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Back in 1940, racial segregation was strong in the U-S and included the military. Political pressure finally prompted the military to open a flight training school for blacks, many believing it would prove they did not have the capacity to fly. The school was in Tuskegee, Alabama, and the trainees worked together to prove they were more than worthy.
They eventually were deployed to the war zone during World War Two where they flew 15,000 sorties in 1,500 missions, destroying 260 enemy aircraft, sinking an enemy destroyer, and winning numerous honours including Distinguished Flying Crosses, Silver Stars, and Purple Hearts.
A Distinguished Unit Citation was awarded to the 332nd Fighter Group for flying a long escort to Berlin and back with no reinforcements.
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Higer KLQ6101 chassis - Yuchai YC6A240-20 engine
Pala-pala - Malanday via EDSA
Bus Segregation Scheme Bus C - All Stops
Taken at Pala-pala Dasma Cavite
Harry Belafonte, known for popularizing Caribbean folk music, breaking down barriers and advocating for civil rights, has died. He was 96.
According to a spokesperson, Belafonte died in his home on Tuesday from congestive heart failure.
Born Harold George Belafonte, Jr. in the Harlem district of New York on March 1, 1927, Belafonte was the son of Caribbean island emigrants. In the 1950s, the dashing singer burst to fame, despite the era of racial segregation, and his 1956 album “Calypso” sold more than a million copies.
The album’s hit song, “Day-O! (the Banana Boat Song),” is still recognizable today, with Belafonte’s husky voice belting out an a cappella “Day-O!” before easing into the flow of the Caribbean-inspired song. The success of the song dubbed him the “King of Calypso.”
By 1959, Belafonte was the most highly paid Black performer in history, according to the New York Times, with contracts for appearances in Las Vegas, at the Greek Theater in Los Angeles and at the Palace in New York.
But Belafonte would soon move from behind the microphone to in front of the camera.
In 1953, Belafonte became the first Black man to win a Tony Award on Broadway for his revue “John Murray Anderson’s Almanac.” Just six years later, he became the first Black producer to win an Emmy Award for “Tonight With Belafonte,” a CBS special that presented a history of Black American life through music. He also became close friends with Sidney Poiter, a groundbreaking Hollywood actor in his own right.
But Belafonte’s work would carry him past the hills of Hollywood and into the streets of the civil rights movement. A lifelong friend and supporter of the Rev. Martin Luther King Jr., Belafonte would help finance the start of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee and fundraise for King’s Southern Christian Leadership Conference.
He would also provide bail money for King and other activists arrested for their demonstrations, according to the New York Times, and he participated in the 1963 March on Washington.
“I’ve often responded to queries that ask, ‘When as an artist did you decide to become an activist?’” Belafonte once said. “My response to the question is that I was an activist long before I became an artist. They both service each other, but the activism is first.”
But like many Black Americans at the time — famous or not — Belafonte was struck by the racism he faced every day.
Following the assassination of King, Belafonte sat down with the Washington Post to express his frustration over how most of his fans were white, despite his music having roots in the Black culture.
But it was the racist outage of others that undoubtedly infuriated him.
His role in the 1957 movie “Island in the Sun” generated outrage in the South for its suggestion of a romance between his character and Joan Fontaine’s. In the South Carolina Legislature, a bill was introduced that would have fined theaters for showing the film.
When he was in Atlanta for a benefit concert for the Southern Christian Leadership Conference in 1962, Belafonte was refused service — twice — in the same restaurant. And times when he appeared on television with white female singers, such as Petula Clark in 1968 and Julie Andrews in 1969, threatened to cost him sponsors.
But Black Americans were also unhappy with Belafonte, with some crediting his success to his light skin tone. Others criticized him for marrying Julie Robinson, a white dancer and actress.
Still, Belafonte carried on. In the 1980s, he helped organize the Live Aid concert and the all-star recording “We Are the World,” to fight famine in Africa. In 1987, he became UNICEF’s good-will ambassador.
The singer would also express his opinions about political leaders at home — sometimes with harsh words. In 2002, he accused Secretary of State Colin Powell of abandoning his principles to “come into the house of the master.” In 2006, he called former President George W. Bush “the greatest terrorist in the world.”
But his words weren’t just for Republicans; he also criticized former President Barack Obama.
“For all of his smoothness and intellect, Barack Obama seems to lack a fundamental empathy with the dispossessed, be they White or Black,” Belafonte said.
Still, he is remembered by many fondly for his songs and for his activism.
In a statement following his death, NAACP President and CEO Derrick Johnson said Belafonte “exemplified fearless activism.”
“Sharing his love for the arts, Mr. Belafonte played an instrumental role in bringing the music of Africa to other parts of the world,” Johnson said. “His contributions to the arts, indisputable. He possessed an infinite talent which truly surpasses all understanding of time and life and will be greatly missed.”
Bernice King, daughter of MLK Jr., honored her father’s friend in a tweet.
“When I was a child, #HarryBelafonte showed up for my family in very compassionate ways,” she tweeted. “In fact, he paid for the babysitter for me and my siblings. Here he is mourning with my mother at the funeral service for my father at Morehouse College. I won’t forget…Rest well, sir.”
Civil rights attorney Ben Crump also paid tribute to Belafonte on Tuesday, calling him “a tireless activist, EGOT winner, and successful singer.”
AP African American studies course undergoing changes
They graduated during the pandemic. Now they face their first student loan payments
“Through his extraordinary contributions, including his notable advocacy for human rights and social justice, he leaves an indelible mark on this world,” Crump tweeted. “Rest In Power, Mr. Belafonte.”
Taken from a boat on Aegean Sea.
The Greeks are fond of building religious building like churches and monasteries on hard to get to places
Famous Shait Gumbad Masque in Bangladesh. 77 Domes. 540 years old or so. Refurbished by the British in about 1900. The two figures are a woman and her daughter who are standing next to a small women's waiting room near the entrance.
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Web sites using this photo:
www.umich.edu/~bengalis/about.htm
as.starware.com/dp/search?x=wKX1ILEOi+Vv3rFYiuWkdLxuQincM...
www.tripwolf.com/en/galleries/media/ext/200879/15656/Bang...
worldheritage.travelxguide.com/asia/bangladesh/historic-m...
mittalsouthasiainstitute.harvard.edu/projects/
qyl.ice.cam.ac.uk/qyls-speak/rakibul-hasan-adaptive-terro...
wellcomecollection.org/articles/W9CcOxIAAM5p1Sic
mittalsouthasiainstitute.harvard.edu/projects/
wellcomecollection.org/stories/the-female-fight-to-reclai...
Company/Owner: Nuestra Señora Del Carmen Transport Services, Inc.
Fleet/Bus Number: L-242 KIELEE
Classification: Air-conditioned City Bus
Coachbuilder: NDSC Motor Works (rebody); Isuzu-Kawasaki Coach, Ltd. (original)
Body Model: Isuzu/NDSC Cubic
Engine Model: Isuzu 6QB2
Chassis Model: Isuzu CJM470
Transmission: Manual (5-speed forward, 1-speed reverse)
Suspension: Leaf Spring Suspension
Seating Configuration: 3×2
Seating Capacity: 61
Route: Garden, Santa Maria, Bulacan–Santolan (Col. Bonny Serrano Avenue)/Cubao, Quezon City via Norzagaray–Santa Maria Road / NLEX-Turo (Bocaue)–NLEX-Balintawak–EDSA
Barangays/areas passing (underlines are designated stops for this bus scheme - EDSA area only: Kamuning–Main Avenue): Santa Maria: Pulong Buhangin\Caypombo\Guyong Elementary School\Walter Mart Santa Maria\McDonald's Santa Clara\Puregold Santa Maria; Bocaue: Turo–Balintawak\Kaingin Road\Muñoz/Roosevelt\SM North EDSA\West Avenue\Quezon Avenue\GMA-Kamuning\Ermin Garcia\Monte de Piedad\Arayat Cubao\Main Avenue
Type of Operation: City Operation Public Utility Bus (Bus A Segregation | Regular Class)
Area of Operations: National Capital Region (NCR)/Central Luzon (Region III)
Shot Location: Governor Fortunato Halili Avenue, Turo, Bocaue, Bulacan
Date Taken: February 5, 2016
Notices:
* Please DON'T GRAB A PHOTO WITHOUT A PERMISSION. If you're going to GRAB IT, please give A CREDIT TO THE OWNER. Also, don't PRINT SCREEN my photos.
** If I have mistakes on the specifications, please comment in a good manner so that I can edit it immediately.
*** The specifications and routes (for provincial, inter-provincial, and city operation) mentioned above are subjected for verification and may be changed without prior notice.
**** The vehicle's registration plate(s), conduction sticker(s), and/or persons (if applicable) were pixelated/blurred to prevent any conflict with the photographer, the bus company and/or to the car owner for their security and/or privacy purposes. So, don't use their plate number, conduction sticker, and vehicle tag as an evidence for any incident. And, I have taken this photo for bus fanatics, bus enthusiasts, and bus lovers purposes.
This painting by Jack Levine ((1915-2010) commemorates the Civil Rights struggle in Birmingham, Alabama, in April of 1963, when Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. and other activists organized a series of protest marches to end segregation in the city's stores. The city's notorious Commissisoner of Public Safety, Theophilus Eugene "Bull" Conner, ordered the police and fire departments to unleash attack dogs and fire hoses on the marchers. The resulting violence helped to change public opinion, and contributed to President John F. Kennedy's decision to actively support Civil Rights Legislation.
Jack Levine was an American Social Realist painter and printmaker best known for his satires on modern life, political corruption, and biblical narratives. In "Birmingham 63" Levine's use of white attack dogs, whose leashes are held by unseen figures outside the painting, involves viewers directly in this brutal act of aggression. Arrayed shoulder to shoulder, the five African American protesters embody line "We shall not be moved" in the famous Civil Rights anthem "We Shall Overcome."
Photographed at the de Young Museum of Fine Arts , San Francisco, California.
Company/Owner: Dela Rosa Transit
Fleet/Bus Number: 8869
Classification: Air-conditioned City Bus
Coachbuilder: (Xiamen) Golden Dragon Bus Company, Ltd./Trans-Oriental Motor Builders, Inc.
Body Model: Golden Dragon XML6103J12 Marcopolo 2 Series III (Triumph)
Engine Model: Yuchai YC6A240-30 (A68SA)
Chassis Model: Golden Dragon XML6103D12 (LFZ6103TR)
Transmission: Manual (5-speed forward, 1-speed reverse)
Suspension: Leaf Spring Suspension
Seating Configuration: 2×2
Seating Capacity: 45
Route: Pacita Complex, San Pedro City, Laguna–Malinta/Paso de Blas, Valenzuela City via Susana Heights / EDSA–NLEX-Paseo de Blas and vice versa
Areas passing (underlines are designated stops for this bus scheme - EDSA area only: Magallanes–Kamuning): Shopwise\Hernandez Street\Cataquiz Avenue\BBL Trans Terminal/Savemore San Pedro\Super 8 Grocery Warehouse\SM City Center Muntinlupa\Pepsi-Cola Plant Muntinlupa\Susana Heights–Alabang–Bicutan–Sucat–Magallanes\Ayala Avenue\Buendia Avenue\Estrella\Guadalupe\Boni Avenue/Pioneer\Reliance\Starmall EDSA-Shaw/Shaw Boulevard\SM Megamall\Ortigas Avenue\Robinsons Galleria\Boni Serrano\Main Avenue\Araneta Center Cubao/Farmers\Baliwag Transit/Five Star\Ermin Garcia Avenue\Timog Avenue/GMA Kamuning\NIA Road\Quezon Avenue (Centris)\TriNoma\Landmark\SM City North EDSA\Roosevelt/Muñoz\Kaingin Road/Balintawak
Type of Operation: City Operation Public Utility Bus (Bus C Segregation | Regular Class)
Area of Operations: National Capital Region (NCR) / CALABARZON (Region IV-A)
Shot Location: EDSA-Ayala, Makati City
Date Taken: January 25, 2016
Notices:
* Please DON'T GRAB A PHOTO WITHOUT A PERMISSION. If you're going to GRAB IT, please give A CREDIT TO THE OWNER. Also, don't PRINT SCREEN my photos.
** If I have mistakes on the specifications, please comment in a good manner so that I can edit it immediately.
*** The specifications and routes (for provincial, inter-provincial, and city operation) mentioned above are subjected for verification and may be changed without prior notice.
**** The vehicle's registration plate(s), conduction sticker(s), and/or persons (if applicable) were pixelated/blurred to prevent any conflict with the photographer, the bus company and/or to the car owner for their security and/or privacy purposes. So, don't use their plate number, conduction sticker, and vehicle tag as an evidence for any incident. And, I have taken this photo for bus fanatics, bus enthusiasts, and bus lovers purposes.
It's either two against one or two against the world. Who's being victimized is a matter of context.
Ganda rin nito sa personal; ang angas ng dating nya. At higit pa roon, naka-2×2 seating configuration siya kaya hindi masikip ang room nito.
Company/Owner: Jayross Lucky Seven Tours Bus Company, Inc.
Fleet/Bus Number: 728716
Classification: Air-conditioned City Bus
Coachbuilder: Santarosa Motor Works, Inc./Columbian Motors Corporation
Body Model: Iveco/Santarosa Euromidi CC150
Engine Model: Iveco Tector 6 E25 / Iveco Tector F4A E25
Chassis Model: Iveco EuroCargo CC150 (ZCFA1LJ0402)
Transmission: 6-speed Manual Transmission
Suspension: Leaf Spring Suspension
Seating Configuration: 2×2
Seating Capacity: 52
Franchise route: Baclaran–SM Fairview via Lagro/Commonwealth
Route: SM Mall of Asia / Pasay Rotonda, Pasay City–SM City Fairview, Novaliches, Quezon City via N190 (Sen. Gil Puyat Avenue) / Ayala Avenue / N1 (EDSA) / N174 (East Avenue) / N170 [Commonwealth Avenue (Quezon City)] and vice versa
Areas passing (underlines are designated stops for this bus scheme - EDSA area only: Magallanes–Ermin Garcia Avenue): Double Dragon Plaza/Macapagal Boulevard\Roxas Boulevard/The Heritage Hotel\F.B. Harrison Street\Pasay Rotonda/Metro Point Mall\Tramo\Malibay/Cabrera\Evangelista\Magallanes\Ayala Avenue\Buendia Avenue\Estrella\Guadalupe\Boni/Pioneer\Reliance\Shaw Boulevard\SM Megamall\Ortigas Avenue\Robinsons Galleria\Boni Serrano\Main Avenue\Araneta Center Cubao/Farmers\Baliwag Transit/Five Star\Ermin Garcia Avenue\LTFRB Central Office/LTO Central Office\NIA Road\V. Luna Avenue/Land Registration Authority East Ave\Philippine Statistics Authority\SSS East Ave/BSP East Ave\BIR Road\East Avenue Medical Center\Philippine Heart Center\Matalino Street/Nat'l Kidney Transplant Institute\Quezon Memorial Circle/Quezon City Hall Gate 10\Nat'l Housing Authority Main Office/Maharlika Street\Philcoa\Techno Hub\Central Avenue\INC Templo Central\Tandang Sora Avenue\Luzon Avenue\Ever Gotesco\Sandiganbayan\Commission on Audit\Manggahan\INC Capitol\Litex\Don Fabian\Doña Carmen\Winston Street\Pearl Drive\Fairview Center Mall/Regalado Avenue/NCBA Fairview\Mindanao-Jollibee\Brittany Square/Belfast\Commonwealth Hospital and Medical Center
Type of Operation: City Operation Public Utility Bus (Bus Segregation B | Regular Class)
Area of Operation: National Capital Region (NCR)
Shot Location: Pasay Rotonda, Pasay City
Date Taken: May 11, 2018 (11:08H)
Notices:
* Please DON'T GRAB A PHOTO WITHOUT A PERMISSION. If you're going to GRAB IT, please give A CREDIT TO THE OWNER. Also, don't PRINT SCREEN my photos.
** If I have mistakes on the specifications, please comment in a good manner so that I can edit it immediately.
*** The specifications and routes (for provincial, inter-provincial, and city operation) mentioned above are subjected for verification and may be changed without prior notice.
**** The vehicle's registration plate(s), conduction sticker(s), and/or persons (if applicable) were pixelated/blurred to prevent any conflict with the photographer, the bus company and/or to the car owner for their security and/or privacy purposes. So, don't use their plate number, conduction sticker, and vehicle tag as an evidence for any incident. And, I have taken this photo for bus fanatics, bus enthusiasts, and bus lovers purposes.
Nope it's not just a new dog of ours! This little beauty is a Red Wolf (Canis rufus), a species that is critically endangered. And to answer your question, yes, "species" is correct for both singular or plural uses. Weird huh? Anyway, check out our Zoo's efforts to breed this species, which was once quite numerous on the East coast of North America: PDZA
An interesting fact about them is that they are essentially a hybrid of the gray wolf and coyote. But, with the wild coyote being so plentiful, continued interbreeding would effectively make them extinct in short order, if left in the wild in its current numbers. An example of the unspoken fact that segregation actually largely increases, or indeed creates diversity. So here's to segregation! ..of this particular Canis species from others... Haha, no one reads this stuff right?
"There is an ecstasy that marks the summit of life, and beyond which life cannot rise. And such is the paradox of living, this ecstasy comes when one is most alive, and it comes as a complete forgetfulness that one is alive." ―Jack London, The Call of the Wild
The mission of the 621 soldiers of the 320th Barrage Balloon Battalion on D-Day was to launch hydrogen-filled balloons to protect troops on the ground from the Germans above. The War Department (and the Navy Department) were both segregated as they had been since their founding. The 320th was no different a group of soldiers commanded by white officers. It is estimated that at least 2,000 Black soldiers landed on the beaches of Normandy that day and most of them were company and battalion support positions due to segregation. Of the men that survived they helped to form the Red Ball Express which was a truck convoy system that supplied Allied forces moving through Europe and then joined during the Battle of the Bulge.
None of the Black soldiers that were part of D-Day were awarded a Medal of Honor either during World War II or immediately afterwards until 1992 when a study conducted by Shaw University and commissioned by the Department of Defense and the Army asserted that "systematic racial discrimination had been present in the criteria for awarding medals during the war."
Mabuti at ginawang airconary itong BF106 ni Magicline dahil mukhang sa 2020, wala na dapat non-AC buses sa EDSA.
Company/Owner: Magicline Express Corporation
Fleet/Bus Number: 8885888
Classification: Non-Air-conditioned/Air-conditioned City Bus
Coachbuilder: Santarosa Motor Works, Inc. / Columbian Motors Corporation (rebody); Aspire Manufacturing and Rebuilding (original)
Body Model: Santarosa Daewoo Bus BF106
Original Body Model: Daewoo/Aspire HFC6108H Imperial Series
Engine Model: Doosan DE08TIS
Chassis Model: Daewoo BF106 (KL5UK42HD3P)
Transmission: 6-speed Manual Transmission
Suspension: Leaf Spring Suspension
Seating Configuration: 3×2
Seating Capacity: 58
Franchise route: Grotto (SJDM Bulacan)–NAIA via EDSA, SM Fairview
Route: Ninoy Aquino International Airport, Pasay City/Parañaque City–Sapang Palay, San Jose Del Monte City, Bulacan via N195 (Ninoy Aquino Avenue) / N194 (NAIA Road) / N61 (Roxas Boulevard)/EDSA/ N174 (East Avenue) / N170 [Commonwealth Avenue (Quezon City)] / N127 (Quirino Highway) and vice versa
Areas passing (underlines are designated stops for this bus scheme - EDSA area only: Magallanes–Ermin Garcia Avenue): Tambo\Coastal Mall\Bayview International Towers\City of Dreams\Airport Road\Baclaran Church\The Heritage Hotel\F.B. Harrison Street\Pasay Rotonda/Metro Point Mall\Tramo\Malibay/Cabrera\Evangelista\Magallanes\Ayala Avenue\Buendia Avenue\Estrella\Guadalupe\Boni/Pioneer\Reliance\Shaw Boulevard\SM Megamall\Ortigas Avenue\Robinsons Galleria\Boni Serrano\Main Avenue\Araneta Center Cubao/Farmers\Baliwag Transit/Five Star\Ermin Garcia Avenue\LTFRB Central Office/LTO Central Office\NIA Road\V. Luna Avenue/Land Registration Authority East Ave\Philippine Statistics Authority\SSS East Ave/BSP East Ave\BIR Road\East Avenue Medical Center\Philippine Heart Center\Matalino Street/Nat'l Kidney Transplant Institute\Quezon Memorial Circle/City Hall Gate 10\Nat'l Housing Authority Main Office/Maharlika Street\Philcoa\Techno Hub\Central Avenue\INC Templo Central\Tandang Sora Avenue\Luzon Avenue\Diliman Doctors Hospital\Don Antonio\Ever Gotesco\Saint Peter Parish\Sandiganbayan\Commission on Audit\Commonwealth Market\Manggahan\INC Capitol\Litex\Don Fabian\Doña Carmen Avenue\Winston Street\Pearl Drive\Fairview Center Mall/NCBA Fairview\Our Lady of Fatima Regalado\AMA Fairview/Bristol Street\Mindanao-Jollibee\Brittany Square/Belfast\Commonwealth Hospital and Medical Center\SM City Fairview\Trees Residences\Hilltop Mansion Subdivision/Our Lady of Fatima Hilltop\Mater Carmeli School\Sacred Heart Novitiate\Quezon City–Caloocan Boundary\Sacred Heart Village/Dela Costa Homes 2\Midway Park Subdivision\Amparo Subdivision Gate 2\Guadanoville Subdivision\Mountain Heights Subdivision\Pangarap Village\Bankers Village 2/North Caloocan Doctors Hospital\Cefels Park 3 Subdivision\Malaria Road\Funnside Ningnangan Caloocan\Ascoville Road\Sampaguita Street\Altaraza Town Center/Pleasant Hills Subdivision\Diamond Crest Village\Savano Park\Pecsonville Subdivision/SM Tungko (SM San Jose del Monte)\Skyline Hospital\Gumaok East\Francisco Homes Subdivision\Starmall San Jose del Monte\Palmera Subdivision\Igay RoadCurva\Classica Northgate\Santo Cristo\Tialo Bridge\Towerville\Newtown\Road 1\Bestlink College SJDM/Quarry\Road 2 (Dr. E. V. Roquero, Sr. Road)\Road 5\Minuyan\Citrus Road\Santo Niño I\Lawang Pari\Santo Niño II/Block 64 Street\Assumption\Libis-Rancho\Kadiwa/Sampol
Type of Operation: City Operation Public Utility Bus (Bus Segregation A | Regular Class/Economy Class)
Area of Operations: Central Luzon (Region III)/National Capital Region (NCR)
Shot Location: EDSA-Shaw, Mandaluyong City
Date Taken: May 12, 2018
Notices:
* Please DON'T GRAB A PHOTO WITHOUT A PERMISSION. If you're going to GRAB IT, please give A CREDIT TO THE OWNER. Also, don't PRINT SCREEN my photos.
** If I have mistakes on the specifications, please comment in a good manner so that I can edit it immediately.
*** The specifications and routes (for provincial, inter-provincial, and city operation) mentioned above are subjected for verification and may be changed without prior notice.
**** The vehicle's registration plate(s), conduction sticker(s), and/or persons (if applicable) were pixelated/blurred to prevent any conflict with the photographer, the bus company and/or to the car owner for their security and/or privacy purposes. So, don't use their plate number, conduction sticker, and vehicle tag as an evidence for any incident. And, I have taken this photo for bus fanatics, bus enthusiasts, and bus lovers purposes.
Jackson, MS (est. 1821, pop. 165,000)
Marker:
front
"On May 28, 1961, a Greyhound bus with nine Freedom Riders aboard arrived here, the third group of Riders into Jackson. The first two came on Trailways buses May 24. That summer 329 people were arrested in Jackson for integrating public transportation facilities. Convicted on "breach of peace" and jailed, most refused bail and were sent to the state penitentiary. Their protest worked. In September 1961, the federal government mandated that segregation in interstate transportation end."
back
"Greyhound Bus Station This former Greyhound bus station was the scene of many historic arrests in 1961, when Freedom Riders challenged racial segregation in Jackson’s bus and train stations and airport. The Freedom Riders, part of a campaign created by the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE), pressured the federal government to enforce the law regarding illegal racially separate waiting rooms, rest rooms, and restaurants—common in public transportation facilities across the South.
"On May 4, 1961, thirteen Riders—blacks and whites, men and women—left Washington, D.C., on two buses. Trained in nonviolent direct action, they planned to desegregate bus stations throughout the South. They integrated stations in Virginia, the Carolinas, and Georgia with few incidents but were attacked by vicious mobs in Anniston, Birmingham, and Montgomery, Alabama. The Kennedy administration implored them to stop, a call echoed by the media and some civil rights leaders. The Riders, however, reinforced with new volunteers from the Nashville Student Movement, were determined to continue.
"On May 24, two buses of Freedom Riders left Montgomery bound for Jackson, with highway patrolmen and National Guardsmen as armed guards. Instead of a protest mob, policemen met them in Jackson, urging them to “move on” when the Riders tried to use facilities denied them. When the Riders refused, they were arrested, charged with “breach of peace,” and quickly convicted.
"Embracing the "jail-no bail" tactic, they invited new Riders from around the country to join them in Jackson. Within three weeks the city’s jails were full, and the Riders were transferred to the state penitentiary at Parchman, where most served six weeks, suffering indignities and injustices with fortitude and resolve. Between May 24 and September 13, 329 people were arrested in Jackson—half black, half white, and a quarter of them women. Most were between the ages of eighteen and thirty. They came from thirty-nine states and ten other countries; forty-three were from Mississippi.
"On September 23, the Interstate Commerce Commission mandated an end to segregation in all bus and train stations and airports. The victorious Freedom Riders left a legacy of historic changes, proving the value of nonviolent direct action, providing a template for future campaigns, and helping jump-start the movement in Mississippi."
Old Greyhound Station History
• in the mid-1930s, as America struggled through Great Depression, Greyhound Lines adopted a Streamline Moderne design for their buses & terminals, echoing the speed lines of their Super Coaches which, like the Greyhound logo, promised a swift, state of the art ride • brought in engineer Dwight Austin (1897-1960) to create the new Super Coach design & Louisville architect William Strudwick Arrasmith (1898-1965) to reimagine Greyhound terminal design
• in 1937, Greyhound Lines contracted for a Streamline Moderne style terminal in Jackson, topped by a vertical, illuminated "Greyhound" sign • the bldg. was faced with blue Vitrolux structural glass panels and ivory Vitrolite trim • included a coffee shop with a horseshoe-shaped counter & bathing facilities for women (a bath tub) and men (a shower)
• the design is widely believed to be one of the ~60 Moderne Greyhound stations credited to Arrasmith, although photographic evidence suggests that Memphis architect William Nowland Van Powell (1904-1977) — working with George Mahan Jr. (1887-1967) — was responsible for the design, with or without Arrasmith as the consulting architect
• restoration architect Robert Parker Adams acquired the then threatened bldg. in 1988, moved in after restoration, retaining the original neon sign —Wikipedia
The Farish Street Historic District
“but out of the bitterness we wrought an ancient past here in this separate place and made our village here.” —African Village by Margaret Walker (1915-1998)
• during the Reconstruction era that followed the American Civil War, white Southerners struggled to reclaim their lives as millions of black Southerners sought new ones • with the stroke of a pen, the Emancipation Proclamation had transformed African slaves into African Americans & released them into hostile, vengeful & well-armed white communities amid the ruins of a once flourishing society
• the antebellum South had been home to over 262,000 rights-restricted "free blacks" • post-emancipation, the free black population soared to 4.1 million • given that the South had sacrificed 20% of it's white males to the war, blacks now comprised over half the total population of some southern states • uneducated & penniless, most of the new black Americans depended on the Freedman's Bureau for food & clothing
• the social & political implications of this disruptive shift in demographics fueled a violence-laced strain of American racism • in this toxic environment, de facto racial segregation was a given, ordained as Mississippi law in 1890 • with Yankees (the U.S. Army) patrolling Jackson & Maine-born Republican Adelbert Ames installed in the Governor's Mansion, the Farish Street neighborhood was safe haven for freedmen
• as homeless African American refugees poured into Jackson from all reaches of the devastated state, a black economy flickered to life in the form of a few Farish Street mom-and-pops • unwelcome at white churches, the liberated slaves built their own, together with an entire neighborhood's worth of buildings, most erected between 1890 & 1930
• by 1908 1/3 of the district was black-owned, & half of the black families were homeowners • the 1913-1914 business directory listed 11 African American attorneys, 4 doctors, 3 dentists, 2 jewelers, 2 loan companies & a bank, all in the Farish St. neighborhood • the community also had 2 hospitals & numerous retail & service stores —City Data
• by mid-20th c. Farish Street, the state's largest economically independent African American community, had become the cultural, political & business hub for central Mississippi's black citizens [photos] • on Saturdays, countryfolk would come to town on special busses to sell produce & enjoy BBQ while they listened to live street music • vendors sold catfish fried in large black kettles over open fires • hot tamales, a Mississippi staple, were also a popular street food —The Farish District, Its Architecture and Cultural Heritage
“I’ve seen pictures. You couldn’t even get up the street. It was a two-way street back then, and it was wall-to-wall folks. It was just jam-packed: people shopping, people going to clubs, people eating, people dancing.” — Geno Lee, owner of the Big Apple Inn
• as Jackson's black economy grew, Farish Street entertainment venues prospered, drawing crowds with live & juke blues music • the musicians found or first recorded in the Neighborhood include Robert Johnson, Sonny Boy Williamson II & Elmore James
• Farish Street was also home to talent scouts & record labels like H.C. Speir, & Trumpet Records, Ace Records • both Speir & Trumpet founder Lillian McMurry were white Farish St. business owners whose furniture stores also housed recording studios • both discovered & promoted local Blues musicians —The Mississippi Encyclopedia
• Richard Henry Beadle (1884-1971), a prominent Jackson photographer, had a studio at 199-1/2 N. Farish • he was the son of Samuel Alfred Beadle (1857-1932), African-American poet & attorney • born the son of a slave, he was the author of 3 published books of poetry & stories
• The Alamo Theatre was mainly a movie theater but periodically presented musical acts such as Nat King Cole, Elmore James & Otis Spann • Wednesday was talent show night • 12 year old Jackson native Dorothy Moore entered the contest, won & went on to a successful recording career, highlighted by her 1976 no. 1 R&B hit, "Misty Blue" [listen] (3:34)
• in their heyday, Farish Street venues featured African American star performers such as Bessie Smith & the Rabbit Foot Minstrels, Louis Armstrong, Count Basie, Duke Ellington & Dinah Washington —Farish Street Records
• on 28 May, 1963, John Salter, a mixed race (white/Am. Indian) professor at historically black Tougaloo College, staged a sit-in with 3 African American students at the "Whites Only" Woolworth's lunch counter in downtown Jackson • they were refused service • an estimated 300 white onlookers & reporters filled the store
• police officers arrived but did not intercede as, in the words of student Anne Moody, "all hell broke loose" while she and the other black students at the counter prayed • "A man rushed forward, threw [student] Memphis from his seat and slapped my face. Then another man who worked in the store threw me against an adjoining counter." • this act of civil disobedience is remembered as the the signature event of Jackson's protest movement —L.A. Times
"This was the most violently attacked sit-in during the 1960s and is the most publicized. A huge mob gathered, with open police support while the three of us sat there for three hours. I was attacked with fists, brass knuckles and the broken portions of glass sugar containers, and was burned with cigarettes. I'm covered with blood and we were all covered by salt, sugar, mustard, and various other things." —John Salter
• the Woolworth Sit-in was one of many non-violent protests by blacks against racial segregation in the South • in 1969 integration of Jackson's public schools began • this new era in Jackson history also marked the beginning of Farish Street's decline —The Farish Street Project
"Integration was a great thing for black people, but it was not a great thing for black business... Before integration, Farish Street was the black mecca of Mississippi.” — Geno Lee, Big Apple Inn
• for African Americans, integration offered the possibility to shop outside of the neighborhood at white owned stores • as increasing numbers of black shoppers did so, Farish Street traffic declined, businesses closed & the vacated buildings fell into disrepair
• in 1983, a Farish St. redevelopment plan was presented
• in 1995 the street was designated an endangered historic place by the National Trust for Historic Preservation
• in the 1990s, having redeveloped Memphis' Beale Street, Performa Entertainment Real Estate was selected to redevelop Farish St
• in 2008, The Farish Street Group took over the project with plans for a B.B. King's Blues Club to anchor the entertainment district
• in 2012, having spent $21 million, the redevelopment — limited to repaving of the street, stabilizating some abandoned buildings & demolishing many of the rest — was stuck in limbo —Michael Minn
• 2017 update:
"Six mayors and 20 years after the City of Jackson became involved in efforts to develop the Farish Street Historic District, in hopes of bringing it back to the bustling state of its heyday, the project sits at a standstill. Recent Mayor Tony Yarber has referred to the district as “an albatross.” In September of 2014, the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development sanctioned the City of Jackson, the Jackson Redevelopment Authority, and developers for misspending federal funds directed toward the development of the Farish Street Historic District. Work is at a halt and "not scheduled to resume until December 2018, when the City of Jackson repays HUD $1.5 million." —Mississippi Dept. of Archives & History
• Farish Street Neighborhood Historic District, National Register # 80002245, 1980
fighting the
stigma
of a BIBLICAL disease
earning a living
with vigor
fortitude
and
persistence
in spite of
the
stigma
and
segregation from society ....
Leprosy
in
Puri
www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs101/en/
www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs101/en/
www.youtube.com/watch?v=du1k6LR6Gl0
www.youtube.com/watch?v=6grLG3UUKNk
www.youtube.com/watch?v=P74S3gfVuxA&t=195s
www.youtube.com/watch?v=GfMipejEY7s
www.youtube.com/watch?v=-t38TiOFaMQ
Photography’s new conscience
Europe, Netherlands, Rotterdam, Centre, Luchtsingel, Schieblock (cut from all sides).
The Luchtsingel and the Schieblock projects are exciting strategies that counteract the detrimental effects that the combination of modernist urban planning (with its rigorous segregation of work, living and commercial functions) and chronic high levels of vacancy of office buildings have on the livability and vitality of the city.
The begin of the Luchtsigneal that leads to the section passing thru the Schieblock is shown here.
For the almost empty 60s office building Schieblock a coalition of an architecture bureau (ZUS), a real estate developer, the owner of the building and the municipality of Rotterdam turned it into a creative hotspot and a laboratory of urban redevelopment. A specialty is the “Dak Akker” an agricultural facility on the roof of the building.
The Luchtsingel offers a circuit of elevated walkways that passes through the Schieblock, crosses roads and a railroad to offer the pedestrian new ways to discover the city, help them to avoid the anonymous and sometime unsafe existing urban ground level and realizing a connection between emerging cultural hotspots in the Rotterdam Central and Noord areas. Funding: the municipality of Rotterdam and crowd sourcing/crowd funding. For 25 € people could and can buy planks on which the name of the buyer is printed (as can be seen on this capture).
The first part of the walkway is ready now. The next one which will lead to the square of the former Hofplein railway station and will cross the four tracks of the Rotterdam-Dordrecht railway main line to connect to the Hofpleinviaduct redevelopment project. It will be ready in the last quarter of this year.
The projects are urban renewal ‘light’, intervening before demolition and total redevelopment are the only options left.
Because of this I added it to my Urban Frontiers set
Shot during a delightful lunch and impromptu summer walk with Leun:-)
Moma, New York City
Horace Pippin was a self-taught African-American painter. The injustice of slavery and American segregation figure prominently in many of his works.
...at Söder (South) in Helsingborg.
Cheap fruits and veggies there, but that's about the only positive thing I can say about that part of Helsingborg...
75 years ago, President Harry S. Truman officially ordered an end to segregation in the military, allowing eligible Americans the opportunity to finally serve their country, regardless of race. This landmark decision led to the expansion of our warfighting capabilities, opened doors for military pioneers and laid the foundation for future advancements in civil rights.
The DoD will continue to build on this legacy by fostering work environments where every individual is respected for their talents and contributions.
Inglewood is a sleepy remnant of segregation, hanging around on the outskirts of Bridgetown. They had their own church and school, kept separate from the white folks in town, just over the hill and out of sight. Most of the residents who recall those times are gone, and you don't hear much about way back when. One fellow tells of how a boy was dragged from the Bridgetown theater for sitting in the white section, recent as the 1950s. Even now, Inglewood is a forsaken little place, with rundown homes and a road in bad need of repair. The community is nearly as neglected as always, a mentality carried down through the decades. This shack is worse for wear than her neighbors, but there's a good bit of competition for crumbling. Some homes have been pulled back from the brink, but several sit vacant, one burned down last year, and one was torn to the ground. The bits of black history are fading piece by piece, getting harder to remember all the time.
November 17, 2018
Inglewood, Nova Scotia
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Today is Martin Luther King, Jr. Day.
It celebrates the life and achievements of Martin Luther King Jr., an influential American civil rights leader. He is most well-known for his campaigns to end racial segregation and racial inequality in the United States.
An Israeli private security guard runs in front of Israel's controversial security barrier around the Palestinian city of Bethlehem in the West Bank.
This image is All Rights Reserved and the property of Jason Moore and, therefore, subject to international copyright law and may not be used without permission.
Crystal Pool was part of the Glen Echo Park, an amusement park near Bannockburn, Maryland about 10 minutes outside Washington, DC. The pool was only open to whites. In 1960, five students were arrested, protesting the discrimination. In 1961, the park allowed non-whites into the pool. In 1968, the amusement park closed and the pool was filled in with concrete.
Jackson, MS (est. 1821, pop. 165,000)
Marker:
front
"On May 28, 1961, a Greyhound bus with nine Freedom Riders aboard arrived here, the third group of Riders into Jackson. The first two came on Trailways buses May 24. That summer 329 people were arrested in Jackson for integrating public transportation facilities. Convicted on "breach of peace" and jailed, most refused bail and were sent to the state penitentiary. Their protest worked. In September 1961, the federal government mandated that segregation in interstate transportation end."
back
"Greyhound Bus Station This former Greyhound bus station was the scene of many historic arrests in 1961, when Freedom Riders challenged racial segregation in Jackson’s bus and train stations and airport. The Freedom Riders, part of a campaign created by the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE), pressured the federal government to enforce the law regarding illegal racially separate waiting rooms, rest rooms, and restaurants—common in public transportation facilities across the South.
"On May 4, 1961, thirteen Riders—blacks and whites, men and women—left Washington, D.C., on two buses. Trained in nonviolent direct action, they planned to desegregate bus stations throughout the South. They integrated stations in Virginia, the Carolinas, and Georgia with few incidents but were attacked by vicious mobs in Anniston, Birmingham, and Montgomery, Alabama. The Kennedy administration implored them to stop, a call echoed by the media and some civil rights leaders. The Riders, however, reinforced with new volunteers from the Nashville Student Movement, were determined to continue.
"On May 24, two buses of Freedom Riders left Montgomery bound for Jackson, with highway patrolmen and National Guardsmen as armed guards. Instead of a protest mob, policemen met them in Jackson, urging them to “move on” when the Riders tried to use facilities denied them. When the Riders refused, they were arrested, charged with “breach of peace,” and quickly convicted.
"Embracing the "jail-no bail" tactic, they invited new Riders from around the country to join them in Jackson. Within three weeks the city’s jails were full, and the Riders were transferred to the state penitentiary at Parchman, where most served six weeks, suffering indignities and injustices with fortitude and resolve. Between May 24 and September 13, 329 people were arrested in Jackson—half black, half white, and a quarter of them women. Most were between the ages of eighteen and thirty. They came from thirty-nine states and ten other countries; forty-three were from Mississippi.
"On September 23, the Interstate Commerce Commission mandated an end to segregation in all bus and train stations and airports. The victorious Freedom Riders left a legacy of historic changes, proving the value of nonviolent direct action, providing a template for future campaigns, and helping jump-start the movement in Mississippi."
Old Greyhound Station History
• in the mid-1930s, as America struggled through Great Depression, Greyhound Lines adopted a Streamline Moderne design for their buses & terminals, echoing the speed lines of their Super Coaches which, like the Greyhound logo, promised a swift, state of the art ride • brought in engineer Dwight Austin (1897-1960) to create the new Super Coach design & Louisville architect William Strudwick Arrasmith (1898-1965) to reimagine Greyhound terminal design
• in 1937, Greyhound Lines contracted for a Streamline Moderne style terminal in Jackson, topped by a vertical, illuminated "Greyhound" sign • the bldg. was faced with blue Vitrolux structural glass panels and ivory Vitrolite trim • included a coffee shop with a horseshoe-shaped counter & bathing facilities for women (a bath tub) and men (a shower)
• the design is widely believed to be one of the ~60 Moderne Greyhound stations credited to Arrasmith, although photographic evidence suggests that Memphis architect William Nowland Van Powell (1904-1977) — working with George Mahan Jr. (1887-1967) — was responsible for the design, with or without Arrasmith as the consulting architect
• restoration architect Robert Parker Adams acquired the then threatened bldg. in 1988, moved in after restoration, retaining the original neon sign —Wikipedia
The Farish Street Historic District
“but out of the bitterness we wrought an ancient past here in this separate place and made our village here.” —African Village by Margaret Walker (1915-1998)
• during the Reconstruction era that followed the American Civil War, white Southerners struggled to reclaim their lives as millions of black Southerners sought new ones • with the stroke of a pen, the Emancipation Proclamation had transformed African slaves into African Americans & released them into hostile, vengeful & well-armed white communities amid the ruins of a once flourishing society
• the antebellum South had been home to over 262,000 rights-restricted "free blacks" • post-emancipation, the free black population soared to 4.1 million • given that the South had sacrificed 20% of it's white males to the war, blacks now comprised over half the total population of some southern states • uneducated & penniless, most of the new black Americans depended on the Freedman's Bureau for food & clothing
• the social & political implications of this disruptive shift in demographics fueled a violence-laced strain of American racism • in this toxic environment, de facto racial segregation was a given, ordained as Mississippi law in 1890 • with Yankees (the U.S. Army) patrolling Jackson & Maine-born Republican Adelbert Ames installed in the Governor's Mansion, the Farish Street neighborhood was safe haven for freedmen
• as homeless African American refugees poured into Jackson from all reaches of the devastated state, a black economy flickered to life in the form of a few Farish Street mom-and-pops • unwelcome at white churches, the liberated slaves built their own, together with an entire neighborhood's worth of buildings, most erected between 1890 & 1930
• by 1908 1/3 of the district was black-owned, & half of the black families were homeowners • the 1913-1914 business directory listed 11 African American attorneys, 4 doctors, 3 dentists, 2 jewelers, 2 loan companies & a bank, all in the Farish St. neighborhood • the community also had 2 hospitals & numerous retail & service stores —City Data
• by mid-20th c. Farish Street, the state's largest economically independent African American community, had become the cultural, political & business hub for central Mississippi's black citizens [photos] • on Saturdays, countryfolk would come to town on special busses to sell produce & enjoy BBQ while they listened to live street music • vendors sold catfish fried in large black kettles over open fires • hot tamales, a Mississippi staple, were also a popular street food —The Farish District, Its Architecture and Cultural Heritage
“I’ve seen pictures. You couldn’t even get up the street. It was a two-way street back then, and it was wall-to-wall folks. It was just jam-packed: people shopping, people going to clubs, people eating, people dancing.” — Geno Lee, owner of the Big Apple Inn
• as Jackson's black economy grew, Farish Street entertainment venues prospered, drawing crowds with live & juke blues music • the musicians found or first recorded in the Neighborhood include Robert Johnson, Sonny Boy Williamson II & Elmore James
• Farish Street was also home to talent scouts & record labels like H.C. Speir, & Trumpet Records, Ace Records • both Speir & Trumpet founder Lillian McMurry were white Farish St. business owners whose furniture stores also housed recording studios • both discovered & promoted local Blues musicians —The Mississippi Encyclopedia
• Richard Henry Beadle (1884-1971), a prominent Jackson photographer, had a studio at 199-1/2 N. Farish • he was the son of Samuel Alfred Beadle (1857-1932), African-American poet & attorney • born the son of a slave, he was the author of 3 published books of poetry & stories
• The Alamo Theatre was mainly a movie theater but periodically presented musical acts such as Nat King Cole, Elmore James & Otis Spann • Wednesday was talent show night • 12 year old Jackson native Dorothy Moore entered the contest, won & went on to a successful recording career, highlighted by her 1976 no. 1 R&B hit, "Misty Blue" [listen] (3:34)
• in their heyday, Farish Street venues featured African American star performers such as Bessie Smith & the Rabbit Foot Minstrels, Louis Armstrong, Count Basie, Duke Ellington & Dinah Washington —Farish Street Records
• on 28 May, 1963, John Salter, a mixed race (white/Am. Indian) professor at historically black Tougaloo College, staged a sit-in with 3 African American students at the "Whites Only" Woolworth's lunch counter in downtown Jackson • they were refused service • an estimated 300 white onlookers & reporters filled the store
• police officers arrived but did not intercede as, in the words of student Anne Moody, "all hell broke loose" while she and the other black students at the counter prayed • "A man rushed forward, threw [student] Memphis from his seat and slapped my face. Then another man who worked in the store threw me against an adjoining counter." • this act of civil disobedience is remembered as the the signature event of Jackson's protest movement —L.A. Times
"This was the most violently attacked sit-in during the 1960s and is the most publicized. A huge mob gathered, with open police support while the three of us sat there for three hours. I was attacked with fists, brass knuckles and the broken portions of glass sugar containers, and was burned with cigarettes. I'm covered with blood and we were all covered by salt, sugar, mustard, and various other things." —John Salter
• the Woolworth Sit-in was one of many non-violent protests by blacks against racial segregation in the South • in 1969 integration of Jackson's public schools began • this new era in Jackson history also marked the beginning of Farish Street's decline —The Farish Street Project
"Integration was a great thing for black people, but it was not a great thing for black business... Before integration, Farish Street was the black mecca of Mississippi.” — Geno Lee, Big Apple Inn
• for African Americans, integration offered the possibility to shop outside of the neighborhood at white owned stores • as increasing numbers of black shoppers did so, Farish Street traffic declined, businesses closed & the vacated buildings fell into disrepair
• in 1983, a Farish St. redevelopment plan was presented
• in 1995 the street was designated an endangered historic place by the National Trust for Historic Preservation
• in the 1990s, having redeveloped Memphis' Beale Street, Performa Entertainment Real Estate was selected to redevelop Farish St
• in 2008, The Farish Street Group took over the project with plans for a B.B. King's Blues Club to anchor the entertainment district
• in 2012, having spent $21 million, the redevelopment — limited to repaving of the street, stabilizating some abandoned buildings & demolishing many of the rest — was stuck in limbo —Michael Minn
• 2017 update:
"Six mayors and 20 years after the City of Jackson became involved in efforts to develop the Farish Street Historic District, in hopes of bringing it back to the bustling state of its heyday, the project sits at a standstill. Recent Mayor Tony Yarber has referred to the district as “an albatross.” In September of 2014, the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development sanctioned the City of Jackson, the Jackson Redevelopment Authority, and developers for misspending federal funds directed toward the development of the Farish Street Historic District. Work is at a halt and "not scheduled to resume until December 2018, when the City of Jackson repays HUD $1.5 million." —Mississippi Dept. of Archives & History
• Farish Street Neighborhood Historic District, National Register # 80002245, 1980
Colonial Drugs was the site of a 1960 sit in to end segregation in Chapel Hill, North Carolina in Orange County. It is on West Franklin Street. The building no longer houses a drug store. It is now an event space, The Story.
blogs.lib.unc.edu/uarms/2012/03/02/1960-sit-in-at-colonia...
Five of the original Freedom Riders, who would board a Greyhound and a Trailways bus in an attempt to desegregate bus service and terminals throughout the south, are shown May 4, 1961 in Washington, D.C. just before beginning their trip.
From left to right: Edward Blankenheim of Tucson, Ariz.; Congress of Racial Equality founder James Farmer of New York; Genevieve Hughes, a Chevy Chase, Md. native then of New York; Rev. Benjamin Elton Cox of High Point North Carolina; and Henry “Hank” Thomas, a Howard University student from St. Augustine, Fl.
Before embarking on their “Freedom Ride” the participants had undergone non-violent training in Washington, D.C.
The riders were trying to enforce U.S. Supreme Court decisions in the 1946 Morgan v. Virginia, the 1955 Keys v. Carolina Coach and 1960 Boynton v. Virginia cases outlawing segregation on interstate transportation.
The Freedom Riders were inspired by the 1947 Journey of Reconciliation, led by Bayard Rustin and George Houser and co-sponsored by the Fellowship of Reconciliation and the then-fledgling Congress of Racial Equality (CORE).
Like the Freedom Rides of 1961, the Journey of Reconciliation was intended to test an earlier Supreme Court ruling that banned racial discrimination in interstate travel. Rustin, Igal Roodenko, Joe Felmet and Andrew Johnnson, were arrested and sentenced to serve on a chain gang in North Carolina for violating local Jim Crow laws regarding segregated seating on public transportation.
The first Freedom Ride began on May 4, 1961. Led by CORE Director James Farmer, 13 riders (seven black, six white, left Washington, DC, on Greyhound (from the Greyhound Terminal) and Trailways buses.
Their plan was to ride through Virginia, the Carolinas, Georgia, Alabama, and Mississippi, ending in New Orleans, Louisiana, where a civil rights rally was planned. Most of the Riders were from CORE, and two were from Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee (SNCC). Many were in their 40s and 50s. Some were as young as 18.
The Freedom Riders' tactics for their journey were to have at least one interracial pair sitting in adjoining seats, and at least one black rider sitting up front, where seats under segregation had been reserved for white customers by local custom throughout the South. The rest of the team would sit scattered throughout the rest of the bus. One rider would abide by the South's segregation rules in order to avoid arrest and to contact CORE and arrange bail for those who were arrested.
Only minor trouble was encountered in Virginia and North Carolina, but John Lewis was attacked in Rock Hill, South Carolina. Some of the Riders were arrested in Charlotte, North Carolina; and Winnsboro, South Carolina.
The Birmingham, Alabama, Police Commissioner, Bull Connor, together with Police Sergeant Tom Cook (an avid Ku Klux Klan supporter), organized violence against the Freedom Riders with local Klan chapters. The pair made plans to bring the Ride to an end in Alabama.
They assured Gary Thomas Rowe, an FBI informer and member of Eastview Klavern 13 (the most violent Klan group in Alabama), that the mob would have fifteen minutes to attack the Freedom Riders without any arrests being made. The plan was to allow an initial assault in Anniston with a final assault taking place in Birmingham.
On May 14, Mother's Day, in Anniston, Alabama, a mob of Klansmen, some still in church attire, attacked the first of the two buses (the Greyhound). The driver tried to leave the station, but was blocked until KKK members slashed its tires.
The mob forced the crippled bus to stop several miles outside of town and then threw a firebomb into it. As the bus burned, the mob held the doors shut, intending to burn the riders to death.
Sources disagree, but either an exploding fuel tank or an undercover state investigator brandishing a revolver caused the mob to retreat, and the riders escaped the bus. The mob beat the riders after they got out. Only warning shots fired into the air by highway patrolmen prevented the riders from being lynched.
Some injured riders were taken to Anniston Memorial Hospital. That night, the hospitalized Freedom Riders, most of whom had been refused care, were removed from the hospital at 2 AM, because the staff feared the mob outside the hospital.
The local civil rights leader Rev. Fred Shuttlesworth organized several cars of black citizens to rescue the injured Freedom Riders in defiance of the white supremacists. The black people were under the leadership of Colonel Stone Johnson and were openly armed as they arrived at the hospital, protecting the Freedom Riders from the mob.
When the Trailways bus reached Anniston and pulled in at the terminal an hour after the Greyhound bus was burned, it was boarded by eight Klansmen. They beat the Freedom Riders and left them semi-conscious in the back of the bus.
When the bus arrived in Birmingham, it was attacked by a mob of KKK members aided and abetted by police under the orders of Commissioner Bull Connor.
As the riders exited the bus, they were beaten by the mob with baseball bats, iron pipes and bicycle chains. Among the attacking Klansmen was Gary Thomas Rowe, an FBI informant.
Despite the violence suffered and the threat of more to come, the Freedom Riders intended to continue their journey. Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy had arranged an escort for the Riders in order to get them to Montgomery, Alabama, safely.
However, radio reports told of a mob awaiting the riders at the bus terminal, as well as on the route to Montgomery. The Greyhound clerks told the Riders that their drivers were refusing to drive any Freedom Riders anywhere.
Recognizing that their efforts had already called national attention to the civil rights cause and wanting to get to the rally in New Orleans, the Riders decided to abandon the rest of the bus ride and fly directly to New Orleans from Birmingham. When they first boarded the plane, all passengers had to exit because of a bomb threat.
The nationwide news coverage spurred civil rights activists to continue the effort and numerous Freedom Rides were organized in subsequent weeks resulting in beatings and jailings throughout the south, particularly in Alabama and Mississippi.
The Kennedys, often looked upon fondly today as civil rights icons, were anything but at the time. President Kennedy sent word calling for a “cooling off period” while his brother Robert, the chief law-enforcement officer of the land, was quoted as saying that he "does not feel that the Department of Justice can side with one group or the other in disputes over Constitutional rights."
His comment angered civil rights supporters, who considered the Justice Department duty-bound to enforce Supreme Court rulings and defend citizens exercising their Constitutional rights from mob violence.
By September CORE and SNCC leaders made tentative plans for a mass demonstration known as the "Washington Project." This would mobilize hundreds, perhaps thousands, of nonviolent demonstrators to the capital city to apply pressure on the Interstate Commerce Commission and the Kennedy administration to enforce the court ruling outlawing segregation on interstate public transportation.
The idea was pre-empted when the ICC finally issued the necessary orders just before the end of the month. The new policies went into effect on November 1, 1961,
After the new ICC rule took effect, passengers were permitted to sit wherever they pleased on interstate buses and trains; "white" and "colored" signs were removed from the terminals; racially segregated drinking fountains, toilets, and waiting rooms serving interstate customers were consolidated; and the lunch counters began serving all customers, regardless of race.
Despite widespread condemnation in the white press that the Freedom Riders were provoking racial violence and exacerbating racial tension, the victory in a hard fought, direct action protest that inspired and mobilized hundreds of activists would provide another major boost to the burgeoning civil rights movement.
Those pictured:
Edward Blankenheim
While studying chemistry at the University of Arizona and being a carpenter's apprentice, he became involved with the civil rights movement, and joined CORE. He was one of the few white people who participated in local civil rights activities.
He started out by becoming involved with NAACP Youth Council in Tucson, Arizona and later became a leader for a division of CORE known as Students for Equality.
During the first Freedom Ride and upon arriving in Anniston, a mob firebombed the bus, but the passengers managed to escape. The riders were regrouped by the mob and severely beaten.
Blankenheim was hit in the face with a tire iron and lost several teeth, however he survived the attack. As a result of the attack, he lost the use of the right side of his body. He also suffered a stroke which is believed to be a result of the injuries he suffered from the attack.
He was interviewed on National Public Radio in 2001 on the 40th anniversary of the freedom rides. That year he rode on a bus to recreate the first freedom ride, but this time was welcomed as a hero, in contrast to the beatings and bus burning of 1961.
Blankenheim died of cancer at 70 years old September 26, 2004.
James Farmer
Farmer was a founder of CORE and its national director at the time of the Freedom Rides. He set out as one of the original Freedom Riders, but before the group made it to Alabama, the most dangerous part of the Freedom Ride, Farmer had to return home because his father died.
CORE would eventually grow to 82,000 members in 114 chapters around the nation by the mid-1960s with Farmer as its executive director.
CORE employed sit-ins, picketing, and other non-violent tactics modeled after the Indian protest movement led by Mahatma Gandhi. Farmer participated in the first CORE sit-ins in Chicago during World War II that ended discriminatory services practices in two restaurants.
CORE’s tactics captured the imagination of many activists who would lend their support to the civil rights movement emerging in the nation in the late 1950s. Farmer led the organization from its founding in 1942 until 1965.
He was also criticized for softening his tactics after the Freedom Rides and sought to halt direct action that would offend some of CORE’s funders.
Farmer put the Washington, D.C. chapter of CORE in receivership, ousting militant direct action leader Julius Hobson, despite Hobson’s successes desegregating department store employment and hospitals.
Hobson would go on to lead a boycott of public schools and file a successful lawsuit to end the school track system where black students were denied college preparatory courses. The D.C. chapter of CORE faded into obscurity.
In 1969, James Farmer, a lifelong Republican, was appointed by President Nixon to the post of Assistant Secretary of the U.S. Department of Health, Education and Welfare. He was also criticized in many activist quarters for joining with Nixon.
The former civil rights activist soon became uncomfortable with both the Washington bureaucracy — which he believed moved far too slowly on major racial problems — and with the Nixon administration which crafted policy at odds with his views.
Farmer resigned in 1970 to work on his memoir and teach at Mary Washington College in Virginia, a post he held until failing health forced his resignation in 1998.
James Farmer died on July 9, 1999 in Fredericksburg, Virginia. He was 79.
Genevieve Hughes
Hughes grew up in the upper-middle-class suburban community of Chevy Chase, Maryland. She studied at Cornell University and, upon her graduation, moved to New York City to work as a stockbroker. I
in the late 1950s she became involved in the New York chapter of CORE, and she organized a boycott of dime stores that worked with chain restaurants that resisted the sit-in movements in the South. Hughes started to become ostracized from her colleagues on Wall Street, and she decided to work full time to end racism.
In fall of 1960 she took the position as CORE's field secretary and, in doing so, she was the first woman to serve on CORE's Field Staff.
When explaining her decision to join the Freedom Rides she said, "I figured Southern women should be represented so the South and the nation would realize all Southern people do not think alike."
She was among those attacked during the Freedom Ride at Anniston, Ga. She recounts her experience in the Anniston hospital:
"There was no doctor at the hospital, only a nurse. They had me breathe pure oxygen but that only burned my throat and did not relieve the coughing. I was burning hot and my clothes were a wet mess.
“After a while Ed and Bert were brought in, choking. We all lay on our beds and coughed. Finally, a woman doctor came in—she had to look up smoke poisoning before treating us. They brought in the Negro man who had been in the back of the bus with me. I pointed to him and told them to take care of him. But they did not bring him into our emergency room.”
“I understand that they did not do anything at all for Hank. Thirteen in all were brought in, and three were admitted: Ed, the Negro man and myself. They gave me a room and I slept. When I woke up the nurse asked me if I could talk with the FBI. The FBI did not care about us, but only the bombing."
She continued to be active in movements for social justice, environmental protection, and world peace. In 1972 she was a co-founder and first director of the Women's Center in Carbondale, Illinois, one of the first shelters for women victims of domestic violence in the United States.
Hughes died October 2, 2012.
Rev Benjamin Elton Cox
After his ordination in 1958, he became a pastor of Pilgrim Congregational Church in High Point, North Carolina.
Cox quickly gained a reputation for being a strong supporter of the civil rights movement. He started desegregation efforts in local schools, serving as an advisor for NAACP Youth Council, and participating as an observer for the American Friends Service Committee.
After the Greensboro sit-ins in February 1960, he encouraged local students to participate in their own sit-ins, under the condition they stay non-violent.
Cox views on being non-violent were very strong. He soon caught the attention of the national NAACP leaders, including James Farmer. Farmer hired Cox to help stump the south.
Shortly after Farmer hired Cox, Farmer became executive director of CORE. Cox soon received a call from Farmer, wanting to know if Cox would be willing to join the Freedom Rides due to his background as being an ordained minister. Cox agreed and showed up in Washington wearing formal clothing, in case anyone was questioning if the Ride lacked divine guidance.
He was one of those on the bus at Anniston, Ga. When the mobs attacked, but never talked much about it according to his eldest son.
In the summer of 1961, he participated in another CORE Freedom Ride from Missouri to Louisiana on July 8-15 1961.
He defended his actions in the Freedom Ride by stating in the film Freedom Riders, "If men like Governor Patterson [of Alabama] and Governor Barnett of Mississippi... would carry out the good oath of their office, then people would be able to travel in this country. Then people in Tel Aviv and Moscow and London would not pick up their newspaper for breakfast and realize that America is not living up to the dream of liberty and justice for all."
Cox was arrested seventeen times over the course of a few decades. He died in 2011.
Henry “Hank” Thomas
Thomas attended Howard University in Washington D.C. While attending Howard,
Thomas participated in many lunch counter sit-ins, and became one of the founders of the Non-Violent Action Group (NAG), an affiliate of the Student Nonviolent Coordination Committee (SNCC).
His commitment to civil rights increased as he heard about the sit-in movements going on in Greensboro. Inspired by these movements, Thomas became a participant and organizer of early movements in Maryland and in Virginia.
Thomas' first arrest was at a movie theater in Hyattsville, MD. He attempted to purchase movie tickets at a white movie theater, and they wouldn't let him buy any because he was black, so he waited. Eventually the police arrived came and arrested him.
"My first arrest came in the Hyattsville, MD. There's a movie theater there that, of course, we could not go in. And we went there to buy tickets, prearranging we wouldn't move out of the way for other people to buy tickets. That's when I was arrested. That was the beginning."
Thomas was the first one to make it out of the burning bus in Anniston, Ga. As he made his way out, a man asked "Are you all OK?" Before anyone could answer, the man smirked and struck Thomas in the head with a baseball bat. He fell to the ground and almost lost consciousness.
Although almost all of the Freedom Riders needed medical attention, the hospital they were taken to did not give them much help. Genevieve Hughes, another rider, made this statement about Hank Thomas' visit to the hospital after the incident: "I understand they did not do anything at all for Hank."
Although Thomas was injured, and injected with a sense of fear, he participated in a second Freedom Ride from Montgomery, Alabama to Jackson, Mississippi ten days later.
This time, he was incarcerated and served time at the Parchman State Prison Farm. Thomas was soon after released on bail, and on August 22, 1961, he became the first rider to appeal his conviction for the breach of peace. Although the Mississippi Supreme Court affirmed his conviction in 1964,[8] the U.S. Supreme Court reversed in 1965.[9]
After the Freedom Rides he was drafted into the service In 1965, and served in the Vietnam War as a medic. He was injured in battle and subsequently received a Purple Heart.
Thomas moved to Atlanta, which he thought was the best place for black middle-class at the time. Here, he became an entrepreneur, opening up a laundromat with his friend.
Afterward, he worked his way up through the franchise business. First, he became the franchisee of a Burger King and two Dairy Queens, and eventually became the franchisee of six McDonald's restaurants.[citation needed] He currently owns four Marriott Hotels, two Fairfield Inns, and two TownePlace Suites.
--partially excerpted from The Black Past and from Wikipedia
For more information and related images, see flic.kr/s/aHskgSB6Zi
Photo by Walter Oates. The image is courtesy of the D.C. Public Library Washington Star Collection © Washington Post.
Entitled: Manchu Vista [1909] By TC Chamberlin [RESTORED]. Despite its age, the photograph was nearly perfect except for the need of a contrast boost. I did light spot elimination and then added a false duo-tone.
Thomas C Chamberlin was a noted geologist and educator. He founded the famous Journal of Geology in 1893, and was its editor for many years. The journal is an exceptionally well referenced title that remains in publication to this day. His work in US geology is widely recognized as being the bedrock of our current understanding in North American glaciation. He also served as the president of the University of Wisconsin. In his permanent collection of papers held at his alma mater, Beloit College, there is also a large body of photographs that he took whilst traveling on a geologic survey in China. The original picture above can be found at dcms.beloit.edu/cdm/singleitem/collection/chamber/id/592/...
Quiet lane in a Manchu section. While it would be currently looked upon as racist and politically incorrect, the Manchu rulers were strict segregationists for fear of their being subsumed by the much larger Han population (much like how the Vikings invaders eventually became English or Norman, despite their having conquered them). The Manchu initially were fierce nomadic tribesman, similar in many respects to their Mongol neighbors. In order to maintain their racial and cultural purity, Manchus were forbidden to intermarry with Han, and lived in separate Tartar (older, alternate name for Manchu) enclaves. They were also forbidden to be merchants for fear that commercial dealings would divide their loyalty to the Qing state. Each Manchu family lived off imperial stipends and belonged to a clanish hierarchy called a "banner," so named after their distinctive clan flags. In times of turmoil, each Manchu family were required to send their soldiers in support of their banner when called upon by the emperor.
However, all of this only delayed the inevitable. The banners, because of their feted isolationism, soon lost their steppes honed martial edge. Annual imperial funds sent for military purposes were often squandered and banner readiness was only valid on paper. In reality, musters were short and corruption was rampant. In the latter Qing, the Taiping Civil War dealt a death blow to the Manchus as nearly all available Manchu men were called upon to fight against the Taipings of which only an estimated twenty percent survived. The Manchu as a race was thenceforth marginalized and their dynasty soon collapsed, having had their greatest fear of being eventually assimilated by their Han subjects realized.
Company/Owner: Nuestra Señora Del Carmen Transport Services, Inc.
Fleet/Bus Number: E-462 JMER
Classification: Air-conditioned City Bus
Coachbuilder: Kia Motors Corporation
Body Model: Kia KM928 Parkway (facelifted and buttlifted into King Long XMQ6118; facelifted and buttlifted by NDSC Motor Works)
Engine Model: Hyundai D6AB (Q300)
Chassis Model: Kia KM928 (KNGBBG)
Transmission: Manual (6-speed forward, 1-speed reverse)
Suspension: Leaf Spring Suspension
Seating Configuration: 2×2
Seating Capacity: 50
Route: Garden, Santa Maria, Bulacan–Santolan (Col. Bonny Serrano Avenue)/Cubao, Quezon City via Norzagaray–Santa Maria Road / NLEX-Turo (Bocaue)–NLEX-Balintawak–EDSA
Barangays/areas passing (underlines are designated stops for this bus scheme - EDSA area only: Kamuning–Main Avenue): Santa Maria: Pulong Buhangin\Caypombo\Guyong Elementary School\Walter Mart Santa Maria\McDonald's Santa Clara\Puregold Santa Maria; Bocaue: Turo–Balintawak\Kaingin Road\Muñoz/Roosevelt\SM North EDSA\West Avenue\Quezon Avenue\GMA-Kamuning\Ermin Garcia\Monte de Piedad\Arayat Cubao\Main Avenue
Type of Operation: City Operation Public Utility Bus (Bus A Segregation | Regular Class)
Area of Operations: National Capital Region (NCR) / Central Luzon (Region III)
Shot Location: Governor Fortunato Halili Avenue, Barangay Turo, Bocaue, Bulacan
Date Taken: February 5, 2016
Notices:
* Please DON'T GRAB A PHOTO WITHOUT A PERMISSION. If you're going to GRAB IT, please give A CREDIT TO THE OWNER. Also, don't PRINT SCREEN my photos.
** If I have mistakes on the specifications, please comment in a good manner so that I can edit it immediately.
*** The specifications and routes (for provincial, inter-provincial, and city operation) mentioned above are subjected for verification and may be changed without prior notice.
**** The vehicle's registration plate(s), conduction sticker(s), and/or persons (if applicable) were pixelated/blurred to prevent any conflict with the photographer, the bus company and/or to the car owner for their security and/or privacy purposes. So, don't use their plate number, conduction sticker, and vehicle tag as an evidence for any incident. And, I have taken this photo for bus fanatics, bus enthusiasts, and bus lovers purposes.
These stools from the Greensboro lunch counter where four African American young men staged a sit-in protest as they demanded the elimination of segregation.
The Greensboro Sit-Ins were non-violent protests in Greensboro, North Carolina, which lasted from February 1, 1960 to July 25, 1960. The protests led to the Woolworth Department Store chain ending its policy of racial segregation in its stores in the southern United States.
The window is reflected in the mirror. Happy Window Wednesday.
Samburu National Reserve
Kenya
East Africa
BEST VIEWED IN LARGER SIZE
Musth or must /ˈmʌst/ is a periodic condition in bull (male) elephants, characterized by highly aggressive behavior and accompanied by a large rise in reproductive hormones. Testosterone levels in an elephant in musth can be as much as 60 times greater than in the same elephant at other times. However, whether this hormonal surge is the sole cause of musth, or merely a contributing factor, is unknown; scientific investigation of musth is problematic because even the most placid elephants become highly violent toward humans and other elephants during musth, requiring segregation and isolation until they recover. Female elephants do not undergo musth.
Often, elephants in musth discharge a thick tar-like secretion called temporin from the temporal ducts on the sides of the head. Temporin contains proteins, lipids (notably cholesterol), phenol and 4-methyl phenol,[2][3] cresols and sesquiterpenes (notably farnesol and its derivatives).[4] Secretions and urine collected from zoo elephants have been shown to contain elevated levels of various highly odorous ketones and aldehydes. The elephant's aggression may be partially caused by a reaction to the temporin, which naturally trickles down into the elephant's mouth. Another contributing factor may be the accompanying swelling of the temporal glands; this presses on the elephant's eyes and causes acute pain comparable to severe root abscess toothache. Elephants sometimes try to counteract this pain by digging their tusks into the ground.
Musth is linked to sexual arousal or establishing dominance, but this relationship is far from clear. Cases of elephants goring and killing rhinoceroses without provocation in national parks in Africa have been documented and attributed to musth in young male elephants, especially those growing in the absence of older males. Studies show that reintroducing older males into the elephant population of the area seems to prevent younger males from entering musth, and therefore, stop this aggressive behavior.
Most historians date the beginning of the modern civil rights movement in the United States to December 1, 1955. That was the day when an unknown seamstress in Montgomery, Alabama refused to give up her bus seat to a white passenger. This brave woman, Rosa Parks, was arrested and fined for violating a city ordinance, but her lonely act of defiance began a movement that ended legal segregation in America, and made her an inspiration to freedom-loving people everywhere.
"Back then," Mrs. Parks recalled in an interview, "we didn't have any civil rights. It was just a matter of survival, of existing from one day to the next. I remember going to sleep as a girl hearing the Klan ride at night and hearing a lynching and being afraid the house would burn down." In the same interview, she cited her lifelong acquaintance with fear as the reason for her relative fearlessness in deciding to appeal her conviction during the bus boycott. "I didn't have any special fear," she said. "It was more of a relief to know that I wasn't alone."
The bus incident led to the formation of the Montgomery Improvement Association, led by the young pastor of the Dexter Avenue Baptist Church, Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. The association called for a boycott of the city-owned bus company. The boycott lasted 382 days and brought Mrs. Parks, Dr. King, and their cause to the attention of the world. A Supreme Court Decision struck down the Montgomery ordinance under which Mrs. Parks had been fined, and outlawed racial segregation on public transportation.
"I do the very best I can to look upon life with optimism and hope and looking forward to a better day, but I don't think there is anything such as complete happiness. It pains me that there is still a lot of Klan activity and racism. I think when you say you're happy, you have everything that you need and everything that you want, and nothing more to wish for. I haven't reached that stage yet."
Rosa Parks died yesterday at her home in Detroit.
She was 92.
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If you can, please make a contribution towards the disaster relief efforts
in India and Pakistan (as well as continuing efforts in New Orleans and
Texas) by donating to the Red Cross/Red Crescent.
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As a way of returning the extraordinary generosity and support you have all shown me in this great community, whenever I upload a new pic or series of shots this year, I'll provide a link to another flickr photog whose work, personality, or spirit I feel you should discover.
Visit and introduce yourself. Make a friend. Share the love.
Open your eyes to yanni today.
Three years ago, I made a video/ machinima about miscegeny and race in mid 20th century US: Falling Between Worlds.
Yet preparing it sucked me down into a dark space: the actors who had organised online around the far right and gamergate who now had delivered Trump after trialling through Brexit.
I wrote a blog post at the time, having written something much longer about how the ideas came together. A key point was that as Trump was inaugurated the Rev said about it raining and boding well - I went back to the tradition of rain being associated with funerals. That seems almost prophetic now.
Made at One Caress in Second Life.