The segregation-era homes of Inglewood are looking ragged, still showing tenacious independence in their dereliction. Some sit empty, others cling tightly to memories fading since 1954. Now you're just as likely to find black as white in this neighborhood, precariously perched over the hill and out of sight of Bridgetown. I've passed through walking, biking, or driving since being born, watching the mouldering, demolition, and periodic renovation of various tiny historic homes. Thousands of times on the roadside, seeing what the years might make of us. The oldest ones show additions on additions, slowly expanded from the original shacks, more room made as money was saved and children born. Poor, proud history, old as any other village in the Valley, but far more forgotten. But you and I, we remember.

February 7, 2020

Inglewood, Nova Scotia

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Exposition : The color line

Du mardi 04 octobre 2016 au dimanche 15 janvier 2017

Quel rôle a joué l’art dans la quête d’égalité et d’affirmation de l’identité noire dans l’Amérique de la Ségrégation ? L'exposition rend hommage aux artistes et penseurs africains-américains qui ont contribué, durant près d’un siècle et demi de luttes, à estomper cette "ligne de couleur" discriminatoire.

—————

« Le problème du 20e siècle est le problème de la ligne de partage des couleurs ».

Si la fin de la Guerre de Sécession en 1865 a bien sonné l’abolition de l'esclavage, la ligne de démarcation raciale va encore marquer durablement la société américaine, comme le pressent le militant W.E.B. Du Bois en 1903 dans The Soul of Black Folks. L’exposition The Color Line revient sur cette période sombre des États-Unis à travers l’histoire culturelle de ses artistes noirs, premières cibles de ces discriminations.

Des thématiques racistes du vaudeville américain et des spectacles de Minstrels du 19e siècle à l’effervescence culturelle et littéraire de la Harlem Renaissance du début du 20e siècle, des pionniers de l’activisme noir (Frederick Douglass, Booker T. Washington) au réquisitoire de la chanteuse Billie Holiday (Strange Fruit), ce sont près de 150 ans de production artistique – peinture, sculpture, photographie, cinéma, musique, littérature… – qui témoignent de la richesse créative de la contestation noire.

And with advance to REALITY COPY there’s certainly no way of changing this perception only enforcing it, nothing in reality is good enough for “REALITY COPY” that is just another paradox that is not futuristic.

We might be still skeptical about the arrival of REALITY COPY, but its only before its sold at the supermarkets.

What would happen after “Reality Copy” when the progress of all possible levels of true “reality copy” (in technical sense, not psychologically-philosophical) are achieved. The reality hence is copied and sealed.

Technology won’t stop there… one wonders. What is next.

In political sense when reality in representation is something embraced by conservative social power than with “reality copy” the conservative power is the dominating from the social point of view having new level of reality and it’s copy to be controlled.

*seems like the only possibly alternative to REALITY COPY could be ultra radical Invisibility)

In principle the artist aims to deform the reality subjectively to create not the “reality copy” lacking such skills but to convey the artistic poetic goal of expressing whatever given artist wants to express.

In a matter of “reality copy” what is left for the artist to argue with and deform… to question and test… Nothing really changes socially except for more pressure applied to the issue of dealing with self-image and tools to “sell” When a person changes the image the higher the technology the more transformed is the final product.

The progress of mental growth is just as conservative as control on the “visual image of reality” and its copy.

The ongoing technological progress is irreversible as it carries percent of good with bad,

It is common knowledge how for instance internet is benefit and at the same time does damage. A person who knows about the addiction and suffers would acquire the knowledge and hope from the place the person suffers the internet of course.

Same thing is with photography and video. Reality copy would add more psychological problems to the present but create more visual attraction of true-life experience with whatever could be rediscovered in Lifecopy style. Probably is benefits pornography since it will continue same as consumption of food. The basic things… Consumerism benefits since it is super-trained for “instant reach” affect and will commercially exploit the “reality copy” to sell more of “reality copy” gadgets the phones, screens, etc.

New generation of people will repeat the cycle in new technological means of having “reality copy” as nothing new but similar to any visual information currently available.

The creative people are the ones BEHIND the time it seems in a matter of “reality copy” and being unable to have anything is an alternative.

The Invisible alternative is the ONLY ONE to question “reality copy”

That is the power of UNKNOWN.

Techno progress can deal in “reality” bringing higher resolution to the fore to sell new generation of phones and gadgets.

But it really doesn’t change the philosophical issue of questions asked by philosophers, what is life, what is art, why do we live. Questions remain unanswered when techno progress veils those questions with the promise that higher technology would bring the end to all unanswered questions and answer them for people.

So far the techno advance puts the artistic, literary and philosophical field out of business. As when people get the toys (gadgets) and the playground (the podium of internet) the art is irrelevant and completely disconnected from the social phenomenon of self-representation. Art is not interested to question something with no philosophical substance to it.

The commercial art is willing to supply more stuff for consumerism. If its reality-copy than someone empowered by financial wealth (born rich) would come up with more decorative solutions that could serve REALITY COPY in needed fashion, add more details to the “reality set” to those who can afford it.

Same way it is now when people with means live with more things.

“Reality Copy” of people without means would look just as it is in reality, gray and unexciting. To help people without means the software would offer “decoration” solutions to add the faux details able to transform the surroundings to less depressing. It would enter the person into “life copy” of vacation at Caribbean resorts… etc.

What in such situation could be philosophically questioned, if nothing changed in human morality, but techno advance manage to involve people into self-entertainment to such degree that a person is no longer interested to read books about other people or watch movies and hear news. Self-promotion is the ongoing and time-consuming thing. One has to research the “popular” topics.

As to participating in reality activities, there’s the issue of not having time for anything that doesn’t deal with self-promotion and earning a living.

ART commerce is growing commercially going Industrial since supplying consumer goods is always rewarding in sales. On the other hand this and techno revolution reduces interest of writers and philosophers to dig in depths where there is no depth. It makes such people disengaged with the process. When there are no critical voices to the established situation or some few art critics pretend to do what is expected of them – know about current situation not only on the art scene but at large - socially, and have strong voice against the trends that contribute to the lowering of culture. There’s no more liberal freedom since nobody reads the newspapers. Even if the working critics were principal enough to write articles and books they know their voice would not be heard. They are not vociferous about anything at all because there’s a concept of supporting and art endavour since art is in decline and anything that relates to art needs their support.

There are no voices to oppose the current situation for many reasons such as no younger people would be interested in such undertaking also for many reasons of being disoriented in expectation of techno changes or living their me-life.

The young ones are the invisibility movers, every day someone who is young, information and internet savvy adds the invisibility statement to their online identity. I saw it on tumblr and Iheart. (samples year web address – source)

Art consumer goods sell and make the seller get the goods since sale is the rule.

Art critics silently agree and actually it seems if they even try to disagree there is nothing in art that presently shows any direction against the established art situation.

There isn’t anything not saying a serious claim to deny aesthetic values of the art present and past, to turn away from any influence and history by the fashion avant-garde to question than resuscitate (bring back from death) art that lost vitality and practically is a dead art of dominating taste in an authoritarian culture and conformity.

Bring new blood to reinvent the art into weapon against the outlived old and positioning itself as direct opposition AGAINST art that represents culture of the present time.

Culture of consumerism that turned into visual consumerism with the help of internet is hard to oppose and challenge in any attempt of making bid public art spectacle, won’t challenge any concept but serve certain need for entertainment.

Invisible art of Paul Jaisini stands against all that is dominating and culturally regressive in the present, false visual multiplicity that imply democracy and absence of segregation in visual sphere, all inclusiveness.

On so many levels Paul Jaisini brings knowledge of how the present condition reflect on a mind. (non-linear thinking, information processing, constant analysis is the advanced state of high analytical creative mind /osd, adad is the side effect but there are more worse side effects) Shows the burst to create in manifestation of genius mind (can do any task without training) but unable to maintain the creative process as wholesome, bored with the immediate results. Invisibility is theoretical stability and result of high impact activity that gives fast result of creativity and genius realized in art. Then instability in the fact of the created art un--preserved and lost, destroyed.

On a lower level of people who start building some blog with enthusiasm dedicating time, research than abandoning it to become digital graveyard demonstrates inability to continue and search for new. Inability to face what yesterday seemed interesting and capture someone’s mind to give the creative boost.

(fast life, no sleep, high tech knowledge, constant search for new, unsatisfied… new is old – altogether supports “CONSUMERISM” when buying is haul more than physically needed, quantity is the need for new.

Invisible art as a concept seem to attract wide public and elite in such diametrically opposed combination, of people without high aesthetics in mind or the complete opposite illuminati-culturati. People with average or below average taste and aesthetic requirements are as interested and supportive as the elite. When it comes to someone in the middle- another phenomena, quite often those who are educated and intelligent take a stand against even one mention of the art being possibly somehow invisible.

These people respond very well and willing to agree with the concept as Invisible art is brought to them by mass media. In the beginning I was using internet to send out essays and saw the proof that as avant-garde wanted to reach people who never acquired artistically developed taste the invisible art was and now is more than ever suits their taste even to degree of obsession.

That’s adds insult to injury when nobody even pay attention and there’s nothing to offer as the alternative.

They want something tangible as the alternative, the grown philosophy to brew in the minds of people and artists as the sign of time.

The invisibility is the idea that has the power to antagonize the “reality copy” but not in a sense that is widely used in the present time. To express social isolation in case of the teens as seen on tumblr. (examples and variations of Invisibility trend in primitive pictures shared every day in such huge quantities no art publication ever knew, teens and pre-teens are those with passion among the rest of us, when they spread the word it goes far, same as the early internet time, when the word would go far distances to large number of people)

Historically known of the episodes when many artists tried to create the so-called invis art but it really didn’t involve much creativity except for the concepts they came up with, but in reality it involved the reduction of visual means and performance art when the audience came up with more ideas acting around the non-existent artwork than the artist.

Personally I discovered high interactive value of the “PRESUMED” invisible painting when I was getting a lot of responses with very interesting commentaries from the people who actually insisted I was sending them info about the invisible artworks. I never made any claims when sending written essays. People decided for me and probably this is the best way for the interactive dialogue to let people decide.

The only known versions of invisible artworks would be not something that can turn into a philosophical school of thought but random reductions of visual means of various artists. It all came to same MOA that involved frames etc., not the process of creativity or life long creativity that would show how such artistic philosophy develops and what various periods of the artist’s life produce by his belief in his artistic style.

The known precedents of exhibiting so-called invisible art were always random statements that never continued to develop in a distinct style.

What one usually expects is a blank canvas, a picture with some written ideas which is more a topography art, a picture that is in a wrapping of covered up and is a found object art. The only known artists who continued wrapping is Christo but his art is not considered invisible even though he hides or attempts to hide what is inside the wrapping….

Recently same as in more distant periods in time many artists are trying to reduce their visual means. There’s a difference though. In previous times artists ventured into reduction of visual means with more ease. The artworks from older times with reduced visual means had much less labor and look less worked on.

Now the reduction of visual means is something that doesn’t fall under the artistic philosophy when an artists trying to prevent an overkill of the visual imagery.

If Rothko worked on his abstract painting laboriously than in current standards his work would be considered not sale’s worthy. Now to be sale-worthy the abstraction is worked to show a lot of workmanship. Surely Rothko doesn’t want anyone to see a lot of workmanship quite the opposite, he wanted his paintings to look fresh and not overdone. And in current standards he would have to toil on every dot in his painting to perfect it.

Today’s abstract paintings look like very hard-worked on simulations of surfaces that look like some textures (varieties of plain or distressed surfaces /stone and whatever is the decorative surfaces of abstracts, patterns that are used in interior design.

Overworked, machine-like is expensive looking enough to sell in the gallery but it creates a certain amount of fatigue in time. The commerce knows about it, the fatigue would bring the art buyer to buy more to add some new life to the art collection ed infinitum.

Art commerce wants more art collectors in the times when art is selling and makes money and should be called what it is – decorative luxury items.

Art or luxury decorative items was always meant for people with wealth and they always wanted to get their money worth.

When abstract painting is done in a manner to be worthy of selling price it is not creativity of conceptual thought and has no abstracted meaning. The craft of simulating surfaces is widely known and is used in interior design. When it is unique that no other craftsman can repeat it is recognized nearly as jewelry and rag-making, etc. All the items that cost money due to the high workmanship and hours, months and sometimes years of creation. Same way was built the historical hand-made furniture. Same way the current abstract decorations will hold in time. It is made for someone as rich as royalties but it doesn’t mean that it has anything to do with artistic creativity, the most mysterious and unexplained human phenomenon.

So anyone who is interested to earn money as a maker of such luxury items and be able to place them in the store for sale – the art gallery, can come up with own recipe for surface replica and start working will find a paying job on the art scene nowadays...

It doesn’t involve questioning of morals, times and life. It involves many hours of working and ability to produce varieties of the same surfaces in good taste. Instead of questioning human spirituality, or questioning art means that someone considers irrelevant and outdated, not for any breakthrough to create something revolutionary new.

Upper balcony at the Lyric Theatre in Birmingham, Ala.

When it opened in 1914, this was the only white theater in the city to allow black people, though blacks had to use a separate entrance and stay up here. And pee in a separate bathroom. I wonder how hot it got up here, with the body heat of a thousand-plus sweaty white folks rising up from two levels of seating below.

This is the only area with any of the original seats left.

Company/Owner: Mersan Snow White Transport Corporation/Luzon Bus, Inc.

Fleet/Bus Number: 276530

Classification: Air-conditioned City Bus

Coachbuilder: (Zhengzhou) Yutong Bus Company, Ltd.

Body Model: Yutong ZK6107HA

Engine Model: Yuchai YC6G240-20 (G52MA/G52YA)

Chassis Model: Yutong ZK6107CRA (LZYTBTD62D1)

Transmission: 6-speed Manual Transmission

Suspension: Leaf Spring Suspension

Seating Configuration: 3×2

Seating Capacity: 61

Franchise route: San Jose del Monte–Baclaran via Commonwealth, Ayala

Route: Baclaran, Parañaque City [BCL, PQ]–Palmera, San Jose del Monte City, Bulacan [PMR, BU] via N61 (Roxas Boulevard: from NAIA Road to EDSA) / N120 (Roxas Boulevard: from EDSA to Buendia Avenue) / N190 (Buendia Avenue/Sen. Gil Puyat Avenue) / Ayala Avenue (Makati City) / N1 (EDSA) / N174 (East Avenue) / N170 [Commonwealth Avenue (Quezon City)] / N127 (Quirino Highway)

Areas/landmarks/stations passing (underlines are designated stops for this bus scheme - EDSA area only: Buendia–Ermin Garcia Avenue): Bayview International Towers\City of Dreams\Airport Road\Baclaran Market/Baclaran Church\Japanese Embassy\Cuneta Astrodome/HK Sun Plaza/Department of Foreign Affairs\World Trade Center\F.B. Harrison Street\BIR Pasay City\LRT Gil Puyat Station/Taft Avenue\Osmeña Highway/PNR Buendia Station\Chino Roces Avenue (Pasong Tamo)\Makati Central Post Office\RCBC Plaza Yuchengco Tower\V.A. Rufino\PBCOM Tower\Ayala Triangle\Makati Avenue/The Peninsula Manila Hotel\Glorietta 5\Buendia Avenue\Estrella\Guadalupe\Boni/Pioneer\Reliance\Shaw Boulevard\SM Megamall\Ortigas Avenue\Robinsons Galleria\Boni Serrano\Main Avenue\Araneta Center Cubao\Baliwag Transit/Five Star\Ermin Garcia Avenue\LTFRB Central Office/LTO Central Office\NIA Road\V. Luna Avenue/Land Registration Authority East Ave\Philippine Statistics Authority\SSS East Ave/BSP East Ave\BIR Road\East Avenue Medical Center\Philippine Heart Center\Matalino Street/Nat'l Kidney Transplant Institute\Quezon Memorial Circle/Quezon City Hall Gate 10\Nat'l Housing Authority Main Office/Maharlika Street\Philcoa\UP Ayala TechnoHub\Central Avenue\INC Templo Central\Tandang Sora Avenue\Luzon Avenue\Diliman Doctors Hospital\Don Antonio\Ever Gotesco\Saint Peter Parish\Sandiganbayan\Commission on Audit\Commonwealth Market\Manggahan\INC Capitol\Litex\Don Fabian\Doña Carmen Avenue\Winston Street\Pearl Drive\Fairview Center Mall/NCBA Fairview\Our Lady of Fatima Regalado\AMA Fairview/Bristol Street\Mindanao-Jollibee\Brittany Square/Belfast\Commonwealth Hospital and Medical Center\SM City Fairview\Trees Residences\Hilltop Mansion Subdivision/Our Lady of Fatima Hilltop\Mater Carmeli School\Sacred Heart Novitiate\Quezon City–Caloocan Boundary\Sacred Heart Village/Dela Costa Homes 2\Midway Park Subdivision\Amparo Subdivision Gate 2\Guadanoville Subdivision\Mountain Heights Subdivision\Pangarap Village\Bankers Village 2/North Caloocan Doctors Hospital\Cefels Park 3 Subdivision\Malaria Road\Funnside Ningnangan Caloocan\Ascoville Road\Sampaguita Street\Altaraza Town Center/Pleasant Hills Subdivision\Diamond Crest Village\Savano Park\Pecsonville Subdivision/SM Tungko (SM San Jose del Monte)\Skyline Hospital\Gumaok East\Francisco Homes Subdivision\Starmall San Jose del Monte

Type of Operation: City Operation Public Utility Bus (Bus B Segregation | Regular Class)

Area of Operations: National Capital Region (NCR)/Central Luzon (Region III)

Shot location: EDSA-Boni, Mandaluyong City

Date and tme taken: May 14, 2018 (06:19H)

Notices:

* Please DON'T GRAB A PHOTO WITHOUT A PERMISSION. If you're going to GRAB IT, please give A CREDIT TO THE OWNER. Also, don't PRINT SCREEN my photos.

** If I have mistakes on the specifications, please comment in a good manner so that I can edit it immediately.

*** The specifications and routes (for provincial, inter-provincial, and city operation) mentioned above are subjected for verification and may be changed without prior notice.

**** The vehicle's registration plate(s), conduction sticker(s), and/or persons (if applicable) were pixelated/blurred to prevent any conflict with the photographer, the bus company and/or to the car owner for their security and/or privacy purposes. So, don't use their plate number, conduction sticker, and vehicle tag as an evidence for any incident. And, I have taken this photo for bus fanatics, bus enthusiasts, and bus lovers purposes.

I made this video to illustrate granular convection/inverse segregation, the process whereby people with avalanche airbag packs are shuffled to the surfaced of slides, for this article: www.instructorcourses.skinewgen.com/avalanche-airbags-are...

racial segregation

Ausstellung im Henry Ford Museum, Dearborn, Michigan

Exhibition, Henry Ford Museum, Dearborn, Michigan

“Segregation is the adultery of an illicit intercourse between injustice and immorality” - Malcolm X

Macro Monday project – 11/24/14

"Oil and/or Water"

Segregation.

Nakanosakaue, Tokyo.

Canon AE-1 PROGRAM + FD 50/1.8 s.c. + FUJICOLOR 100

Rosa Parks fait le mur, fresque de 493 mètres de long autour du thème de la lutte contre les discriminations et pour l'égalité. Les artistes :

Ernesto Novo, 2015

Bastardilla (Bogota)

Tatyana Fazlalizaden (New-York)

Kashink (Paris)

Katjastroph (Nantes)

Zepha (Toulouse)

Projet de GFR sur mur SNCF du pont Riquet et rue d'Aubervilliers, Paris 19e

© 2020 Mike McCall

_Cowles House, 1836-1840_

aka Cowles-Bond House or, Woodruff House or Cowles-Woodruff House

National Register of Historic Places

antebellum Greek Revival

Mercer University Law School

Macon, Bibb County, Georgia USA

1836-1840

Elam Alexander, architect

Residence & headquarter of General James H. Wilson, 1864

Stratford Academy, a segregation academy, 1960-1978

Lumen Print

San Francisco, California

Leica M Monochrom - 50mm Summilux

Please view on black - Hit "L"

The Wood Ducks get the high perches and the Hooded Merganser gets the dirty water.

Or

The Hooded Merganser gets the cool safe water while the Wood Ducks are exposed to possible predators.

Company/Owner: Thelman Transit, Inc.

Fleet/Bus Number: 88288

Classification: Air-conditioned City Bus

Coachbuilder: Santarosa Motor Works, Inc./Columbian Manufacturing Corporation

Body Model: Daewoo/Santarosa BS106

Engine Model: Doosan DE08TIS

Chassis Model: Daewoo BS106 (PL5UM52HDHK)

Transmission: 6-speed Manual Transmission

Suspension: Leaf Spring Suspension

Seating Configuration: 2×2 (1st to 9th row); 3×2 (10th and 11th row)

Seating Capacity: 52

Franchise Route: Alabang–Novaliches via EDSA Mindanao Avenue

Route: Alabang, Muntinlupa City–Novaliches Proper, Quezon City via E2 [Skyway-Sucat Exit (Muntinlupa City)–Skyway-Bicutan Exit (Parañaque City)–SLEX (South Luzon Expressway)]–N1 (EDSA) / N129 (Congressional Avenue)/ N128 (Mindanao Avenue) / N127 [Quirino Highway (Quezon City)] and vice versa

Areas passing (underlines are designated stops for this bus scheme - EDSA area only: Magallanes–Ermin Garcia Avenue): South Station\Starmall Alabang–Sucat–SM City Bicutan–Magallanes\Ayala Avenue\Buendia Avenue\Estrella\Guadalupe\Boni/Pioneer\Reliance\Shaw Boulevard\SM Megamall\Ortigas Avenue\Robinsons Galleria\Boni Serrano\Main Avenue\Araneta Center Cubao\Baliwag Transit/Five Star\Ermin Garcia Avenue\Kamuning/Kamias\East Avenue/GMA/Timog/MRT GMA Kamuning Station\NIA Road\ETON Centris/Quezon Avenue\Vertis North\Trinoma/Paramount\SM North

Muñoz/Roosevelt/LRT Roosevelt Station/Muñoz Market\S&R Congressional\Shorthorn Street\Metro North Medical Center Hospital\Tandang Sora Avenue\Tandang Sora National High School\Saint James School\Sauyo\Bagbag\Quezon City Polytechnic University\Bernardino General Hospital/Novaliches District Hospital\TV5\SM Novaliches\Novaliches General Hospital\Gulod\SB Plaza Novaliches\Susano Market\Novamall\Shrine Our Lady of Mercy\Santa Monica Shop & Ride\Puregold Nova

Type of Operation: City Operation Public Utility Bus (Bus B Segregation | Regular Class)

Area of Operation: National Capital Region (NCR)

Shot Location: EDSA-Boni, Mandaluyong City

Date Taken: May 14, 2018 (6:17H)

Notices:

* Please DON'T GRAB A PHOTO WITHOUT A PERMISSION. If you're going to GRAB IT, please give A CREDIT TO THE OWNER. Also, don't PRINT SCREEN my photos.

** If I have mistakes on the specifications, please comment in a good manner so that I can edit it immediately.

*** The specifications and routes (for provincial, inter-provincial, and city operation) mentioned above are subjected for verification and may be changed without prior notice.

**** The vehicle's registration plate(s), conduction sticker(s), and/or persons (if applicable) were pixelated/blurred to prevent any conflict with the photographer, the bus company and/or to the car owner for their security and/or privacy purposes. So, don't use their plate number, conduction sticker, and vehicle tag as an evidence for any incident. And, I have taken this photo for bus fanatics, bus enthusiasts, and bus lovers purposes.

Martin Luther King Jr grew up in a time of extreme segregation, but he did not let that stop him from being a dreamer. He had a dream that would resonate with his country, and he became a major leader of the civil rights movement. His story is told at the national park site that includes his childhood home and in the church where he moved hearts and changed minds.

www.nps.gov/malu

“Segregation is the adultery of an illicit intercourse between injustice and immorality” - Malcolm X

Macro Monday project – 11/24/14

"Oil and/or Water"

Company/Owner: Malanday Metro Link

Fleet/Bus Number: 1409

Classification: Air-conditioned City Bus

Coachbuilder: (Xiamen) Golden Dragon Bus Company, Ltd./Trans-Oriental Motor Builders, Inc.

Body Model: Golden Dragon XML6103J12 Marcopolo 2 Series I (Phoenix)

Engine Model: Yuchai YC6A240–20 (A3515)

Chassis Model: Golden Dragon XML6103D12 (LFZ6103TR)

Transmission: Manual (5-speed forward, 1-speed reverse)

Suspension: Leaf Spring Suspension

Seating Configuration: 3×2

Seating Capacity: 56

Route: Malanday, Valenzuela City–Coastal Mall, Baclaran, Parañaque City via MacArthur Highway / EDSA / Gil Puyat Avenue/Buendia Avenue / Roxas Boulevard–NAIA Road

Areas passing (underlines are designated stops for this bus scheme - EDSA area only: Kamuning–Buendia): Dalandanan\Malinta\Karuhatan/SM City Valenzuela\Marulas/Our Lady of Fatima University/BBB\Potrero\Monumento\MCU Caloocan\Bagong Barrio\Balintawak\Kaingin Road\Muñoz/Roosevelt\SM North EDSA\West Avenue\Quezon Avenue\GMA-Kamuning\Ermin Garcia\Monte de Piedad\Arayat Cubao\Main Avenue\Santolan\VV Soliven\Connecticut\POEA Ortigas\Shaw Boulevard/Starmall EDSA-Shaw\Pioneer/Boni\Reliance\Guadalupe\Estrella\Buendia Avenue\Glorietta 5\The Peninsula Manila Hotel/Makati Avenue\Ayala Triangle\Makati Stock Exchange\Paseo de Roxas\Robinsons Summit Center\RCBC Plaza Yuchengco Tower\Makati Central Post Office\Chino Roces Avenue (Pasong Tamo)\Mayapis Street\Osmeña Highway/PNR Buendia Station\LRT Gil Puyat Station/Taft Avenue\BIR Pasay City\F.B. Harrison Street\World Trade Center\Department of Foreign Affairs/HK Sun Plaza/Cuneta Astrodome\Japanese Embassy\Heritage Hotel\Baclaran Church\Airport Road

Type of Operation: City Operation Public Utility Bus (Bus B Segregation | Regular Class)

Area of Operation: National Capital Region (NCR)

Shot Location: Sen. Gil J. Puyat Avenue (Buendia Avenue), Makati City

Date Taken: January 25, 2016

Notices:

* Please DON'T GRAB A PHOTO WITHOUT A PERMISSION. If you're going to GRAB IT, please give A CREDIT TO THE OWNER. Also, don't PRINT SCREEN my photos.

** If I have mistakes on the specifications, please comment in a good manner so that I can edit it immediately.

*** The specifications and routes (for provincial, inter-provincial, and city operation) mentioned above are subjected for verification and may be changed without prior notice.

**** The vehicle's registration plate(s), conduction sticker(s), and/or persons (if applicable) were pixelated/blurred to prevent any conflict with the photographer, the bus company and/or to the car owner for their security and/or privacy purposes. So, don't use their plate number, conduction sticker, and vehicle tag as an evidence for any incident. And, I have taken this photo for bus fanatics, bus enthusiasts, and bus lovers purposes.

Protection of environment

A sculpture of John Wesley Dobbs, an African-American political leader in Atlanta, GA. Dobbs believed that enfranchisement was the best way to end segregation, so he organized a voter registration campaign with the goal of registering 10,000 people.

Taken 1.22.14

Nikon D5100

Christian naturism is the practise of naturism or nudism by Christians. This form of naturism is not to be confused with what Durkheim termed "naturism" as an explanation for the origin of religion[1] in which the forces of nature form the origin of religion.Naturism is the practice of recreational social nudity in a natural environment, such as at a beach, lake, or in a forest or other wilderness area. It is not certain that Christian naturism exists in any formal organisations, however, there are informal (mostly online) networks of Christians who practise naturism.Many of the early protagonists of naturism were Christians. For example, authors such as Ilsley Boone, Henry S. Huntington and Elton Raymond Shaw were writers of books on naturism and on Christianity. The dean of St Paul's Cathedral, the Very Revd William Inge, known as Dean Inge, offered support to the cause of naturists in his support of the publishing of Maurice Parmelee's book, The New Gymnosophy : Nudity and the Modern Life.[5] Dean Inge was also critical of town councillors who were insisting that bathers wear full bathing costumes.Many Christian naturists have very little disagreement with the core beliefs of long-established churches, and may even be members. They feel the error of mandatory dress is cultural, rather than anything related to salvation.[citation needed] Nor is such an error unprecedented. For example, in the 20th century, churches largely abandoned any teaching which promoted racial separation and segregation.[7] Likewise, Christian naturists perceive a gap between scripture and Victorian era modesty (which to some extent is still observed today).Christian naturists believe that much of Christianity has misinterpreted the events of the Garden of Eden story and the Fall of Man. According to this interpretation, God could see the sin that Adam and Eve had committed by eating the forbidden fruit. It was for this reason alone that the couple was ashamed, and therefore tried to hide by covering their bodies with fig leaves. They were not motivated to dress by being able to see one another nude. (If that were the case, Adam and Eve would have immediately run off in opposite directions, rather than remain together.[citation needed]) Although God subsequently clothed them with animal skins, he made no mandate for humans to be dressed in public.

The human body was God's final and greatest earthly creation. Requiring the body to be covered rivals the legalism of the Pharisees. Many people have been deceived into thinking that their clothing keeps them from sin, when in fact the opposite is true.There are a number of ministers and priests in the contemporary nudist movement. In fact, the modem nudist movement was largely organized by ordained religious leaders, as discussed more fully in Chapter 8. These religious leaders used as their justification the many parts of the Judaic-Christian Bible which speak of accepting the human body without shame (such as references to those apostles who were fishermen, naked at their work). Religious nudists use these quotations as an answer to the fundamentalist preachers who sermonize about God’s demand for clothing.

For example, the Rev. Martin Wadestone, author of “Nudism and Christianity,” writes: “Actually, in the light of the Bible, there is no sin in nudity itself; but if a person uses the nudity for lustful or immoral purposes he has misused it, and this constitutes a sin. The Bible does not speak against nudity nor does it teach that the body is shameful. There is reference to shame in nudity, but this shame was produced in the mind of man, not by divine ordination.”This was also the belief of at least five groups in the history of Christianity: the Carpocrations, Adamites, Adamianis, Encratites, and Marcosians. Most of the historical information we have concerning the beliefs and practices of these early Christians comes to us, in fact, through the recorded criticisms and diatribes of Roman Catholic Church authorities, since these authorities have largely destroyed the writings of those they considered heretical.Platonic philosopher Carpocrates, born in Alexandria, Egypt in the second century A.D., believed in one God as creator of the world and all things in it. He combined the Christian ideal of the brotherhood of man with portions of Plato’s Republic, advocating that the glories of God should not be hidden. He urged Christians, both male and female, to look upon the natural body with gratitude for the creative force of God-love. His disciples suffered ridicule and sometimes severe persecution but continued their practices into the fourth century A.D. Records indicate that nude statues and a museum were created to honor this sect. It was the Carpocrations who first portrayed Christ’s body in the exposed form commonly seen to this day.The Adamianis existed in the second and third centuries A.D. They were a group that hoped to regain the innocence mankind lost in the Garden of Eden and, consequently, worshiped in a state of nakedness and lived as a nudist community. It’s believed that groups of Adamianis used deserted pagan temples for their own rituals.Some generations later, Encratites and Marcosians, who developed out of the Adamiani tradition, appeared on the scene. The Encratites were vegetarians and many, if not all, practiced nudism. In ancient Gaul (France), a Gnostic teacher named Marcus and his followers became known as Marcosians and were well established in the Rhone Valley by the third century. Irenaeus, a conservative Christian writer of the day, criticized their nudity and religious beliefs, remarking: “Marcus is regarded by these senseless and brain cracked as working miracles.”The Adamites (no connection with the Adamianis) were an active sect in Bohemia during the fifteenth century A.D. They were part of the Hussite Reformation. This group set up numerous religious nude communities.Natural-living Christians were referred to by traditionalists as “Gnostic heretics,” because their Christian doctrines were influenced by esoteric teachings and Eastern mystical thought. Henry de Horatev has written that, while in one sense they could be considered Gnostics, “they were not Gnostics but just plain radical Christians.”These “in-the-buff” religious groups were not exhibitionists, preferring to live in isolated and inaccessible seclusion, protected by the forests in Gaul, the deserts in Egypt, and the islands of Greece.

They built sturdy stone walls for privacy and protection from the hostile communities surrounding them. DeHoratev reflects, “How much it is to be regretted that the only records we have of the early Christian nudists come to us from hostile censorious quarters! Let us hope that someday, in some European or African monastery or tomb, there will be discovered a cache of lost Gnostic books which will shed new light on the persecuted groups of the nudists of antiquity, just as the Dead Sea Scrolls have brought new understanding to the old Hebrew literature.”Other prominent figures in the Bible also participated in social nudity (see scripture below). Being nude is a wholesome way of life, and an acceptable state of dress which was never condemned by God in the Bible. Christian naturists note there is no command in the Adam and Eve story, or elsewhere in the Bible, to wear clothing.

While "openness" and "loving people for who they are" are common concepts throughout Christianity, they are especially emphasized in Christian naturism through "body acceptance." Having a perfect body as the world sees fit is totally unimportant for both males and females of all ages

Many of the prohibitions of present-day nudity (both within Christianity and society at large) originate from the 19th-century Victorian era, rather than scripture. Two centuries ago, except for a Puritan minority and Anabaptist sects, Christians did not generally equate nudity with sexuality.Christian naturists view the story of the Garden of Eden as a model for their beliefs. It is also the main scripture where their interpretation disagrees with denominations where clothing is required. When Adam and Eve were created and placed in the garden as a couple by God, they were both naked and "felt no shame". (Genesis 2:25) They see Adam and Eve being in the blameless state that God had intended them to be. God knew that they were naked, as this was how he had created them.Even before Eve's creation, God had warned Adam "...but you must not eat from the tree of the knowledge of good and evil, for when you eat of it you will surely die." (Genesis 2:17) Despite God's warning, first Eve, then Adam, eat the forbidden fruit after being persuaded by the devil in the form of a serpent. (Genesis 3:1-6) Upon doing so, they immediately realize that they are naked, and sew fig leaves together as coverings.Shortly thereafter, Adam and Eve hear God walking in the garden, which results with them fearfully hiding among the trees. God queries Adam, "Where are you?" In spite of the fig leaves, Adam replies that he is afraid because of his nakedness. God further asks Adam, "Who told you that you were naked?" Only God, Adam, Eve, and the devil are a party to this matter, as there are no other humans on the planet at this time. Therefore, Christian naturists believe it was the devil who told Adam and Eve that they were naked. Their shame was not of God; nor would the fig leaves cover this shame, regardless of their genitals being covered. God was displeased not only by their disobedience of eating the forbidden fruit, but also with Adam and Eve's subsequent attempt to cover up their bodies.Christian naturists maintain the fig leaves were worn in a futile attempt to hide what the couple had done from God—not each other, noting they were married, and equally guilty of the same original sin.[9] The second sin was to cover parts of the body.[10] The devil had chosen the sexual organs as the area of shame because, unlike God, he has no ability to create life. As the next chapter begins with Adam and Eve engaging in appropriate marital sexual relations,[11] they conclude the couple would have seen each other naked subsequent to the fall of mankind.Having thus sinned, and no longer living nude by their own accord, God expels them from the Garden of Eden. He also made garments from animal skins to replace the fig leaves.

There are other references to nudity in the Bible, such as:[

1 Samuel 19:24 He (Saul) stripped off his robes and also prophesied in Samuel's presence. He lay that way all that day and night. This is why people say, "Is Saul also among the prophets?"

2 Samuel 6:20-23 As the Ark of the Covenant finally arrives in Jerusalem, King David dances nude within sight of slave girls. For this he is strongly denounced by his wife, Michal. David replies "I will celebrate before the Lord. I will become even more humble than this, and I will be humiliated in my own eyes. But by these slave girls you spoke of, I will be held in honor." The Scripture immediately following adds: "And Michal (daughter of Saul) had no children to the day of her death." (For a woman in the ancient Near East to be barren was considered one of the worst curses possible.[citation needed])

2 Samuel 11 While King David was rebuked by God for his lust of Bathsheba (a married woman), nothing was said about her nude bathing.

Isaiah 20:2 The Lord says to Isaiah: "Take off the sackcloth from your body and the sandals from your feet." And he did so, going around stripped and barefoot.

Micah 1:8a (Micah speaking:) Because of this [Jacob's transgression] I will weep and wail; I will go about barefoot and naked.

Matthew 6:25 and Luke 12:22-23 Then Jesus said to his disciples: "Therefore I tell you, do not worry about your life, what you will eat or drink; or about your body, what you will wear. Is not life more important than food, and the body more important than clothes?"

Mark 14:51-52 "A young man, wearing nothing but a linen garment, was following Jesus. When they seized him, he fled naked, leaving his garment behind."

John 19:23-24 "When the soldiers crucified Jesus, they took his clothes, ... "Let's not tear [the undergarment]," they said to one another. "Let's decide by lot who will get it...." Many paintings and films depict Christ's crucifixion with Him wearing a loin cloth, but this is consistent neither with scripture nor with the normal method of a Roman crucifixion.

Gospel of Thomas Although no major Christian group accepts this book as canonical or authoritative (its translation was unavailable until the 20th century), it relates a conversation between Jesus and his disciples:

His disciples asked, "When will you become revealed to us and when shall we see you?" Jesus answered, "When you disrobe without being ashamed and take up your garments and place them under your feet like little children and tread on them, then will you see the son of the Living One, and you will not be afraid."

To many people, the word witchcraft conjures up visions of evil Hailoween hags on broomsticks or strange and perhaps depraved rituals of nudity and sex. However, some historians believe that witchcraft is the oldest religion in the world and, therefore, quite respectable despite the prevalent prejudices of Judaism and Christianity. These historians of religion say that witchcraft’s fertility rites are only a worship and awe of nature, and that the monthly new-moon “esbats” and seasonal “sabbats” are only ceremonial rituals in an appeal to the gods for fecundity of the earth and fertility of its inhabitants. The wordwitchcraft, for example, actually means “craft of the wise,” since Wicca,” its root, means “wise one.” As civilization developed, this old religion became a blend of fertility cults, Egyptian occultism, and ancient kabbalistic studies.A fascinating tale of early sun worship and nudity was unearthed in 1887 at Tell-el-Amarna, a small Egyptian village on the banks of the Nile some 200 miles south of Cairo. There, an Arab woman accidentally stumbled upon the baked-clay tablet archives of Pharaoh Akhen-Aton (1385-1353 B.C.). It was learned through the subsequent translation of these tablets that the brilliant young pharaoh and his exquisitely beautiful queen, Nefertiti, considered the sun, Aton, to be the true wellspring of life and thus justified the practice of nudism for spiritual and physical advancement.Because of the discovery of these tablets and other artifacts at Tell-el Amarna, the seat of Pharaoh Akhen-Aton’s government, it is now well known that he was not only a great religious reformer and mystic, who disputed the pantheism of the traditional priesthood, but also a poet of great sensitivity. On the scattered stones that had formed the original wall of Aton’s Temple, archaeologists have found and deciphered the pharaoh’s famous “Hymn to Aton, the Sun God,” a portion of which appears in the Hebrew scriptures as Psalm 104 of the Old Testament. “Through this poem,” writes J. Herman in King& Queen of the Sun,“the pharaoh reveals himself to be a lover of beauty in nature, in art, and in man.”During British control of India, the gymnosophist practice of nudism was greatly curtailed. However, now that there is an independent Republic of India, the jains are again unhampered in their religious practice of nudity. In India today, some women have also joined the ranks of the naked Jain ascetics.The Khajurako temple is not an isolated example of a great tolerance for nudity in ancient India. Other Indian temples, such as the revered shrines at Konarak and Ellora, also display highly realistic erotic sculptures. These representations were obviously not regarded as obscene by the people who lived at the time they were created. Their directness of statement and their placement at central public locations shows that they were an essential part of the living experience of the community, part of the fabric of their social, educational, and religious life.This attitude was carried to such extremes that huge numbers of innocent people were murdered. It is now known that the great majority of those unfortunate victims had no connection with wrong-doing other than being identified as immoral and evil by their fearful neighbors and enemies. Of course, it is conceivable that there were a few witches at the time who used their potions and pills for personal profit and revenge, as their accusers claimed, just as some witches must have “cursed” their persecutors with great forcefulness. But the Wicca tradition as a whole was a religion celebrating joy, health, and fruitful harvests.This old religion is having a renaissance today as part of the “New Age” interest in metaphysics and psychic phenomena. Meditation and hypnosis, traditional tools of witchcraft, are now popular methods of “raising consciousness” toward accomplishing personal and global changes. Flowers, herbs, and crystals, the natural sacraments of the old religion, are also widely used by New Agers in their healing rituals.Much of the evil that has been attributed to witchcraft is actually part of the quite different traditions of Satanism and/or Devil Worship. Cults of this type were based on atheistic hedonism rather than on nature worship. Like witches, the members also practiced ritualistic nudity, but their emphasis was on orgiastic sexuality. Their “black mass” was centered around a nude woman as the altar, and their rites included liberal usage of drugs and hallucinogenic potions.

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_naturism

The East Coast is the poorest and most culturally conservative part of Malaysia.

The economy is largely based on agriculture, and the people are fairly conservative. Most women wear a headscarf. Kelantan and Terengganu (but not Pahang) implement many aspects of Islamic law (syariah) in public. The availability of alcohol is limited. Unlike the rest of Malaysia, the weekend in Terengganu and Kelantan runs from Friday to Saturday, with shops and banks closed on Friday but everything open normally on Sunday.

On the resort islands, however, rules are far more relaxed. On these islands there is little gender-segregation and alcohol is readily available. If a backpacker decides to sunbathe topless in these areas, oglers (not mullahs) are her top concern.

I am very worried about the growing mood of human intolerance, no sense racism, segregation, and free violence. Please before act think about who made you change your mind and of course why did he or she want it!!

Be natural and think whatever you want but JUST BY YOURSELF

Think obout this: If we segregate all each others, if we destroy all each others...WHO REMAINS ALIVE? and WHO WANT THAT?

This afternoon I suddenly found myself kneeling on the brown coconut matting in the bathroom, my head hidden in my dressing gown, which was slung over the broken cane chair. Kneeling doesn’t really come easily to me, I feel a sort of embarrassment. Why? Probably because of the critical, rational, atheistic bit that is part of me as well. And yet every so often I have a great urge to kneel down with my face in my hands and in this way to find some peace and to listen to that hidden source within me.

-Etty Hillesum

Klaus Schulze - Agony

youtu.be/xEvAxthexfc

Company/Owner: CIGN Transport

Fleet/Bus Number: 3320-J

Classification: Air-conditioned City Bus

Coachbuilder: (Suzhou) Higer Bus Company, Ltd.

Body Model: Higer V91 KLQ6119LGE3

Engine Model: Yuchai YC6J245-30 (J61SA)

Chassis Model: Higer KLQ6116LGE4 (LKLR1HSE1FA)

Transmission: 6-speed Manual Transmission

Suspension: Air Suspension

Seating Configuration: 3×2

Seating Capacity: 60

Franchise route: Alabang–Novaliches via EDSA, Mindanao Ave (based on inventory sheet); Alabang–Navotas via EDSA

Route: Alabang, Muntinlupa City [ABG, MU]–Navotas City [NAV] via E2 [Skyway-Sucat Exit (Muntinlupa City)–Skyway-Bicutan Exit (Parañaque City)–SLEX (South Luzon Expressway)]–N1 (EDSA) / N2 (MacArthur Highway)

Areas/landmarks/stations passing (underlines are designated stops for this bus scheme - EDSA area only: Magallanes–Ermin Garcia Avenue): South Station\Starmall Alabang–Sucat–SM City Bicutan–Magallanes\Ayala Avenue\Buendia Avenue\Estrella\Guadalupe\Boni/Pioneer\Reliance\Shaw Boulevard\SM Megamall\Ortigas Avenue\Robinsons Galleria\Boni Serrano\Main Avenue\Araneta Center Cubao\Baliwag Transit/Five Star\Ermin Garcia Avenue\Kamuning/Kamias\East Avenue/GMA/Timog/MRT GMA Kamuning Station\NIA Road\ETON Centris/Quezon Avenue\Vertis North\Trinoma/Paramount\SM North

Muñoz/Roosevelt/LRT Roosevelt Station\Kaingin\LRT Balintawak Station/Royal\Bagong Barrio\General Tinio\Serrano\MCU Caloocan/Monumento Circle\Jollibee Pinagtipunan Circle, Potrero\Gov Pascual Avenue\Araneta Avenue\Caimito Road\University of the East Caloocan\SM Center Sangandaan\Letre\Malabon Citysquare/Fisher Mall Malabon\Dagat-Dagatan Avenue\Longos\Tañong/M. Naval Street

Type of Operation: City Operation Public Utility Bus (Bus B Segregation | Regular Class)

Area of Operation: National Capital Region (NCR)

Shot location: EDSA-Boni, Mandaluyong City

Date and time taken: May 14, 2018 (6:21H)

Notices:

* Please DON'T GRAB A PHOTO WITHOUT A PERMISSION. If you're going to GRAB IT, please give A CREDIT TO THE OWNER. Also, don't PRINT SCREEN my photos.

** If I have mistakes on the specifications, please comment in a good manner so that I can edit it immediately.

*** The specifications and routes (for provincial, inter-provincial, and city operation) mentioned above are subjected for verification and may be changed without prior notice.

**** The vehicle's registration plate(s), conduction sticker(s), and/or persons (if applicable) were pixelated/blurred to prevent any conflict with the photographer, the bus company and/or to the car owner for their security and/or privacy purposes. So, don't use their plate number, conduction sticker, and vehicle tag as an evidence for any incident. And, I have taken this photo for bus fanatics, bus enthusiasts, and bus lovers purposes.

...als Westfälische Reihe oder bunte Reihe bezeichnet man eine gemischte Sitzordnung oder Sitzgruppierung, bei der Männer und Frauen bzw. Teilnehmer zweier Interessengruppen oder Verhandlungsparteien abwechselnd nebeneinander sitzen. Diese Mischung der Teilnehmer soll konfliktlösend und ausgleichend wirken. (wikipedia)

Company/Owner: Metro Manila Bus Corporation

Fleet/Bus Number: 310

Classification: Air-conditioned City Bus

Coachbuilder: (Zhengzhou) Yutong Bus Company, Ltd.

Body Model: Yutong ZK6107HA

Engine Model: Yuchai YC6G270-30 (G5AYA)

Chassis Model: Yutong ZK6107CRA (LZYTBTD64F)

Transmission: 6-speed Manual Transmission

Suspension: Leaf Spring Suspension

Seating Configuration: 2×2

Seating Capacity: 45

Franchise route: Baclaran–Bagong Silang via EDSA Commonwealth

Route: SM City Fairview, Novaliches, Quezon City–Baclaran/Coastal Mall, Parañaque City [BCL, PQ] via N170 [Commonwealth Avenue (Quezon City)] / N174 (East Avenue) / N1 (EDSA) / Diosdado Macapagal Boulevard

Areas/landmarks/stations passing (underlines are designated stops for this bus scheme - EDSA area only: Kamuning–Mantrade): Belfast-SM Annex\Hanging Gardens/Mary the Queen Parish\Neopolitan Cycling Grounds\OB Montessori Center, Inc. Fairview/Brittany Square/McDo Belfast\Mindanao Ave-Jollibee\Labayani\North Fairview\Fairlane/NCBA Fairview\Fairview Center Mall\Pearl Drive\Winston\Don Fabian\Doña Carmen\Litex\Manggahan/Commonwealth Market\Riverside\COA/Sandiganbayan\St. Peter Parish\Ever Gotesco/Don Antonio\Diliman Doctors Hospital\Luzon Avenue\Tandang Sora Avenue\INC Templo Central\Central Avenue\UP Ayala TechnoHub\Philcoa\Quezon Memorial Circle/Quezon City Hall Gate 10\Nat'l Kidney Transplant Institute/Matalino Street\Philippine Heart Center\East Avenue Medical Center\BIR Road\SSS East Ave/BSP East Ave\Philippine Statistics Authority\Land Registration Authority East Ave/V. Luna Avenue\NIA Road\LTFRB Central Office/LTO Central Office\Ermin Garcia Avenue\Kamuning\Ermin Garcia\Monte de Piedad\Arayat Cubao\Main Avenue\Santolan\VV Soliven\Connecticut\POEA Ortigas\Shaw Boulevard/Starmall EDSA-Shaw\Pioneer/Boni\Reliance\Guadalupe\Estrella\Buendia Avenue\Ayala Avenue\Mantrade\Evangelista\Malibay/Pasay Rotunda/Taft Avenue\F.B. Harrison Street\Heritage Hotel\Double Dragon/Macapagal Boulevard\SM Mall of Asia (Globe Rotunda)\Macapagal Boulevard\City of Dreams\DFA Consular Affairs/Aseana\Seaside Boulevard\Coastal Mall

Type of Operation: City Operation Public Utility Bus (Bus B Segregation | Regular Class)

Area of Operation: National Capital Region (NCR)

Shot Location: Pasay Rotonda, Pasay City

Date Taken: May 11, 2018 (11:13H)

Notices:

* Please DON'T GRAB A PHOTO WITHOUT A PERMISSION. If you're going to GRAB IT, please give A CREDIT TO THE OWNER. Also, don't PRINT SCREEN my photos.

** If I have mistakes on the specifications, please comment in a good manner so that I can edit it immediately.

*** The specifications and routes (for provincial, inter-provincial, and city operation) mentioned above are subjected for verification and may be changed without prior notice.

**** The vehicle's registration plate(s), conduction sticker(s), and/or persons (if applicable) were pixelated/blurred to prevent any conflict with the photographer, the bus company and/or to the car owner for their security and/or privacy purposes. So, don't use their plate number, conduction sticker, and vehicle tag as an evidence for any incident. And, I have taken this photo for bus fanatics, bus enthusiasts, and bus lovers purposes.

Persistent URL: floridamemory.com/items/show/296157

Local call number: DUE001

Title: Benjamin Cowins during a sit-in at McCrory's lunch counter in Tallahassee.

Date: February 21, 1961

Physical descrip: 1 photoprint - b&w - 7 x 5 in.

Series Title: Patricia Stephens Due Collection

Repository: State Library and Archives of Florida

500 S. Bronough St., Tallahassee, FL, 32399-0250 USA, Contact: 850.245.6700, Archives@dos.myflorida.com

Some pictures from around Memphis and the National Civil Rights Museum.

Well we think it's Needle Ice, awaiting confirmation. It's another first for us which also means another tick off the lifetime bucket list. Found on the South Downs in West Sussex near a small stream which had overflowed and flooded the area, then it froze overnight, possibly over two nights or more given they all seem to look of being two tiered. This phenomena is known as Ice Segregation, when we found Frost Flowers back in 2017 in Decatur Alabama we made contact with Dr. Carter and he sent us this article which he had published a few years prior, it's probably the best explanation we've found for all the forms of Ice Segregation.

link to Dr. Carter's article

www.jrcarter.net/ice/segregation/?fbclid=IwAR2Xy8AShWF9Pc...

on the South Downs, South Downs National Park, West Sussex England

In celebration of Black History Month

The Negro leagues were a collection of professional baseball leagues made up of predominantly black teams. The first attempt at a black league, the National Colored Base Ball League failed after just two weeks due to a lack of attendance. Several leagues came and went, some successful, some not. The leagues reached their heyday in the late 1930s and early 1940s. During World War II, millions of black Americans were working in defense plants and, making good money, they packed league games in every city. The leagues' ultimate demise started in 1947 when Jackie Robinson broke the color barrier. After that, first a trickle and then a flood of players from the Negro leagues were signed by Major League Baseball teams. By 1949, the Negro American League was the only "major" Negro League circuit still in operation, and by 1955 the last of the Negro League teams folded.

Octavius Catto, black baseball pioneer Negro league baseball was a direct result of baseball's color line. The first black-versus-black baseball game was held on September 28, 1860 at Elysian Fields in Brooklyn, New York. The Weeksville of New York beat the Colored Union Club 11-0. At this point in time, baseball was hardly a sport, let alone organized. It was mostly deemed a recreation around which social gatherings were held. The rules were also greatly different from those of the game as played currently.

By 1865, shortly after the end of the American Civil War and during the Reconstruction period that followed, a black baseball scene formed in the East and Mid-Atlantic states.

Comprised of mostly ex-soldiers and promoted by some well-known black officers, teams such as the Jamaica Monitor Club, Albany Bachelors, Philadelphia Excelsiors and the Chicago Uniques started playing each other and any other team that would play against them.

By the end of the 1860s, the black baseball mecca was Philadelphia. Two former cricket players, James H. Francis and Francis Wood, formed the Pythians who, because permits were difficult to get for black baseball games, played in Camden, Pennsylvania at the landing of the Federal Street Ferry. Octavius Catto, the promoter of the Pythians, decided to apply for official recognition of the Pythians by the National Association of Base Ball Players during its annual convention in December 1867. The association passed a resolution that excluded "any club which may be composed of one or more colored players."

Blackball continued to thrive despite the segregation, with the few black teams of the day playing not only each other, but white teams as well. On October 10, 1871, Catto was leaving the Institute for Colored Youth when he was murdered by a white man. With his death came the death of the best Negro team of the time, the Pythians.

Moses Fleetwood Walker, possibly the first African-American professional baseball player with the formation of the National Association of Professional Baseball Players in 1871, amateur baseball became a thing of the past. Research shows that the first professional black baseball player may have been William Edward White, who played one game in 1879 for the Providence Grays of the National League. Also accepted as the first black professional player is Bud Fowler who played for Stillwater, Minnesota club of the minor league Northwestern League in 1884. Several African-American players did manage to attain big league status. Among the very first was Moses Fleetwood Walker who played for the Toledo Blue Stockings during their first year in the American Association. Walker lasted until mid-season when an injury gave the team an excuse to release him. Then, in 1886, Frank Grant joined the Buffalo Bisons of the International League, hitting .340, third highest in the league.

The first black professional baseball team was formed in 1885 when former waiters and porters from the Argyle Hotel in Babylon, New York were spotted by a white businessman from Trenton, New Jersey, Walter Cook. Cook named the team the Cuban Giants so that he could attract more white fans. Shortly after the Giants' formation, the Jacksonville, Florida newspaper, the Leader, assembled the first Negro league, the Southern League of Base Ballists. The Southern League was comprised of ten teams: the Memphis Eclipse, the Georgia Champions of Atlanta, the Savannah Broads, the Memphis Eurekas, the Savannah Lafayettes, the Charleston Fultons, the Jacksonville Athletics, the New Orleans Unions, the Florida Clippers of Jacksonville and the Jacksonville Macedonias. The league played its first game on June 7, a game between the Eclipse and the Unions in New Orleans, Louisiana. The league, deep in debt, lasted only one year.

The success of the Cubans led to the creation of the second Negro league in 1887 called the National Colored Base Ball League. The league was founded with nine teams: Boston Resolutes; New York Gorham; Philadelphia Pythians; Washington Capital Cities; Pittsburgh Keystones; Norfolk Red Stockings; Cincinnati Crowns; Lord Baltimores and the Louisville Fall Cities. The Giants and the Keystones took first and second place in the first two years, with the Giants crowned as inaugural champions in 1888. Walter S. Brown, a black Baltimore businessman and league president, applied for and was granted official minor league status by the National League. This move "prevented" any other team from signing any of the players from the League, but also locked the players in the league to their teams because of the reserve clause. One month into the season, the Resolutes folded. A week later, there were only three teams left.

It should be noted that, due in no small part to the popularity and success of the original Cuban Giants, many similarly named teams came into existence — including the Genuine Cuban Giants (the renamed Cuban Giants), Royal Giants, the Baltimore Giants and the Cuban X-Giants, the latter a powerhouse in the early 1900s. The "Cuban" teams, with the exception of the New York Cuban Stars and the Havana Giants, were all composed of African-Americans rather than Cubans; but the name was thought to increase their acceptance with white patrons, as Cuba was on very friendly terms with the US during those years.

The few players left on the white minor league teams were constantly dodging verbal and physical abuse from both competitors and fans. Then Rutherford B. Hayes signed the Compromise of 1877, and all the legal obstacles were removed from the South enacting the Jim Crow laws. To make matters worse, on July 14, 1887, Cap Anson's Chicago White Stockings were scheduled to play the Newark Giants of the International League who had Walker and George Stovey on its roster. After Anson marched his team onto the field, military style as was his custom, he demanded that the blacks not play. Newark capitulated, and later that same day league owners voted to refuse future contracts to blacks, citing the "hazards" imposed by such athletes. The American Association and National League quickly followed suit. In 1888, the Middle States League was formed and it admitted two all-black teams to its otherwise all-white league, the Cuban Giants and their arch-rivals, the New York Gorhams. Despite the animosity between the two clubs, they managed to form a traveling team, the Colored All Americans. This enabled them to make money barnstorming while fulfilling their league obligations. In 1890, the Giants returned to their independent, barnstorming identity, and by 1892, they were the only black team in the East still in operation on a full-time basis.

Chicago Union Giants in 1905, also in 1888, Frank Leland got some of Chicago's black businessmen to sponsor the black amateur Union Base Ball Club. Chicago's city government, Leland obtained a permit and lease to play at the South Side Park, a 5,000 seat facility. Eventually his team went pro and became the Chicago Unions.

After his stint with the Gorhams, Bud Fowler caught on with a team out of Findlay, Ohio. While his team was playing in Adrian, Michigan, Fowler was persuaded by two white local businessmen, L. W. Hoch and Rolla Taylor to help them start a team financed by the Page Woven Wire Fence Company, the Page Fence Giants. The Page Fence Giants went on to become a powerhouse team that had no home field. Barnstorming through the Midwest, they would play all-comers. Their success became the prototype for black baseball for years to come.

After the 1898 season, the Page Fence Giant were forced to fold because of finances. Alvin H. Garrett, a black businessman in Chicago, and John W. Patterson, the left fielder for the Page Fence Giants, reformed the team under the name of the Columbia Giants. In 1901 the Giants folded because of a lack of a place to play. Leland bought the Giants and merged it with his Unions (despite not a single Giant player ending up on the roster) and named them the Chicago Union Giants.

The Philadelphia Giants, owned by Walter Schlichter, a white businessman, rose to prominence in 1903 when they lost to the Cuban X-Giants in their version of the "Colored Championship". Leading the way for the Cubans was a young pitcher by the name of Andrew "Rube" Foster. The following season, Schlichter, in the finest blackball tradition, hired Foster away from the Cubans, and beat them in their 1904 rematch. Philadelphia remained on top of the blackball world until Foster left the team in 1907 to play and manage the Leland Giants (Frank Leland renamed his Chicago Union Giants the Leland Giants in 1905).

Around the same time, Nat Strong, a white businessmen, started using his ownership of baseball fields in the New York City area to become the leading promoter of blackball on the East coast. Just about any game played in New York, Strong would get a cut. Strong eventually used his leverage to put the Brooklyn Royal Giants almost out of business, and then he bought the club and turned it into a barnstorming team.

When Foster joined the Leland Giants, he demanded that he be put in charge in not only the on field activities, but the bookings as well. Foster immediately turned the Giants into the team to beat. He indoctrinated them to take the extra base, to play hit and run on nearly every pitch and to rattle the opposing pitcher by taking them deep into the count. He studied the mechanics of his pitchers and could spot the smallest flaw, turning his average pitchers into learned craftsmen. Foster also was able to turn around the business end of the team as well, by demanding and getting 40 percent of the gate instead of the 10 percent that Frank Leland was getting.

By the end of the 1909, Foster demanded that Leland step back from all baseball operations or Foster would leave. When Leland wouldn't give up complete control, Foster quit, and in a heated court battle, got to keep the rights to the Leland Giants' name. Leland took the players and started a new team named the Chicago Giants, while Foster took the Leland Giants and started to encroach on Nat Strong's territory.

As early as 1910, Foster started talking about reviving the concept of an all-black league. The one thing he was insistent on that black teams should be owned by black men. This put him in direct competition with Strong. After the 1912, Foster renamed his team the Chicago American Giants to appeal to a larger fan base. During the same year, J.L. Wilkerson started the All Nations traveling team. The All Nations team would eventually become one of the most well known and popular teams of the Negro leagues, the Kansas City Monarchs.

On April 6, 1917, the United States entered World War I. Manpower needed by the defense plants and industry accelerated the migration of blacks from the South to the North. This meant a larger fan base that had more money to draw from. By the end of the war in 1919, Foster was again ready to start a Negro baseball league.

On February 13 and 14, 1920, talks where held in Kansas City, Missouri that established the Negro National League and its governing body the National Association of Colored Professional Base Ball Clubs. The league was initially comprised of eight teams: Chicago American Giants, Chicago Giants, Cuban Stars, Dayton Macros, Detroit Stars, Indianapolis ABC's, Kansas City Monarchs and St. Louis Giants. Foster was named league president and control every aspect of the league, including who played where and when and what equipment was used (all of which had to be purchased from Foster). Foster, as booking agent of the league, took a 10 percent cut of all gate receipts.

On May 20, 1920, The Indianapolis ABCs beat the Chicago American Giants in the first game played in the inaugural season of the Negro National League. But, because of the Chicago Race Riot of 1919, the National Guard still occupied the Giants' home field, Schorling's Park (formerly South Side Park). This forced Foster to cancel all the Giants' home games for almost a month and threatened to become a huge embarrassment for the league. In 1921, the Negro Southern League, a regional black semipro league, joined Foster's National Association of Colored Professional Base Ball Clubs. As a dues paying member of the association, it received the same protection from raiding parties as any team in the Negro National League.

Foster then admitted John Connors' Atlantic City Bacharach Giants as an associate member to move further into Nat Strong's territory. Connors, wanting to return the favor of helping him against Strong, raided Ed Bolden's Hilldale team. Bolden saw little choice but to team up with Foster's nemesis, Nat Strong. Within days of calling a truce with Strong, Bolden made an about face and signed up as an associate member of Foster's Negro National League.

On December 16, 1922, Bolden once again shifted sides and, with Strong, formed the Eastern Colored League as an alternative to Foster's Negro National League. The league started with six teams: Atlantic City Bacharach Giants, Baltimore Black Sox, Brooklyn Royal Giants, New York Cuban Stars, Hilldale, and New York Lincoln Giants. The National League was having trouble maintaining continuity among its franchises. Three teams folded and had to be replaced after the 1921 season, two others after the 1922 season and two more after the 1923 season. Foster kept replacing the defunct teams, calling teams up from the Negro Southern League. Finally Foster and Bolden met and agreed to an annual Negro League World Series beginning in 1924.

1925 saw the St. Louis Stars come of age in the Negro National League. They finished in second place during the second half of the year due in large part to their pitcher turned center fielder, Cool Papa Bell, and their shortstop, Willie Wells. After a gas leak nearly asphyxiated Foster, he was ruled insane because of his erratic behavior and committed to Kankakee Asylum. The last Negro League World Series between Foster's Negro National League and the Eastern Colored League occurred in 1927. While Foster was out of the picture, the owners of the National League elected William C. Hueston as new league president. In 1927, Bolden suffered a similar fate as Foster, by committing himself to a hospital because the pressure was too great.

In 1927, the Eastern League folded, but was quickly reformed into the American Negro League. The teams in the new American Negro League were the same ones from the Eastern League, with the exception of the Brooklyn Royal Giants which had folded and the addition of the Homestead Grays. The American Negro League lasted just one season. The Negro National League folded after the 1931 season. Some of its teams joined the only Negro league left, the Negro Southern League.

Just as Negro league baseball seemed was at its lowest point and was about to fade into history, along came Cumberland Posey and his Homestead Grays. Posey used the popularity of the Grays as a foundation of a new Negro league in 1932, the East-West League. Joining his Homestead Grays, were the Cleveland Stars, Newark Browns, Washington Pilots, Detroit Wolves, Hillsdale Daises, Baltimore Black Sox, and the Midwest edition of the Cuban Stars. By May 1932, the Detroit Wolves were about to collapse and instead of letting the team go, Posey kept pumping money into it. By June the Wolves had disintegrated and all the rest of the teams, except for the Grays, were beyond help, so Posey had to terminate the league.

Across town from Posey, Gus Greenlee, a reputed gangster and numbers runner, had just purchased the Pittsburgh Crawfords. Greenlee's main interest in baseball was to use it as a way to launder money from his numbers games. But, after learning about Posey's money making machine in Homestead, he became obsessed with the sport and his Crawfords. On August 6, 1931, Satchel Paige made his first appearance as a Crawford. With Paige on his team, Greenlee took a huge risk by investing $100,000 in a new ballpark to be called Greenlee Field. On opening day, April 30, 1932, the pitcher-catcher battery was made up of the two most marketable icons in all of blackball: Satchel Paige and Josh Gibson.

In 1933, Greenlee, riding the popularity of his Crawfords, decided to be the next man to start a Negro league. In February 1933, Greenlee and delegates from six other teams met at Greenlee's Crawford Grill to ratify the constitution of the National Organization of Professional Baseball Clubs. The name of the new league was the same as the old league, Negro National League. The members of the new league were the Pittsburgh Crawfords, Columbus Blue Birds, Indianapolis ABCs, Baltimore Black Sox, Brooklyn Royal Giants, Cole's American Giants (formerly the Chicago American Giants and Nashville Elite Giants. Greenlee also came up with the idea to duplicate the Major League Baseball All-Star Game, except, unlike the big league method, in which the sportswriters chose the players, the fans voted on the participants.

The new version of the Negro National League did well enough that it admitted two more teams for the 1934 season, the Philadelphia Stars and Newark Dodgers. The league continued to thrive despite the departure of its number one star, Paige, who chose to play for more money in Bismarck, North Dakota. Paige returned to the Crawfords for the 1936 season, much to the delight of Greenlee.

In 1937, Greenlee gave his blessing for J.L. Wilkerson to create a new Negro league in the Midwest, the Negro American League. The teams that made up the league were the Chicago American Giants (shifting to its appropriate geographical conference), Birmingham Black Barons, Cincinnati Tigers, Detroit Stars, Indianapolis Athletics, Kansas City Monarchs, Memphis Red Sox and St. Louis Stars. But before the beginning of the season, Paige signed to play in the Dominican Republic and took six other men with him, including Gibson and Bell. As a result, the league banned its number one player, Paige. Midway through the 1937 season, Greenlee was ousted as president in a coup led by Posey. After the season, the league rescinded the bans on the players that left and Greenlee ended up selling Paige's contract to Effa Manley's Newark Eagles. Instead of playing for the Eagles, Paige jumped to the Mexican League. In a meeting with other team owners, the Eagles threatened to pull out of the league, and take several teams with them, if the Paige issue wasn't resolved. The Eagles signed two players from the Toledo Crawfords in exchange for letting go of the rights to Paige, narrowly averting disaster for the Negro National League. In late September 1940, Paige made his debut with the Kansas City Monarchs.

With the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941, the United States was thrust into World War II, and unlike World War I, black society in general vowed it would not be shut out of American war effort and its unifying effects at home. Just like the major leagues, the Negro leagues saw its share of stars miss one or more seasons fighting overseas, but, whereas the white major leagues was barely recognizable due to the absence of its stars, the Negro leagues reached its plateau. Things were going so well for the Negro leagues that Abe Saperstein, of the Harlem Globetrotters fame, started a new Negro circuit, the Negro Midwest League, a minor league similar to the Negro Southern League.

The Negro League World Series was revived in 1942, this time pitting the winners of the eastern Negro National League against the winners of the midwestern Negro American League, and continued until 1948, with the NNL winning four championships and the NAL three.

The Great Paige/Gibson Confrontation

A frequently-told legend of Black Baseball involves Game Two of the 1942 World Series on September 8, focusing upon two of Blackball's most famous legends, Satchel Paige of the Kansas City Monarchs and Josh Gibson of the Homestead Grays in a legendary matchup. Unfortunately, a great deal of it is just that: legend and not truth.

According to the legend as frequently told in one form, Paige came into the game in the seventh inning with a 2-0 lead. He gave up a triple to leadoff batter Jerry Benjamin. With one man on and two out, Paige intentionally walked the next two batters, Vic Harris and Luke Easterling, so he could face the most feared hitter in all of baseball, Gibson, with the bases loaded. Paige threw two fastballs that Gibson fouled off, and then a third that Gibson completely missed. The story is also told as having happened in the ninth inning with the winning runs on base.

According to recent SABR research, Paige entered the game in the sixth inning, protecting a 2-0 lead for fellow Hall of Famer Hilton Smith, and after the lead had been extended to 5-0 in the eighth inning, Paige tired and surrendered four runs in the bottom of the inning, but ended the inning by getting Gibson for the final out. The Monarchs scored three more runs in the ninth to make the final score 8-4, with Smith earning the victory and Paige earning a save. While it is known that Paige struck two or three men out (accounts differ) during the game, there is no contemporary evidence that Gibson was himself a strikeout victim. What is known for certain is that neither of the two men who batted directly in front of Gibson (who was the cleanup batter in the Grays' lineup) walked during that game. While is is possible that Paige struck out Gibson with the bases loaded to end the eighth inning, he did not walk the two batters in front of him, intentionally or not, to get to him.

The first account of this legend was told by Paige himself in his autobiography "Maybe I'll Pitch Forever", about twenty years after the alleged incident and fifteen years after Gibson's death, but contemporary evidence of it is sorely lacking. Buck O'Neil's re-telling of the story is likely based upon Paige's telling in the book, with a number of embellishments added over the years. As with much of Baseball's Apocrypha, this one has a grain of truth to give it some weight, but has likely been embellished over the years.

In 1944, Bill Veeck tried to buy the Philadelphia Phillies with the intention of signing black ballplayers immediately. When Judge Landis, Baseball Commissioner, commissioner of Major League Baseball, was informed of Veeck's plan, he had the National League buy the team and award it to William Cox. (Although this story has long been part of accepted baseball lore, in recent years, its veracity has been disputed by some researchers.)

In March 1945, the white majors created the Major League Committee on Baseball Integration. Its members included Joseph P. Rainey, Larry MacPhail and Branch Rickey. Because MacPhail, who was an outspoken critic of integration, kept stalling, the committee never met. Under the guise of starting an all-black league, Rickey sent scouts all around the United States, Mexico and Puerto Rico, looking for the perfect candidate to break the color line. His list eventually was narrowed down to three, Roy Campanella, Don Newcombe and Jackie Robinson.

On August 28, 1945, Jackie Robinson met with Rickey in Brooklyn where Rickey gave Robinson a "test" by berating him and shouting racial epithets that Robinson would hear from day one in the white game. Having passed the test, Robinson signed the contract which stipulated that from then on, Robinson had no "written or moral obligations" to any other club. By the inclusion of this clause, precedent was set that would raze the Negro leagues as a functional commercial enterprise.

To throw off the press and keep his intentions hidden, Rickey got heavily involved in Gus Greenlee's newest foray into black baseball, the United States League. Greenlee started the league in 1945 as a way to get back at the owners of the Negro National League teams for throwing him out. Rickey saw the opportunity as a way to convince people that he was interested in cleaning up blackball, not integrating it. In midsummer of 1945, Rickey, almost ready with his Robinson plan, pulled out of the league. The league folded after the end of the 1946 season.

Pressured by civil rights groups, the Fair Employment Practices Act was passed by the New York State Legislature in 1945. This followed the passing of the Quinn-Ives Act banning discrimination in hiring. At the same time, Mayor Fiorello La Guardia formed the Mayor's Commission on Baseball to study integration of the major leagues. This all led to Rickey announcing the signing of Robinson much earlier than he would have liked. On October 23, 1945, Montreal Royals president Hector Racine announced that, "We are signing this boy."

Early in 1946, Rickey signed four more black players, Campanella, Newcombe, John Wright and Roy Partlow, this time to much less fanfare. After the integration of the major leagues in 1947, as marked by the appearance of Jackie Robinson with the Brooklyn Dodgers that April, interest in Negro League baseball waned. Young players with enough talent were signed by major league teams, often without regard for any contracts that might have been signed with Negro League clubs. Negro League owners who complained about this practice were in a no-win situation: they could not protect their own interests without seeming to interfere with the advancement of players to the majors. By 1948, only the Dodgers and Veeck's Cleveland Indians had integrated. While Robinson was quickly becoming a star, it was the performance of Larry Doby in 1948 that convinced most owners that black players had the ability to compete in the major leagues.

Some proposals were floated to bring the Negro Leagues into "organized baseball" as developmental leagues for black players, but this was seen as contrary to the goal of full integration of the sport. So the Negro Leagues, at one time one of the largest and most prosperous black-owned business ventures, were allowed to fade into oblivion. After the 1948 season the Negro National league folded when the Grays withdrew to go back to barnstorming, Eagles moved to Houston, Texas and the New York Black Yankees folded. The Grays ended up folding after the 1949 season having lost $30,000 trying to barnstorm. Many black players were signed to minor league contracts only to move from one bush league team to another, rarely getting the chance to play in the majors despite their success in the minors. The Negro American League played its last game in 1958.

The last of the Negro league teams the Indianapolis Clowns continued to play exhibition games into the 1980s as a curiosity and sideshow rather than a serious baseball team.

Negro National League (first), 1920–1931

Eastern Colored League, 1923–1928; the NNL and ECL champions met in a World Series from 1924 to 1927.

American Negro League lasted just one season 1929 created from some of the ECL teams.

East-West League played part of one season in 1932.

Negro Southern League was a minor league that played from 1920 into the 1940s; in 1932 it incorporated some teams from the first Negro National League and functioned for one year as a major league.

Negro National League (second), 1933–1948.

Negro American League, 1937–1960 or so. (After 1950, the league and its teams operated after a fashion, mostly as barnstorming units, but historians have a hard time deciding when the league actually came to an end.) The National and American Leagues met in a Negro League World Series from 1942 through 1948.

In his Baseball Hall of Fame induction speech in 1966, Ted Williams made a strong plea for inclusion of Negro League stars in the Hall. After the publication of Robert Peterson's landmark book Only the Ball was White in 1970, the Hall of Fame found itself under renewed pressure to find a way to honor Negro League players who would have been in the Hall had they not been barred from the major leagues due to the color of their skin.

At first, the Hall of Fame planned a "separate but equal" display, which was criticized by the press, the fans and the players it was intended to honor. The Hall relented and agreed to admit Negro League players on an equal basis with their Major League counterparts in 1971. A special Negro League committee selected Satchel Paige in 1971, followed by (in alphabetical order) Cool Papa Bell, Oscar Charleston, Martin Dihigo, Josh Gibson, Monte Irvin, Judy Johnson, Buck Leonard and John Henry Lloyd. (Of the nine, only Irvin and Paige spent any time in the major leagues.) The Veterans Committee later selected Ray Dandridge, as well as choosing Rube Foster on the basis of meritorious service (though many feel he deserved selection as a player as well).

From 1995 to 2001, the Hall made a renewed effort to select additional luminaries from the Negro Leagues; honorees during this period include Leon Day, Bill Foster, Bullet Joe Rogan, Hilton Smith, Turkey Stearnes, Willie Wells, and Smokey Joe Williams.

Other members of the Hall who played in both the Negro Leagues and the Major Leagues include Hank Aaron, Ernie Banks, Roy Campanella, Larry Doby, Willie Mays, and Jackie Robinson. However, their play in the Negro Leagues was usually a minor factor in their selection — Aaron, Banks and Mays played only briefly in the Negro Leagues, and not during the years when these leagues were at peak quality due to the fact that many of the best black players had moved to the integrated minor leagues; Campanella (1969) and Robinson (1962) were selected before the Hall began considering performance in the Negro Leagues.

The Black Apple - The Extreme Right Social Media Techniques- Hate Speech Processes by Daniel Arrhakis (2025)

Extreme Right Social Media Techniques - Hate Speech Processes (*)

There is often talk of the use of many fake profiles that certain political forces use to give the impression of greater support for this or that political party.

The case has been more inflated in cases of far-right movements, but in general it has also been seen that it runs through several political quadrants, including the left.

With the rise of Bolsonaro and especially Trump in world politics and later with the acquisition of X (Twitter) by Elon Musk, the problem has taken on a projection and dimension that no one can ignore anymore. The proliferation of hate speech and racial, religious, social, sexual and/or gender segregation has reached proportions never seen before.

In the case of the Chega party in Portugal, it is estimated that half of the profiles supporting the populist/far-right party may be fake.

I wouldn't say most of them are fake, or made by AI. There are indeed the normal profiles of those who support Chega, but there are other groups linked to football fan clubs, to the group 1143, Habeas Corpus, Ergue-te and other so-called Nationalists and Patriots with multiple profiles, in which the same person creates several and whose main objective is to comment on competing political forces and articles in the press and television of the so-called public and/or private institutional media!

The multiple use of several profiles is planned in detail, even temporally, with a few Trolls at the forefront of the process, who post the so-called Information/Disinformation produced by the global, national or far-right partisan media, which is then voraciously repeated by their followers.

In Portugal, group 1143 and certain groups linked to football fan clubs as well as certain nationalist groups are experts in this and often include their significant others, who are also quite active.

The process is simple, the speech is always uncomfortable, made with an air of mockery, or sometimes with a violent, hateful character, and rude enough and without moral restrictions, it is made in order to scandalize audiences in search of a dynamic response! The more interactive it is, the more the message is passed on to others and therefore the possibility of reaching a wider range of web browsers; because it is also enhanced by the algorithms of social media platforms!

The propagation of hate and segregationist speech thus occurs in a multi-directional fractal way, expanding in all directions and to followers of followers, even those who did not even participate in the initial conversation! Rudeness, swearing, and lying are part of the process of promoting indignation and the natural impulse to respond!

The use of racialized violent videos, identified with a given religion or political spectrum and which can be associated with a given group, then serves to stigmatize that community in order to standardize the idea that we have of them, often dehumanizing them, even culturally bestializing them!

The choice is not made at random, videos with a high level of graphic content, criminal content, behavioral or cultural divergence, which have a strong impact on viewers, are chosen. Their origin is worldwide, what matters is that they are an incessant and permanent source, periodically renewed with others that emerge or are replenished, to shape the viewer's vision and perception in relation to their own perception of the world and their sense of security - Fear and the feeling of Insecurity is the ultimate goal!

Next comes the generalization and use of the superiority of a race, religion or political belief in order to justify both the right to segregation and even the duty of that so-called civilization " more evolved" to do so so that it does not run the risk of being invaded or simply disappearing.

The threat of a national and even international conspiracy that wants to end Western civilization, white, serious, hard-working, meritorious and civilizing, then serves the urgency of struggle and survival by all means to escape a programmed extinction!

And the fact of the matter is that there can only be one conclusion: to choose someone who meets the requirements of a strong leader, without fear of bringing back the natural order of things, who will rescue the country once again for its legitimate heirs against usurpers and external invaders.

A kind of Savior of the Nation, an Enlightened One who, like Ventura (the current president of Chega), or Trump himself, has already said that he was chosen by God. Dignification is thus an attempt to justify one's own right to ascend and exercise absolute power emanated by God or the heavens over common mortals in the light of a Messian Absolutism; which in the case of Trump and Elon take the form of an Absolutist Oligarchy.

In this conception, Democracy and the tolerant Left are the source of all evils, the cause of Social and Moral Disorder that must be defeated at all costs... and in the last instance, must be controlled or even replaced by a Universal Order of Single Thought, imposed by a strong and incontestable leader - which necessarily has to be a Totalitarian, Patriarchal and Dictatorial Order; and in Trump's case also Worldly.

And that is what we are walking towards while the people welcome them with applause!!

That is why our struggle is so important and increasingly urgent, dear Friends !

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The Black Apple - As Técnicas da Extrema Direita nas Redes Sociais - Processos Do Discurso De Ódio

Fala-se muitas vezes da utilização de muitos perfis falsos que certas forças politicas usam para dar a sensação de um maior apoio a este ou aquele partido politico.

O caso tem sido mais empolado em casos de movimentos de Extrema Direita , mas no geral também já se percebeu que percorre vários quadrantes politicos, incluindo à esquerda.

Com a ascensão na politica mundial de Bolsonaro e principalmente de Trump e posteriormente com a aquisição do X (Twitter ) por Elon Musk, o problema tomou uma projeção e uma dimensão que já ninguém pode desprezar. A proliferação do discurso do ódio e da segregação racial, religiosa, social, sexual e ou de género atingiu proporções então até há pouco tempo nunca vistas.

No caso do partido Chega em Portugal, estima-se que metade dos perfis que apoiam o partido populista/de extrema-direita possam ser falsos.

Eu não diria que a maioria são falsos, ou feitos por AI. Há é sim os perfis normais de quem apoia o Chega mas há outros grupos ligados ás claques do futebol, ao grupo 1143, Habeas Corpus, Ergue-te e outros ditos Nacionalistas e Patriotas com perfis múltiplos, em que uma mesma pessoa cria vários e cujo principal objetivo é comentar junto das forças politicas concorrentes e os artigos da imprensa e televisão da dita média institucional publica e/ou privada!

A utilização múltipla de vários perfis é planeada com detalhe, mesmo temporal, com uns quantos Trolls á frente do processo, que postam a dita Informação / Desinformação produzida pela média mundial, nacional ou partidária de extrema direita que depois é então repetida vorazmente pelos seus seguidores.

Em Portugal o grupo 1143 e certos grupos ligados às claques futebolísticas bem como a certos grupos nacionalistas são nisso peritos e inclui muitas vezes as suas caras metade, aliás bastante ativas.

O processo é simples, o discurso sempre incómodo, feito com ar de gozo, ou por vezes com carácter violento, de ódio, e grosseiro o quanto baste e sem restrições morais, é feito de modo a escandalizar audiências na procura de uma dinâmica de resposta! Quanto mais interativo resultar, mais a mensagem passa para outros e portanto a possibilidade de atingir um leque alargado de navegadores da rede; pois é também potenciado pelos algoritmos das plataformas das redes sociais!

A propagação do discurso de ódio e segregacionista faz-se assim de forma fractal multidirecional, expandindo-se em todas as direções e para os seguidores dos seguidores, mesmo os que nem sequer entraram na conversa inicial ! A grosseria, o xingamento, a mentira faz parte do processo de promover a indignação e o impulso natural de resposta!

A utilização de vídeos violentos racializados, identificados com uma dada religião ou espectro politico e que podem ser associados a um dado grupo, servem então para estigmatizar essa comunidade de modo a padronizar a ideia que se quer dar deles, muitas vezes desumanizando-os, bestializando-os mesmo culturalmente!

A escolha não é feita ao acaso, escolhem-se videos com grande teor grafico, criminal, de divergencia comportamental ou cultural, que tenha forte impacto junto dos observadores. A sua origem é mundial, o que interessa é que sejam uma fonte incessante e permanente, renovada periodicamente com outros que vão surgindo ou repondo, para moldar a visão e a perceção do espectador em relação à sua própria perceção do mundo e do seu sentido de segurança - o Medo e a sensação de Insegurança é o objetivo final !

A seguir vem a generalização e a utilização da superioridade de uma raça, religião ou crença política de modo a justificar quer por um lado o direito á segregação como até o dever dessa dita civilização " mais evoluída" de o fazer para que não corra o risco de ser invadida ou desaparecer simplesmente.

A ameaça de uma conspiração nacional e até internacional que quer acabar com a civilização ocidental, branca, séria, trabalhadora, meritória e civilizadora serve então a urgência da luta e da sobrevivência por todos os meios para escapar a uma extinção programada!

E facto dos factos a constatação só pode ser uma, escolher alguém que reúne as condições de um líder forte, sem medo que traga de novo a ordem natural das coisas, que resgate o país de novo para os seus legítimos herdeiros contra os usurpadores e invasores externos.

Uma espécie de Salvador da Pátria, um Iluminado que, como Ventura (o actual presidente do Chega), ou o próprio Trump já teem dito terem sido escolhidos por Deus. A dignificação é assim uma tentativa de justificar o direito próprio a ascender e a exercer um poder absoluto emanado por Deus ou pelos céus sobre os comuns mortais à luz de um Absolutismo Messiano; que no caso de Trump e de Elon tomam a forma de um Oligarquismo Absolutista.

Nesta conceção, a Democracia e a Esquerda tolerante é a fonte de todos os males, a causa da Desordem Social e Moral que é preciso derrotar a todo o custo ... e em ultimo caso, deve ser controlada ou mesmo substituída por uma Ordem Universal de Pensamento Único, imposta por um líder, forte e incontestável - o que forçosamente tem que ser uma Ordem Totalitária, Patriarcal e Dictatorial; e no caso de Trump também Mundial.

E é para isso que caminhamos enquanto os povos os recebem em palmas !!

Por isso é que é tão importante e cada vez mais urgente a nossa luta Camaradas !!

(*) Text and image by Daniel Arrhakis (2025)

DSC_0760PSXcSq

I recommend clicking on the expansion arrows icon (top right corner) to go into the Lightbox for maximum effect.

Don't use or reproduce this image on Websites/Blog or any other media without my explicit permission.

© All Rights Reserved - Jim Goodyear 2014.

Taking a knee.

Persistent URL: floridamemory.com/items/show/296156

Local call number: DUE003

Title: White youth ripping poster during demonstration at McCrory's in Tallahassee.

Date: December 6 or 7, 1960

Physical descrip: 1 photoprint - b&w - 10 x 8 in.

Series Title: Patricia Stephens Due Collection

Repository: State Library and Archives of Florida

500 S. Bronough St., Tallahassee, FL, 32399-0250 USA, Contact: 850.245.6700, Archives@dos.myflorida.com

Exposition : The color line

Du mardi 04 octobre 2016 au dimanche 15 janvier 2017

Quel rôle a joué l’art dans la quête d’égalité et d’affirmation de l’identité noire dans l’Amérique de la Ségrégation ? L'exposition rend hommage aux artistes et penseurs africains-américains qui ont contribué, durant près d’un siècle et demi de luttes, à estomper cette "ligne de couleur" discriminatoire.

—————

« Le problème du 20e siècle est le problème de la ligne de partage des couleurs ».

Si la fin de la Guerre de Sécession en 1865 a bien sonné l’abolition de l'esclavage, la ligne de démarcation raciale va encore marquer durablement la société américaine, comme le pressent le militant W.E.B. Du Bois en 1903 dans The Soul of Black Folks. L’exposition The Color Line revient sur cette période sombre des États-Unis à travers l’histoire culturelle de ses artistes noirs, premières cibles de ces discriminations.

Des thématiques racistes du vaudeville américain et des spectacles de Minstrels du 19e siècle à l’effervescence culturelle et littéraire de la Harlem Renaissance du début du 20e siècle, des pionniers de l’activisme noir (Frederick Douglass, Booker T. Washington) au réquisitoire de la chanteuse Billie Holiday (Strange Fruit), ce sont près de 150 ans de production artistique – peinture, sculpture, photographie, cinéma, musique, littérature… – qui témoignent de la richesse créative de la contestation noire.

Company/Owner: Precious Grace Transport

Fleet/Bus Number: 8302074

Classification: Air-conditioned City Bus

Coachbuilder: Santarosa Motor Works, Inc./Columbian Motors Corporation

Body Model: UD Trucks (Nissan Diesel)/Santarosa EXFOH PKB212

Engine Model: UD FE6-D (FE6-TA)

Chassis Model: UD PKB212N

Transmission: Manual (6-speed forward, 1-speed reverse)

Suspension: Leaf Spring Suspension

Seating Configuration: 3×2

Seating Capacity: 61

Route: N/A [Malanday, Valenzuela City–NAIA (Ninoy Aquino International Airport), Pasay City]

Areas passing: N/A

Type of Operation: City Operation Public Utility Bus (Bus A Segregation | Regular Class)

Area of Operation: National Capital Region (NCR)

Shot Location: Governor Fortunato Halili Avenue, Turo, Bocaue, Bulacan

Date Taken: February 5, 2016

Notices:

* Please DON'T GRAB A PHOTO WITHOUT A PERMISSION. If you're going to GRAB IT, please give A CREDIT TO THE OWNER. Also, don't PRINT SCREEN my photos.

** If I have mistakes on the specifications, please comment in a good manner so that I can edit it immediately.

*** The specifications and routes (for provincial, inter-provincial, and city operation) mentioned above are subjected for verification and may be changed without prior notice.

**** The vehicle's registration plate(s), conduction sticker(s), and/or persons (if applicable) were pixelated/blurred to prevent any conflict with the photographer, the bus company and/or to the car owner for their security and/or privacy purposes. So, don't use their plate number, conduction sticker, and vehicle tag as an evidence for any incident. And, I have taken this photo for bus fanatics, bus enthusiasts, and bus lovers purposes.

Company/Owner: Nuestra Señora Del Carmen Transport Services, Inc.

Fleet/Bus Number: L-242 KIELEE

Classification: Air-conditioned City Bus

Coachbuilder: NDSC Motor Works (rebody); Isuzu-Kawasaki Coach, Ltd. (original)

Body Model: Isuzu/NDSC Cubic

Engine Model: Isuzu 6QB2

Chassis Model: Isuzu CJM470

Transmission: Manual (5-speed forward, 1-speed reverse)

Suspension: Leaf Spring Suspension

Seating Configuration: 3×2

Seating Capacity: 61

Route: Garden, Santa Maria, Bulacan–Santolan (Col. Bonny Serrano Avenue)/Cubao, Quezon City via Norzagaray–Santa Maria Road / NLEX-Turo (Bocaue)–NLEX-Balintawak–EDSA

Barangays/areas passing (underlines are designated stops for this bus scheme - EDSA area only: Kamuning–Main Avenue): Santa Maria: Pulong Buhangin\Caypombo\Guyong Elementary School\Walter Mart Santa Maria\McDonald's Santa Clara\Puregold Santa Maria; Bocaue: Turo–Balintawak\Kaingin Road\Muñoz/Roosevelt\SM North EDSA\West Avenue\Quezon Avenue\GMA-Kamuning\Ermin Garcia\Monte de Piedad\Arayat Cubao\Main Avenue

Type of Operation: City Operation Public Utility Bus (Bus A Segregation | Regular Class)

Area of Operations: National Capital Region (NCR)/Central Luzon (Region III)

Shot Location: Governor Fortunato Halili Avenue, Turo, Bocaue, Bulacan

Date Taken: February 5, 2016

Notices:

* Please DON'T GRAB A PHOTO WITHOUT A PERMISSION. If you're going to GRAB IT, please give A CREDIT TO THE OWNER. Also, don't PRINT SCREEN my photos.

** If I have mistakes on the specifications, please comment in a good manner so that I can edit it immediately.

*** The specifications and routes (for provincial, inter-provincial, and city operation) mentioned above are subjected for verification and may be changed without prior notice.

**** The vehicle's registration plate(s), conduction sticker(s), and/or persons (if applicable) were pixelated/blurred to prevent any conflict with the photographer, the bus company and/or to the car owner for their security and/or privacy purposes. So, don't use their plate number, conduction sticker, and vehicle tag as an evidence for any incident. And, I have taken this photo for bus fanatics, bus enthusiasts, and bus lovers purposes.

Etourneaux et corneille noire

Famous Shait Gumbad Masque in Bangladesh. 77 Domes. 540 years old or so. Refurbished by the British in about 1900. The two figures are a woman and her daughter who are standing next to a small women's waiting room near the entrance.

hdr

Web sites using this photo:

www.umich.edu/~bengalis/about.htm

as.starware.com/dp/search?x=wKX1ILEOi+Vv3rFYiuWkdLxuQincM...

www.tripwolf.com/en/galleries/media/ext/200879/15656/Bang...

www.guidepacker.com/

worldheritage.travelxguide.com/asia/bangladesh/historic-m...

mittalsouthasiainstitute.harvard.edu/projects/

qyl.ice.cam.ac.uk/qyls-speak/rakibul-hasan-adaptive-terro...

wellcomecollection.org/articles/W9CcOxIAAM5p1Sic

mittalsouthasiainstitute.harvard.edu/projects/

wellcomecollection.org/stories/the-female-fight-to-reclai...

It's either two against one or two against the world. Who's being victimized is a matter of context.

Company/Owner: Dela Rosa Transit

Fleet/Bus Number: 8869

Classification: Air-conditioned City Bus

Coachbuilder: (Xiamen) Golden Dragon Bus Company, Ltd./Trans-Oriental Motor Builders, Inc.

Body Model: Golden Dragon XML6103J12 Marcopolo 2 Series III (Triumph)

Engine Model: Yuchai YC6A240-30 (A68SA)

Chassis Model: Golden Dragon XML6103D12 (LFZ6103TR)

Transmission: Manual (5-speed forward, 1-speed reverse)

Suspension: Leaf Spring Suspension

Seating Configuration: 2×2

Seating Capacity: 45

Route: Pacita Complex, San Pedro City, Laguna–Malinta/Paso de Blas, Valenzuela City via Susana Heights / EDSA–NLEX-Paseo de Blas and vice versa

Areas passing (underlines are designated stops for this bus scheme - EDSA area only: Magallanes–Kamuning): Shopwise\Hernandez Street\Cataquiz Avenue\BBL Trans Terminal/Savemore San Pedro\Super 8 Grocery Warehouse\SM City Center Muntinlupa\Pepsi-Cola Plant Muntinlupa\Susana Heights–Alabang–Bicutan–Sucat–Magallanes\Ayala Avenue\Buendia Avenue\Estrella\Guadalupe\Boni Avenue/Pioneer\Reliance\Starmall EDSA-Shaw/Shaw Boulevard\SM Megamall\Ortigas Avenue\Robinsons Galleria\Boni Serrano\Main Avenue\Araneta Center Cubao/Farmers\Baliwag Transit/Five Star\Ermin Garcia Avenue\Timog Avenue/GMA Kamuning\NIA Road\Quezon Avenue (Centris)\TriNoma\Landmark\SM City North EDSA\Roosevelt/Muñoz\Kaingin Road/Balintawak

Type of Operation: City Operation Public Utility Bus (Bus C Segregation | Regular Class)

Area of Operations: National Capital Region (NCR) / CALABARZON (Region IV-A)

Shot Location: EDSA-Ayala, Makati City

Date Taken: January 25, 2016

Notices:

* Please DON'T GRAB A PHOTO WITHOUT A PERMISSION. If you're going to GRAB IT, please give A CREDIT TO THE OWNER. Also, don't PRINT SCREEN my photos.

** If I have mistakes on the specifications, please comment in a good manner so that I can edit it immediately.

*** The specifications and routes (for provincial, inter-provincial, and city operation) mentioned above are subjected for verification and may be changed without prior notice.

**** The vehicle's registration plate(s), conduction sticker(s), and/or persons (if applicable) were pixelated/blurred to prevent any conflict with the photographer, the bus company and/or to the car owner for their security and/or privacy purposes. So, don't use their plate number, conduction sticker, and vehicle tag as an evidence for any incident. And, I have taken this photo for bus fanatics, bus enthusiasts, and bus lovers purposes.

"A" wing. When the prison first opened there was no segregation of male and female inmates