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In Renaissance painting, red was used to draw the attention of the viewer; it was often used as the color of the cloak or costume of Christ, the Virgin Mary, or another central figure. In Venice, Titian was the master of fine reds, particularly vermilion; he used many layers of pigment mixed with a semi-transparent glaze, which let the light pass through, to create a more luminous color.
During the Renaissance trade routes were opened to the New World, to Asia and the Middle East, and new varieties of red pigment and dye were imported into Europe, usually through Venice, Genoa or Seville, and Marseille. Venice was the major market for pigments for artists of the Renaissance. There were guilds of dyers who specialized in red in each large city. The Rubia plant was used to make the most common dye; it produced an orange-red or brick red color used to dye the clothes of merchants and artisans. For the wealthy, the dye used was Kermes, made from a tiny scale insect which fed on the branches and leaves of the oak tree. For those with even more money there was Polish Cochineal; also known as Kermes vermilio or "Blood of Saint John", which was made from a related insect, the Margodes polonicus. It made a more vivid red than ordinary Kermes. The finest and most expensive variety of red made from insects was the Kermes of Armenia, It was made by collecting and crushing the Porphyophora hameli, an insect which lived on the roots and stems of certain herbs. The pigment and dye merchants of Venice imported and sold all of these products and also manufactured their own color, called Venetian red, which was considered the most expensive and finest red in Europe. Its secret ingredient was arsenic, which brightened the color.[29]
But early in the 16th century, a brilliant new red appeared in Europe. When the Spanish conquistador Hernán Cortés and his soldiers conquered the Aztec Empire in 1519-1521, they discovered slowly that the Aztecs had another treasure beside silver and gold; they had the tiny cochineal, a parasitic scale insect which lived on cactus plants, which, which dried and crushed, made a magnificent red. The cochineal in Mexico was closely related to the Kermes varieties of Europe, but unlike European Kermes, it could be harvested several times a year, and it was ten times stronger than the Kermes of Poland. It worked particularly well on silk, satin and other luxury textiles. In 1523 Cortes sent the first shipment to Spain. Soon cochineal began to arrive in European ports aboard convoys of Spanish galleons.[30]
At first the guilds of dyers in Venice and other cities banned cochineal to protect their local products, but the superior quality of cochineal dye made it impossible to resist. By the beginning of the 17th century it was the preferred luxury red for the clothing of cardinals, bankers, courtisans and aristocrats.[29]
The painters of the early Renaissance used two traditional lake pigments, made from mixing dye with either chalk or alum; kermes lake, made from kermes insects, and madder lake, made from the rubia tinctorum plant. With the arrival of cochineal, they had a third, carmine, which made a very fine crimson, though it had a tendency to change color if not used carefully. It was used by almost all the great painters of the 15th and 16th centuries, including Rembrandt, Vermeer, Rubens, Anthony Van Dyke, Diego Velazquez and Tintoretto. Later it was used by Thomas Gainsborough, Seurat and J.M.W. Turner.
You know its love when things are perfect, the intensity is yearned and the kiss is bliss. You know things are perfect when your eyes meet and you both know whats on each others mind. You know its perfect when you wake in the morning and the first thing you see is your love ! You know its perfect when he gives you a Red Dahlia !!!
A capture of some Red Ivy that was lit by the Sun which made a truely striking specatacle on the side of a cottage in the cotswolds
Male Red-eyed damselfly, Erythromma najas. Photographed at Bolder Mere, Ockham Common. EOS 5D Mark II with MP-E65 lens.
New drawing. This might become a textile/ wallpaper pattern. Black ink pen / red ink pen. Work in progress, obviously :D
I was playing around with a small aluminum cube as a subject this morning. After I was done I had a short cube series. This one was shot on a mirror in red light. Taken with a Canon 60mm USM Macro lens. Type L for a better view.
Our Daily Challenge - 12/4/11 - Reflection - 12/4/11
The red deer is Britain's largest land mammal. They are most numerous in Scotland, but isolated populations occur from the Lake District to Cornwall, with a few small herds in Wales. Venison from red deer in Forestry Commission woods is very popular with consumers in Britain. Venison from red deer has less cholesterol and fat than other red meat, and deer living in the woods do not have any artificial feeding.
There might be a Blacktron version eventually but I'm basically done tweaking this design, I'm up to five of these things.
Red squirrel (Sciruus vulgaris) standing by a tree and eating some green leaves.
Wiewiórka (Sciurus vulgaris) stojąca koło drzewa i jedząca jakieś świeże listki.