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In Renaissance painting, red was used to draw the attention of the viewer; it was often used as the color of the cloak or costume of Christ, the Virgin Mary, or another central figure. In Venice, Titian was the master of fine reds, particularly vermilion; he used many layers of pigment mixed with a semi-transparent glaze, which let the light pass through, to create a more luminous color.
During the Renaissance trade routes were opened to the New World, to Asia and the Middle East, and new varieties of red pigment and dye were imported into Europe, usually through Venice, Genoa or Seville, and Marseille. Venice was the major market for pigments for artists of the Renaissance. There were guilds of dyers who specialized in red in each large city. The Rubia plant was used to make the most common dye; it produced an orange-red or brick red color used to dye the clothes of merchants and artisans. For the wealthy, the dye used was Kermes, made from a tiny scale insect which fed on the branches and leaves of the oak tree. For those with even more money there was Polish Cochineal; also known as Kermes vermilio or "Blood of Saint John", which was made from a related insect, the Margodes polonicus. It made a more vivid red than ordinary Kermes. The finest and most expensive variety of red made from insects was the Kermes of Armenia, It was made by collecting and crushing the Porphyophora hameli, an insect which lived on the roots and stems of certain herbs. The pigment and dye merchants of Venice imported and sold all of these products and also manufactured their own color, called Venetian red, which was considered the most expensive and finest red in Europe. Its secret ingredient was arsenic, which brightened the color.[29]
But early in the 16th century, a brilliant new red appeared in Europe. When the Spanish conquistador Hernán Cortés and his soldiers conquered the Aztec Empire in 1519-1521, they discovered slowly that the Aztecs had another treasure beside silver and gold; they had the tiny cochineal, a parasitic scale insect which lived on cactus plants, which, which dried and crushed, made a magnificent red. The cochineal in Mexico was closely related to the Kermes varieties of Europe, but unlike European Kermes, it could be harvested several times a year, and it was ten times stronger than the Kermes of Poland. It worked particularly well on silk, satin and other luxury textiles. In 1523 Cortes sent the first shipment to Spain. Soon cochineal began to arrive in European ports aboard convoys of Spanish galleons.[30]
At first the guilds of dyers in Venice and other cities banned cochineal to protect their local products, but the superior quality of cochineal dye made it impossible to resist. By the beginning of the 17th century it was the preferred luxury red for the clothing of cardinals, bankers, courtisans and aristocrats.[29]
The painters of the early Renaissance used two traditional lake pigments, made from mixing dye with either chalk or alum; kermes lake, made from kermes insects, and madder lake, made from the rubia tinctorum plant. With the arrival of cochineal, they had a third, carmine, which made a very fine crimson, though it had a tendency to change color if not used carefully. It was used by almost all the great painters of the 15th and 16th centuries, including Rembrandt, Vermeer, Rubens, Anthony Van Dyke, Diego Velazquez and Tintoretto. Later it was used by Thomas Gainsborough, Seurat and J.M.W. Turner.
You know its love when things are perfect, the intensity is yearned and the kiss is bliss. You know things are perfect when your eyes meet and you both know whats on each others mind. You know its perfect when you wake in the morning and the first thing you see is your love ! You know its perfect when he gives you a Red Dahlia !!!
Just one from a lovely visit to a local poppy field with Tony (Guy&Fawkes) - see his photostream here - with poppy field!
Lens: Industar 61 L/D 2.8/55mm. Aperture f4. M42 Novoflex bellows.
This picture was taken at Centennial Park, Sydney.
Thank you for your visit, faves and comments!
New drawing. This might become a textile/ wallpaper pattern. Black ink pen / red ink pen. Work in progress, obviously :D
I was playing around with a small aluminum cube as a subject this morning. After I was done I had a short cube series. This one was shot on a mirror in red light. Taken with a Canon 60mm USM Macro lens. Type L for a better view.
Our Daily Challenge - 12/4/11 - Reflection - 12/4/11
There is nothing better than strawberry season...can't wait to go picking...sorry to be so quiet - a very, very busy weekend. I will catch up with all your streams soon. :)
We must encourage the children to become self-conscious! People without the "backbone", there is enough in this world !!!!
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Lynyrd Skynyrd - Every Mother's Son
My 18104 JALIANWALA BAGH Express take unscheduled halt at Chandrapura Jn ( CRP ) so with the help of Raj Kumar attempted night shot and it cam out very well with 6 Red signals.
Red-shouldered Hawk
Many thanks to all those who View, Comment and or Fave My Photos... It is greatly appreciated... Roy
All images full frame unless the filename reflects "Crop"
Red squirrel (Sciruus vulgaris) standing by a tree and eating some green leaves.
Wiewiórka (Sciurus vulgaris) stojąca koło drzewa i jedząca jakieś świeże listki.