In parallel, Fiat tried the same with its G.50 fighter, and plans were made for a thoroughly modified C.200 with this new engine (leading to the C.202).

 

In order to increase the range, an additional fuselage tank was added inside of the front fuselage structure, which could be lightened due to the new engine's reduced size, and provisions were made for streamlined underwing slipper tanks outside of the landing gear wells. A radiator was installed under the fuselage, and the cockpit received a closed canopy for better comfort on the longer escort missions. The basic armament, consisting of a pair of 12.7 mm (.5 in) Breda-SAFAT machine guns in the front fuselage, was retained.

 

Called C.200A ('Autonomia' = range), 14 airframes were converted into this escort fighter configuration in 1940. Tests were carried out during the summer, and this initial batch of aircraft was ready for service in mid September. For field trials they became a part of the Corpo Aero Italiano (CAI), an expeditionary force of the Italian Royal Air Force (Regia Aeronautica) that supported the German Air Force (Luftwaffe) and participated in the Battle of Britain during the final months of 1940 during World War II.

The C.200As operated from Belgium along side Fiat CR.42 biplanes. The latter was a manoeuvrable and fast biplane fighter, and despite its good manoeuvrability and speed (440+ km/h) it was technically outclassed by the faster Hurricane and Spitfire of the British Royal Air Force – so there were high hopes in the new long range fighter.

 

The C.200A actually excelled with its good range of 620 ml (1.000 km), but the machines turned out to be underpowered and underarmed. Any aerodynamic benefit of the sleeker nose section was eaten up by the large radiator and the weight penalty of the extra internal fuel. The fixed slipper tanks under the wings hampered performance even more, even if emptied, so that only a few escort missions alongside Fiat BR.20 bombers of 13° and 43° Stormo were made - the results were so abysmal (10 of the 14 deployed aircraft were lost in just three missions, three of them through technical failures, the rest were shot down) that the experimental type was already retired in December 1940.

 

Anyway, Mario castoldi did not give up on the inline engine, and the experience with the C.200A lead directly to the C.202, a development of the earlier C.200 Saetta, with an Italian built version of the Daimler-Benz DB 601Aa engine and with a redesigned, more streamlined fuselage. The C.202 entered service in July 1941.

 

From the time Italy entered war on 10 June 1940, until the armistice of 8 September 1943, the C.200 flew more operational sorties than any Italian aircraft. The Saetta ranged over Greece, North Africa, Yugoslavia, France, across the Mediterranean and Russia (where it obtained an excellent kill to loss ratio of 88 to 15). Over 1,000 were built by the time the war ended.

  

Specifications:

Crew: 1

Length: 8.25 m (27 ft 1 in)

Wingspan: 10.58 m (34 ft 8 in)

Height: 3.05 m (10 ft 0 in)

Wing area: 16.82 m² (181.00 ft²)

Empty weight: 1,964 kg (4,330 lb)

Loaded weight: 2,200 kg (4,840 lb)

Max. takeoff weight: 2,395 kg (5,280 lb)

Powerplant:

1× Daimler Benz DB 601 A liquid-cooled V12 engine, 634kW (850 hp) at takeoff

 

Performance:

Maximum speed: 504 km/h (313 mph) at 4,500 m (14,765 ft)

Range: 1.000 km (620 mi)

Service ceiling: 8,900 m (29,200 ft)

Rate of climb: 15.3 m/s (3,030 ft/min)

Wing loading: 131.7 kg/m² (26.9 lb/ft²)

Power/mass: 0.286 kW/kg (0.176 hp/lb)

 

Armament:

2× 12.7 mm (.5 in) Breda-SAFAT machine guns with 370 RPG

Two fixed slipper tanks under the wings with 200 L (52.8 US gal; 44.0 imp gal) each

 

The kit and its assembly:

This whif is another submission to the Battle of Britain Group Build at whatifmodelers.com, and was inspired by a fellow modeler's build of a pre-production Macchi C.202. Another factor was a single DB601 which I had found in the scrapbox while building the Go 146/Ki-16II conversion - and I wondered if a typical Italian monoplane with a radial could be converted?

I initially wanted to modify a Fiat G.50, but then found out that there had actually been the G.50V, a prototype. Since I did not want to copy this real aircraft I ended up with a Macchi C.200 - kind of the pre-production C.202's direct (and unsuccessful) predecessor, but less elegant.

 

The Hobby Boss kit I used is, like any of the small kits, of very simple construction, but it comes with a separate cockpit interior and it has good surface detail. I just changed the nose section, even though this took considerable putty work. Further additions are the slipper tanks, the radiator bath, the new canopy, and I added a simple dashboard.

  

Painting and markings:

I wanted something authentic, yet not the typical scheme in sand yellow with more or less green blotches. After some research I found a scheme that was used around late 1940, even by the CAI: pattern 'C3/Reticolo di Macchie Rade Verde Mimetico su altro Verde Mimetico -' a uniform pale green base with dark green mottle on the upper sides, and grey undersides.

Official colors were Verde Mimetico 53192, Verde Mimetico 3 and Grigio Mimetico - no Macchi aircraft was delivered this way, but this is whifworld, after all. ;)

 

Verde Mimetico 53192 was simulated through a mix of Humbrol 80 and 83, with some 120 and 155 (Grass Green plus Ochre, with Medium Green and Olive Drab added), while Verde Mimetico 3 is simple Humbrol 117 (FS 34102). The underside was painted with FS 36314 (Flint Grey) from Modelmaster. According to contemporary CAI markings the cowling was painted in yellow.

 

The markings come from a (very vast - more than 80 aircraft!) Sky Models sheet for Fiat CR.42s, which also includes several CAI machines.

  

A quick build, and a very subtle one. At first glance you'll take this one as a C.202, but the more blunt nose and other small details just "aren't right". But I guess it takes an expert to tell these differences.^^

Stability construction works; just showing the potentional of mankind.

 

Ik laat alleen maar even zien wat de mens kan.

 

Op de gevel van de kerncentrale in Borsele prijkt de bekende formule van Einstein: E=MC^2. Energie hangt dus op twee parameters, te weten, massa en snelheid. In de natuurkunde geldt E_kinetisch = ½ Mv^2 in Joules, met M als massa in kg en v als snelheid in m/s.

Binnen de bouwkunde en civiele techniek geldt als voorwaarde dat het gebouwde moet blijven staan en t.a.t. moet functioneren. Ook in stormen of een aardbeving. Een gebouw of een dam zijn, wat de krachtenoverbrenging betreft, normaal. Er geldt: de actiekracht is gelijk aan de reactiekracht zodat de constructie sterk genoeg kan worden gemaakt. De massa van een normaal gebouw, neem als voorbeeld de piramide van Gizeh, kan groot. Stabiliteit in de bouwkunde is dus de voorwaarde om groot te gaan.

Een conventionele windturbine is, net als de conventionele langsgetuigde zeilboot, bouwkundig gezien, niet normaal. Dit komt door het koppel (T) dat wordt opgewekt door de excentriciteit, ofwel arm, a, tussen de actiekracht en de reactiekracht. Er geldt: T = F a, met T (torque) als moment in Nm, F als kracht in Newton en, a, als arm in meter. Conventionele windturbines, evenals langsgetuigde zeilboten, functioneren derhalve niet in storm. Als gevolg van de excentriciteit en de trillingen veroorzaakt door de mast achter de wieken gaan conventionele windturbines boven de windkracht 9bft uit. Het is duidelijk dat dan ook langsgetuigde zeilboten, zoals de Ecolution van de TUDelft, falen.

Dit, terwijl het boven de windkracht 9 bft pas echt interessant wordt, getuigde het kwadraat van de snelheid. Windenergie, zoals we dat kennen, sluit dus de wind boven de windkracht 9 bft uit.

De reactie van de geheel onwetende windturbinebouwers is, om nog groter te gaan. Antarctica, Tasmanië, Vuurland en de oceanen worden in het geheel niet gezien. De reden is bekend. Zeilboten waaien om en windturbines kapot.

Daarom introduceer ik de normale zeilboot en de normale windturbine, genaamd Speelboot en Windraan of E_ring. Om het energie probleem te tackelen is het dus nodig om de massa door wind in beweging te verkrijgen. Bedroevend eenvoudig.

Windriaan of, Orbites strai of respectievelijk E_ring zijn de namen voor een nieuw soort windturbine. Deze windturbine kenmerkt zich door zijn onvermoeibaarheid en de normale krachtenoverdracht. Achter de wieken staat geen mast, waardoor de uitstroming van de wind niet wordt verstoord. Door deze zuivere uitstroming van de wind krijgen de wieken niet telkens een “tik” (opsodemieter) te verwerken. Hierdoor vermoeien Windriaans niet. Conventionele windturbines, daarentegen, hebben masten die achter de wieken staan opgesteld zodat, de uitstroming van de wind wordt verstoord. Verder kenmerkt de Windriaan zich doordat de wieken aan de snelle kant worden ingeklemd. Er is echter een type binnen de Orbites Strai familie, type Missy (plaatje 51 www.flickr.com/spailingstrailing), dat de bladen aan de buitenzijde van de ring vasthoudt.

Hoogachtend,

ir DHJ Goudriaan

ZAANSTREEK

 

BOOK BOEK

vervolg hoofdstuk 9

werd door het begrip van de blues duidelijk, dat, Rock, niet bestaat uit schrikbarende salvo’s van een drummer en, tomeloze, herrie van op hol geslagen gitaristen. Begin jaren zeventig, tijdens de ontgroening van de, Hard Rock, vervaagden de Melodieën. Terwijl de gitaarsolo's een onvoorstelbare puinbak van herrie werden. Het ging er, op een gegeven moment, duidelijk om, wie het snelste en het hardste kon spelen. Mick Ronson, de gitarist van, Bowie, kon er wat van. The Who, en, Led Zeppelin, de pioniers van de, Hard Rock, knetterden, live on stage, als vuurwerk. Er zat weinig kleur meer in. Tijdens de, intro's, wist iedereen nog om welk nummer het ging, was de Melodie dus nog te herkennen, en dus ook, de kleur, maar, nadat de gitaristen en de drummer op hol sloegen werd het een brei van supersnel spelende gitaristen. De, Stones, hadden, Mick Taylor, en die kon de Melodie, tijdens het soleren, vasthouden. Na een uitsapje, wist hij op elk moment terug te keren naar de kleur van het nummer. Toen Ronnie, Mick Taylor, verving, speelde, Ronnie, de solo's, natuurlijk eerst, op studiowerk. Dan kon de solo worden aangepast, ingepast en verbeterd, zodat de kleuren van de compositie gewaarborgd bleven. Maar, tijdens zijn eerste tournee, in, 1975, kon er niet achteraf worden gemixt. Als voorbeeld neem ik het nummer, Doo Doo Doo Doo Doo, Heart Breaker. Ronnie, wist er geen raad mee. Ronnie, bleek, aanvankelijk, de Melodie en kleuren niet vast te kunnen houden tijdens de solo. De solo's leken feitelijk allemaal eender. Al na twee seconden verloor hij de melodie. Doo Doo Doo Doo Doo, Heart Breaker verdween uit het repertoire, terwijl dit nummer in, 1973, met, Mick Taylor, met kop en schouders boven alles uitstak en dus, eigenlijk al in het vaste repertoire opgenomen was. In, 2006, werd, Sway, gespeeld. Op de studioversie staat een fantastische solo van, Mick Taylor. Melodieus, en, gewoonweg, virtuoos. De versie van, 2006, met, Ronnie, als sologitarist, kleurde als vanouds, tot de solo's van, Ronnie, ondanks verwoede pogingen om dit wel te doen. In, Sheffield, 2006, speelt, Ronnie, in, Sway, zijn beste solo. Kortom, de sologitaristen van begin jaren zeventig, legden zich op op het heel snel spelen, en minder op het houden van de melodie; het liedje, om het, zo, maar te zeggen. De Beatles, bijvoorbeeld, maakte liedjes. Deuntjes. Met elk een eigen kleur. De, Who, bijvoorbeeld, daarentegen, ging richting, Hard Rock, en, Pete Towsend, soleerde zichzelf, live on stage, steeds vaker in herhalingen. Wellicht sloeg hij daarom zijn gitaar stuk. De Melodieën en de kleuren maakten, begin jaren zestig, Rock 'N Roll, vanuit de, Blues, terwijl de, Hard Rock, de kleuren er weer uit ramden. Hard Rock, is dus, feitelijk, Hard Blues. Jazz, en, Blues, bestaan uit veel afwachten, hier en daar een aanzetje gvende, en bijna alle solo's in de blues zijn hetzelfde. Juist door de steeds doorgaande veranderingen van het ritme, binnen een, Melodie, ontstaan de kleuren. In, Hard Rock, is er geen variatie in de ritmes meer, slechts razend snelle drums, ontploffende bassen, en dus, als gezegd, op elkaar lijkende solo's van de sologitarsiten. Weinig kleur. Dat vind ik ook van, Jazz, dat ook, na de afslag van de Melodie, allemaal op elkaar gaat lijken en op een gegeven verzandt. Rock ‘N Roll, van de, Beatles, en de, Stones, van de jaren zestig, hebben kleur. De ritmes van de drummers, Ringo, en, Charlie, waren kleurrijk. Grandioos natuurlijk. Het duurde ongeveer vijf jaar, totdat, Ronnie, de kleuren van de nummers wist te op te nemen in zijn solo's. Mick, en, Keith, schreven daartoe, gewoon, nummers naar de capaciteiten van, Ronnie. Black And Blue, en, Some Girls, vormden zich om, Ronnie, heen, zodat, Ronnie, zich vanzelf kon uitleven in de kleur van het nummer. Mick, en, Keith, schreven, Hey Negrita, dat door inspiratie van, Ronnie, tot stand kwam. Met, Some Girls, met veel snelle nummers, konden de, Stones, Ronnie, laten wedijveren met de, Punk-bands. Punk, heeft namelijk helemaal geen kleur. When The Whip Comes Down, is een beetje kleurloos, maar, het knettert wel; net zoals de, Punk. Ronnie, klinkt kleurrijk, in, When the Whip Comes Down, met bovendien wortels naar de origiMele, Blues. Klassiek. Het gitaarwerk van de, Punk. De, Beatles, en de, Stones, was om de kleur heen geschreven. Supersnelle nummers en mitrailleur achtige salvo’s van een drummer zijn niet tijdloos; slechts de bevrediging van een paar imbecielen. In de jaren zestig was de, Rock, gewoon een mix van, Jazz, en, Blues, gesteund door een uit pols geslagen losse beat. De, Stones, bleven wellicht door deze interpretatie moeiteloos overeind eind jaren zeventig. Queen, daarentegen, waren voller van kleur. Queen, wist de lijn naar de klassieke muziek te trekken. kennelijk voelde, Queen aan, dat muziekliefhebbers kleur wilde. Fredde Mercury, zei ijskoud, dat hij de, Opera, en het ballet naar het volk bracht. Ballet, en, Opera, is, wel erg kleurrijk. Queen, bracht gewoon de, Opera, naar het volk. Er kan van alles gezegd worden van, Opera, maar niet dat het niet kleurrijk is! Opera, is namelijk, letterlijk, fantastisch. In, Opera's, worden sprookjes gebracht, op een schilderachtig toneel, door tenoren, die als graven en koningen zijn gekleed, en met sopranen die klonken als nachtegalen. Queen, bracht de elfjes, de prinsen op de witte paarden, de in torentjes opgesloten door liefde verscheurde prinsessen, door flierefluiters geamuseerde koningen en vrije vogelvangers voor de koning, naar het volk. De, Punk, en, Queen, belichaamden de beide uitersten van de, Rock. Freddie, dronk zijn champagne met zijn pink omhoog, terwijl, de Punk-bands naalden in de vaten prikten en sterke drank uit de fles dronken. En, de, Stones? Die konden natuurlijk lekker, in het neutrale midden, zowel sommige van hun nummers verharden, als andere dramatiseren. Time Is On my Side, werd, live on stage, in 1981, theatraler, terwijl, She Is So Cold, van, Emotional Rescue, het tot dan toe hardste nummer werd. Mick, stond al bekend als een, Peter Pan, of, een kameleon, en kon zowel in een van zijde gemaakt paars pak, als in een, American Football-tenue, ten toMele verschijnen. Doordat de, Stones, altijd de kleur bekent, respectievelijk aanneemt, die de tijd bepaalt, konden ze alle kanten op. Het stadion zit immers vol met mensen. En, er is zo veranderlijk als de mens. Mick, kan moeiteloos van een dronken zeerover in een statige Koning veranderen. Hij kan galant zijn, en onbeschaafd. En, schizofrenie is vandaag de mode, dus, hoeft, Mick, tegenwoordig alleen maar zichzelf te zijn. Tijd, is aan zijn zijde. De muziek van de, Beatles, en van sommige, Stones-nummers, is heel subtiel, en slechts zelden worden twee hele snelle nummers achter elkaar gespeeld. De heren, Lennon, en, McCartney, en ook, Richards, en, Jagger, begrepen dat iedere goede, Rock ‘N Roll-song, niets anders moet voorstellen dan een kleine symfonie. De kleuren die, de jaren zestig kenmerkte, kwamen terug in de muziek. Zoals, Mozart, de klassieke wereld, met zijn kleurrijke symfonieën wakker schudde, door gewoon emoties door te laten klinken en gevoelens te verwerken in tot dan toe ongehoorde riedeltjes. “Zauberflöte”, is daar een mooi voorbeeld van. De koningin van de nacht zingt en wedijvert met de diepste gevoelens van mensen. Open en bloot openbaarde, Mozart, de pijn van liefde, de liefde van een koning blijkt precies even ver en onwezenlijk als die van een gewoon iemand, die tevreden moet zijn met zijn povere bestaan. De zucht naar passie en de vertaling, door muziek, van dit gevoel naar het publiek. Mozart, zette de gehele gevestigde te kijk door symfonieën te schrijven die uiting geven aan verboden gevoelens, maar die, o zo, menselijk blijken. Het adellijk genot werd nu op een lijn gesteld met het gevoel van de gewone man. Je hoefde plotseling niet meer van adel te zijn om ondeugende geneugten te ervaren. De muziek van, Mozart, was zo goed, dat het op straat moeiteloos werd na gezongen. De straat had geen duur orkest en een zaal nodig. De muziek was uitgeschreven, pakte het leven samen en werd verstaanbaar gemaakt. Jan met de pet waande zich koning. Niemand kon, Mozart, stoppen, behalve hijzelf dan. Mozart, kon denken in ongelooflijke kleine trapjes, soms met twee-en-dertig, stapjes per seconde! Stromend water kon worden nagespeeld door het orkest. Een vierde noot, een achtste noot, een zestiende noot, en, Mozart, ging moeiteloos door naar een twee-en dertigste noot. Op papier lijkt dit voor muzikanten onspeelbaar, maar na een keer horen, neuriet iedereen moeiteloos mee. Muziek voor het volk! Veel componisten leveren prachtige oeuvres, maar, Mozart, begreep de muziek tot in de kleintje details, net zoals, Keith Richards, dat kan. Hij heeft samen met, Brian, de muziek van de, Jazz, en, Blues, ontrafeld. Uitgelegd, in de meest letterlijke zin van het woord. Daarom zijn de, Stones, niet het pad opgegaan van eindeloze drum-solo’s, knetterharde gitaren, nog snellere beats en dat soort ongein. Led Zeppelin, was aanvankelijk een openbaring met de knetterharde en snelle Rock, maar uiteindelijk bleken zij een passant in tijd. Aan het einde van de jaren zeventig was de muziek van, Led Zeppelin, een vergaarbak van oorverdovend lawaai. De manier van doen werkte zelfvernietigend. De rustige nummers dat zelfvernietigend op de bandleden bleek te werken. sneller, harder, indrukwekkender. Robert Plant, met zijn prachtige stem moest telkens boven al die herrie uitkomen. Intermezzo’s en lijnen sneeuwden onder in de weergaloze herrie. Composities maken was niet meer mogelijk, door de zelfvernietigende weg die, Led Zeppelin koos. En ook binnen de rustige nummers konden zij de kleur niet meer vinden. Het gevolg was dat de kleuren uit de muziek van, Led Zeppelin, verdwenen. En, het publiek verwachtte, eiste in feite, telkens opnieuw, de boven menselijke inspanningen van de band. Punk, vulde dat gat. En ook, Punk, ging verloren als een kleurloze hoop herrie. Het leven bestaat niet alleen maar uit het slopen van barricades. Het bestaat ook uit liefde en genegenheid. De kleur-brengende dingen als liefde en verwondering worden pas belicht op een stille zondagmiddag. Juist op warme en heldere dagen zal een bliksem tot de verbeelding spreken. Bij, Led Zeppelin, en de, Punk, was er nooit meer spraken van een rustige dag, zodat onweer, dood en verderf en lawaai de boventoon voerden. Vervlakking noemen ze dat. Een Punk-bandje, dat net als de Stones en de Beatles wel goed luisterde naar de muziek was, U2. Algemeen bekend is nu Bono, met zijn boodschap, een luisterend oor en feitelijk de steun en toeverlaat van miljoenen mensen, ondersteund door een gitaar en een ritme sessie. U2, is een prima band met veel kleur en afwisseling. Keith Richards, voelde instinctief aan dat, ze in, 1975, niet moesten gaan wedijveren met, Led Zeppelin. Eerder nog zal, Pink Floyd, hen beroeren. Maar, Pink Floyd, evenals als het latere, Dire Straits, zetten weer teveel in op het ellenlang doorvoeren van zondagse strandwandelingen, massa sentiment en verliefddoenerij. Na een strandwandeling is een mens opgeladen om zich daarna goed te doen aan de verboden dingen in het leven. Juist de tegenstrijdigheid in het leven maakt contrast en verbeelding. Tijdens concerten van, Dire Straits, en, Pink Floyd, slaat altijd na een uur de verveling toe, omdat er in herhalingen wordt getreden en hetzelfde verhaal weer net op een andere manier wordt verteld. Dat is geen kleur brengen in het leven, maar mierenneuken. Altijd komt er op een gegeven moment, op CD, vinyl, of concert, Rock 'N Roll, en dan zijn er dus, Rock 'N Roll-nummers, nodig, gespeeld, door een, Rock 'N Roll-band. Bij, Pink Floyd, en, Dire Straits, moet dan een knop om bij de bandleden. De band kan goed mierenneuken, en zit als het ware in die mierenneukmodus, en missen alle essentiële elementen van korte en krachtige songs afleveren. Ze missen de finesse om op volle snelheid koersveranderingen aan te kunnen. Ronnie, kan dit wel. Ronnie, is hiertoe gedrild. Persoonlijk vind ik, Mark Knopfler, wel aardig, maar hij mist een tweede gitarist die hem dekt tijdens korte Rocknummers. Led Zeppelin, en de, Punk-bands, konden wel korte en krachtige nummers brengen, alleen, kleurloos. Dire Straits, had wel kleur, op studiowerk, maar live knetterde het niet. Kortom, de, Stones, zijn, live on stage, niet zo goed als, Led Zeppelin, als het gaat om supersnelle knetterende, Rock, en ook niet zo goed als, Dire Straits, betreffende studiowerk, maar, live on stage, brengen ze een set van doordachte composities. Ze blijven steeds net genoeg verwijderd van hele snelle en ook van hele trage nummers. In ieder mens zit een piraat of, rebellin, maar ook een tedere vader of, moeder. De, Stones, kunnen zich moeiteloos in de menselijke personages verplaatsen. Zij zijn een afspiegeling van gewone mensen en weten dus dat, iedere dag anders is, dan de vorige, en dat het leven donker kan zijn, maar ook juist vervult kan zijn met kleuren. Kijk bijvoorbeeld maar naar de niet gespeelde genegenheid van, Mick, en, Keith, tegenover elkaar. Het respect druipt eraf, maar als het moet, dan zijn het beesten, niets ontziend. Het hangt van de situatie af. Led Zeppelin, heeft voor zichzelf een woeste zee geschapen en telkens als ze uit varen moeten ze door zwaar weer. De, Beatles, en de, Stones, bepalen zelf wat voor weer het is als ze uitvaren! De, Stones, kunnen je sentimenten raken, maar vlak erna ook al je geloof omver blazen. De Stones zijn in staat een revolutie op te starten, omdat ze geloofwaardig zijn; de rest van de bands is dat niet! Ik heb meegemaakt dat een vijandig publiek, het publiek van LA, vertwijfeld zich een baan naar het stadion zocht in de veronderstelling, dat dit wel eens het einde van de Stones kon zijn. Mick zou te oud zijn en de muziek achterhaald. Mijn broer was mee en zag dat na een minuut de mensen weer ouderwets uit Mick’s handen aten: “What ever You say Mick, what ever you say.” Euforisch was de stemming, na een minuut!! Mick en Keith kunnen simpelweg gedachten manipuleren. Nu kan, U2, dat ook. Tijdens een concert van, U2, bekruipt me hetzelfde euforische gevoel als tijdens een, Stones-concert. De boodschap van de diepste gevoelens, met de antwoordende muziek is niet tegen te houden! Dus, de wedstrijd om het hardst hebben de, Stones, toen wel verloren van, Led Zeppelin, en de, Punk, maar, omdat, de drummer van de, Stones, Charlie Watts, weigert om te hakken, behielden de, Stones, in de jaren zeventig, hun kleur. Bovendien zal, Charlie Watts, niet eens proberen een rocker te zijn, want hij houdt van geïmproviseerde muziek. Met name, Jazz. Bovendien konden ze met leden ogen aanzien hoe, Led Zeppelin, de, Who, en, Punk, zichzelf vernietigden. Billy Preston, kwam met Funk; kleur! Keith, heeft er niet lang over gedaan om die kleur te erkennen. Hot Stuff, heeft dezelfde kleur als, Billy Preston's, nummer, Outta Space. Funk, maar ook Reggae, werden ingekapseld. Op, Black And Blue, staat het Reggae-nummer, Cherry Oh Baby. En, de beheersing van Jazz, leidde tot, Melody. In, 1981, werd, als tegenvoorbeeld, een oorspronkelijk als, Reggae, toegedicht nummer, Start Me Up, weer teruggebracht tot, Rock 'N Roll. Met andere woorden, door de, in de jaren zeventig, aangeleerde beheersing van, Reggae, Funk, Jazz, en, zelfs, Disco, konden de, Stones, zich, zowel, live on stage, als binnen de studio, onderscheiden. In de jaren tachtig verschenen de Reggae-nummers, Too Rude, en, Feel on Baby. De platen van na, 1976, zitten, als gevolg van de noodgedwongen verkenning van andere stijlen -omdat, Led Zeppelin, Dire Straits, Pink Floyd, Punk, Queen, bepaalde stijlen veel beter beheersten-, vol met muzikale verrassingen. De, Rock 'N Roll, van de, Stones, werd aan alle kanten achterhaald en ingehaald, en de Stones, kregen een geweldige knauw, maar, Black And Blue, Some Girls, Emotional Rescue, en, Tattoo, getuigden van een renaissance ervan. Ze hadden alle veldslagen verloren, maar wonnen toch de oorlog tijdens de, Steel Wheels Tour, van, 1989, en de, Urban Jungle, van, 1990. Ze ontdekten hun kracht opnieuw en speelden heel hard maar ook heel langzaam. De bands die, in de jaren zeventig hierin, beter waren, waren er niet meer, en zodoende kon het hele spectrum gebruikt worden. Ze zijn weer de beste! Want, destijds waren ze goede tweede. Mede door de moderne geluidsinstallatie konden alle stijlen perfect worden versterkt. De set was afgemeten, duurde bijna drie uur en stond gelijk aan een symfonie. Geweldig waren de rustpauzes, gevormd en ingekleed door sessie-muzikanten, zonder dat er werkelijk een pauze was! Mick, en, Keith, behielden de spanning, maar door de afgemeten set bestond er rust en konden de heren zich weer opladen en om daarna met dubbele energie, bijvoorbeeld, Rock And A Hard Place, Bitch, of, Respectable, Under Cover, Stray Cat Blues, en / of, Live With Me . Ruby Tuesday, Wild Horses, She is like a Rainbow, en, Angie, lieten de zee weer kalmeren en de bemanning kon zich laven aan dek. De opening staat min of meer vast en de finale is een steevast succes. De zucht van herkenning van tunes van, Satisfaction, Gimme Shelter, Brown Sugar, Street Fighting Man, It's Only Rock ’N Roll, Jumping Jack Flash, Paint it, Black, Let's Spend The Night Together, Under My Thumb, Litte Red Rooster, en, You Can’t Always Get What You Want, doen een publiek in een mum mee zwijmelen en het publiek wordt gedragen door de herkenning en vergeten de tijd. Ze voelen dat ze leven. In elk concert van de, Stones, lukt dit. Het meenemen van de gedachten van het publiek kan met harde muziek, maar is hiervoor niet noodzakelijk. De afstemming en invulling van het moment zijn bepalend voor kleuren en contrasten van het dagelijkse leven. Het is natuurlijk ondenkbaar dat, zoals nu, Metallica, eindeloos kan doorborduren op speed metall. Fans worden ouder en worden zelf ouders, en op die manier schiet, Metallica, hun doel voorbij. Een dertiger met een paar kinderen voelt zich niet meer verbonden met alleen maar snelle muziek. De werkelijk is gevuld met emoties, tedere momenten en beheersing. Muziek is een afspiegeling van de aspecten van het leven. Een overheersende donkere kleur maakt geen kleurcontrast! Keith, is kleurrijk van karakter en dat maakt hem uniek in de zwarte wereld van de Rock. De fans verwachten een blijk van erkenning en vinden zichzelf vrienden van de Stones. Nogmaals, in, 2003, zaten al die welgestelde uitgezakte westerlingen vooraan, maar waar waren ze in, 1990, door heel Europa? Toen was het echt nog een avontuur. In, 1990, wisten ze misschien meer, als ze er geweest waren. Dus voor mij is bekend dat het antwoord lag in de tournee van, 1990. Je moest maar uitzoeken waar het volgende concert was. Libgart was er wel in, 1990, en dook weer op in, 2003. Ook in, 1999, stond ze weer vooraan in, Wembley. In het voorbij gaan gaf ik haar een tongzoen. Het concert was geweldig en ik stond tijdens het tweede concert in de mix-toren, naast de vader van, Keith, en, Keith, zelf kwam op in het wit. Ze speelden Wembley omver. Keith was aan het spelen voor zijn vader en voor zijn landgenoten en genoot zichtbaar van de geweldige atmosfeer. Uiteraard was het noodweer en het dak van de mix-toren hing door onder het gewicht van het water. Het dak was zeildoek, dik en sterk, maar zeildoek. Toen het droog werd, tijdens, Tumblin’ Dice, zag ik een paar mensen van de crew praten over het water, op het dakdoek van de mix-toren. Zonder te twijfelen duwde ik het water eraf. Met een grote plons viel het water, keurig beheerst, omdat ik mijn vader dat een keer heb zien doen in de tent in Luxemburg en later in Spanje, wist ik hoe dat moest en de plons water viel vlak naast het mengpaneel. Iedereen hield zijn adem in en op het podium werd de gons van het water van het dak op de grond aangegrepen om gas te geven. De toren kon ontbloot worden en nadat het water er eenmaal af was ging het snel. Keith stond op dat moment al klaar. Keith, en de rest van de band onderhouden oogcontact met de mix-toren. Na, Tumblin’ Dice, zat de gang er goed in. De, Stones, moeten die plons water hebben gezien als en teken dat het nu eindelijk droog was en dat de show nu pas echt kon gaan beginnen. Al kan het voorgaande ook verbeelding zijn geweest. In ieder geval gooide ik het water eraf en volgde het schouwspel zo vervolgens, volgens mijn beleving. En, Keith, speelde goed. Na afloop bedacht ik dat het hele concert naar de knoppen was als het water over het mengpaneel was gekomen. Harry, schold me uit, maar moest lachen, omdat, zodra het droog was, direct het restje water van het dak af werd gegooid, en de mix-toren open en bloot klaar stond voor het tweede deel van het concert. Puur professioneel moeten de, Stones, hebben gedacht. En, Harry, nam nog een biertje. De mix-toren was bevolkt met de meest fantastische figuren. And all the passengers were drunk and insane, uit, het nieuwe nummer, Doom And Gloom, past het beste als beschrijving. De Stones speelden in, 1990, om het einde van de tournee te halen. In, 1997, en, 1998, voor het geld, en in, 1999 speelden ze om het spelen en om te vergeten. Het Wembleyconcert van, 1999, waar ik in de mix-toren actief bezig was als gevolg een hoogtepunt. Mick, was verdrietig en moest optreden. Tot afgrijzen van Charlie, maar, Charlie, heeft de, Stones, stabiel gehouden. Na, Mick, en, Keith, is hij de belichaming van de, Stones. Charlie, kreeg de eer de nieuwe bassist te kiezen, omdat hij volgens Keith het ritme moest gaan bepalen van de nieuwe Stones. Als, Charlie, lacht, dan is het goed. Daar waar vroeger werd gevaren op, Brain Jones, en, Keith Richards. Charlie, is de stille kracht en Mick behandelt hem daarnaar. Als een porselein olifantje. Het respect van mijn vrienden kwam waarschijnlijk voort uit mijn ontembare drang mijn huis te bouwen. En ook door de prestaties van het zeilen. En gewoon omdat respect onder vrienden per definitie moet bestaan. En niet te vergeten mijn prachtige vriendin Moniwi. Moniwi stond zo nu en dan in en ook op de voorpagina van mode bladen, net zo makkelijk. Ze was en is nog steeds, waarschijnlijk, bloedmooi en iedere man die ik kende kreeg bij het aanschouwen van haar een stijve. Ik kreeg veel complimentjes over Moniwi. Maar het wakkerde alleen maar mijn paranoïde aan. In plaats, dat ik me ging verdiepen in wat Moniwi zou willen, ging ik gekokerd door de wereld, letterlijk om me heen slaand. Ten slotte verliet Moniwi me definitief en kon ik lekker tegen een muur aan slaan en schoppen. Iets dat me een gebroken hand opleverde. De Stones-manie zou wel overgaan, zo hebben mijn vrienden waarschijnlijk gedacht. Nu, aan het einde van twee-en-twintig jaar, Stonesgigs, kijk ik verbaasd terug. De band was aardig dood, 1988, en sinds de, Steel Wheels, 1989, zijn ze beter en levendiger dan ooit teruggekomen. Mijn leven als ene volwassen mannetje, liep tegelijk met de revival van de, Stones. In, 2012, komen twee nieuwe nummers, en treden ze nog een laatste maal op. De nieuwe nummers zijn goed. Normaal gesproken ben ik haantje de voorste, als het gaat om het kopen van nieuw werk, maar, nu niet. Nu wachtte ik totdat het op mijn pad kwam. Ik wilde niet teleurgesteld worden. Het kon bijna alleen maar fout gaan. Want, hoe goed zouden de laatste nummers wel niet moeten zijn, om niet teleur te stellen? Nu, het antwoord is simpel. Zo goed, als dat ze zijn. Ze zijn uitgegroeid tot levende legendes. Bovendien was ik, voordat, de, Stones, begonnen aan hun heroveringen gewoon werkzaam bij een catamaranimporteur. Het bedrijf was een waar paradijs voor een bezeten zeiler. Ik had het geluk toen nog wel, maar werkte wel zo goed als ik kon. Altijd was ik knecht. Ik moest altijd blij zijn te mogen werken. En daarom was de Stones-tour van, 1990, een verademing. Een eigen leven! Sinds de, Stones, gingen touren in, 1990, was altijd prioriteit het volgen van zoveel mogelijk shows. Voetballen ging steeds beter, maar mijn kans om professional te worden ging niet door. In plaats daarvan ging ik zeilen, met toevallig een wereldkampioen, maar zelf hield ik toch meer van de vrijheid op het water door te surfen. Neuken vond ik ook heel belangrijk en dus bestond mijn leven, nadat ik mijn zeilcarrière gedwongen moest opgeven, uit voetballen neuken en surfen en de gelukzalige omstandigheid deed zich voor dat de, Stones, naar, Europa, kwamen voor een tournee! Ik kon mooi alles vergeten en zo deed ik voornamelijk op de, “front-row”, in het stadion, waar ook, en alles stond daartoe in teken. Het zeilen was een verhaal op zich. En als mijn familie dit leest zullen er wenkbrauwen worden gefronst over de seksuele uitspattingen van het lievelingetje van de familie en wereldkampioen zeilen. Ik hield vroeger mijn plaats in de familie en in de familie-bedrijven, door ondergeschikt te zijn en zelfs nederig, tot in den treuren. Ik was loyaal en dacht dat dit een traject is dat iedere puber moet doorlopen om later enig recht van spreken te behouden. Ik mag natuurlijk niet vertellen over de wandaden van mijn familie. Ze vonden het kennelijk gewoon dat ik werd onderdrukt. Een deel genoot er zelfs van en maakte grapjes. Ik was voorlopig wel wereldkampioen zeilen geworden en moest oneindig dankbaar zijn. Nu weet ik beter. Ik kan me heel goed de onderdrukking voorstellen van een groep of bevolking. Het naziregiem, zoals in, Duitsland, loert feitelijk in alle hoeken en in alle landen en het begint met hiërarchie en onderdrukking. Veel Nederlanders geloven in de evolutietheorie, een duidelijk gevolg van kennis en wetenschap. Er zijn fossielen gevonden van meer dan 5500 jaar oud. We hebben gaten geboord in poolijs, en beneden een bepaalde diepte is er ijs ( gevonden ) dat dateert van langer geleden dan, 5500, jaar. Anderhalve eeuw geleden kwamen er aanwijzingen dat de flora en fauna nog steeds evolueerden. De slangen, bijvoorbeeld, werden giftiger en de prooidieren van de slangen werden resistenter. Schorpioenen met, grote scharen kregen steeds minder gif in de staart, omdat ze zich konden verdedigen -, en aanvallen, met de grotere scharen. Kleine schorpioentjes werden giftiger, terwijl hun scharen kleiner werden. Toen deze evolutietheorie werd geopenbaard gaf dat een dreun. Alle kerken waren boos. Anderhalve eeuw gelden was het geschoolde percentage onder ons, min of meer, vergelijkbaar de geschooldheid van de Moslims. Zes eeuwen geleden, en ook de periode ervoor, was de Katholieke Kerk nog almachtig en, ook toen was het bedrijven van wetenschap, in feite, verboden. De Katholieke Kerk, met als machtscentrum, Rome, Het Vaticaan, stimuleerde ook. Maar, toen, Galileo, bewees dat wereld rond was, moest hij thuis blijven. De wetenschappers, toen tevens vaak bouwkundigen, werden door de kerk vaak aangesteld voor de bouw van kerken en belegeringstechnieken. De Hollandse-waterlinie werd gemaakt door technici. Techniek, bouwkunde, en, kerk, zijn nauw verweven. De rol van de kerk veranderde. Na, 1500 AD, namen de renaissance en de verlichting grote vluchten. In, Frankrijk, kwam in, de achttiende eeuw, een revolutie die, kerk en staat, uit elkaar trok. De kerk kon vanaf toen niet anders dan de werkelijkheid erkennen. Het gebruik van wielen, assen, aangedreven door fossiele brandstoffen, is niet goed. Nu is het niet de kerk die me tegenhoudt maar, het systeem. De mensheid gaat wel door en inmiddels is er een ring, met wieken, die wel kan draaien in storm terwijl een wiel, respectievelijk eentje met as, met wieken eraan, een windturbine of, windmolen, genaamd, dat niet kan. De mensheid kan nu waterstof en water maken uit zeewater. En, pas na WOII, kwam er vrijheid voor de gewone man. En, de gewone man ontwierp windsurfplanken en catamarans. Vrijheid leidde tot een ring, terwijl slavernij liep op het wiel. Mozes liep weg van het wiel. We draaiden dus op slavenarbeid. Nadat de slavernij werd afgeschaft, liepen de machines op kolen en olie. Sterker, de slavernij kon alleen worden afgeschaft omdat er stoommachines kwamen, die het werk deden. De slaaf, vandaag, is moeder aarde. Als zij zich achtergesteld voelen, dan hebben zij een punt.

Hun grootouders zijn door de Nederlanders als slaven behandeld. Een verhaal in de Koran schrijft hierover en vindt gehoor. In de Bijbel staat hetzelfde verhaal en ook dat vond gehoor. Mozes liep weg van de macht en liep door de zee weg. De jonge Moslims hebben zelf gezien dat onze manier van denken en doen niets met gelijkheid te maken heeft. De wetenschap en de scholing bouwen inderdaad een piramidevormige samenleving. De banken zijn corrupt, de multinationals plegen roofbouw maar, worden vrijgepleit door de advocaten. Het is niet vreemd dat wetenschap en scholing onder veel Moslims als kwaden wordt gezien. Het gezag wordt ondermijnd. Veel Moslimjeugd accepteert geen gezag. Ze hebben zelf gezien en gehoord hoe hun ouders en grootouders voor een appel en een ei hebben gewerkt en toch nog in de achterstandswijken creperen. Daar komt bij dat, op de Nederlandse technische Universiteiten, wel een zeer enge sfeer heerst. Voor een Moslim is het buitengewoon moeilijk om bijvoorbeeld door een Nederlandse ontgroening te komen. Sterker, het is voor Nederlandse studenten, komende vanuit een straatmilieu, al zeer moeilijk om te worden opgenomen door de “brabbelaars” en de rijkeluiskinderen. De kloof tussen straat en rijkeluiskind is groot. Er ontstaan kliekjes, in de vorm van zogenaamde studentenverenigingen, maar er ontstaan ook kleine groepjes van kinderen van de straat. En, studeren kost geld. Daar waar de rijke studenten buiten de deur kunnen eten, en dus, goed eten, en tegelijk kunnen uitrusten, daar kan die arme groep dit niet. Er is nog een groot voordeel voor de rijken; zij hebben vaders en grootvaders die hebben gestudeerd, en, de zodoende kennen de hoogleraren de rijkeluiskinderen eerder bij naam dan de kinderen van de straat. Voor de jaren zestig, van de vorige eeuw, was het bijkans onmogelijk voor een kind van straat om een technische universiteit te vervolmaken. Het kon wel, maar dit vergde buitenproportioMele offers van zijn of, haar, familie. Eind jaren zeventig is er verbetering gekomen en halverwege de jaren negentig lagen er kansen voor de kinderen van de straat. Maar, de kloof, tussen, rijk en arm, ofwel, tussen, meedoen met feestjes, of niet, ofwel tussen, worden opgenomen door de kliek die de dezelfde taal spreekt als de hoogleraren, en, dus, van de toekomstige werkgevers, zoals de waterbouwkundige bedrijven, en niet worden opgenomen door de kliek, bleef achter het grijze gordijn onveranderd. De kruiwagens zijn voor de rijken; de enterhaken voor de armen. Het is inmiddels geen geheim meer dat de Nederlandse technische universiteiten veelal onderzoek doen voor -, respectievelijk werken voor -, respectievelijk hun geld verdienen aan, de ( Amerikaanse en Europese) oorlogsindustrie, olieindustrie, kolenontginning, door respectievelijk de faculteiten, Lucht- en Ruimtevaart, Maritieme Techniek, en, Mijnbouw, terwijl de weg- en waterbouwers werk maken van het afdammen van grote rivieren, het maken van land in zee, aanleggen van havens en vliegvelden, en wegen et cetera. In de ogen van Moslims deugen deze activiteiten niet. Daarbij komt natuurlijk bij dat, deze technische wetenschappen, in de praktijk, bijna onoverbrugbaar zijn voor Moslimkinderen van de straat. Als eerste: hoe komen ze door de mensonterende ontgroening? De heersende cultuur op de universtiteiten weren, in feite, Moslims. En, eerlijk is eerlijk, die studentencultuur is ook niet gezond. Er vormen zich kliekjes. In zo'n kliek is er altijd wel eentje die lijntjes naar boven heeft. Oude tentamens zijn volop in omloop in de studentenverenigingen. De komende tentamens lijken verdacht veel op de oude en zo betalen zich de verenigingen uit. Wat zijn dan nog de kansen voor een Moslim? In een studentenvereniging, waar bijvoorbeeld meedrinken een hoofdcultuur is, is er geen plaats voor. Voor Moslims is het beklimmen van een technische universtiteit veel moeilijker dan voor een telg van rijke ouders. Pa en ma zijn bekend in de wereld van de achterklap, achterkamertjespolitiek en invloed uitoefenen op zondagmiddag in de kantine van de hockey-, of, golfclub. Er wordt een taal gesproken die zelfs voor gewone Nederlanders al niet te begijpen is. De steken onderwater, de dubbele moraal, het spreken met dubbele tong, de gevoelloosheid, het nastreven van superiotieit en het met opzet vallen zetten om de tegenstanders te vloeren, zijn, in de volksmond, vals en gemeen, maar, in de kringen van elite, cultuur. De techniek is hierdoor mede in handen van de elite. En de elite gaat voor het geld. Een olieborinkje hier, een olieborinkje daar, een straaljagertje hier en, een straaljagertje daar, een mijnenvegerjtje hier en, een mijnenvegertje daar, want, de maatschappij draait op fossiele brandstoffen en oorlogmaterieel maken is hiervoor. Het gevoel is weg. De cultuur rondom het geld.

Op de golfclub spreken de meneren, Shell, en, DSM, met de meneren mijnbouwkunde, lucht- en ruimtevaart en maritieme techniek, en onderling wordt gezorgd dat de techniek wordt gebruikt voor oorlog, olie, kolen en gas. Het milieu, ach, laat ze toch niet lachen. Er is dus weinig, tot geen, plaats voor een Moslim in de technische top. En juist hierin schuilt een probleem. Want, handel, economie en advocatuur, zijn geen exacte wetenschappen. Moslimmeisjes bedrijven dus wetenschap die geen wetenschap is. Past perfect, respectievelijk precies, in de opvatting van veel Moslims, dat meisjes niet naar school mogen. Want, kijk eens rond. Wat ziet U? Juist, de wereld is naar de klote gegaan door de multinationals, banken, de rijken, liegen en bedriegen, kortom, door het kapitalisme. We plunderen de aarde, nadat we drie eeuwen lang, Afrika, Amerika, en, Azië, plunderden. Het Westen deugt niet, volgens veel Moslims, en dus, de scholing die het onze meisjes opdringt, in bijvoorbeeld, Afghanistan, en, Pakistan, ook niet. Neemt niet weg dat, de technische wetenschap exact is, en dat dit, als gezegd, anders is dan niet-exacte wetenschappen; die wel weer door sommige Moslimmeisjes worden bedreven. In de exacte wetenschap worden bewijzen gevoerd. En het is wrang dat juist de technische wetenschap voor Moslims nog erg ver weg is. Het wereldje rondom de technische universiteiten nodigt niet uit. In Nederland komen we inmiddels, 80.000, technici / ingenieurs, tekort. Het is dus niet alleen dat het wereldje rondom de techniek Moslimkinderen niet uitnodigt; ook voor de rest lijkt de klif te stijl en, veel te hoog. De studies zijn moeilijk en lang, en, kosten geld, moeite en offers. Exacte wetenschappen wassen helaas ook veel verschrikkelijke dingen uit, zoals, mijnbouw, offshore-technologie, verbrandingsmotoren, kolen-, en, gasgestookte elektriciteitscentrales, en ga maar door. Maar, het zijn echter niet de exacte wetenschappen die bepalen dat deze exacte technische wetenschap worden misbruikt! Neen, het zijn de niet-exacte wetenschappen, zoals economie, handel en advocatuur, die de techniek misbruiken. Neem, als voorbeeld, spoilers op auto's. De internationale regelgeving verbiedt spoilers op auto's. Want spoilers zijn gevaarlijk voor fietsers en voetgangers. Ten gevolge zijn de auto's van staal. En, auto's van staal zijn zwaar, en gebruiken hierdoor veel brandstof bovendien. De regelgeving omtrent intrekbare spoilers is is gedateerd. De techniek kan wel degelijk lichtgewicht auto's maken, met uitschuifbare spoilers, die geschikt zijn voor hoge snelheden op de snelwegen. Op snelwegen lopen geen voetgangers en fietsen geen fietsers, zodat spoilers geen gevaar meer opleveren. De auto's kunnen dan uit supercomposieten gebouwd worden en zo heel licht zijn. Onder hoge snelheden is de wegligging belangrijk en is er dus neewaartse druk nodig. Zonder spoilers verzorgt de massa van het staal deze neewaarste druk. Met spoilers is er ook die gewenste wegligging. De spoilers trekken in als de auto's van snelweg afkomen, zodat ze geen fietsers en voetgangers kunnen bezeren. Technisch kunnen intrekbare - en uitschuifbare spoilers worden toegepast, zodat de auto's niet langer van staal hoeven te zijn, edoch, van de lichte en super sterke koolstof verstevigde composieten, de zogenaamde super composieten. Het is dus niet de technische wetenschap die schadelijke auto's maakt, neen, het zijn de advocaten en de regelgeving die bepalen dat auto's van staal zijn, en dus, zwaar zijn en zodoende veel brandstof gebruiken. Supercomposieten worden toegepast bij, bijvoorbeeld, de modernste straaljagers. De techniek wordt zodoende ook vaak misbruikt. Binnen de techniek is bovendien sprake van een sterke hiërarchie. En ook dit strijkt de Moslims tegen de haren in. Binnen de cultuur van de rijken gelden, in feite, beestachtige wetten. En, Moslims, buigen alleen voor, Allah. De nog uit de vorige eeuw(en) daterende omgangsnormen van de rijke families, en dus, die van hun kinderen op de technische universiteiten, in dan natuurlijk met name de studentenverenigingen, zijn niet te verteren voor Moslims. De wereld van de rijken is gebaseerd op vriendjespolitiek, gespeelde nederigheid, schijnheiligheid, en, vooral, gaan over lijken. Uiteindelijk draaien alle radertjes op geld, en dus, macht. Toch zorgt de exacte wetenschap voor het bewijzen en aantonen van natuurwetten. Een dam, bijvoorbeeld, blijft staan, en een wolkenkrabber ook. Ze zijn sterk genoeg gemaakt en kunnen zelfs, indien geplaatst in aardbevinggebieden, aardbevingen doorstaan. Maar toch, de techniek was altijd een verlengstuk van de macht. Toen de Farao een piramide wilde, moesten de bouwmeesters die maken. Als er oorlogen uitbraken, dan moesten de ingenieurs aan de bak. Toen Kennedy naar de maan wilde, moesten de ingenieurs de raket maken die erheen kon. Ofwel, als er geen oorlog was, dan was er altijd nog de prestige, waarvoor de techniek werd gebruikt. Windsurfen is een gevolg van de voorradig zijnde materialen. Windsurfers hoeven nergens heen. Sterker, ze gaan plat op de wind, heen en weer, zonder terrein te winnen. Als er over de evenaar zou worden gewindsurft, dan is het pad een ring. Als er dus geen motieven zijn om ergens heen te gaan, voor oorlogjes of, handeltjes, dan ontstaat een ring. Toen de Farao een piramide wilde, moesten er grote stenen worden versleept. Laten we zeggen dat de steen van, A, naar, B, moest. Van wie dat moest, dat mag joost weten, maar het schijnt dat het alfa-mannetje dit wilde. De slaven sleepten de stenen van, A, naar B, omdat het alfa-mannetje, de Farao, dat wilde. Hij wilde indruk maken met de piramide. Niet alleen had het alfa-mannetje slaven, maar ook had hij veel vrouwtjes. Vergelijkbaar met de alfa-mannetjes, in multinationals, nu. Het gesleep van de stenen, over een stenenbed, respectievelijk, aansleeptraject, ging makkelijker, zo ondervonden de slaven, met zandkorreltjes eronder. Later werden dit hele kleine kogellagertjes genoemd. Wieltjes. Een paar duizend jaar later kwam men erachter dat wieken, gestoken in een wielas, deze liet draaien op de wind. Een windturbine zoals we die kennen, met as, waarin de wieken zijn gestoken, komt dus voort omdat we stenen moesten verslepen voor het alfa-mannetje; de Farao. De Moslims vinden dat ze weg moeten lopen van de Farao, en zien de Westerse multinationals als de Farao. Maar, ook in de Bijbel staat dat Mozes wegliep van de Farao. In vrijheid, waar Mozes naartoe liep, kwam windsurfen, en via Windsurfen, over de evenaar, als die voor even water was, kwam een ring. Wieken gestoken in een ring, kunnen draaien in storm. En, wieken gestoken in assen, wielen, niet. Hierbij volgt dat de technische wetenschap, indien bedreven in vrijheid, dezelfde uitkomst biedt als die van de Koran. Broederschap. De techniek kan zich inzetten voor genoeg energie, water, voedsel, alsmede onder andere schone transportmiddelen.

Typerend voor het verschil, tussen wachten in de rij en, stomweg naar binnen lopen, als zijnde een rodie of erger, was het voorval voor het laatste concert in Wembley, eind augustus 1990; dus grofweg twee maanden na de eerste Wembleyconcerten. Harry, David en ik waren die middag werkelijk achteloos een voor een, via de achterkant van het podium, langs de ontelbare trucks, backstage dus, langs drie bewakersposten gelopen, met ieder een eigen truc of hulpmiddel. Alledrie wandelden we zonder kaartje naar binnen. Dan Reed, die op Harry’s motor mocht rijden, voorzag, Harry, van een, VIP-sticker, en, Harry, gaf deze aan, David. David, kon zo naar binnen lopen en werd door niemand aangehouden. Blijkbaar waren we ingeburgerd na drie maanden tournee. Ik stelde vast dat we dezelfde kleur uitstraalden als de crew. De vaste kern, allemaal in het zwart getooid met T-shirts, knipperde niet eens met de ogen en voor de lokale bewaking was dit een goed teken. Zij dachten dus, dat, David, een van hen was. Hij liet opzichtig de sticker om zijn nek hangen, aan een speciaal koortje met bijbehorende klip. Maar niemand die werkelijk acht sloeg op, David. Hij was immers aan het werk, anders kon je daar niet lopen met een pas! David, had als enige een geldig bewijs om backstage te komen. Harry, had natuurlijk weer haarfijn door welk hangertje werd gebruikt door de crew en kocht direct een paar van die zelfde koortjes. Hij stapte op zijn motor, ik ging achterop en raceten ongehoord hard naar hartje, Londen, en kochten die koortjes. David, was al om twee uur binnen en gaf de pas, door een hek aan de andere kant, daar waar de fans geduldig wachtten, aan, Harry. Harry, hing de sticker aan de speciale klip, aan het koortje en liep achteloos langs de bewakers. Harry, was verrukt over het gegeven dat de bewaking niet eens de moeite nam om daadwerkelijk het uiteinde van het koortje te bekijken; daar waar natuurlijk een pas of laminate aan zou hangen! Blijkbaar was het zien van het bewuste koortje, met bijbehorende klip de garantie voor een veronderstelde pas of sticker. Sowieso werden de toen, in, 1990, zeldzame backstage stickers gegeven door, Dan Reed, niet ontdaan van het zegel en zeker niet opgeplakt; de sticker moest immers, per definitie, zo veel mogelijk concerten meegaan. In ieder ander land was dezelfde sticker steeds weer een toegangsbewijs! Deze wijsheid gebruikten we dankbaar tijdens de, Voodoo Lounge concerten, vier jaar later. Harry zei tegen me dat ik gewoon net moest doen of de pas onder het T-shirt zat en dreigen, met het laten zien is evenveel waard als de pas helemaal te laten zien. Het ging blijkbaar om de klip en het koortje, de rest dachten ze er zelf wel bij. Het vereiste oefening, om precies het koortje tot zover onder het T-shirt vandaan te trekken, zodanig dat net wel de klip te zien was maar niet de lege rest. Bovendien vereist het stalen zenuwen, maar dat leerde ik snel van, Harry, en, David. Ik was geen pussy, of wel soms. Ik hing het koortje om mijn nek en telkens als een steward vragend keek trok ik het koortje tot precies ver genoeg uit mijn T-shirt, zodanig dat de klip te zien was. Zoals gezegd denkt de bewaking dan blijkbaar de pas er zelf bij. Feitelijk hoefde ik niets te doen want feitelijk is de indruk van een bewaker bepalend voor wel of geen vrije doorgang. Als ze al twijfelden dan zouden ze zeker op me af stappen, maar dat deden ze niet. Als ze al de moeite nemen om op je af te stappen, dan weten ze dat ze naar de bekende weg vragen en ze wilde kennelijk niet, “af”, gaan. Het naar binnen lopen, gebaseerd op bluf, hebben Harry en ik tot een ware kunst verheven. Harry, die natuurlijk perfect Engels spreekt, heeft tegenwoordig gehele volzinnen klaar, als antwoord voor schijnbaar elk vervelende vraag. Harry, heeft intussen compleet nieuwe werkzaamheden verzonnen, die zouden moeten gebeuren voor een concert. Maar grofweg volstaat de volzin: ”I’m with the band”. De lokale bewaking knikt dan alleen maar begrijpend en wijst hem de weg. Voor mij als Nederlander is het toch moeilijk om met een Engels accent dit soort lastige vragen van de stewards en politie te pareren. Ik moet het meer hebben van de truc met het koortje en met mimiek. De juiste kleding uitzoeken is geen kunst. Een zwarte spijkerbroek en een zwart T-shirt van, AC/DC, verrichten wonderen. De enige op wie, Harry, en ik alert moeten zijn is, J.C.. Die weet precies alles van iedereen op de werkvloer. Wie er wel moet zijn, en wie niet. Duidelijk is dus dat wij er niet bij horen en feitelijk klaplopers zijn. Harry, en ik zijn feitelijk, naast het in de luren leggen van de stewards, gefixeerd op, J.C., en de vaste kern rondom de, Stones. Eenmaal binnen ga ik meestal slapen tussen de stoelen, maar Harry wil nog verder, hij wil in de, VIP-lounge, backstage, en ook nog het liefst de, “Sheppards Pie”, het lievelingseten van mister Richards en de vijfsterren catering bewonderen, om daarna lamsbout te eten. Want dat is kosjer. Daarna wacht hij het liefst op, Blondie, en, Bernard, en begint zijn prive feest. Harry, wil een goede sfeer kweken in de lounge voor de, Stones. Een half uur voordat het concert begint komen, Charlie, en, Mick, binnen en eten wat. Ontspannen lopen de heren hier een daar een praatje te maken en maken veel grapjes. Keith, en, Ronnie, zijn dan al bezig zich warm te spelen, in de kleedkamers en komen pas tien minuten voor showtime naar de lounge en dat is natuurlijk het hoogtepunt. Als ik niet daarbinnen ben sta ik buiten intussen Harry’s plaats vooraan vast houden. Als de, Stones, naar de bühne gaan loopt, Harry, naar mij toe aan de hekken. En ik krijg dan een mee gesmokkelde lamsbout en bier. Intussen moest, David, weg van het hek. De pas had nu twee personen naar binnen geleid maar ik stond nog buiten, zonder pas. Mijn geld was intussen op, het was immers het einde van de Urban Jungle Tour en mijn toegangskaartje was veel geld waard. Ik besloot de gok te wagen en verkocht mijn kaartje en wandelde toen zonder pardon, met de truc van het koortje, het stadion in. Ik stond te trillen op mijn benen en mijn hart klopte in mijn keel maar ik bleef stug doorlopen. Om drie uur ontmoette ik, Harry, en, David, bij enig toeval ergens binnen en we dwaalden door, Wembley, en onbewust probeerde we het hele stadion uit, zoekende naar de beste plek. Die was toch gewoon vooraan, en dat wisten we al, want daar stonden we altijd. Wembley, heeft prachtige glooiingen en achter het doel, hoog in de tribune, is het prachtig. Wembley was niet hoog maar diep. De stoeltjes stonden keurig, als soldaatjes in een lang vergeten oorlog, met voor ieder soldaatje een vrij zichtveld. Werkelijk elk stoeltje was uniek geplaatst, en iedereen kon langs elkaar kijken. De helling nabij het veld is buitengewoon vlak, en de stoeltjes moesten wel zo mooi staan, anders konden de mensen achter de eerste rijen niets zien. Wembley was dus een werk van ambacht en doordachtheid. Ben benieuwd of de nieuwe stoeltjes weer zo uniek gepositioneerd staan opgesteld. Het leek ongelooflijk, maar plotseling ontwaarde ik toch echt, Mick, en, Keith, op het podium, die, als generaals, het nog lege slagveld bekeken en alles nauwlettend gade sloegen. Mick, liep, achteloos, rond in een veel te duur trainingspak en deed, met korte tussenpozen, zeer felle knieheffingen. Hij trok, als het ware, een sprintje, zonder vooruit te gaan. Na een salvo knieheffingen schopte hij zijn voeten vooruit, en het was duidelijk dat, Mick, looptraining heeft gehad, want, hardlopers, respectievelijk, marathonlopers, schoppen ook hun voeten voor zich uit om de spieren los te maken. Deze voor, Mick, zo typerende warming-up, was het eerste wat ik in een glimp zag, en, het was net alsof er twee waarnemingen vochten om voorrang. Eerst zet ik hiertoe een tijdspaaltje neer. Het is, Augustus, 1990. De laatste beelden van, Mick, in trainingspak dateren uit, 1982. En, mijn moeder is een atlete en loopt marathons. In, 1982, deden de, Stones-concerten, in de Kuip, in, Rotterdam, nogal wat stof opwaaien en een van de redenen hiervoor was de activiteit van, Mick, op het podium. In, Nederland, was er grote bewondering voor deze activiteit. Mick, liep bijna een marathon, zo werd zijn activiteit natuurlijk opgeblazen. Mick, rende van de linker uitloper van het podium naar de rechter. In de kranten stonden foto's van een hardlopende, Mick, die aan het trainen was voor de show. Volgens de kranten rende, Mick, tien kilometer per dag, om in vorm te blijven. Ik was toen twaalf jaar oud. Een van de eerste indrukken die ik kreeg van, Mick, was een hardlopende, Mick, en, in trainingspak. Mijn moeder, als gezegd, zelf een marathonloopster, keek vol bewondering naar beelden van een hardlopende, Mick, op, TV. Een cameraploeg had de beelden vastgelegd van de training van, Mick. Op de, TV, waren de beelden te zien van hoe, Mick, vanuit het hotel, in trainingspak, omringd door bodyguards, heel ontspannen aan zijn tien kilometer lange training begon. Wat voor mij toen zo bijzonder was, is dat ik dit mijn moeder elke dag zag doen. Mijn moeder ving op precies dezelfde wijze haar training aan, zoals, Mick, dat deed. Het lijkt wel een stille afspraak onder de hardlopers, om niet meteen te gaan rennen, maar om een paar passen gewoon te lopen om dan pas te beginnen met hardlopen. Tijdens de eerste serie hard gelopen passen raken de hielen de kont en worden de knieën extra hoog opgetrokken. Mick, loopt als een wijf, nichterig, en, zoals gezegd, tot mijn verbazing, precies zoals mijn moeder. Destijds, in, 1982, maakte, Mick, zeer grote indruk door zijn hardlooptrainingen en het was weken het gesprek van de dag. De concerten waren ook geweldig geweest, want, de mensen en familieleden die er bij waren geweest spraken honderd uit. Ik ben er niet bij geweest. Ik wist toen helemaal nog niet wie de, Stones, waren. Wel werd ik geraakt door de verhalen en de beelden, juist, die van, Mick, in zijn trainingspak, die tussen de concert-dagen in, tien kilometer hard liep om zijn vorm te behouden. Enfin, de eerste indrukken, van, Mick, waren, Mick, in trainingspak. En nu, in de middag voorafgaand aan het allerlaatste concert van de, Urban Jungle Tour, waren, Harry, David en ik in, Wembley Stadium. We probeerden het stadion uit en doolden wat rond. We waren wel vaker reeds in de middag binnen geslipt en dan werd de sound-check steeds gedaan, door, wat wij later noemden, de “ sound-checkband”. Harry, David en ik probeerden, Wembley Stadium, uit en belandden hoog in de tribune, achterin, recht tegenover het podium. Toen ik nog klein was, leek mij dit de beste plek. Alles overziend. In het stadion zelf bleek deze plek niet de beste plek. Die was vooraan, net links van het midden, “frontrow”. Ik kijk naar het podium en laat de gedachten de vrije loop. Ik stond waar ik altijd wilde staan. Ik vond het, Olympisch Stadion, in, Amsterdam, mooier dan, Wembley, maar, dat zei ik natuurlijk niet tegen, Harry, en, David. Ik droom weg, en in de verte zie ik, Mick, in trainingspak, die vertraagd een warming-up doet. Ik attendeer, Harry, en, David. Nadat, Harry, me uitlachte, viel ook zijn mond open. Keith, verscheen op het podium gevolgd door, Charlie, Ronnie, en, Bill. De blazers speelden wat met hun instrumenten, waarbij ik dan moet zeggen dat ze niet speelden zoals spelen, maar er mee jongleerden. Mijn eerste indrukken van, Mick, waren, Mick, in trainingspak, en nu zag ik, Mick, in trainingspak. Het was alsof twee waarnemingen elkaar overlapten. De sound-check voor het laatste Wembley.concert werd verzorgt door de, Stones, zelf, en wij waren erbij. We stormden de tribune achter het doel af, dus de afstand was aanvankelijk enorm, maar werkelijk, de Stones pakten hun instrumenten en begonnen te jammen. We werden tegengehouden op het midden van het veld, ter hoogte van de mix-toren, en mochten niet verder naar voren. Uitdrukkelijke instructies van, Mister Richards. Hij wil ongestoord rondlopen en spelen, geen publiek, geen aanleiding duldende voor eventuele rimpelingen. Maar er was niemand in het stadion, behalve wij dan, en die ene die ons tegenhield. We mochten niet helemaal naar voren tijdens de sound-check. We mochten blij zijn dat we er niet uit werden gegooid en werden dus gedoogd! Eindeloos bleef, Keith, Tumblin’Dice, spelen, terwijl de rest nog een beetje doelloos rond liep. Ik stelde mezelf een half uur eerder voor. Buiten in de rij en nu zomaar binnen zonder kaartje en Keith zien spelen, jammen! Ronnie, wachtte, zoals altijd, geduldig op goedkeuring van, Keith, en viel in, en plotseling was daar, Charlie Watts. De impact van, Charlie, op de jammende gitaren van, Keith, en, Ronnie, is op zijn minst meesleurend, maar bovenal vervalt dan direct de term, “jammen”. Met Charlie, als drummer staat elke, “jam”, als een huis. De jam kan dan feitelijk direct de boeken in als een, Rock-klassieker. Dat, bij nader inzien, de bewuste jam van, Tumblin’Dice, niet zomaar een jam is, maar, een, min of meer, toevallige openbaring is geweest tijdens een concert in, Seatlle, in, 1972, waarin, Keith, plotseling, het gedachtengoed van, Mick, wist vast te leggen. Het was destijds, in, 1972, in, Seatlle, duidelijk dat, Mick, zeer blij was, opgetogen zelfs, dat, Keith, zijn nummer, die van, Mick, dus, aanvoelde en het concert kon laten drijven. Keith, is zich kennelijk uitermate bewust van het concertdragende loopje van, Tumblin' Dice. Echter, toen ik, Keith, een kwartier lang, alleen maar het eindeloze loopje, hoorde spelen, telkens op net even andere manieren, zonder begin en zonder eind, maar altijd rond afgemaakt, wist ik nog niet dat juist dit riedeltje in juist dit nummer, Tumblin' Dice, een zekerheid binnen elk concert is, welke een concert maakt of breekt. Het lijflied van de, Rolling Stones, Tumblin' Dice, staat voor de opstanding na de exodus, in, 1971, en is een mijlpaal, een scharniermoment. Toen, Keith, tijdens het concert in, Seatlle, in, April, 1972, de juiste snaren wist te raken, wisten, Mick, en, Keith, dat ze het voor elkaar hadden gekregen: een dragend deuntje om zelf tot rust te komen terwijl het concert op volle snelheid voort dendert. Deze informatie had ik in, 1990, nog niet, en ik vroeg me toen af waarom, Keith, Tumblin' Dice, ontrafelde. De band kan kiezen uit wel, 500, nummers, maar, Keith, bezeten als altijd en huppelend als een klein kind in zijn privé speeltuin, Wembley Stadium, vergezeld van zijn versleten donkere Fender, die waarschijnlijk door, Pierre, eigenhandig opnieuw in elkaar is gezet, koos uitgerekend weer voor, Tumblin’ Dice. Keith, is kennelijk een perfectionist. Het klonk fantastisch. De ronde klank van die Fender. Wat wilde, Keith? Na honderd-en-zestien keer, Tumblin’Dice, plichtmatig te spelen was daar de rehearsal, voor, wat vanavond, hoogst waarschijnlijk, de, honderd-en-zeventiende keer, die tour, zou worden van, Tumblin’Dice. Maar, na een intro van een kwartier, want zolang liep, Keith, geheel in afzondering, rondjes met zijn gitaar, en zichtbaar in een trance, Tumblin’ Dice, uit te kristalliseren, bleek dat er nog onontgonnen grond was die verkend diende te worden. Het nummer had intussen allang geen einde meer en geen begin. Mick, stond er werkelijk hulpeloos bij. Keith, gaf, Mick, geen moment de kans zijn mond open te doen, liet zien wie er de baas is, en bleef, Tumbin' Dice, spelen. Mick's, nummer. Mick, laat het wel uit zijn hoofd om, Keith, te onderbreken, tijdens de vervolmaking en ontrafeling van, Mick's, nummer. De, Rolling Stones, waren niet langer, Mick Jagger, en, de, Rolling Stones. In, 1981, en, 1982, was, Keith, razend op, Mick, omdat, Mick, zichzelf tot voorman bombarbeerde, en, Mick, hiermee de, Stones, naar de breuk leidde. Keith, was dit duidelijk nog niet vergeten en liet, Mick, krimpen. Mick, stond daar, in zijn trainingspak, en, Keith, zette de tijd stil, werkte aan, Mick's, nummer en trapte, Mick, in een nog leeg, Wembley, als een sigarettenpeuk uit op de vloer, met dan ook nog even de extra twisten van de voet om de peuk goed in de vloer te wrijven. Na, vijftien, minuten, lang, Tumbin' Dice, in te dreunen, deden ze ook nog even snel, Harlem Shuffle, testten het koper, met, Bobby Keys, als voorman van de blazers en slepen enkele intro’s. Intro's van, Play With Fire, Ruby Tuesday, en, Bitch, werden klakkeloos en met een ijzige precisie, keihard, gespeeld. Ronnie, was scherp. Keith, kon lachen. Mick, zichtbaar beteuterd om zijn onbenullige inbreng, in het eerste kwartier van de sound-check, voelde alles, blijkbaar, toch precies aan. De ultra korte intro’s, van soms een paar seconden, met, werkelijk, afgemeten aanslagen, waren genoeg om, Mick, weer in zijn rol als artistiek leider te doen gelden. Goedkeurend kreunde hij, “aaawrrigt”, en stimuleerde de band. Mick, was uitgewrongen door, Keith, maar herpakte zich wonderwel en toonde zich nederig en bereid. Mick, weet, dat het karretje, dadelijk, als het concert echt begint, wordt gegrepen door de pal aan de ketting die het karretje tot bovenin de toren van de achtbaan brengt, en dan pas los wordt gelaten en dat, Mick, dan, vol in de schijnwerpers staat. De nu nog jammende gitaren worden straks gegrepen door, Charlie, de pal aan de ketting. Mick, en, Keith, beseffen intussen dat dit een mechanisme is dat, Rock ’N Roll, heet en dat zij degenen zijn die deze kunst beheersen. Tumbin' Dice, belichaamt de, Rock 'N Roll, van de, Stones, en, Keith, opereerde, Mick, terwijl, Mick, bij bewustzijn was. Als dit de spanning is die ze nodig hebben, om nog eenmaal te pieken, na, 116, concerten, dan, accepteert, Mick, dit van, Keith. Keith, zette, Mick, neer, en zette hem op scherp door hem, tot op het bot, af te kluiven, met het uitbroeden van, Tumblin' Dice. Mick's, nummer. De tournee begon in, Rotterdam, 18, Mei, 1990, was de eerste concert-dag. Ik stond met open mond het gigantische podium aan te staren en kreeg een indruk van de grootte van de, Stones. Harry, en, David, waren er ook en zagen de vlag. Harry, herkende de vlag later in, Wembley, en kennelijk was de vlag het aangrijpingspunt voor ons contact daar. Maar toen kenden we elkaar nog niet, het was immers de opening van de Europese Tour. Als een kleine jongen liep ik rond het stadion en de verhalen waren niet van de lucht. “De geluidsinstallatie omvatte een paar miljoen Watt. Het lijkt wel een leger dat de stad komt veroveren. En, “heb je de sound-check gehoord, gisteren?” Kortom, iedereen maakte elkaar helemaal gek. Zowel buiten als binnen hadden de, Stones, alles perfect geregeld en niets werd aan het toeval overgelaten. Toen hoorde ik de sound-check van de blazers. Ze oefenden, Bitch. De drum werd getest en buiten stonden we te gissen of dit al de, Stones, waren die we hoorden. Later zou ik meer gaan begrijpen van het middagritueel in het stadion. De sound-check doen de, Stones, zelden of nooit zelf, maar in hoge uitzondering doen ze het wel. Die uitzondering was dus het laatste concert in, Wembley. Pierre, kon prima sound-checken en de, “sound-check band”, heeft in de jaren erna eigenlijk een geheel eigen stijl gecreëerd, met een mengeling van invloeden van, Led Zeppelin, U2, en, Steppen Wolve, maar, iedere song met de ontegenzeglijke imitatie van de manier van drummen door de meester, Charlie Watts. De rondslingerende en stuwende muziek van de drummer van The Rolling Stones is voor iedere kenner heilig. Charlie en zijn manier van drummen vormen de basis voor ook de, “Stones-sound-check-band”, met, Pierre, op lead-gitaar. Soms vond ik de sound-checkband zelfs beter dan wat de, Stones, die avond voorschotelden. De sound-checkband ontwikkelde zich ook. Pierre, kon het niet laten om af en toe riffs van, The Edge, te spelen. Op vol vermogen gaat, Pierre, dan los. Harry, en ik kijken elkaar dan aan, met die blik van: oei, dit is goed. In, Berlijn, bijvoorbeeld, speelde, Pierre, zonder remmingen riffs van, U2. Het was griezelhard, snel, kundig, en gewoon heel erg goed. Niet alleen, Harry, en ik, maar ook de rest van de sound-checkband kijken dan vol bewondering naar, Pierre. Ik weet dus niet of ze in, Rotterdam, zelf de sound-check deden, of, dat het de sound-checkband was. Maar, wat maakt het uit. De, voor mij, allereerste tonen uit, De Kuip, toen nog zonder overkapping, deden het ergste vermoeden. Wat een sound, wat een power. De drang naar het volgende concert was geboren. Maanden lang leefde ik toe naar, die bewuste , 18 Mei. ‘s Ochtends hing ik mijn vlag op aan de hekken van het, Feyenoord Stadion, en ‘s middags was het een voorpaginafoto, ter grootte van de halve krant, in het, NRC; een kwaliteitskrant in, Nederland. De volgende concerten van, 1990, zouden worden vergezeld met de vlag, totdat ik hem waste in de wasmachine en de kleuren doorliepen en de vlag er niet meer uit zag. Ik gebruikte ik de vlag ook om ´s nachts onder te slapen. Om geld te sparen sliep ik buiten, op grasvelden, in bossen, of, gewoon, in een tuin. In, Parijs, barstte ‘s nachts de hemel open, een wolkbreuk, en hierdoor werd ik letterlijk uit een tuin weggespoeld en de straat opgejaagd. Om vier uur ´s nachts liep ik zeiknat, tot op de draad toe nat, door de straten van, Parijs. Touren is afzien. Het concert in, Parijs, was niet beter dan die in Rotterdam en dat viel me enigszins tegen. Ik had meer variëteit verwacht. Ik werd me bewust van het begrip, setlist. Er was aanvankelijk nog maar variatie in de setlist. Ik had echt verwacht een geheel ander show te zien in, Parijs, en ondervond dat de, Stones, bestonden uit, vlees en bloed. Ze konden niet meer brengen dan een vaste show. De show was immers uitgebalanceerd met rustige nummers afgewisseld met de wat snellere. De intro werd verzorgd door Marrokaanse vrienden van de, Stones, en in het bijzonder van, Brian Jones. Love Comes At The Speed of Light, ofwel, Continental Drift, en is aanjagend. Na de intro, sloeg direct, Start me Up, toe. Gevolgd door, Sad Sad Sad. Soms deden ze, Bitch, ertussen. Daarna kwamen, Harlem Shuffle, de bijna hit uit, 1985, en, Ruby Tuesday. Keith, speelt daarin afwachtend en vult in. Dezelfde gitaar gebruikt hij weer bij, Paint it, Black, en ook daar speelt hij invullend en maakt veel loopjes. Deze snerpende gitaar, een soort mengeling tussen een akoustische -, en elektrische, gitaar zou overigens, slechts bij uitzondering verschijnen tijdens, Ruby Tuesday, Factory Girl, Paint it, Black, en, Play With Fire,

Must attribute with link to: www.ptpioneer.com

Kettle bell stability ball crunch exercising in a skate park outdoors.

www.usaraf.army.mil

 

U.S. Army Africa supports Burundi's peacekeeping efforts in Somalia

 

By Rick Scavetta, U.S. Army Africa

 

BUJUMBURA, Burundi – When U.S. Army Col. Steve Smith recently joined discussions with Burundian generals about how Burundi conducts peacekeeping efforts in Somalia, he was leading the way for U.S. Army Africa partnerships on the continent.

 

In mid-January, Smith led a team to work with Burundian officers on ways to enhance Burundi’s leadership capacity as their military prepares to deploy its next rotation of peacekeepers to Mogadishu. Smith, of the U.S. Army’s Peacekeeping and Stability Operations Institute and Lt. Col. Ronald Miller, an Africa expert from U.S. Army Africa headquarters, held discussions with senior Burundian military officers at the Ministry of Defense in Bujumbura.

 

“We discussed the U.S. military’s way of planning for operations at the brigade level, using what we call MDMP, the military decision making process,” Smith said. “We also talked about how U.S. Army officers run a brigade-level command post.”

 

Burundi and Uganda share peacekeeping duties under the African Union Mission in Somalia, an operation designed to stabilize Somalia’s security situation following decades of war and chaos. African peacekeepers in Somalia face daily challenges as they mentor Somalis in security operations and work to counter extremist groups like al-Shabaab.

 

The U.S. Army effort is part of a larger effort by the U.S. government to support Burundi in its peacekeeping efforts, said Brig. Gen. Cyprien Ndikuryio, chief of Burundi’s land forces. The U.S. has helped with training and equipment, followed by these senior leader discussions, he said.

 

“My colleagues and I are senior officers. One of them, or I, could be appointed to higher responsibilities in Somalia’s peacekeeping mission and use what we have learned,” Ndikuryio said.

 

Until now, Burundi’s military planned missions similar to the way Belgian and French militaries work. The Ugandan People’s Defense Force, Burundi’s partner in AMISOM, already employs a planning system that is similar to the U.S. military, Smith said.

 

“It’s incredibly important for Burundi, as they are working alongside other armies using the U.S.-based model, to promote interoperability and overall efficiency,” Smith said.

 

In 2006, Burundi ended its 12-year civil war. Since then, Burundi has made strides toward partnering with its East African neighbors and the United States.

 

In October 2009, Burundian troops took part in Natural Fire 10, a U.S. Army Africa-led humanitarian and civil assistance exercise held in Uganda. During that time, Maj. Gen. William B. Garrett III, commander of U.S. Army Africa, visited Bujumbura to watch Burundian troops undergoing training with the U.S. State Department-led African Contingency Operations Training and Assistance program.

 

Burundian senior leaders then asked U.S. Army Africa to help with a familiarization event on brigade-level peacekeeping operations. Leaders from PKSOI at Carlisle Barracks in Pennsylvania offered their expertise for the event.

 

“This effort in Burundi has been a great opportunity for the U.S. Army to engage with a partner nation’s land forces on the continent,” Smith said. “There’s a tremendous potential here, a great thirst for knowledge.”

 

Smith’s Burundi assignment also benefits PKSOI in their efforts, he said.

 

“I’m taking back with me a better understanding of U.S. Army Africa operations and what’s happening on the ground in Africa,” Smith said. “That knowledge will help PKSOI plan to support future missions.”

 

The talks came at a key time for the Burundian military, as they prepare to deploy a new rotation of peacekeepers to Somali.

 

“This support was very important and effective,” Ndikuryio said. “We appreciate this cooperation with U.S. Army Africa. We hope to interact with the command in the future.”

 

Cleared for public release.

 

Photos by Rick Scavetta, U.S. Army Africa

 

To learn more about U.S. Army Africa visit our official website at www.usaraf.army.mil

 

Official Twitter Feed: www.twitter.com/usarmyafrica

 

Official YouTube video channel: www.youtube.com/usarmyafrica

 

Arrival of Mark Carney, Chair of the Financial Stability Board

 

Deputy Director of the Monetary and Capital Markets Department Fabio Natalucci, Global Head and Director of Climate Business of the IFC Vivek Pathak, Managing Director and Head of Sustainable Finance, Global Policy Initiatives at IIF Sonja Gibbs, and Head of Climate Change at IDB Invest Hilen Meirovich take part in the Global Financial Stability Report: Analytical Chapter 2 Launch Event moderated by Justin Worland, Senior Correspondent for TIME Magazine, during the 2022 Annual Meetings take place at the International Monetary Fund.

 

IMF Photo/Cory Hancock

7 October 2022

Washington, DC, United States

Photo ref: CH221007005.arw

 

PHILIPPINE SEA (Sept. 9, 2020) Medical department Sailors simulate treating personnel injuries in a battle dressing station during a general quarters drill aboard the amphibious transport dock ship USS New Orleans (LPD 18). New Orleans, part of the America Amphibious Ready Group assigned to Amphibious Squadron 11, along with the 31st Marine Expeditionary Unit, is operating in the U.S. 7th Fleet area of responsibility to enhance interoperability with allies and partners and serve as a ready response force to defend peace and stability in the Indo-Pacific region. (U.S. Navy photo by Mass Communication Specialist 2nd Class Kelby Sanders)

An Armenian soldier of Armenian Company, Peacekeeping Brigade conducts fire phobia training during a Kosovo Force (KFOR) mission rehearsal exercise (MRE) at the Joint Multinational Readiness Center (JMRC) in Hohenfels, Germany, Oct. 1, 2014. The KFOR MRE is based on the current operational environment and is designed to prepare the unit for peace support, stability, and contingency operations in Kosovo in support of civil authorities to maintain a safe and secure environment. (U.S. Army photo by Pfc. Lloyd Villanueva/Released)

SOUTH CHINA SEA (June 14, 2019) Culinary Specialist Jonathan Follero, from Bicol, Philippines, prepares dinner for the crew aboard the Arleigh Burke-class guided-missile destroyer USS McCampbell (DDG 85). McCampbell is forward-deployed to the U.S. 7th Fleet area of operations in support of security and stability in the Indo-Pacific region. (U.S. Navy photo by Mass Communication Specialist 3rd Class Isaac Maxwell/Released)

PHILIPPINE SEA (Sept. 22, 2020) Spent 5.56mm casings sit on the deck as Marines from the 31st Marine Expeditionary Unit conduct a small arms live-fire training exercise aboard the amphibious transport dock ship USS New Orleans (LPD 18). New Orleans, part of Expeditionary Strike Group Seven (ESG 7), along with the 31st Marine Expeditionary Unit, is operating in the U.S. 7th Fleet area of responsibility to enhance interoperability with allies and partners and serve as a ready response force to defend peace and stability in the Indo-Pacific region. (U.S. Navy photo by Mass Communication Specialist 2nd Class Kelby Sanders)

Secretary Wilkie Speaks at VSO Conventions, Tours VA Facilities

 

Customer service, stability and quality care for Veterans remain top priorities for Secretary Robert Wilkie at the Department of Veterans Affairs. He reinforced that pledge as incoming VA Secretary while visiting medical facilities and attended national Veteran engagements in three states last week. Secretary Wilkie served as keynote speaker at the American Legion’s 100th National Convention in Minneapolis, MN. He called members of the nation’s largest wartime Veterans service organization “powerful advocates” and said “let me thank you, thank the entire American Legion past and present for everything you have done to make this the last best hope of man on earth.”

 

In referring to his prime directive of customer service, Secretary Wilkie said “we have to talk to Veterans, we have to listen to Veterans, because every major advance and relief for those who have ‘borne the battle’ has come through the efforts of Veterans themselves, not waiting on the slow machine of government to move.” He also lauded the passing of the MISSION Act in making it easier for eligible Veterans of all eras to navigate the system and ensure they receive the best health care possible whether delivered in VA facilities or in the community.

 

While in Minnesota, the Secretary also visited with patients and was given an expansive tour and briefing by leadership at the Minneapolis VA Health Care System. The facility has an excellent reputation and is known worldwide for its strong research and academic services focused on Veterans. The facility is recognized for its overall performance and rated a 5-Star. Secretary Wilkie was particularly impressed with the advancements in prosthetic technology that is now available to Veterans there.

Secretary Wilkie was also welcomed at Fort Snelling National Cemetery which is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The cemetery is the final resting place for Minneapolis area Veterans dating back to the Revolutionary War era with more than 225,000 interments.

 

The Secretary then headed to Dallas, TX to visit with Paralyzed Veterans of America (PVA) leadership and speak to hundreds of attendees at the PVA’s 8th annual Heath Care Summit & Expo. The Secretary reinforced his top priorities and his commitment to working hand in hand with health care professionals saying “as the Secretary of this department, I am the temporary custodian of the flame that first burned on Revolutionary fields in the 1700’s, it is a flame that you all carry and are trusted with and my pledge to you is to be part of your team.” He went on to say, “I am honored to serve with you and I thank you for carrying on the most noble mission in the federal government.”

 

Secretary Wilkie also engaged with Veterans and leadership at the VA North Texas Health Care System (VANTHCS) in Dallas. Topics of discussion included progress in suicide prevention and mental health awareness outreach, innovative surgical care procedures and modernization efforts. As VA’s second-largest health care system, VANTHCS is available to 600,000 Veterans that live in the northern Texas and southern Oklahoma region.

 

At the final stop in Cleveland, OH, the secretary served as a keynote speaker for the unveiling of a Gold Star Families Memorial Monument and Medal of Honor ribbon cutting ceremony alongside retired U.S. Marine Corps warrant officer and VA Veterans service representative Woody Williams. Williams received the Medal of Honor during the Battle of Iwo Jima in World War II. Secretary Wilkie also participated in several media interviews including Cleveland’s Morning News in which he told the host “the Gold Star Families…have given the most of all of us and they remind us every day why all of us sleep soundly at night.”

 

Photos Courtesy Dept. Veteran Affairs

Secretary Wilkie Speaks at VSO Conventions, Tours VA Facilities

 

Customer service, stability and quality care for Veterans remain top priorities for Secretary Robert Wilkie at the Department of Veterans Affairs. He reinforced that pledge as incoming VA Secretary while visiting medical facilities and attended national Veteran engagements in three states last week. Secretary Wilkie served as keynote speaker at the American Legion’s 100th National Convention in Minneapolis, MN. He called members of the nation’s largest wartime Veterans service organization “powerful advocates” and said “let me thank you, thank the entire American Legion past and present for everything you have done to make this the last best hope of man on earth.”

 

In referring to his prime directive of customer service, Secretary Wilkie said “we have to talk to Veterans, we have to listen to Veterans, because every major advance and relief for those who have ‘borne the battle’ has come through the efforts of Veterans themselves, not waiting on the slow machine of government to move.” He also lauded the passing of the MISSION Act in making it easier for eligible Veterans of all eras to navigate the system and ensure they receive the best health care possible whether delivered in VA facilities or in the community.

 

While in Minnesota, the Secretary also visited with patients and was given an expansive tour and briefing by leadership at the Minneapolis VA Health Care System. The facility has an excellent reputation and is known worldwide for its strong research and academic services focused on Veterans. The facility is recognized for its overall performance and rated a 5-Star. Secretary Wilkie was particularly impressed with the advancements in prosthetic technology that is now available to Veterans there.

Secretary Wilkie was also welcomed at Fort Snelling National Cemetery which is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The cemetery is the final resting place for Minneapolis area Veterans dating back to the Revolutionary War era with more than 225,000 interments.

 

The Secretary then headed to Dallas, TX to visit with Paralyzed Veterans of America (PVA) leadership and speak to hundreds of attendees at the PVA’s 8th annual Heath Care Summit & Expo. The Secretary reinforced his top priorities and his commitment to working hand in hand with health care professionals saying “as the Secretary of this department, I am the temporary custodian of the flame that first burned on Revolutionary fields in the 1700’s, it is a flame that you all carry and are trusted with and my pledge to you is to be part of your team.” He went on to say, “I am honored to serve with you and I thank you for carrying on the most noble mission in the federal government.”

 

Secretary Wilkie also engaged with Veterans and leadership at the VA North Texas Health Care System (VANTHCS) in Dallas. Topics of discussion included progress in suicide prevention and mental health awareness outreach, innovative surgical care procedures and modernization efforts. As VA’s second-largest health care system, VANTHCS is available to 600,000 Veterans that live in the northern Texas and southern Oklahoma region.

 

At the final stop in Cleveland, OH, the secretary served as a keynote speaker for the unveiling of a Gold Star Families Memorial Monument and Medal of Honor ribbon cutting ceremony alongside retired U.S. Marine Corps warrant officer and VA Veterans service representative Woody Williams. Williams received the Medal of Honor during the Battle of Iwo Jima in World War II. Secretary Wilkie also participated in several media interviews including Cleveland’s Morning News in which he told the host “the Gold Star Families…have given the most of all of us and they remind us every day why all of us sleep soundly at night.”

 

Photos Courtesy Dept. Veteran Affairs

Oesterreichische Nationalbank

Logo of the Austrian National Bank

Headquarters Vienna, Austria

Central Bank of Austria

Currency€

To ISO 4217 EUR

website

www.oenb.at/

Previous Austro- Hungarian Bank

List of Central Banks

Oesterreichische Nationalbank, at Otto-Wagner -Platz No. 3, Vienna

The Austrian National Bank (OeNB), Austria's central bank as an integral part of the European System of Central Banks (ESCB) and the Eurosystem. It is instrumental in the design of the economic development in Austria and in the euro area. Legally, the OeNB is a public limited company.. However, it is also subject to further enshrined in the National Bank Act regulations resulting from its separate position as a central bank. In the framework of the Eurosystem, the OeNB contributes to a stability-oriented monetary policy. At the national level, it cares about the preservation of financial stability and the money supply and manage foreign exchange reserves to hedge against the euro in times of crisis. The guideline values in terms of the tasks of the Austrian National Bank are "security, stability and trust".

Contents

1 History

1.1 1816 to 1818

1.2 1818 to 1878

1.3 1878 to 1922

1.4 1922 to 1938

1.5 1938 to 1945

1.6 1945 to 1998

1.7 From 1999

2 The OeNB as a modern central bank

3 Legal form and organs

3.1 Legal framework

3.2 organs

3.2.1 General

3.2.2 General

3.2.3 Board of Directors

4 Tasks

4.1 Monetary policy strategies and monetary policy decision-making process

4.1.1 Economic analysis

4.1.2 Production of statistical information

4.1.3 Contribute to international organizations

4.2 Implementation of monetary policy

4.2.1 use of monetary policy instruments

4.2.2 Reserve Management

4.2.3 Money Supply

4.3 Communication of monetary policy

4.4 ensure financial stability

4.4.1 Financial Stability

4.4.2 Payment System Stability and payments

5 The OeNB in the European System of National Banks

6 President / Governors

7 See also

8 Literature

9 links

10 Notes and references

History

1816-1818

As long as 50 years before the founding of the National Bank the Habsburgs carried out first experiments with securities in the form of paper money. Finally, in the 18th Century the issue of banknotes transferred to a state independent institution, while the issue of paper money called "Banco notes," founded in 1705 by the "Vienna City Bank" took place in 1762.

In wartime governance took back control of the money issue, so there was an inflation of Banco-Zettel 1796-1810. The state ordered the forced acceptance of paper money in private transport, which led to a fast-growing discount on bills in the market. 1799 was therefore one for 100 guilders paper money only 92 guilders in silver coins, and at the end of 1810 the value of the paper florin had fallen to 15 % of the nominal value of the Banco-Zettel. Later, the Habsburgs declared a devaluation of the Banco-Zettel in the ratio of 5:1. This act was considered by the business community as a sovereign default, which the paper money experienced a rapid devaluation.

At the end of the Napoleonic wars the Habsburg multinational state ( → Habsburg Monarchy) faced a new challenge: the restoration of a European balance. Church, the nobility, the army and the bureaucracy as elements in the Ancien Régime were not sufficient to solve this problem, a well -founded economic situation was needed. Moreover, one could not ignore readily the laws of supply and demand.

In this regard, were the first June 1816 by Emperor Francis I two patents issued (later to distinguish the "main patent" or "bank patent"), the "privileged Austrian National Bank", conceived as a public company, had to constitute itself as soon a possible, propose the emperor three of its directors for selection of the governor and take up their activity provisionally on 1 July 1816.

The National Bank had henceforth a monopoly on the issuance of paper money, which led to a slowdown in the Austrian monetary system and an increase in the value of paper money. The economy was again a solid source of money keeping constant the value of money regardless of the spending plans of the State. The equity of the Bank justified this by share issues.

Initially comprised the activities of the bank - under temporary management - the redemption of paper money and the issuance of shares. The full effectiveness attained the National Bank until after the issue of 1,000 shares and the associated possibility of shareholders to set the management themselves.

1818-1878

On 15 July 1817 recieved the National Bank as the "first Bankprivilegium" the exclusive right to unrestricted issue of banknotes and in this context a special position in terms of Rediskontgeschäfts (rediscount business). Beginning of 1818 the definitive bank management was ready. Part of it were among leading figures of Viennese society, including the banker Johann Heinrich von Geymüller and Bernard of Eskeles. From 1830 to 1837 the Office of the Governor was held by Adrian Nicholas Baron Barbier.

In the countries of the Habsburg Monarchy, which were characterized in large part by an agricultural oriented activity pattern, some regions showed a lively commercial-industrial growth. The goal now was to create a system of economic exchange between these areas. Successively established the National Bank branch network and thus guaranteed a uniform money and credit supply. From its headquarters in Vienna this network extended over early industrial areas and commercial centers in Eastern and Central Europe to the northern Mediterranean.

Trade bills and coins were preferred assets of the National Bank, less the supply of money to the state. With the exchange transactions, the National Bank supported the economic growth of the monarchy and secured at the same time the supply of silver coins in the event that the need for these increases in exchange for bank notes, contrary to expectations. 1818 was the National Bank, however, by increasing public debt, due to high spending in times of crisis, not spared to make an increase in the government debt positions on the asset side of its balance sheet.

The patent provisions of the founding of the National Bank not sufficiently secured against the autonomy of governance. At the center of the struggle for independence, this was the question of the extent to which the issue of banknotes must be made on the basis of government bonds. In 1841, a renewal of Bankprivilegiums got a weakening of the independence by pushing back the influence of the shareholders in favor of the state administration. During the revolution of 1848/49 followers of constitutional goals received great support from senior figures in the National Bank. For about a hundred years, the Austrian branch of the Rothschild bank (from which from 1855, the "Royal Privileged Austrian Credit-Institute for Commerce and Industry", the later Creditanstalt, was born) was playing a leading role in the banking center of Vienna. Salomon Mayer von Rothschild was involved during the pre-March in all major transactions of the National Bank for the rehabilitation of the state budget.

Special focus the National Bank was putting on the development of the premium that was payable at the exchange of banknotes into silver money in business dealings. The increase, which corresponded to a depreciation of the notes issued by the Bank should be prevented. From an overall state perspective, the increase of the silver premium means a deterioration in terms of the exchange ratio towards foreign countries, influencing the price competitiveness of the Austrian foreign trade adversely. The stabilization of the premium were set some limits. Although the height of the emission activitiy was depending on the Bank, but also the price of silver and the potential effects of increased government debt materially affected the silver premium. Especially the 1848 revolution and conflicts in the following years caused an increasement of the silver premium.

Mid-century, the private banking and wholesale houses were no longer able to cope with the rapidly growing financial intermediation of the Habsburg monarchy. New forms of capital formation were required. From an initiative of the House of Rothschild, the first by the government approved and private joint-stock bank was created. This formation was followed in 1863 and 1864 by two other joint-stock banks, whose major shareholders included important personalities of the aristocracy, who possessed large liquid funds. Overall, grew with these banks the money creation potential of the "financial center of Vienna".

The central bank faced another difficult task: with its limited resources it had to secure sufficient liquidity on the one hand and on the other hand prevent the inflationary expansion of the money supply. Through close contacts with the shareholders of Vienna was a financial center (informal) ballot, especially in times of crisis, easily dealt out. In contrast, it gave differences of opinion in the Fed Board, which required enforcement of decisions.

In 1861, Friedrich Schey Koromla became director of the National Bank. On 27 December 1862 experienced the Bankprivilegium another innovation. The independence of the National Bank of the State was restored and anchored. Furthermore, was introduced the direct allocation of banknotes in circulation by the system of "Peel'schen Bank Act", which states that the fixed budget of 200 million guilders exceeding circulation of banknotes must be covered by silver coins. In 1866, when the German war ended in defeat for Austria, the compliance of the system was no longer met. The state felt itself forced to pay compensation for breach of privilege. This balance was supported by a law of 1872, after the National Bank may issue notes up to a maximum of 200 million guilders and each additional payment must be fully backed by gold or silver.

1873 the economic boom of the Habsburg monarchy was represented in a long-lasting rise in the share price. A now to be expecting break could by the behavior of the Vienna Stock not be intercepted, so it came to the "Great Crash of 1873". The in 1872 fixed restrictions of the circulation of notes for a short time have been suspended. Contrary to expectations, the money supply in crisis peak but only outgrew by nearly 1% the prescribed limit in the bank acts. The banks and the industrial and commercial companies survived the crash without major losses, although the share prices significantly lay below the initial level.

The years with high growth were followed by a period of stagnation.

1878-1922

As part of the compensation negotiations between Austria and Hungary in 1867, the National Bank was able to exercise fully their Privilegialrechte, the Kingdom of Hungary but now had the certified right, every ten years exercisable, to found an own central bank (bank note). As resulted from the first 10 -year period that furthermore none of the two parts of the monarchy wanted to build an independent money-issuing bank (Zettelbank), was built on 28 June 1878, initially to 31 December 1887 limited, an Austro-Hungarian Bank, and equipped with the Fed privilege. The first privilege of the new bank was a compromise in which on the one hand, regulations on liability for national debts as well as regulations limiting the influence of the government on banking businesses were included. 1878 Gustav Leonhardt was Secretary of the Bank.

The General Assembly and the General Council formed the unit of the bank management. Two directorates and major institutions - in Vienna and Budapest - represented the dual nature of the bank. 1892-1900 followed a long discussion finally the currency conversion from guilders (silver currency) to the crown (gold standard) with "Gold Crown" said coins.

Since the new banknotes were very popular in the public, now many gold coins piled up in the vaults of the Austro-Hungarian Bank. This period was characterized by a balanced combination of price growth and damping, the "per capita national product" grew while prices remained mostly stable. Against this background, it was easy for the Fed to encourage a new wave of industrialization.

With a third privilege in 1899 conditions were established under which the bank could be put into the financial services of the two countries, on the other hand there have been important innovations that paved a good exchange policy. By 1914, the exchange ratio of the Austro-Hungarian currency was unchanged with only minor fluctuations. In contrast, was the by conflicts marked political development.

The expansive foreign policy quickly led to high costs from which had to be shouldered by the central bank a significant part. The stability of the currency was in danger. Shortly after the beginning of World War I in 1914, laid down the Military Command to indemnify any seized property with double the price. There was an increasing scarcity of goods, connected with an ongoing expansion of the money supply and finally the increase in the price level on the 16-fold.

The resulting cost of the war of the Dual Monarchy were covered to 40% on central bank loans and 60% through war bonds. Over the duration of the war, the power force built up in recent decades has been frozen at the end of the conflict in 1918, the real income of the workers had fallen to one-fifth of the last year of peace.

With the end of the war the end for the old order had come, too. The decay of Cisleithania and Transleithania caused in several successor states, despite the efforts of the central bank to maintain the order, a currency separation (see Crown Currency in the decay of the monarchy, successor states). First, a separate "Austrian management" of the bank was introduced. It was encouraged to shoulder the shortcomings of the state budget of the Republic of Austria founded in 1918.

The new South Slav state began in January 1919 stamping its crown banknotes. The newly founded Czechoslovak Republic retained the crown currency (to date), but their printed banknotes in circulation as of February 1919 with indications that now these ar Czechoslovak crowns. (The country could an inflation as experienced by Austria avoide.) In March 1919, German Austria began to stamp its crown banknotes.

The Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye of 10 September 1919, by Austria on 25 October 1919 ratified and which on 16 July 1920 came into force, determined the cancellation and replacement of all crown banknotes of all successor states of Austria-Hungary as well as the complete liquidation of the Austro-Hungarian Bank under the supervision of the war winners. The last meetings of the Bank took place mid 1921 and at the end of 1922.

After a period of overvaluation of the crown the dollar rate rose from 1919 again. 1921, had to be paid over 5,000 Austrian crowns per dollar. In addition to the significant drop in the external value existed in Austria rising inflation. End of 1922 was ultimately a rehabilitation program with foreign assistance - the "Geneva Protocol" - passed which slowed down the inflation.

1922-1938

With Federal Law of 24 July 1922 the Minister of Finance was commissioned to build a central bank, which had to take over the entire note circulation plus current liabilities of the Austrian management of the Austro-Hungarian Bank. With Federal Law of 14 November 1922, certain provisions of the law were amended and promulgated the statutes of the Austrian National Bank. By order of the Federal Government Seipel I 29 December 1922, the Board of the Austrian Austro-Hungarian Bank issued authorization for the central bank union activity with 1 January 1923 have been declared extinct and was made ​​known the commencement of operations of the Oesterreichische Nationalbank this day.

The statutes of the Austrian National Bank (OeNB) secured the independence from the state, the independence of the Bank under exclusion of external influences and the corresponding equity. First, the stabilization of the Austrian currency was at the forefront. With the Schilling Act of 20 December 1924 was the schilling currency (First Republic) with 1 Introduced in March 1925, it replaced the crown currency. For 10,000 crowns now you got a shilling.

As an important personality in terms of the order of the state budget, Dr. Victor Kienböck has to be mentioned. He was in the time from 1922 to 1924 and from 1926 to 1929 finance minister of the First Republic and from 1932 to 1938 President of the Austrian National Bank. Through his work remained the Austrian Schilling, also beyound the global economy crisis, stable. Under this condition, the Fed was able to cope with the large number of bank failures of the past.

1938-1945

According to the on 13th March issued Anschlussgesetz (annexation law) , the Reichsmark with order of the Fuehrer and Chancellor of 17 was March 1938 introduced in the country Austria and determines the course: A Reichsmark is equal to one shilling fifty pence. On the same day, the Chancellor ordered that the management of the to be liquidated National Bank was transferred to the Reichsbank.

With regulation of three ministers of the German Reich of 23 April 1938, the National Bank was established as a property of the Reichsbank and its banknotes the quality as legal tender by 25 April 1938 withdrawn; public funds had Schilling banknotes until 15th of may in 1938 to accept. All the gold and foreign exchange reserves were transferred to Berlin.

The Second World War weakened the Austrian economy to a great extent, the production force after the war corresponded to only 40% of that of 1937 (see also air raids on Austria). To finance the war, the Reichsbank brought to a high degree banknotes in circulation, which only a great victory of the kingdom (Reich) actual values ​​would have been opposable. Since prices were strictly regulated, inflation virtually could be "banned" during the war.

1945-1998

In occupied postwar Austria about 10 billion shillings by Allied military occupying powers were initially printed, which contributed to significant price increases.

With the re-establishment of the Republic of Austria by the Austrian declaration of independence of 27 April 1945, it came to the resumption of activities of the Oesterreichische Nationalbank. By the "Fed Transition Act" of July 1945 preliminary legal regulations for the operations of the Bank have been established. The restoration of the Austrian currency was their first big job. The goal was the summary of all currencies, which at the time were in circulation, and their secondment to a new Austrian currency. The "Schilling Act" of November 1945, the basis for the re-introduction of the Schilling (Second Republic) as legal tender in Austria. The next step was to reduce excess liquidity to make necessary funds for new business investment available and to make the external value of the shilling for the development of the economy competitive. First, however, less changed the inflationary situation and also the shilling was still significantly undervalued in relation to other currencies.

The "Currency Protection Act" of 1947 brought a significant change in the monetary overhang. Some deposits have been deleted without replacement, others converted into claims against the Federal Treasury. The following exchange operations also significantly reduced the amount of cash: banknotes from 1945 were canceled and exchanged for new schilling notes in the ratio 1:3. Only 150 shillings per person could go 1-1.

To control inflation, the social partners came to the foreground. The associations of employers and employees set in 1947 prices for supplies, wages were also raised. This was the first of the five "wage-price agreements" of the social partners. In 1952, inflation was held back by limiting the use of monetary policy instruments by the National Bank. Also, the external sector slowly relaxed after the end of the Korean War.

In 1955, the Austrian National Bank was re-established by the new National Bank Act as a corporation and the by the National Bank Transition of Authorities Act (Nationalbank-Überleitungsgesetz) established provisional arragement abolished. The National Bank Act stipulated that each half of the capital should be situated at the federal government and private shareholders. In addition to the independence of bank loans of the state, the new National Bank Act also contained an order that the central bank must watch within their monetary and credit policies on the economic policies of the federal government. From now on also included within the instruments of the National Bank were the areas open market and minimum reserve policy.

The Austrian economy increasingly stabilized, through good fiscal and monetary policy a high growth could be attained, with low inflation and long-term maintenance of external equilibrium.

1960, Austria joined the European Free Trade Association and participated in the European integration.

In the sixties came the international monetary system based on gold-dollar convertibility into currency fluctuations and political reforms were necessary. First, the loosening of exchange rate adjustments between several states was an option. However, U.S. balance of payments problems brought with it restrictions on capital movements, and then the Euro-Dollar market was born. In 1971, the convertibility of the U.S. dollar was lifted.

1975 interrupted a recession increasing growth time. International unbalanced ayments caused very extensive foreign exchange movements, whereby the intervention force of Austrian monetary policy has been strongly challenged. Their task now was to control the effect of foreign exchange on domestic economic activities to stabilize the shilling in the context of constantly shifting exchange rates and to control the price rise appropriately. Since the inflow of foreign funds reached to high proportions, so that the economic stability has been compromised, the policy went the way of the independent course design in a pool of selected European currencies.

The collapse of the economy forced the policy makers to a new course with active mutual credit control, subdued wage growth, financial impulses in supply and demand, and interest rates are kept low. This system of regulation, however, kept back the need for structural change, so it had to be given up in 1979. In the same year a fire destroyed large parts of the main building of the Austrian National Bank in Vienna. The repairs lasted until 1985.

Target in the eighties was to strengthen the economic performance using a competitive power comparison. The findings from the seventies stimulated the Austrian monetary policy to align the Schilling course at the Deutsche Mark to ensure price stability in the country. In addition, the structural change was initiated by inclusion in a large area. Stable, if not necessarily comfortable environment of monetary policy was a prerequisite, to secure the companies long-term productivity gains and thus safeguard their position in the economy.

Initially, this development stood a high level of unemployment in the way. Growth until the second half of the decade increased, at the same time increased the competitiveness and current accounts could be kept in balance.

In the nineties, the annexation of Austria took place in the European Community. 1995 Austria became a member of the European Union (EU) and joined the exchange rate mechanism of the European Monetary System. In 1998, the Central Banks (ESCB) have established the independence of institutions or bodies of the European Community and the governments of the EU Member States through an amendment to the National Bank Act of the Austrian National Bank to implement the goals and tasks of the European System. Thus, the legal basis for the participation of Austria in the third stage of Economic and Monetary Union (EMU) was created in 1999.

As of 1999

The Austrian National Bank, and other national central banks including the European Central Bank ( ECB), belongs to the European System of Central Banks.

On 1 January 1999 was introduced in the third stage of Economic and Monetary Union in Austria and ten other EU Member States, the euro as a common currency. The European Central Bank is henceforth responsible for monetary and currency policy, decisions in this regard will be taken in accordance with the Council of the European Central Bank.

Since May 2010, the OeNB is in full possession of the Republic of Austria, after originally lobbies, banks and insurance companies were involved with 50 % of the share capital in it. In 2011, the National Bank Act was adapted by an amendment (Federal Law Gazette I No. 50 /2011) in this circumstance, a renewed privatization is thus excluded by law.

The OeNB as a modern central bank

With the withdrawal from the retail business in the sixties as well as the first major internationalization and implementation of a strategic management in the seventies, the OeNB went on the way to a future-oriented central bank. Another major reform of banking began at the end of the eighties.

In terms of global development, the OeNB established in 1988 as a service company and expanded its guiding values ​​- "security, stability and trust" - to the principles of " fficiency" and "cost-consciousness". The business center was optimized and strategic business experienced through targeted improvements a reinforcement. Be mentioned as examples are intensifying domestic cooperation in the area of ​​payments by encouraging the creation of the Society for the Study co-payments (STUZZA), the liberalization of capital movements, the professional management of foreign exchange reserves, the improvement of the supply of money through the construction of the money center and the internationalization of business activities through the establishment of representative offices in Brussels (European Union), Paris (OECD) and the financial center of New York.

After Austria's accession to the EU in 1995, the OeNB participated in the European Monetary System (EMS ) and its Exchange Rate Mechanism. The integration in the third stage of Economic and Monetary Union (EMU) was the next step towards further development of policy stability. Since the conclusion of the Maastricht Treaty, the Austrian National Bank has very fully considered its role in the ESCB and created a basis for inclusion in the community. The profound economic and monetary policy of Austria was also a reference that qualified the OeNB to actively participate in the monetary future of Europe, a greater harmonization of the statistical framework and monetary policy instruments with a view to the euro system, the preparation of the issue of European banknotes, and the establishment of operational processes and organizational integration of business processes within the ESCB being specific objectives of the OeNB.

In the following, it came, inter alia, to the establishement of an economic study department, of an education or training initiative and to strengthen the position of payment transactions through the TARGET system.

A in 1996 created "OeNB master plan" provided important points for the upcoming transition to the euro.

In May 1998, a new pension system came into force, by which new employees were incorporated into a two-pillar model.

1999, Austria's participation in the third stage of EMU was manifest. The Austrian National Bank - as part of the ESCB - became the owner of the European Central Bank and received new powers in this context in the sense of participation in the monetary policy decision-making at the level of the European Community. With the introduction of the euro, monetary policy functions of the General Council have been transferred to the Governing Council. However, the implementation remains the responsibility of national central banks.

Activities of the Oesterreichische Nationalbank were or are, for example, the further professionalization of asset management, the expansion of the network of representative offices by opening a representative office in the financial center of London, preparation of the smooth introduction of euro cash in 2002 and the participation of the OeNB on the creation of the "A-SIT" (Center for secure Information Technology Center - Austria) and the "A-Trust" (society of electronic security systems in traffic GmbH ) in order to promote security in information technology.

de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oesterreichische_Nationalbank

 

Lt. Gen. David Rodriguez, commander of ISAF Joint Command, shakes hands with Afghan policemen and U.S. leadership as he departs the Panjshir Provincial Reconstruction Team April 3. Rodriguez not only met with military leadership, but with civilian agriculture and development specialists to hear about their progress in the province. One major topic of discussion was the security situation in and around Panjshir, which seems to be ever increasing in stability. (Photo by U.S. Army Staff Sgt. Brandon Pomrenke)

WATERS EAST OF JAPAN (July 22, 2020) Damage Controlman Anthony Fabbo, from Boston, left, and Damage Controlman Bradley Gambil, from Plainfield, Ill., right, rescue q simulated casualty Lt. Payden Roberts, from Jay, Fla., during a damage control training exercise aboard the Ticonderoga-class guided-missile cruiser USS Shiloh (CG 67). Shiloh is forward-deployed to the U.S. 7th Fleet area of operations in support of security and stability in the Indo-Pacific region. (U.S. Navy photo by Mass Communication Specialist 3rd Class Isaac Maxwell)

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U.S. Army Africa supports Burundi's peacekeeping efforts in Somalia

 

By Rick Scavetta, U.S. Army Africa

 

BUJUMBURA, Burundi – When U.S. Army Col. Steve Smith recently joined discussions with Burundian generals about how Burundi conducts peacekeeping efforts in Somalia, he was leading the way for U.S. Army Africa partnerships on the continent.

 

In mid-January, Smith led a team to work with Burundian officers on ways to enhance Burundi’s leadership capacity as their military prepares to deploy its next rotation of peacekeepers to Mogadishu. Smith, of the U.S. Army’s Peacekeeping and Stability Operations Institute and Lt. Col. Ronald Miller, an Africa expert from U.S. Army Africa headquarters, held discussions with senior Burundian military officers at the Ministry of Defense in Bujumbura.

 

“We discussed the U.S. military’s way of planning for operations at the brigade level, using what we call MDMP, the military decision making process,” Smith said. “We also talked about how U.S. Army officers run a brigade-level command post.”

 

Burundi and Uganda share peacekeeping duties under the African Union Mission in Somalia, an operation designed to stabilize Somalia’s security situation following decades of war and chaos. African peacekeepers in Somalia face daily challenges as they mentor Somalis in security operations and work to counter extremist groups like al-Shabaab.

 

The U.S. Army effort is part of a larger effort by the U.S. government to support Burundi in its peacekeeping efforts, said Brig. Gen. Cyprien Ndikuryio, chief of Burundi’s land forces. The U.S. has helped with training and equipment, followed by these senior leader discussions, he said.

 

“My colleagues and I are senior officers. One of them, or I, could be appointed to higher responsibilities in Somalia’s peacekeeping mission and use what we have learned,” Ndikuryio said.

 

Until now, Burundi’s military planned missions similar to the way Belgian and French militaries work. The Ugandan People’s Defense Force, Burundi’s partner in AMISOM, already employs a planning system that is similar to the U.S. military, Smith said.

 

“It’s incredibly important for Burundi, as they are working alongside other armies using the U.S.-based model, to promote interoperability and overall efficiency,” Smith said.

 

In 2006, Burundi ended its 12-year civil war. Since then, Burundi has made strides toward partnering with its East African neighbors and the United States.

 

In October 2009, Burundian troops took part in Natural Fire 10, a U.S. Army Africa-led humanitarian and civil assistance exercise held in Uganda. During that time, Maj. Gen. William B. Garrett III, commander of U.S. Army Africa, visited Bujumbura to watch Burundian troops undergoing training with the U.S. State Department-led African Contingency Operations Training and Assistance program.

 

Burundian senior leaders then asked U.S. Army Africa to help with a familiarization event on brigade-level peacekeeping operations. Leaders from PKSOI at Carlisle Barracks in Pennsylvania offered their expertise for the event.

 

“This effort in Burundi has been a great opportunity for the U.S. Army to engage with a partner nation’s land forces on the continent,” Smith said. “There’s a tremendous potential here, a great thirst for knowledge.”

 

Smith’s Burundi assignment also benefits PKSOI in their efforts, he said.

 

“I’m taking back with me a better understanding of U.S. Army Africa operations and what’s happening on the ground in Africa,” Smith said. “That knowledge will help PKSOI plan to support future missions.”

 

The talks came at a key time for the Burundian military, as they prepare to deploy a new rotation of peacekeepers to Somali.

 

“This support was very important and effective,” Ndikuryio said. “We appreciate this cooperation with U.S. Army Africa. We hope to interact with the command in the future.”

 

Cleared for public release.

 

Photos by Rick Scavetta, U.S. Army Africa

 

To learn more about U.S. Army Africa visit our official website at www.usaraf.army.mil

 

Official Twitter Feed: www.twitter.com/usarmyafrica

 

Official YouTube video channel: www.youtube.com/usarmyafrica

 

Stability graph cruiser version

PHILIPPINE SEA (Sept. 24, 2020) Seaman Robert Wilmoth, from Cincinnati, handles the shot line aboard the amphibious dock landing ship USS Germantown (LSD 42) as the ship conducts a replenishment-at-sea with the fleet replenishment oiler USNS John Ericsson (T-AO 194). Germantown, part of Expeditionary Strike Group Seven (ESG 7), along with the 31st Marine Expeditionary Unit, is operating in the U.S. 7th Fleet area of responsibility to enhance interoperability with allies and partners, and serve as a ready response force to defend peace and stability in the Indo-Pacific region. (U.S. Navy photo by Mass Communication Specialist 2nd Class Taylor DiMartino)

Secretary Wilkie Speaks at VSO Conventions, Tours VA Facilities

 

Customer service, stability and quality care for Veterans remain top priorities for Secretary Robert Wilkie at the Department of Veterans Affairs. He reinforced that pledge as incoming VA Secretary while visiting medical facilities and attended national Veteran engagements in three states last week. Secretary Wilkie served as keynote speaker at the American Legion’s 100th National Convention in Minneapolis, MN. He called members of the nation’s largest wartime Veterans service organization “powerful advocates” and said “let me thank you, thank the entire American Legion past and present for everything you have done to make this the last best hope of man on earth.”

 

In referring to his prime directive of customer service, Secretary Wilkie said “we have to talk to Veterans, we have to listen to Veterans, because every major advance and relief for those who have ‘borne the battle’ has come through the efforts of Veterans themselves, not waiting on the slow machine of government to move.” He also lauded the passing of the MISSION Act in making it easier for eligible Veterans of all eras to navigate the system and ensure they receive the best health care possible whether delivered in VA facilities or in the community.

 

While in Minnesota, the Secretary also visited with patients and was given an expansive tour and briefing by leadership at the Minneapolis VA Health Care System. The facility has an excellent reputation and is known worldwide for its strong research and academic services focused on Veterans. The facility is recognized for its overall performance and rated a 5-Star. Secretary Wilkie was particularly impressed with the advancements in prosthetic technology that is now available to Veterans there.

Secretary Wilkie was also welcomed at Fort Snelling National Cemetery which is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The cemetery is the final resting place for Minneapolis area Veterans dating back to the Revolutionary War era with more than 225,000 interments.

 

The Secretary then headed to Dallas, TX to visit with Paralyzed Veterans of America (PVA) leadership and speak to hundreds of attendees at the PVA’s 8th annual Heath Care Summit & Expo. The Secretary reinforced his top priorities and his commitment to working hand in hand with health care professionals saying “as the Secretary of this department, I am the temporary custodian of the flame that first burned on Revolutionary fields in the 1700’s, it is a flame that you all carry and are trusted with and my pledge to you is to be part of your team.” He went on to say, “I am honored to serve with you and I thank you for carrying on the most noble mission in the federal government.”

 

Secretary Wilkie also engaged with Veterans and leadership at the VA North Texas Health Care System (VANTHCS) in Dallas. Topics of discussion included progress in suicide prevention and mental health awareness outreach, innovative surgical care procedures and modernization efforts. As VA’s second-largest health care system, VANTHCS is available to 600,000 Veterans that live in the northern Texas and southern Oklahoma region.

 

At the final stop in Cleveland, OH, the secretary served as a keynote speaker for the unveiling of a Gold Star Families Memorial Monument and Medal of Honor ribbon cutting ceremony alongside retired U.S. Marine Corps warrant officer and VA Veterans service representative Woody Williams. Williams received the Medal of Honor during the Battle of Iwo Jima in World War II. Secretary Wilkie also participated in several media interviews including Cleveland’s Morning News in which he told the host “the Gold Star Families…have given the most of all of us and they remind us every day why all of us sleep soundly at night.”

 

Photos Courtesy Dept. Veteran Affairs

+++ DISCLAIMER +++

Nothing you see here is real, even though the conversion or the presented background story might be based historical facts. BEWARE!

  

Some background:

The Macchi C.200 Saetta (Italian: both Arrow or Lightning), or MC.200, was a World War II fighter aircraft built by Aeronautica Macchi in Italy, and used in various forms throughout the Regia Aeronautica (Italian Air Force). The MC.200 had excellent manoeuvrability and general flying characteristics left little to be desired. Stability in a high-speed dive was exceptional, but it was underpowered and underarmed for a modern fighter.

Macchi's lead designer was Mario Castoldi, the creator of several racing aircraft which competed for the Schneider Trophy, including the M.39, which won the competition in 1926. He also designed the M.C. 72. In designing a modern fighter, Castoldi proposed a modern all-metal cantilever low-wing monoplane, with retractable landing gear, and an enclosed cockpit. The fuselage was of semi-monocoque construction, with self-sealing fuel tanks under the pilot's seat, and in the centre section of the wing. The distinctive "hump" elevated the cockpit to provide the pilot with a relatively unobstructed view over the engine. The wing had an advanced system whereby the hydraulically actuated flaps were interconnected with the ailerons, so that when the flaps were lowered the ailerons drooped as well.

 

Power was initially provided by the 650 kW (870 hp) Fiat A.74 radial engine, although Castoldi preferred inline engines, and had used them in all of his previous designs. With "direttiva" (Air Ministry Specification) of 1932, Italian industrial leaders had been instructed to concentrate solely on radial engines for fighters, due to their better reliability. The A.74 was a re-design of the American Pratt & Whitney R-1830 SC-4 Twin Wasp made by engineers Tranquillo Zerbi and Antonio Fessia and was the only Italian engine that could provide a reliability similar to Allied products.

 

And there was another issue: range. The early C.200 only had a range of 570 km (354 mi), and this was not acceptable for escort missions. So Castoldi reverted to his preferred V engine arrangement and obtained several downrated Daimler Benz DB601 V12 engines from Germany, which were experimentally mated with the C.200 airframe. In parallel, Fiat tried the same with its G.50 fighter, and plans were made for a thoroughly modified C.200 with this new engine (leading to the C.202).

 

In order to increase the range, an additional fuselage tank was added inside of the front fuselage structure, which could be lightened due to the new engine's reduced size, and provisions were made for streamlined underwing slipper tanks outside of the landing gear wells. A radiator was installed under the fuselage, and the cockpit received a closed canopy for better comfort on the longer escort missions. The basic armament, consisting of a pair of 12.7 mm (.5 in) Breda-SAFAT machine guns in the front fuselage, was retained.

 

Called C.200A ('Autonomia' = range), 14 airframes were converted into this escort fighter configuration in 1940. Tests were carried out during the summer, and this initial batch of aircraft was ready for service in mid September. For field trials they became a part of the Corpo Aero Italiano (CAI), an expeditionary force of the Italian Royal Air Force (Regia Aeronautica) that supported the German Air Force (Luftwaffe) and participated in the Battle of Britain during the final months of 1940 during World War II.

The C.200As operated from Belgium along side Fiat CR.42 biplanes. The latter was a manoeuvrable and fast biplane fighter, and despite its good manoeuvrability and speed (440+ km/h) it was technically outclassed by the faster Hurricane and Spitfire of the British Royal Air Force – so there were high hopes in the new long range fighter.

 

The C.200A actually excelled with its good range of 620 ml (1.000 km), but the machines turned out to be underpowered and underarmed. Any aerodynamic benefit of the sleeker nose section was eaten up by the large radiator and the weight penalty of the extra internal fuel. The fixed slipper tanks under the wings hampered performance even more, even if emptied, so that only a few escort missions alongside Fiat BR.20 bombers of 13° and 43° Stormo were made - the results were so abysmal (10 of the 14 deployed aircraft were lost in just three missions, three of them through technical failures, the rest were shot down) that the experimental type was already retired in December 1940.

 

Anyway, Mario castoldi did not give up on the inline engine, and the experience with the C.200A lead directly to the C.202, a development of the earlier C.200 Saetta, with an Italian built version of the Daimler-Benz DB 601Aa engine and with a redesigned, more streamlined fuselage. The C.202 entered service in July 1941.

 

From the time Italy entered war on 10 June 1940, until the armistice of 8 September 1943, the C.200 flew more operational sorties than any Italian aircraft. The Saetta ranged over Greece, North Africa, Yugoslavia, France, across the Mediterranean and Russia (where it obtained an excellent kill to loss ratio of 88 to 15). Over 1,000 were built by the time the war ended.

  

Specifications:

Crew: 1

Length: 8.25 m (27 ft 1 in)

Wingspan: 10.58 m (34 ft 8 in)

Height: 3.05 m (10 ft 0 in)

Wing area: 16.82 m² (181.00 ft²)

Empty weight: 1,964 kg (4,330 lb)

Loaded weight: 2,200 kg (4,840 lb)

Max. takeoff weight: 2,395 kg (5,280 lb)

Powerplant:

1× Daimler Benz DB 601 A liquid-cooled V12 engine, 634kW (850 hp) at takeoff

 

Performance:

Maximum speed: 504 km/h (313 mph) at 4,500 m (14,765 ft)

Range: 1.000 km (620 mi)

Service ceiling: 8,900 m (29,200 ft)

Rate of climb: 15.3 m/s (3,030 ft/min)

Wing loading: 131.7 kg/m² (26.9 lb/ft²)

Power/mass: 0.286 kW/kg (0.176 hp/lb)

 

Armament:

2× 12.7 mm (.5 in) Breda-SAFAT machine guns with 370 RPG

Two fixed slipper tanks under the wings with 200 L (52.8 US gal; 44.0 imp gal) each

 

The kit and its assembly:

This whif is another submission to the Battle of Britain Group Build at whatifmodelers.com, and was inspired by a fellow modeler's build of a pre-production Macchi C.202. Another factor was a single DB601 which I had found in the scrapbox while building the Go 146/Ki-16II conversion - and I wondered if a typical Italian monoplane with a radial could be converted?

I initially wanted to modify a Fiat G.50, but then found out that there had actually been the G.50V, a prototype. Since I did not want to copy this real aircraft I ended up with a Macchi C.200 - kind of the pre-production C.202's direct (and unsuccessful) predecessor, but less elegant.

 

The Hobby Boss kit I used is, like any of the small kits, of very simple construction, but it comes with a separate cockpit interior and it has good surface detail. I just changed the nose section, even though this took considerable putty work. Further additions are the slipper tanks, the radiator bath, the new canopy, and I added a simple dashboard.

  

Painting and markings:

I wanted something authentic, yet not the typical scheme in sand yellow with more or less green blotches. After some research I found a scheme that was used around late 1940, even by the CAI: pattern 'C3/Reticolo di Macchie Rade Verde Mimetico su altro Verde Mimetico -' a uniform pale green base with dark green mottle on the upper sides, and grey undersides.

Official colors were Verde Mimetico 53192, Verde Mimetico 3 and Grigio Mimetico - no Macchi aircraft was delivered this way, but this is whifworld, after all. ;)

 

Verde Mimetico 53192 was simulated through a mix of Humbrol 80 and 83, with some 120 and 155 (Grass Green plus Ochre, with Medium Green and Olive Drab added), while Verde Mimetico 3 is simple Humbrol 117 (FS 34102). The underside was painted with FS 36314 (Flint Grey) from Modelmaster. According to contemporary CAI markings the cowling was painted in yellow.

 

The markings come from a (very vast - more than 80 aircraft!) Sky Models sheet for Fiat CR.42s, which also includes several CAI machines.

  

A quick build, and a very subtle one. At first glance you'll take this one as a C.202, but the more blunt nose and other small details just "aren't right". But I guess it takes an expert to tell these differences.^^

SOUTH CHINA SEA (June 15, 2019) Hull Maintenance Technician 3rd Class Dylan Del Grande, from Bulverde, Texas inspects the integrity of a space aboard the Arleigh Burke-class guided-missile destroyer USS McCampbell (DDG 85) during a damage control training drill. McCampbell is forward-deployed to the U.S. 7th Fleet area of operations in support of security and stability in the Indo-Pacific region. (U.S. Navy photo by Mass Communication Specialist 3rd Class Isaac Maxwell/Released)

Drawing on the experience of the Korean War, in 1952 the US Navy issued a requirement for an all-weather fighter. The requirement was stringent: the aircraft would have to be supersonic, and yet still be able to have a landing speed no greater than 100 mph for carrier operations. The Vought aircraft company (formerly Chance-Vought and later Ling-Temco-Vought), smarting from the utter failure of the F6U Pirate and F7U Cutlass, needed something to save the company, and so staked everything on the V-383 design. It was certainly ahead of its time, using area rule for supersonic performance, a dogtoothed wing for stability, an all-moving tail, and titanium to lower weight.

 

The most important innovation, however, was the variable-incidence wing: when taking off or approaching a carrier, the wing could be angled upwards, allowing the V-383 to retain plenty of lift while keeping the cockpit level—an important consideration coming aboard a carrier. For weapons, the V-383 would use a standard 1950s-era mix of 20mm cannon and an underfuselage tray of rockets. With the AIM-9 Sidewinder missile beginning to enter service, Vought added two fuselage-mounted hardpoints for those as well. Though it faced stiff competition, the V-383 won the contract in 1953 as the XF8U-1 Crusader, which first flew in March 1955. Development was smooth and uneventful, and F8U-1s began reaching the fleet in 1957.

 

Fighter pilots fell in love with the Crusader for its nimble handling, high speed, and sleek appearance, but they also found it was a handful to fly. Even with the variable wing, it landed hard and fast on carriers, leading to enough accidents that it initially earned the nickname “Ensign Eliminator.” Deploying the variable wing at high speeds would cause the Crusader to go instantly out of control and disintegrate. Because of its length and low-mounted intake, carrier deck crews referred to it as the “Alligator,” and it was difficult to move around, especially on the smaller World War II-era Essex-class carriers it was often assigned to. Though faster and far more manueverable than its contemporaries--the F3H Demon, F4D Skyray, and F11F Tiger—it was also less forgiving. Problems with stability led Vought to add ventral fins in the F8U-3 variant, which also deleted the rocket tray, as it was seldom used. Despite all the problems, its performance was phenomenal: Crusaders were used to set a number of flight records in the early 1960s.

 

The Crusader would get its combat baptism in the Cuban Missile Crisis, when Key West and Guantanamo Bay-based RF-8As made low-level runs into Cuban airspace to confirm the existence of Soviet nuclear missiles. It would be Vietnam, however, where the F-8 would make its reputation. Though the F-4 Phantom II was supposed to be the last word in fleet air defense design, the eventual replacement of the Crusader, the F-4’s lack of internal cannon and relatively poor dogfight manueverability put it at a disadvantage against less advanced, yet smaller and more nimble North Vietnamese MiG-17 and MiG-21 fighters.

 

The F-8, on the other hand, was equal to the MiG-21 in all respects and, if it couldn’t turn with the MiG-17, it had better performance in the vertical and could stay with the MiG in long fights. F-8s would claim 19 MiGs during the Vietnam War for the loss of only three in air combat, a kill ratio unmatched by any other American aircraft. Though the majority of kills were actually made with Sidewinders, the fact that the F-8 still had four cannon as a backup gave pilots the confidence to stay in combat and engage in close-range dogfighting, although the cannon had a tendency to jam in high-speed turns. It was no wonder that Crusader pilots proudly proclaimed, “When you’re out of F-8s, you’re out of fighters.” In South Vietnam, Navy and Marine Corps pilots used the F-8 for attack missions, which, despite not really being designed for it, it proved to be superb in the close air support role, dropping bombs or firing rockets, and making gun passes at increasingly close proximity to friendly troops. 170 F-8s would be lost to all causes during Vietnam.

 

The F-4’s shortcomings and the F-8’s ability kept the Crusader in the fleet, longer than anticipated—the F-8 would become the first aircraft in US Navy history to remain in service over 20 years. Subsequent F-8H and F-8J variants would remain in service until the end of the Vietnam conflict, and in fleet service until 1976, and in Reserve units for a little longer; reconnaissance RF-8Gs were the last American Crusaders in service, not being retired until 1987. Even then, the type persisted in service: though ex-Navy F-8H Crusaders supplied to the Philippine Air Force were grounded about the same time due to a lack of spares, French Aeronavale F-8(FN) Crusaders would remain in service until 2000 after almost forty years of service, including participation in the Bosnian and Kosovo conflicts of the 1990s; these aircraft were replaced by Dassault Rafales, two generations ahead of the venerable F-8. Of 1219 Crusaders built, today 17 are known to survive, none flyable.

 

Built as a F-8E, BuNo 149212 started off with VMF-235 ("Death Angels") and then VMF-122 ("Flying Leathernecks") at MCAS Beaufort, North Carolina. While with the latter, 149212 may have participated in the Cuban Missile Crisis. In 1967, it deployed to Vietnam with VMF(AW)-232 ("Red Devils") at Da Nang, South Vietnam. It survived its Vietnam service and returned home to be upgraded to a F-8J, and was transferred to the Navy and VF-124 ("Gunfighters"), the Pacific Fleet Replacement Squadron at NAS Miramar, California for F-8s. While training with a F-4B over the Imperial Valley on November 22, 1969, the Phantom collided with the F-8, hitting the latter right in the middle of the aircraft. The impact tore both aircraft apart; the F-4's backseater and the F-8 pilot survived, but the F-4 pilot was killed. Today, pieces of 149212 can still be found at the crash site.

 

Given that 149212 was not with VF-124 for very long, this photo was almost certainly taken in 1969, and probably not by my dad (who had been assigned to Norfolk, Virginia by this time). As VF-124 was a FRS unit, its markings were not quite as elaborate as some of the frontline units.

 

In the background is the tail of a B-52--52-0008. Better known as "Balls 8," this was one of the first and most famous B-52s ever built: it was handed over to NASA in 1959 as a launch aircraft for the X-15 and various other lifting body projects. It would not be retired until 2004, by which time it was the last "tall-tail" B-52 in service. Today, 52-0008 can be seen displayed outside of Edwards AFB, California. Its presence in this picture means that this photograph was probably taken at an airshow.

 

(Disclaimer: I found this picture among other photos in my dad’s slides. I’m not sure who took them; some of them may be his. If any of these pictures are yours or you know who took them, let me know and I will remove them from Flickr, unless I have permission to let them remain. These photos are historical artifacts, in many cases of aircraft long since gone to the scrapyard, so I feel they deserve to be shared to the public at large—to honor the men and women who flew and maintained them.)

The Labour Party in Ireland is a social-democratic political party. The Party was founded in 1912 in Clonmel, County Tipperary, by James Connolly, James Larkin and William X. O'Brien as the political wing of the Irish Trade Union Congress. Unlike the other main Irish political parties, Labour does not trace its origins to the original Sinn Féin. In the 2011 general election it gained 37 of the 166 seats in Dáil Éireann, almost double its total of 20 in the 2007 election, making it the second largest political party in the 31st Dáil. The Labour Party has served in government for a total of nineteen years, six times in coalition either with Fine Gael alone or with Fine Gael and other smaller parties, and once with Fianna Fáil, giving it the second-longest time in government of Irish parties, next to Fianna Fáil. As of 9 March 2011 it is the junior partner in a coalition with Fine Gael for the period of the 31st Dáil.

 

The current party leader is Eamon Gilmore, elected in October 2007 alongside Joan Burton as deputy leader. Gilmore is the current Tánaiste (deputy prime minister).

 

The Labour Party is a member of the Socialist International and the Party of European Socialists, whilst the party's MEPs sit in the European Parliament group of the Progressive Alliance of Socialists and Democrats. Through these bodies Labour is linked with the Social Democratic and Labour Party in Northern Ireland.

 

www.streetsofdublin.com

Secretary Wilkie Speaks at VSO Conventions, Tours VA Facilities

 

Customer service, stability and quality care for Veterans remain top priorities for Secretary Robert Wilkie at the Department of Veterans Affairs. He reinforced that pledge as incoming VA Secretary while visiting medical facilities and attended national Veteran engagements in three states last week. Secretary Wilkie served as keynote speaker at the American Legion’s 100th National Convention in Minneapolis, MN. He called members of the nation’s largest wartime Veterans service organization “powerful advocates” and said “let me thank you, thank the entire American Legion past and present for everything you have done to make this the last best hope of man on earth.”

 

In referring to his prime directive of customer service, Secretary Wilkie said “we have to talk to Veterans, we have to listen to Veterans, because every major advance and relief for those who have ‘borne the battle’ has come through the efforts of Veterans themselves, not waiting on the slow machine of government to move.” He also lauded the passing of the MISSION Act in making it easier for eligible Veterans of all eras to navigate the system and ensure they receive the best health care possible whether delivered in VA facilities or in the community.

 

While in Minnesota, the Secretary also visited with patients and was given an expansive tour and briefing by leadership at the Minneapolis VA Health Care System. The facility has an excellent reputation and is known worldwide for its strong research and academic services focused on Veterans. The facility is recognized for its overall performance and rated a 5-Star. Secretary Wilkie was particularly impressed with the advancements in prosthetic technology that is now available to Veterans there.

Secretary Wilkie was also welcomed at Fort Snelling National Cemetery which is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The cemetery is the final resting place for Minneapolis area Veterans dating back to the Revolutionary War era with more than 225,000 interments.

 

The Secretary then headed to Dallas, TX to visit with Paralyzed Veterans of America (PVA) leadership and speak to hundreds of attendees at the PVA’s 8th annual Heath Care Summit & Expo. The Secretary reinforced his top priorities and his commitment to working hand in hand with health care professionals saying “as the Secretary of this department, I am the temporary custodian of the flame that first burned on Revolutionary fields in the 1700’s, it is a flame that you all carry and are trusted with and my pledge to you is to be part of your team.” He went on to say, “I am honored to serve with you and I thank you for carrying on the most noble mission in the federal government.”

 

Secretary Wilkie also engaged with Veterans and leadership at the VA North Texas Health Care System (VANTHCS) in Dallas. Topics of discussion included progress in suicide prevention and mental health awareness outreach, innovative surgical care procedures and modernization efforts. As VA’s second-largest health care system, VANTHCS is available to 600,000 Veterans that live in the northern Texas and southern Oklahoma region.

 

At the final stop in Cleveland, OH, the secretary served as a keynote speaker for the unveiling of a Gold Star Families Memorial Monument and Medal of Honor ribbon cutting ceremony alongside retired U.S. Marine Corps warrant officer and VA Veterans service representative Woody Williams. Williams received the Medal of Honor during the Battle of Iwo Jima in World War II. Secretary Wilkie also participated in several media interviews including Cleveland’s Morning News in which he told the host “the Gold Star Families…have given the most of all of us and they remind us every day why all of us sleep soundly at night.”

 

Photos Courtesy Dept. Veteran Affairs

Almost two years after the presentation of the EU Global Strategy and more than a year after Jean Claude Juncker’s white book on the future of Europe, the European Union still struggles with major challenges and threats that seem to undermine the stability of the security environment within its borders and in its neighbourhood. In the aftermath of Brexit and with the proximity of to the European Parliament elections in 2019, the third International Conference Europe as a Global Actor (Lisbon, May 24 & 25, 2018) will discuss the role the EU can play in the current global transformations, as well as the domestic and external obstacles it faces as a global actor.

The Center for International Studies of ISCTE-IUL organized the third edition of the International Conference “Europe as a global actor”, on 24 and 25 May.

The opening lecture was given by the Portuguese Minister of Foreign Affairs, Augusto Santos Silva, on May 24, at 09:30 am.

The Conference Program also included a debate on the state of the Union with the presence of Portuguese MEPs, panels and round-tables on the challenges of the Common Security and Defense Policy, the future of European security and defense, the EU’s relationship with other global players and the future of the European Union as a global player. In addition to the presence of several invited scholars, in plenary sessions moderated by Portuguese journalists, the program also included the presentation of communications by around 40 international researchers in this area of knowledge.

 

May 24th

 

9h00 | Registration – Floor 2, Building II

 

09h30 | Opening Remarks (Aud. B203) – session in Portuguese

 

Keynote Speaker: Augusto Santos Silva, Portuguese Minister for Foreign Affairs

Helena Carreiras (Director, School of Sociology and Public Policies, ISCTE-IUL)

Luís Nuno Rodrigues (Director, Center for International Studies, CEI-IUL)

 

10h45 – 11h00 – Coffee Break

 

11h00 | Round Table I: CSDP: challenges and opportunities (Aud. B203)

 

Moderator: António Mateus (RTP)

 

Laura Ferreira-Pereira (Universidade do Minho)

Jochen Rehrl (EEAS – ESDC)

Ana Isabel Xavier (CEI-IUL)

  

12h30 – 14h00 – Lunch

  

14h00 – 15h45 | Parallel Sessions I

 

Panel 1 –The future of European Security and Defence (Room C201)

 

Moderator: Ana Isabel Xavier (CEI-IUL)

 

Stefano Loi (CEI-IUL): “The PESCO agreement and the future of the European common defence”

Lorinc Redei & Michael Mosser (University of Texas at Austin): “The European Union as a Catalyst in European Security”

Patricia Daehnhardt (IPRI-NOVA): “The EU and transatlantic relations: the end of the Euro-Atlantic security community?”

   

Panel 2 – The European policy on migration and asylum (Room C301)

 

Moderator: Giulia Daniele (CEI-IUL)

 

João Barroso (CEI-IUL): “The EU and the refugee crisis: a literature review”

Tommaso Emiliani (College of Europe): “EU Migration Agencies: More “Guarding”, Less “Support for Asylum”? An Assessment of How the European Board and Coast Guard and the European Asylum Support Office Pursue Their Relations with Third Countries in Light of the So-Called ‘Refugee Crisis’.”

Emellin de Oliveira (NOVA): “The Securitization of Migration through Technology: an analysis of the PNR Directive”

   

Panel 3 – The state of the Union and the future of Europe: reflections and scenarios (Room C302)

 

Moderator: Ana Lúcia Sá (CEI-IUL)

 

Luís Machado Barroso (CEI-IUL; IUM) & Marco António Ferreira da Cruz (IUM): “It is not enough to be… It needs to be seen”: the analysis of EUGS implementation 1st Year report”

Ricardo Alexandre (CEI-IUL): “The Western Balkans Euro-fatigue and the impact on EU of potential alternatives to integration”

Dina Sebastião (University of Coimbra): “The persistence of Portuguese Atlanticism as a block for a supranationalization of European defence policy”

   

15h45 – 16h00 – Coffee Break

   

16h00-18h00 | Round Table II – The EU & other global players (Aud. B204)

 

Moderator: Helena Tecedeiro (Diário de Notícias)

 

Thomas Diez (University of Tübingen)

Maria Raquel Freire (CES-UC, Coimbra)

Luís Tomé (Universidade Autónoma de Lisboa)

Bruno Cardoso Reis (CEI-IUL, Lisbon)

  

18h00 – 20h00 | Parallel Sessions II

 

Panel 4 – Brexit (Room C401)

 

Moderator: Bruno Cardoso Reis (CEI-IUL)

 

Sanja Ivic (Institute for European Studies, Serbia): “The Question of European Identity in Light of Brexit”

Allan F. Tatham (Universidad San Pablo-CEU): “‘Breaking up is Hard to Do’: The evolution of the EU’s withdrawal criteria”

Christopher Pitcher (ISCTE-IUL): “‘I voted remain’ a look at the social and political divides within Brexit Britain through qualitative analysis of the narratives and attitudes of British citizens who voted remain”

Luana Lo Piccolo (ISPI – Milan): “Brexit: an increasing fragmentation of the international architecture”

   

Panel 5 – The EU and its Neighbourhood (Room C402)

 

Moderator: Cátia Miriam Costa (CEI-IUL)

 

Petar Georgiev (Council of the EU): “Pursuit of greener pastures in the Eastern neighbourhood: reconciliation of EU’s security interests and normative ambitions”

César García Andrés (Universidad de Valladolid): “The role of Ukraine within the European neighborhood policy and its effects on relations with Russia”

Mónica Canário (CEI-IUL): “Why do we need a real gender policy in the EU?”

Filipe Lima (CEI-IUL): “The EU and Israel and Palestinian Conflict”

   

Panel 6 – Transnational threats (Room C502)

 

Moderator: Ana Margarida Esteves (CEI-IUL)

 

Sofia Geraldes (ISCTE-IUL): “Digital Battlefields: Assessing the EU soft security actorness countering social media information warfare activities”

Marc de Carrière (Amarante International): “Going beyond NATO’s Article 5: A EU-NATO Blockchain to deter cyber warfare”

Davoud Gharayagh-Zandi (IRS; Shahid Beheshti University) & João Almeida Silveira (FCSH-NOVA): “The European Union security actorness within EU-Iran relations in the Post JCPOA Era”

Henrique Miguel Alves Garcia: “Radicalization in Belgium and EU security environment”

 

Susana Pedro

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