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The third year I have had a photo highly commended in the British Wildlife Photography Awards (BWPA) appearing in both the exhibition and book.
A female red deer (hind) in Bushy Park during a previous rutting season.
Photograph published February 5th, 2025 { link bellow}
religiondispatches.org/despite-the-gop-devolving-into-a-w...
Published in Penguin Books 1962.
Reprinted 1963,1965.
This reprint published in Penguin in 1966.
Cover design by Alan Aldridge/Dennis Rolfe.
Published in American Home Magazine. Karpen advertised their furniture in House Beautiful, American Home, and other shelter magazines during the 1920s. This eclectic living room has some decidedly Deco elements like the streamlined furniture shapes and especially the upholstery of the chair in the foreground. This is very "modern" for Karpen which generally tended to show more traditional furnishings. It uses a tetrad of muted red, purple, yellow, and green ... a very sophisticated color scheme.
The history of the Austrian Museum of Applied Art/Contemporary Art
1863 / After many years of efforts by Rudolf Eitelberger decides emperor Franz Joseph I on 7 March on the initiative of his uncle archduke Rainer, following the model of the in 1852 founded South Kensington Museum (now the Victoria and Albert Museum, London) the establishment of the "k.u.k. Austrian Museum for Art and Industry" and appoints Rudolf von Eitelberger, the first professor of art history at the University of Vienna director. The museum should be serving as a specimen collection for artists, industrialists, and public and as a training and education center for designers and craftsmen.
1864/ on 12th of May, opened the museum - provisionally in premises of the ball house next to the Vienna Hofburg, the architect Heinrich von Ferstel for museum purposes had adapted. First exhibited objects are loans and donations from the imperial collections, monasteries, private property and from the k.u.k. Polytechnic in Vienna. Reproductions, masters and plaster casts are standing value-neutral next originals.
1865-1897 / The Museum of Art and Industry publishes the journal Communications of Imperial (k.u.k.) Austrian Museum for Art and Industry .
1866 / Due to the lack of space in the ballroom the erection of an own museum building is accelerated. A first project of Rudolf von Eitelberger and Heinrich von Ferstel provides the integration of the museum in the project of imperial museums in front of the Hofburg Imperial Forum. Only after the failure of this project, the site of the former Exerzierfelds (parade ground) of the defense barracks before Stubentor the museum here is assigned, next to the newly created city park at the still being under development Rind Road.
1867 / Theoretical and practical training are combined with the establishment of the School of Applied Arts. This will initially be housed in the old gun factory, Währinger street 11-13/Schwarzspanier street 17, Vienna 9.
1868 / With the construction of the building at Stubenring is started as soon as it is approved by emperor Franz Joseph I. the second draft of Heinrich Ferstel.
1871 / The opening of the building at Stubering takes place after three years of construction, 15 November. Designed according to plans by Heinrich von Ferstel in the Renaissance style, it is the first built museum building at the Ring. Objects from now on could be placed permanently and arranged according to main materials. / / The School of Arts and Crafts (Kunstgewerbeschule) moves into the house at Stubenring. / / Opening of Austrian arts and crafts exhibition.
1873 / Vienna World Exhibition. / / The Museum of Art and Industry and the Vienna School of Arts and Crafts are exhibiting together at Stubenring. / / Rudolf von Eitelberger organizes in the framework of the World Exhibition the worldwide first international art scientific congress in Vienna, thus emphasizing the orientation of the Museum on teaching and research. / / During the World Exhibition major purchases for the museum from funds of the Ministry are made, eg 60 pages of Indo-Persian Journal Mughal manuscript Hamzanama.
1877 / decision on the establishment of taxes for the award of Hoftiteln (court titels). With the collected amounts the local art industry can be promoted. / / The new building of the School of Arts and Crafts, adjoining the museum, Stubenring 3, also designed by Heinrich von Ferstel, is opened.
1878 / participation of the Museum of Art and Industry as well as of the School of Arts and Crafts at the Paris World Exhibition.
1884 / founding of the Vienna Arts and Crafts Association with seat in the museum. Many well-known companies and workshops (led by J. & L. Lobmeyr), personalities and professors of the School of Arts and Crafts join the Arts and Crafts Association. Undertaking of this association is to further develop all creative and executive powers the arts and craft since the 1860s has obtained. For this reason are organized various times changing, open to the public exhibitions at the Imperial Austrian Museum for Art and Industry. The exhibits can also be purchased. These new, generously carried out exhibitions give the club the necessary national and international resonance.
1885 / After the death of Rudolf von Eitelberger, Jacob von Falke, his longtime deputy, is appointed manager. Falke plans all collection areas al well as publications to develop newly and systematically. With his popular publications he influences significantly the interior design style of the historicism in Vienna.
1888 / The Empress Maria Theresa exhibition revives the contemporary discussion with the high Baroque in the history of art and in applied arts in particular.
1895 / end of directorate of Jacob von Falke. Bruno Bucher, longtime curator of the Museum of metal, ceramic and glass, and since 1885 deputy director, is appointed director.
1896 / The Vienna Congress exhibition launches the confrontation with the Empire and Biedermeier style, the sources of inspiration of Viennese Modernism.
1897 / end of the directorate of Bruno Bucher. Arthur von Scala, director of the Imperial Oriental Museum in Vienna since its founding in 1875 (renamed Imperial Austrian Trade Museum 1887), takes over the management of the Museum of Art and Industry. / / Scala wins Otto Wagner, Felician of Myrbach, Koloman Moser, Josef Hoffmann and Alfred Roller to work at the museum and School of Arts and Crafts. / / The style of the Secession is crucial for the Arts and Crafts School. Scala propagates the example of the Arts and Crafts Movement and makes appropriate acquisitions for the museum's collection.
1898 / Due to differences between Scala and the Arts and Crafts Association, which sees its influence on the Museum wane, archduke Rainer puts down his function as protector. / / New statutes are written.
1898-1921 / The Museum magazine Art and Crafts replaces the Mittheilungen (Communications) and soon gaines international reputation.
1900 / The administration of Museum and Arts and Crafts School is disconnected.
1904 / The Exhibition of Old Vienna porcelain, the to this day most comprehensive presentation on this topic, brings with the by the Museum in 1867 definitely taken over estate of the "k.u.k. Aerarial Porcelain Manufactory" (Vienna Porcelain Manufactory) important pieces of collectors from all parts of the Habsburg monarchy together.
1907 / The Museum of Art and Industry takes over the majority of the inventories of the Imperial Austrian Trade Museum, including the by Arthur von Scala founded Asia collection and the extensive East Asian collection of Heinrich von Siebold .
1908 / Integration of the Museum of Art and Industry in the Imperial and Royal Ministry of Public Works.
1909 / separation of Museum and Arts and Crafts School, the latter remains subordinated to the Ministry of Culture and Education. / / After three years of construction, the according to plans of Ludwig Baumann extension building of the museum (now Weiskirchnerstraße 3, Wien 1) is opened. The museum thereby receives rooms for special and permanent exhibitions. / / Arthur von Scala retires, Eduard Leisching follows him as director. / / Revision of the statutes.
1909 / Archduke Carl exhibition. For the centenary of the Battle of Aspern. / / The Biedermeier style is discussed in exhibitions and art and arts and crafts.
1914 / Exhibition of works by the Austrian Art Industry from 1850 to 1914, a competitive exhibition that highlights, among other things, the role model of the museum for arts and crafts in the fifty years of its existence.
1919 / After the founding of the First Republic it comes to assignments of former imperial possession to the museum, for example, of oriental carpets that are shown in an exhibition in 1920. The Museum now has one of the finest collections of oriental carpets worldwide.
1920 / As part of the reform of museums of the First Republic, the collection areas are delimited. The Antiquities Collection of the Museum of Art and Industry is given away to the Museum of Art History.
1922 / The exhibition of glasses of classicism, the Empire and Biedermeier time offers with precious objects from the museum and private collections an overview of the art of glassmaking from the former Austro-Hungarian Empire. / / Biedermeier glass serves as a model for contemporary glass production and designs, such as of Josef Hoffmann.
1922 / affiliation of the museal inventory of the royal table and silver collection to the museum. Until the institutional separation the former imperial household and table decoration is co-managed by the Museum of Art and Industry and is inventoried for the first time by Richard Ernst.
1925 / After the end of the directorate of Eduard Leisching, Hermann Trenkwald is appointed director.
1926 / The exhibition Gothic in Austria gives a first comprehensive overview of the Austrian panel painting and of arts and crafts of the 12th to 16th Century.
1927 / August Schestag succeeds Hermann Trenkwald as director.
1930 / The Werkbund (artists' organization) Exhibition Vienna, a first comprehensive presentation of the Austrian Werkbund, takes place on the occasion of the meeting of the Deutscher (German) Werkbund in Austria, it is organized by Josef Hoffmann in collaboration with Oskar Strnad, Josef Frank, Ernst Lichtblau and Clemens Holzmeister.
1931 / August Schestag concludes his directorate.
1932 / Richard Ernst is new director.
1936 and 1940 / In exchange with the Kunsthistorisches Museum (Museum of Art History), the museum at Stubenring gives away part of the sculptures and takes over arts and crafts inventories of the collection Albert Figdor and the Kunsthistorisches Museum.
1937 / The Collection of the Museum of Art and Industry is newly set up by Richard Ernst according to periods. / / Oskar Kokoschka exhibition on the 50th birthday of the artist.
1938 / After the "Anschluss" (annexation) of Austria by Nazi Germany, the museum is renamed into "National Museum of Arts and Crafts in Vienna".
1939-1945 / The museums are taking over numerous confiscated private collections. The collection of the "State Museum of Arts and Crafts in Vienna" in this way also is enlarged.
1945 / Partial destruction of the museum building by impact of war. / / War losses on collection objects, even in the places of rescue of objects.
1946 / The return of the outsourced objects of art begins. A portion of the during the Nazi time expropriated objects is returned in the following years.
1947 / The "State Museum of Arts and Crafts in Vienna" is renamed into "Austrian Museum of Applied Arts".
1948 / The "Cathedral and Metropolitan Church of St. Stephen" organizes the exhibition The St. Stephen's Cathedral in the Museum of Applied Arts. History, monuments, reconstruction.
1949 / The Museum is reopened after repair of the war damages.
1950 / As last exhibition under director Richard Ernst takes place Great art from Austria's monasteries (Middle Ages).
1951 / Ignaz Schlosser is appointed manager.
1952 / The exhibition Social home decor, designed by Franz Schuster, makes the development of social housing in Vienna again the topic of the Museum of Applied Arts.
1955 / The comprehensive archive of the Wiener Werkstätte (workshop) is acquired.
1955-1985 / The Museum publishes the periodical ancient and modern art .
1956 / Exhibition New Form from Denmark, modern design from Scandinavia becomes topic of the museum and model.
1957 / On the occasion of the exhibition Venini Murano glass, the first presentation of Venini glass in Austria, there are significant purchases and donations for the collection of glass.
1958 / End of the directorate of Ignaz Schlosser
1959 / Viktor Griesmaier is appointed as new director.
1960 / Exhibition Artistic creation and mass production of Gustavsberg, Sweden. Role model of Swedish design for the Austrian art and crafts.
1963 / For the first time in Europe, in the context of a comprehensive exhibition art treasures from Iran are shown.
1964 / The exhibition Vienna around 1900 (organised by the Cultural Department of the City of Vienna) presents for the frist time after the Second World War, inter alia, arts and crafts of Art Nouveau. / / It is started with the systematic work off of the archive of the Wiener Werkstätte. / / On the occasion of the founding anniversary offers the exhibition 100 years Austrian Museum of Applied Arts using examples of historicism insights into the collection.
1965 / The Geymüllerschlössel (small castle) is as a branch of the Museum angegliedert (annexed). Simultaneously with the building came the important collection of Franz Sobek - old Viennese clocks, made between 1760 and the second half of the 19th Century - and furniture from the years 1800 to 1840 in the possession of the MAK.
1966 / In the exhibition Selection 66 selected items of modern Austrian interior designers (male and female ones) are brought together.
1967 / The Exhibition The Wiener Werkstätte. Modern Arts and Crafts from 1903 to 1932 is founding the boom that continues until today of Austria's most important design project in the 20th Century.
1968 / To Viktor Griesmaier follows Wilhelm Mrazek as director.
1969 / The exhibition Sitting 69 shows at the international modernism oriented positions of Austrian designers, inter alia by Hans Hollein.
1974 / For the first time outside of China Archaeological Finds of the People's Republic of China are shown in a traveling exhibition in the so-called Western world.
1979 / Gerhart Egger is appointed director.
1980 / The exhibition New Living. Viennese interior design 1918-1938 provides the first comprehensive presentation of the spatial art in Vienna during the interwar period.
1981 / Herbert Fux follows Gerhart Egger as director.
1984 / Ludwig Neustift is appointed interim director. / / Exhibition Achille Castiglioni: designer. First exhibition of the Italian designer in Austria
1986 / Peter Noever is appointed director and starts with the building up of the collection contemporary art.
1987 / Josef Hoffmann. Ornament between hope and crime is the first comprehensive exhibition on the work of the architect and designer.
1989-1993 / General renovation of the old buildings and construction of a two-storey underground storeroom and a connecting tract. A generous deposit for the collection and additional exhibit spaces arise.
1989 / Exhibition Carlo Scarpa. The other city, the first comprehensive exhibition on the work of the architect outside Italy.
1990 / exhibition Hidden impressions. Japonisme in Vienna 1870-1930, first exhibition on the theme of the Japanese influence on the Viennese Modernism.
1991 / exhibition Donald Judd Architecture, first major presentation of the artist in Austria.
1992 / Magdalena Jetelová domestication of a pyramid (installation in the MAK portico).
1993 / The permanent collection is newly put up, interventions of internationally recognized artists (Barbara Bloom, Eichinger oder Knechtl, Günther Förg, GANGART, Franz Graf, Jenny Holzer, Donald Judd, Peter Noever, Manfred Wakolbinger and Heimo Zobernig) update the prospects, in the sense of "Tradition and Experiment". The halls on Stubenring accommodate furthermore the study collection and the temporary exhibitions of contemporary artists reserved gallery. The building in the Weiskirchner street is dedicated to changing exhibitions. / / The opening exhibition Vito Acconci. The City Inside Us shows a room installation by New York artist.
1994 / The Gefechtsturm (defence tower) Arenbergpark becomes branch of the MAK. / / Start of the cooperation MAK/MUAR - Schusev State Museum of Architecture Moscow. / / Ilya Kabakov: The Red Wagon (installation on MAK terrace plateau).
1995 / The MAK founds the branch of MAK Center for Art and Architecture in Los Angeles, in the Schindler House and at the Mackey Apartments, MAK Artists and Architects-in-Residence Program starts in October 1995. / / Exhibition Sergei Bugaev Africa: Krimania.
1996 / For the exhibition Philip Johnson: Turning Point designs the American doyen of architectural designing the sculpture "Viennese Trio", which is located since 1998 at the Franz-Josefs-Kai/Schottenring.
1998 / The for the exhibition James Turrell. The other Horizon designed Skyspace today stands in the garden of MAK Expositur Geymüllerschlössel. / / Overcoming the utility. Dagobert Peche and the Wiener Werkstätte, the first comprehensive biography of the work of the designer of Wiener Werkstätte after the Second World War.
1999 / Due to the Restitution Act and the Provenance Research from now on numerous during the Nazi time confiscated objects are returned.
2000 / Outsourcing of Federal Museums, transformation of the museum into a "scientific institution under public law". / / The exhibition Art and Industry. The beginnings of the Austrian Museum of Applied Arts in Vienna is dealing with the founding history of the house and the collection.
2001 / In the course of the exhibition Franz West: No Mercy, for which the sculptor and installation artist developed his hitherto most extensive work, the "Four lemurs heads" are placed at the bridge Stubenbrücke, located next to the MAK. / / Dennis Hopper: A System of Moments.
2001-2002 / The CAT Project - Contemporary Art Tower after New York, Los Angeles, Moscow and Berlin is presented in Vienna.
2002 / Exhibition Nodes. symmetrical-asymmetrical. The historical Oriental Carpets of the MAK presents the extensive rug collection.
2003 / Exhibition Zaha Hadid. Architecture. / / For the anniversary of the artist workshop, takes place the exhibition The Price of Beauty. 100 years Wiener Werkstätte. / / Richard Artschwager: The Hydraulic Door Check. Sculpture, painting, drawing.
2004 / James Turrell's MAKlite is since November 2004 permanently on the facade of the building installed. / / Exhibition Peter Eisenmann. Barefoot on White-Hot Walls, large-scaled architectural installation on the work of the influential American architect and theorist.
2005 / Atelier Van Lieshout: The Disciplinator / / The exhibition Ukiyo-e Reloaded presents for the first time the collection of Japanese woodblock prints of the MAK on a large scale.
2006 / Since the beginning of the year, the birthplace of Josef Hoffmann in Brtnice of the Moravian Gallery in Brno and the MAK Vienna as a joint branch is run and presents annually special exhibitions. / / The exhibition The Price of Beauty. The Wiener Werkstätte and the Stoclet House brings the objects of the Wiener Werkstätte to Brussels. / / Exhibition Jenny Holzer: XX.
2007/2008 / Exhibition Coop Himmelb(l)au. Beyond the Blue, is the hitherto largest and most comprehensive museal presentation of the global team of architects.
2008 / The 1936 according to plans of Rudolph M. Schindler built Fitzpatrick-Leland House, a generous gift from Russ Leland to the MAK Center LA, becomes with the aid of a promotion that granted the Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs of the U.S. Department the MAK Center, center of the MAK UFI project - MAK Urban Future Initiative. / / Julian Opie: Recent Works / / The exhibition Recollecting. Looting and Restitution examines the status of efforts to restitute expropriated objects from Jewish property from museums in Vienna.
2009 / The permanent exhibition Josef Hoffmann: Inspiration is in the Josef Hoffmann Museum, Brtnice opened. / / Exhibition Anish Kapoor. Shooting into the Corner / / The museum sees itself as a promoter of Cultural Interchange and discusses in the exhibition Global:lab Art as a message. Asia and Europe 1500-1700 the intercultural as well as the intercontinental cultural exchange based on objects from the MAK and from international collections.
2011 / After Peter Noever's resignation, Martina Kandeler-Fritsch takes over temporarily the management. / /
Since 1 September Christoph Thun-Hohenstein is director of the MAK and declares "change through applied art" as the new theme of the museum.
2012 / With future-oriented examples of mobility, health, education, communication, work and leisure, shows the exhibition MADE4YOU. Designing for Change, the new commitment to positive change in our society through applied art. // Exhibition series MAK DESIGN SALON opens the MAK branch Geymüllerschlössel for contemporary design positions.
2012/2013 / opening of the newly designed MAK Collection Vienna 1900. Design / Decorative Arts from 1890 to 1938 in two stages as a prelude to the gradual transformation of the permanent collection under director Christoph Thun-Hohenstein
2013 / SIGNS, CAUGHT IN WONDER. Looking for Istanbul today shows a unique, current snapshot of contemporary art production in the context of Istanbul. // The potential of East Asian countries as catalysts for a socially and ecologically oriented, visionary architecture explores the architecture exhibition EASTERN PROMISES. Contemporary Architecture and production of space in East Asia. // With a focus on the field of furniture design NOMADIC FURNITURE 3.0. examines new living without bounds? the between subculture and mainstream to locate "do-it-yourself" (DIY) movement for the first time in a historical context.
2014 / Anniversary year 150 years MAK // opening of the permanent exhibition of the MAK Asia. China - Japan - Korea // Opening of the MAK permanent exhibition rugs // As central anniversary project opens the dynamic MAK DESIGN LABORATORY (redesign of the MAK Study Collection) exactly on the 150th anniversary of the museum on May 12, 2014 // Other major projects for the anniversary: ROLE MODELS. MAK 150 years: from arts and crafts to design // // HOLLEIN WAYS OF MODERN AGE. Josef Hoffmann, Adolf Loos and the consequences.
My letter to the editor ("Cleverland Rocks, right side of the image) was published by the Globe and Mail today! :D
It's become a national sport (or complaint) in recent months to talk about the crazily exuberant housing market in Canada (and many countries around the world). To give you an example, the very home that I'm writing this from now, the price in 2021 is six to seven times that of 1999. Yep, in just 22 years. A 20% downpayment in 2021 is more money than the entire house back in 1999. Despite that, I, for one, is no fan of this real estate craze. But I digress. The other day, a business news columnist has suggested that Canadians look to the U.S. for affordable homes.
I've been saying that many American cities not far from Toronto are actually quite attractive places to live. Of course, for Canadians moving to the U.S. isn't anything like a Frenchman moving to Italy or a Spaniard moving to Denmark. The Canada-USA-Mexico free trade agreement doesn't allow free movement of people and there is no open border. A formal immigration application and approval is required; finding a job in the USA as a Canadian is not easy; and the lack of state-funded healthcare in the U.S. is a major deterrent to any Canadian not used to having to "pay" for a visit to the doctor.
President Bongo & The Emotional Carpenters
Sonar Reykjavik
February 2016
Reykjavik, Island
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A few days ago IMPOSTOR (SLIDE #2) by Jill Hathaway was published with my photo on the cover, AND she sent me the book! Things like these make me feel like I'm living a dream!
Check it out on Goodreads:
www.goodreads.com/book/show/13423265-impostor
Also, a thousand apologies for the lack of updates, I'm working on getting my portfolio together, finding an internship abroad at a creative agency or magazine and I'm editing some images right now! Expect more activity from now on! Hope everyone is doing well, and thank you so much for all the support. I miss you ♥
Motorbikers from @NightWolvesAustralia / NightWolve Clan Community
HEADPIECES: Marina Vexler at Cupids Millinery Melbourne
STAGING AND STYLING: crew's collective efforts
MUAH: Monika Hodkinson at Monika Hodkinson Makeup Artist
ORGANISING: Natasha Marchev at Bohemian Rhapsody Club and Magazine
LOCATION: Yarraville, Victoria, Australia
Motorbikes featured: Harley-Davidson / Harley-Davidson Australia
Dogs featured: Honey and Frank / o. Terry
Original Idea: Marina Vexler and addition of the wedding dresses Monika Hodkinson
PHOTOGRAPHER: Rouben Dickranian at www.sixstarphotography.com.au/
© All Rights Reserved.
My work may not be reproduced in whole or in part, copied, edited, published, transmitted,
downloaded or uploaded anywhere at any time without my prior written permission!
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Created for dA Users Gallery Challenge #67 –Skull and Horns
Stock used with my thanks to:
Texture - Well Worn 3 - SkeletalMess
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You can also follow me @ Twitter - deviantART - ipernity - Shadowness
Postcard X-102, published by Pacific Novelty Co., San Francisco
“The palace is shown reflected in the lagoon in front of the Fine Arts Building and gives a good idea of the artistic surroundings of the Exposition.” [Text on back]
The Panama Pacific Expo was a world’s fair whose stated purpose was to celebrate the completion of the Panama Canal, but it was widely seen in the city as an opportunity to showcase its recovery from the 1906 earthquake. The fair was held from February 20 to December 4, 1915 on a one-square-mile site along the northern shore, now known as the Marina District. Among the exhibits was the Liberty Bell from Philadelphia, the Southern Pacific Railroad’s first steam locomotive, and the first demonstration of a transcontinental telephone call.
It's likely these tin snips haven't been touched since the 1950s. I plucked them from a closet-sized basement workshop, bathed them in rust remover for over six hours, then used a Dremel tool and several types of attachments to expose the underlying material.
Over the decades the rust ate into the metal unevenly, so when I removed the oxidation it revealed a pleasing irregularly pitted surface.
Even tin snips have a history. These were made by the Crescent Tool Co. of Jamestown, New York, after the company's acquisition of the Smith & Hemenway Company, another tool manufacturer, in 1926.
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The Crescent Tool Company was an early tool maker best known for its eponymous crescent wrench.
Company History
The Crescent Tool Company of Jamestown, New York was founded by Karl Peterson in 1907.
Peterson was an active inventor who had previously been associated with two other tool makers in the Jamestown area, the J.P. Danielson Company and Wm. Hjorth & Company.
A recently (October 2015) discovered notice provides a new understanding of the founding of Crescent Tool. The notice at the left, published on page 60 of the September 10, 1907 edition of Hardware, states that the J.P. Danielson Company has been dissolved and absorbed into the newly formed Crescent Tool Company. It goes on to mention that a new drop forging department had been added to handle the growing demand at the company.
Based on this notice, it appears that Karl Peterson (possibly with other investors) bought out J.P. Danielson's share of their original partnership, with the intent to continue the business line. This certainly helps to explain why the first products of Crescent Tool were basically the same tools produced under J.P. Danielson.
Crescent Tool initially produced pliers, an example of which can be seen in the illustration at the left, published on page 55 of the November 1908 issue of Engineering Review.
Other early tools included a type of wrench-plier known as a "lightning wrench", which had been produced by J.P. Danielson for some years.
Crescent's pliers were well received, but the company soon became better known as a maker of adjustable wrenches.
Crescent's particular adjustable wrench design became very well known, even to the point that all makes of this style came to be called "crescent" wrenches.
The actual wrench design did not originate with Crescent, however, and there is some debate as to its origins.
The 1857 patent #17,531 by Edward J. Worcester describes the basic design of a movable jaw sliding in a slot below a fixed jaw, and all modern designs clearly owe a debt to this early patent. The Swedish company BAHCO also claims to have invented the modern style of adjustable wrench, and the BAHCO design may have served as the inspiration for Crescent's design.
According to Crescent company folklore, Karl Peterson received a visitor from Sweden who described an interesting adjustable wrench he had seen in Sweden. Peterson was intrigued and immediately set to work on carving a wooden model based on the visitor's description, and then Peterson and the other Crescent engineers tried to figure out how the wrench could be produced efficiently. Cutting the slot for the sliding jaw proved to be the most difficult operation, and for this task Crescent created a special slotting machine.
Once the production issues were resolved, the new Crescent adjustable wrench proved to be a huge success in the marketplace. The advertisement at the left shows an early Crescent wrench, published in the June 1910 issue of the Hardware Dealers' Magazine.
Although many competing adjustable wrench products were offered over time, Crescent was able to retain a good share of the market based on the high quality of their wrenches.
Again according to company lore, the original wooden model of the Crescent wrench has been preserved, and is on display at the corporate headquarters of Cooper Industries, the industrial conglomerate that acquired Crescent at a later date.
In addition to its line of pliers and adjustable wrenches, Crescent also developed a distinctive folding screwdriver that doubled as a light-duty hammer. The illustration at the left is from a notice published in the July 1915 issue of Machinery.
Other early products included auto wrenches, a popular tool for automobile tool kits. An advertisement in the August 1925 issue of Popular Mechanics for the Crescent Tool Company (page 148 at the top) shows an auto wrench and slip-joint pliers, with a tool kit in the background.
Smith & Hemenway Acquisition
In 1926 Crescent acquired the Smith & Hemenway Company, a tool maker with a factory in Irvington, New Jersey.
Smith & Hemenway offered a wide variety of pliers, chisels, screwdrivers, and related tools, with many of the items marked with the "Red Devil" trademark. The 1926 Crescent catalog No. 17 printed separate sections for each company's tools, with the Smith & Hemenway section being substantially larger than the Crescent section at that time. (See our brief article on Smith & Hemenway for more information on their early products.)
The S & H acquisition was important to Crescent, as it expanded the company's line into cutters, nippers, needlenose, and other fixed-pivot pliers that had not been offered previously.
Crescent's use of the "Red Devil" trademark appears to have been only temporary or transitional while the Smith & Hemenway acquisition was being integrated. By 1928 the Crescent catalog showed only a few references to "Red Devil", and most of the illustrations of pliers had been changed to read "S & H Co." where "Red Devil" had previously appeared.
By 1935 the Crescent catalog showed only a line of electrician's auger bits with the "Red Devil" trademark. The discontinuation of the "Red Devil" marking suggests that pliers found with this trademark were probably made prior to the acquisition by Crescent, or during a short transition period thereafter.
After selling the Smith & Hemenway company, the former owner Landon P. Smith established a new company as Landon P. Smith, Incorporated. This new Smith company sold tools related to window repair, glass cutting, and painting under the "Red Devil" brand. The continued use of the "Red Devil" brand suggests that Landon Smith had reserved the trademark as a condition of the sale of Smith & Hemenway, along with the rights to the glass repair tools he intended to sell later.
The Introduction of Crestoloy
In 1930 Crescent introduced a line of alloy steel pliers and wrenches under the "Crestoloy" brand. "Crestoloy" was registered as a trademark, in product categories for both finished tools and for alloy steel.
Post-War Expansion
In the late 1940s and 1950s Crescent benefited from the general post-war economic expansion as well as the rising popularity of "Do-It-Yourself" projects.
By the mid 1950s the product line included fixed wrenches in open-end, combination, and box-end styles, as well as sockets and drive tools in 1/4-drive through 3/4-drive sizes. The sockets and drive tools closely resembled the production of Wright Tool and are believed to have been contract production by Wright.
Formation of Crescent Niagara
Crescent Tool continued as a family-run business until 1960, when it was purchased by a group of investors and became the Crescent Niagara Corporation. Over the next few years Crescent Niagara acquired several more tool companies, beginning with the 1962 purchase of Billings & Spencer. (See our article on Billings & Spencer for more information.)
In 1963 Crescent Niagara acquired the tool operations of Barcalo Manufacturing, a diversified manufacturer that had become famous for its Barcalounger line of recliner chairs. (The furniture operations of Barcalo were acquired by a furniture company in North Carolina.)
In 1964 another acquisition added Bridgeport Hardware Manufacturing as a subsidiary of Crescent Niagara.
By 1967 the Crescent catalog had been expanded considerably with the addition of tools from the acquired companies. Crescent-branded wrenches were offered in combination, box, and open-end styles, with the "scooped" style box ends seen on late Barcalo wrenches. (See for example the Barcalo TC26 Combination Wrench.)
Also included was the Bridgeport Hardware product line of screwdrivers and miscellaneous tools.
Crescent continued the operations of the acquired companies for some time, but eventually merged the more important products into its own tool lines and dissolved the other corporations.
Acquisition by Cooper Industries
In 1968 Crescent Niagara itself was acquired by the Cooper Industries conglomerate, and the Crescent brand continues today as part of the Hand Tools division of Cooper.
Afropunk, Fancy Dress Ball 2015
Friday August 21st, 2015
Commodore Barry Park
Brooklyn, New York
© 2015 LEROE24FOTOS.COM
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
THIS MATERIAL MAY NOT BE PUBLISHED,
BROADCAST, REWRITTEN OR REDISTRIBUTED.
Robert Martin - (Born 1910 - Died 1976)
Paperback published in the UK by Frederick Muller ltd.
Published in Hardback in the Midnight Thriller Series in 1955 with the same cover art!
Originally published in the US in Hardback by Dodd, Mead & Co, New York in 1954 with alternative cover artwork!
Create a published Souvenirpixels post before posting to Flickr
Some rocks along the way of my hike and a beautiful sky in the background.
Commercial stock photo licences and fine art prints can be purchased directly from my website.
For non-commercial use under creative commons licence please link back to my website (NOT FLICKR) @ www.souvenirpixels.com/photo-blog/the-sky-rocks
This photograph was published in an online article in DEVON LIVE on 15th July 2025, written by Steffan Rhys Deputy Content Hub Director, Ketsuda Phoutinane Spare Time Content Editor and Ellen Jenne U35 Spare Time Writer and titled:
'' Squirrels will 'run away from' your garden if you plant three plants they 'hate'
Squirrels can be a real headache for gardeners, as they often nibble on plants and flowers. However, there are certain plants that squirrels detest which can also add extra colour to your garden ''
It had previously been Selected for sale in the GETTY IMAGES COLLECTION on June 25th 2021
CREATIVE RF gty.im/1324861349 MOMENT ROYALTY FREE COLLECTION and became my 5,348th frame to be selected for sale with Getty as my sole worldwide agents. I now have in excess of 7,500+ photographs represented by them.
©All photographs on this site are copyright: ©DESPITE STRAIGHT LINES (Paul Williams) 2011 – 2021 & GETTY IMAGES ®
No license is given nor granted in respect of the use of any copyrighted material on this site other than with the express written agreement of ©DESPITE STRAIGHT LINES (Paul Williams). No image may be used as source material for paintings, drawings, sculptures, or any other art form without permission and/or compensation to ©DESPITE STRAIGHT LINES (Paul Williams)
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Photograph taken at an altitude of Forty eight metres at 08:04am on a showery morning on Wednesday 12th May 2021, off Chessington Avenue in Bexleyheath, Kent.
Here we see, Sciurus Carolinensis (Eastern Gray Squirrel or Grey Squirrel), a tree squirrel native to North America and first introduced to the UK in the 1870's. Though it was largely resonsible for the decimation of our own native red squirrel population, those are now on the increase and found in certain parts of the UK including Scotland. The Greys are still an ecologically essential natural forester regenerator.
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Nikon D850 Focal length 600mm Shutter speed: 1/200s Aperture f/6.3 iso200 Tripod mounted with Tamron VC Vibration Control set to position 3. Image area FX (36 x 24) NEF RAW L (8256 x 5504). NEF RAW L (14 bit uncompressed) AF-C Priority Selection: Release. Nikon Back button focusing enabled. AF-S Priority selection: Focus. 3D Tracking watch area: Normal 55 Tracking points Exposure mode: Manual mode Metering mode: Spot metering White balance on: Auto1 (5000k) Colour space: RGB Picture control: Neutral (Sharpening +2)
Tamron SP 150-600mm F/5-6.3 Di VC USD G2. Nikon GP-1 GPS module. Lee SW150 MKII filter holder. Lee SW150 95mm screw in adapter ring. Lee SW150 circular polariser glass filter.Lee SW150 Filters field pouch. Hoodman HEYENRG round eyepiece oversized eyecup.Manfrotto MT057C3-G Carbon fiber Geared tripod 3 sections. Neewer Carbon Fiber Gimble tripod head 10088736 with Arca Swiss standard quick release plate. Neewer 9996 Arca Swiss release plate P860 x2.Jessops Tripod bag. Mcoplus professional MB-D850 multi function battery grip 6960.Two Nikon EN-EL15a batteries (Priority to battery in Battery grip). Black Rapid Curve Breathe strap. My Memory 128GB Class 10 SDXC 80MB/s card. Lowepro Flipside 400 AW camera bag.
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LATITUDE: N 51d 28m 28.17s
LONGITUDE: E 0d 8m 10.53s
ALTITUDE: 47.0m
RAW (TIFF) FILE: 130.00MB NEF FILE: 90.9MB
PROCESSED (JPeg) FILE: 43.80MB
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PROCESSING POWER:
Nikon D850 Firmware versions C 1.10 (9/05/2019) LD Distortion Data 2.018 (18/02/20) LF 1.00
HP 110-352na Desktop PC with AMD Quad-Core A6-5200 APU 64Bit processor. Radeon HD8400 graphics. 8 GB DDR3 Memory with 1TB Data storage. 64-bit Windows 10. Verbatim USB 2.0 1TB desktop hard drive. WD My Passport Ultra 1tb USB3 Portable hard drive. Nikon ViewNX-1 64bit Version 1.4.1 (18/02/2020). Nikon Capture NX-D 64bit Version 1.6.2 (18/02/2020). Nikon Picture Control Utility 2 (Version 2.4.5 (18/02/2020). Nikon Transfer 2 Version 2.13.5. Adobe photoshop Elements 8 Version 8.0 64bit.
Having previously published the new Enviro 400 in Arriva Max livery (graphics since added), it seemed logical to follow through with Arriva Sapphire livery - but, for variety, I've modified the base image to represent a tri-axle Enviro 500. I can't really see much of a case for tri-axle buses on stage carriage work in the UK but it's not unknown. Thanks again to Keith McGillivray for the use of his (Enviro 400) base image (31-Jan-15).
All rights reserved. Follow the link below for terms and conditions, additional information about my work; and to request work from me:
www.flickr.com/photos/northernblue109/6046035749/in/set-7...
***I've published the close-up because I like this photo and doubt there will ever be one like this again. My mum gratefully gave me the okay to publish this***
I was all ready to go out today when I got a phone call from my mum. She hadn't been very well the last few days, and wanted me to visit her. I do visit her as much as I can, but I don't on Saturdays as a rule because that's the day I am most likely to do any filming.
I explained to her I was all dolled up, but she asked me over all the same. I have to say it wasn't always like this.
In the late 1980's I had some photos of myself hidden from view, until one sibling found them, gave them to my mom, who was less than pleased to put it mildly. Many of the photos over the years were hidden, then found, then burnt in front of me.
As the years have passed, of all the siblings, I remain the closest to my mum, but the relationship is volatile and I really do hate it when we fight...happily it is very occasional.
I have to say that the project I had planned to film today will take another outing! My mom remains unwell and I don't wish to put her through the pressure of filming with me - I do that enough to myself! She doesn't have the stamina to film for maybe up to two hours....and so I abandoned the project, at least for today.
A really nice gent asked if he could take a photo of us, he was already taking photos of the location anyway, and as I was taking photos of my mum, I asked her if it was okay and so...this is the result.
She remains worried about me when I film outdoors, but I tell her that I am fine, for the most part.
She did actually come along to a video shoot some time ago, so she knows what is involved, and how hard it is to come up with decent enough footage to compile into a video.
She is worried about me in terms of would anyone (especially men) approach me...either to attack me or 'ask me out' (something which I lol'led about!)....I always say anything I do has a risk to it, but it's always a calculated risk....at least I hope it to be so. We just hope to get home safe, don't we?
So, no filming today. Sometimes you have to put others first, even if we want to do our 'thing' instead. I will have to resume at this location next week. Let's hope my mum's health, along with the weather, keeps good!
This photograph was published online on the SUNRISE SUNSET TIMES LOOKUP page for Resthaven Drive, Resthaven Dr, Sidney, BC V8L in British Columbia, along with seventeen more of my golden hour photographs, which feature permanently on the site.
The site is a live data site and serves as a worldwide elevation map finder for sunset and sunrise times by
MAPLOGS.COM.
It was previously Selected for publication in the GETTY IMAGES COLLECTION on January 16th 2014
CREATIVE RF gty.im/#532823965 MOMENT OPEN
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Photograph taken at an altitude of Nine metres, in the magic of the Golden hour around sunrise at 05:41am, (sunrise was at precisely 06.15am) on Saturday 6th September 2014 off the Patricia Bay Highway 17, on Lochside Drive close to Frost Avenue and the Lochside Waterfront Park, in beautiful Sidney by the sea on Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Canada.
In the distance we see Mt Baker in Washington State, USA, an active glaciated andesitic stratovolcano in the Cascade Volcanic Arc and the North Cascades. Standing 3,286 metres tall, she was first ascended in 1868, her last eruption recorded in 1880.
The four Salishan language speaking First Nation bands nearest to Mount Baker know her by different names. Known to the Halkomelem as Kwelxá:lxw, Kwelshán (wounded by a shot) to the Lummi,Teqwúbe7 (snow-capped peak) to Lushootseed speakers along the Skagit River, and to the Nooksack language, the ice- and snow-covered top is Kweq’ Smánit (white mountain) while the high meadows around the peak are Kwelshán (shooting place)”.
There are also unsubstanciated references to Mt Baker as Komo Kulshan (pronounced kō-ō’mah’ kool-shän’), the name for the Middle Fork which originates from the glaciers such as Deming and Thunder on the western slopes, though Koma or Komo Kulshan is not a native name for the mountain in any of the twenty three collective Salishan languages.
The name Mount Baker first appeared in print in Captain Vancouver’s 1798 narrative of his voyage around Vancouver Island. Legend has it that his third-lieutenant, Joseph Baker, was the first to spot the mountain while they sailed into Dungeness Bay on April 30th, 1792.
These Canada Geese, along with many other small groups, fly across the lake from East to West every morning and back again every evening at Sunset, and I love to watch the classic Vee formations and listen to the honking as they pass me by. In flight, a group of Geese are called, a Skein.
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Nikon D800 Focal length: 70mm Shutter speed: 1/1000s Aperture: f/2.8 iso100 RAW (14 bit) Uncompressed file Size L (7360 x 4912 pixels) Focus mode: Manual focus Exposure mode: Manual exposure Metering mode: Matrix metering White balance: Auto white balance Colour space: RGB
Nikkor AF-S 70-200mm f/2.8G ED IF VRII. Jessops 77mm UV filter. Nikon MB-D12 battery grip. Two Nikon EN-EL batteries. Nikon DK-17M Magnifying Eyepiece. Nikon DK-19 soft rubber eyecup. Manfrotto MT057C3 057 Carbon Fiber Tripod 3 Sections (Payload 18kgs). Manfrotto MH057M0-RC4 057 Magnesium Ball Head with RC4 Quick Release (Payload 15kgs). Manfrotto quick release plate 410PL-14.Jessops Tripod bag. Optech Tripod Strap.Digi-Chip 64GB Class 10 UHS-1 SDXC. Lowepro Transporter camera strap. Lowepro Vertex 200 AW camera bag. Nikon MC-DC2 remote shutter release. Nikon GP-1 GPS unit.
LATITUDE: N 48d 38m 15.77s
LONGITUDE: W 123d 24m 12.83s
ALTITUDE: 9.0m
RAW (TIFF) FILE SIZE: 103.00MB
PROCESSED (JPeg) SIZE: 10.51MB
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Processing power:
HP Pavillion Desktop with AMD A10-5700 APU processor. HD graphics. 2TB with 8GB RAM. 64-bit Windows 8.1. Verbatim USB 2.0 1TB desktop hard drive. Nikon VIEWNX2 Version 2.10.0 64bit. Adobe photoshop Elements 8 Version 8.0 64bit
ASTR
Webster Hall
November 19th, 2015
New York City
© 2015 LEROE24FOTOS.COM
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
THIS MATERIAL MAY NOT BE PUBLISHED,
BROADCAST, REWRITTEN OR REDISTRIBUTED.
The Postcard
A postally unused postcard that was published by the Photochrom Co. Ltd. The card, which has a divided back, was printed in Great Britain.
The aircraft in the photograph was a British four-engined 39-seat biplane airliner designed and built by Short Brothers at the request of Imperial Airways. Two of them were ordered in 1933, 'Scylla' (G-ACJJ) and 'Syrinx' (G-ACJK).
Scylla, which is in the photograph, first flew for Imperial Airways on the 26th. March 1934.
Imperial Airways used the Scylla for scheduled flights from London to Paris and other European cities. Both aircraft served with Imperial Airways until its merger into BOAC in 1939, when both were taken out of service the following year, Scylla after being wrecked and Syrinx being scrapped.
The Photochrom Co. Ltd.
The Photochrom Co. Ltd. of London and Royal Tunbridge Wells originally produced Christmas cards before becoming a major publisher and printer of tourist albums, guide books, and postcards.
These mainly captured worldwide views as real photos, or were printed in black & white, monochrome, and color.
They also published many advertising, comic, silhouette, novelty, panoramic, and notable artist-signed cards in named series as well. The huge number of titles that Photochrom produced may well exceed 40,000.
In 1896 they took over Fussli’s London office established three years earlier, and began publishing similar photo-chromolithographic postcards after securing the exclusive English licence for the Swiss photochrom process.
This technique was used to produce a great number of view-cards of both England and Europe. While they captured the same fine details as the Swiss prints, their colours were much softer and reduced.
Apart from their better known photochroms, they produced their Celesque series of view-cards printed in tricolor.
One of the largest unnamed series that Photochrom produced was of view-cards printed in brown rotogravure. Many of these cards were simply hand coloured with a dominant red and blue, which gives these cards a distinct appearance. They are similar to cards produced in their Photogravure and Velvet Finish Series.
Photochrom postcard series include:
-- Night Series - Line block halftone over a blue tint depicting London.
-- Carbofoto Series - Black & white real photo cards.
-- Sepiatone Series - Sepia real photo cards.
-- Grano Series - View-cards printed in black & white.
-- Exclusive Photo-Color Series - View-cards printed in colour.
-- Duotype Process Series - View-cards printed in two tones.
Croydon Airport
Croydon Airport was the UK's major and only international airport during the interwar period. Located in Croydon, South London, it opened in 1920, built in a Neoclassical style.
It was developed as Britain's main airport, handling more cargo, mail, and passengers than any other UK airport at the time. Innovations at the site included the world's first air traffic control and the first airport terminal.
During World War II the airport was named RAF Croydon as its role changed to that of a fighter airfield during the Battle of Britain; and in 1943 RAF Transport Command was founded at the site, which used the airport to transport thousands of troops into and out of Europe.
After the Second World War, its role returned to civil aviation, but the role of London's primary international airport passed to London Heathrow Airport. Croydon Airport closed in 1959. It had been known under eight different names while it was active.
In 1978, the terminal building and Gate Lodge were granted protection as Grade II listed buildings. In May 2017, Historic England raised the status of the terminal building to Grade II*. Owing to disrepair, the Gate Lodge is now classified as Heritage at Risk by Historic England.
The Origins of Croydon Airport
In December 1915, Beddington Aerodrome was established - one of a number of small airfields around London that were created for protection against Zeppelin airship raids during the Great War. In January 1916, the first two aircraft, B.E 2C's, arrived at the aerodrome as part of Home Defence.
Waddon Aerodrome opened in 1918 as part of the adjoining National Aircraft Factory No. 1, to serve aircraft test flights. The two airfields were on each side of Plough Lane.
Beddington Aerodrome became a large Reserve Aircraft and Training aerodrome for the Royal Flying Corps. At the end of the Great War the aerodrome was retained, becoming an important training airfield for the newly formed Royal Air Force.
During 1919, Prince Albert (later George VI) gained his 'wings' here with No. 29 Training Squadron, the first member of the Royal Family to learn to fly. His elder brother, the Prince of Wales (later Edward VIII), also received flying training with No. 29 Training Squadron at Beddington during 1919.
The two aerodromes were combined following the end of the Great War to become Croydon Aerodrome, the gateway for all international flights to and from London. The new aerodrome opened on the 29th. March 1920, replacing the temporary civil aerodrome at a Cavalry ground on Hounslow Heath.
Plough Lane remained a public road crossing the site, and road traffic was halted when necessary, first by a man with a red flag and later by a gate. The aerodrome stimulated a growth in regular scheduled flights carrying passengers, mail and freight, the first destinations being Paris, Amsterdam and Rotterdam. Two flights daily from Paris were scheduled for ease of communication with London during the Paris Peace Conference. In 1923, flights to Berlin Tempelhof Airport began.
Penshurst Airfield was an alternative destination for airliners when Croydon was closed on account of fog. One such diversion was on the 24th. September 1921, when a de Havilland DH.18 aircraft was diverted to Penshurst. This situation lasted until Penshurst closed on the 28th. July 1936.
Innovation
Croydon was the first airport in the world to introduce air traffic control, a control tower, and radio position-fixing procedures.
The aerodrome control tower (visible in the photograph) was designed with windows on all four sides. It provided basic traffic, weather and location information to pilots.
The 'Mayday' distress call was also first established at Croydon.
Croydon Airport also had the world's first airport hotel.
Imperial Airways
On the formation of Britain's first national airline, Imperial Airways, on the 31st. March 1924, Croydon became the new airline's operating base. Imperial Airways was the British Government's chosen instrument to develop connections with the U.K.'s extensive overseas interests.
It was therefore from Croydon that Great Britain first developed its European and long-haul routes to India, Africa, the Middle and Far East, Asia, Africa and Australia (in conjunction with Qantas).
The Crash of the Imperial Airways de Havilland
Following the Imperial Airways de Havilland DH.34 crash, Great Britain's first major civil aviation accident, conditions at Croydon came under criticism from the public inquiry that investigated the causes.
The crash occurred on the 24th. December 1924. The aircraft took off from Croydon Airport on a scheduled international passenger flight to Le Bourget Airport, Paris. Witnesses described the aircraft as flying low over Purley before nosediving to the ground and overturning. The crash was followed by an explosion and fire.
The crash site was 1 1⁄2 miles (2.4 km) from Croydon Airport, at Castle Hill, Purley, where the Kingsdown housing estate was then under construction. Attempts to rescue the pilot and the seven passengers were made, but the intensity of the fire made this task impossible. A witness stated that he thought the accident was unsurvivable.
It was only after the local fire brigade had extinguished the fire that the bodies of the victims could be extricated from the wreckage. The accident was the first fatal accident suffered by Imperial Airways.
A memorial plaque and cross were placed at Kingsdown Avenue. They are still there to this day.
The inquiry was Great Britain's first into an aviation accident. It led to an Act of Parliament, the Croydon Aerodrome Extension Act 1925.
The Expansion of Croydon Airport
The 1925 Act led to large-scale expansion, redevelopment and construction of an improved new airport between 1926 and 1928, with a new complex of buildings being constructed alongside Purley Way, including the first purpose-designed airport terminal and air traffic control tower, the world's first airport hotel, and extensive hangars.
The development cost £267,000 (£16.2 million in today's prices). Plough Lane was closed permanently to let heavier airliners land and depart safely. The airport's terminal building and control tower were completed in 1928, and the old wooden air traffic control and customs building demolished. The new buildings and layout began operations on the 20th. January 1928, and were officially opened on the 2nd. May 1928 by Lady Maud Hoare.
Notable Flights
Croydon was where regular international passenger services began, initially using converted wartime bombers, and the Croydon - Le Bourget route soon became the busiest in the world.
Amy Johnson took off from Croydon on the 5th. May 1930 for her record-breaking flight to Australia.
In 1927, Charles Lindbergh arrived in the Spirit of St. Louis, to be greeted by an enthusiastic crowd of over 100,000 people.
Winston Churchill also took flying lessons at the airport.
On the morning of the 11th. July 1936, Major Hugh Pollard and Cecil Bebb left Croydon Airport for the Canary Islands in a de Havilland Dragon Rapide aircraft, where they picked up General Francisco Franco, taking him to Spanish Morocco and thereby helping to trigger the outbreak of the Spanish Civil War.
The airport also hosted a much-publicised visit by Gertrud Scholtz-Klink, leader of the National Socialist Women's League (NS-Frauenschaft) and rumoured to be a spy; historians have speculated that she landed in Britain to cultivate German spies living here, in the run-up to WWII.
BOAC
In March 1937 British Airways Ltd. operated from Croydon, moving to Heston Aerodrome in May 1938. Imperial Airways, serving routes in the British Empire, and British Airways Ltd, serving European routes, were merged in 1939 to become the British Overseas Airways Corporation (BOAC).
Croydon Airport in WWII
When the Second World War started in September 1939, Croydon Airport was closed to civil aviation, but played a vital role as a fighter station during the Battle of Britain. No. 92 Squadron flew Supermarine Spitfires from RAF Croydon during the early part of the Second World War and the Battle of Britain.
On the 15th. August 1940, Croydon Airport was attacked during the first major air raid on the London area. At around 6.20 pm, 22 fighter-bombers mounted a final raid of the day, intended for RAF Kenley nearby, but attacked Croydon (four miles further north) in error.
The armoury was destroyed, the civilian airport terminal building was badly damaged, and a hangar was damaged by cannon fire and blast. Another hangar and about forty training aircraft in it went up in flames.
Six airfield personnel died (four airmen from No. 111 Squadron, an officer of No. 1 Squadron RCAF, and a female telephonist from Station HQ). Factories next to Croydon Airport took the worst of the bombing. The British NSF factory (making electrical components) was almost entirely destroyed, and the Bourjois perfume factory was gutted.
The Rollason Aircraft factory also received bomb hits and accounted for many of the 62 civilians (including five women) killed and 192 injured. Eight of the attacking aircraft were shot down by the Hurricanes of 32 and 111 Squadrons.
Croydon became the base of RAF Transport Command in 1944.
Post-War Developments and Final Closure
Following the end of the war, it was realised that post-war airliners and cargo aircraft would be larger, and that air traffic would intensify. The urban spread of south London and the growth of surrounding villages had enclosed Croydon Airport and left it little room for expansion. Heathrow was therefore designated as London's airport.
Croydon returned to civil control in February 1946. Northolt opened to airlines soon after that, cutting Croydon's traffic, but the September 1946 ABC Guide shows 218 departures a week to Belfast, Dublin, Liverpool, Manchester, Glasgow, Jersey, Guernsey, and several continental airports. A year later there were only 56 departures a week, mostly BEA de Havilland Dragon Rapides that weeks later left Croydon for good.
It was decided in 1952 that the airport would eventually be closed, as Blackbushe Airport in Hampshire and Northolt Aerodrome in Middlesex could accommodate European flights during the 1950's.
The last scheduled flight from Croydon departed at 6:15pm on the 30th. September 1959. The airfield officially closed at 10:20pm.
On the 27th. September 2009, to mark the 50th. anniversary of the closing of the airport, eleven light aircraft, including eight biplanes, staged a flypast. A gold laurel leaf tribute was laid in the control tower to mark the anniversary.
Croydon Airport Today
Much of the site has been built over, but some of the airport buildings near Purley Way are still visible, clearly identifiable as to their former purpose. The former terminal building is called Airport House, and the former control tower houses a visitors' centre.
A de Havilland Heron (a small propeller-driven British airliner of the 1950's) is displayed on the forecourt outside Airport House, mounted on struts. The Heron is painted to represent an aircraft of Morton Air Services which flew the last passenger flight from Croydon on the 30th. September 1959. A memorial to those lost in the Battle of Britain stands slightly to the south.
Although Croydon Airport has long ceased operation, the two cut ends of Plough Lane have never been reunited, but the area between has been developed instead into parkland, playing fields, and the Roundshaw residential estate with its roads aptly named after aviators and aircraft.
All that remains of the runways is a small area of tarmac about 400 feet (120 m) long in Roundshaw Park just west of Purley Way, which is a remnant of the WNW-ESE runway due south of the control buildings. The area is used primarily by walkers, model aircraft enthusiasts, locals playing football and the Croydon Pirates baseball team.
The church on the Roundshaw estate has a cross on its outside wall that was made from the cut down propeller of a Spitfire based at Croydon during the Second World War.
In recognition of the historical significance of the aerodrome, two local schools (Waddon Infants School and Duppas Junior School) merged in September 2010 and became The Aerodrome School.
The Airport Buildings
The Aerodrome Hotel and the terminal building including its grand booking hall were built in the neo-classical geometrical design typical of the early 20th. Century. A further item that would have caught the eye of visitor and traveller alike was the time zone tower (now lost) in the booking hall with its dials depicting the times in different parts of the world.
The Airport Hotel survives (2020) as the independent Hallmark Hotel.
Events and Celebrities Associated With the Airport
- 1919 - Winston Churchill took extensive flying lessons at Croydon, and was nearly killed during a crash at take-off in 1919.
- 1925 - Alan Cobham flew from Croydon to Cape Town and back in 1925-6.
- 1927 - Charles Lindbergh flew into Croydon in 1927 shortly after completing the first solo trans-Atlantic flight.
- 1928 - Mary Bailey flew solo from Croydon to Cape Town.
- 1928 - Mary, Lady Heath was the first pilot to fly a small open-cockpit aircraft from Cape Town to Croydon Aerodrome on the 18th. May.
- 1928 - Bert Hinkler made the first flight from Croydon to Darwin, Australia.
- 1928 - Charles Kingsford Smith beat Hinkler's record.
- 1929 - Armstrong Whitworth flew an Argosy from Croydon to Paris, and Douglas Fairbanks and Mary Pickford met Countess Mountbatten of Burma.
- 1930 - Aspy Engineer and R. N. Chawla were the first Indians to fly from Karachi to Croydon and shortly after, Engineer flew from Croydon to Karachi solo and within the specified one month time frame to win the Aga Khan competition.
- 1930 - Amy Johnson was the first woman to fly from Croydon to Australia, later to return to Croydon to a jubilant welcome. Amy left Croydon on the 5th. May with a few people to see her off. She returned from Australia to be greeted by crowds of thousands.
- 1934 - Tom Campbell Black and C. W. A. Scott won the MacRobertson London to Melbourne Air Race.
Literary References to Croydon Airport
Croydon Airport features heavily in two detective novels, Freeman Wills Crofts' 'The 12.30 from Croydon' (1934) and Agatha Christie's 'Death in the Clouds' (1935).
It is also mentioned in Evelyn Waugh's 'Labels: A Mediterranean Journey' (1930), Elizabeth Bowen's 'To the North' (1932) and Winston Churchill's 'Thoughts and Adventures' (1932).
W. H. Auden, in his Letter to Lord Byron (1937), lists 'Croydon Aerodrome' as one of the locations visited by a modern-day Don Juan.
Accidents and Incidents Associated With Croydon Airport
- On the 15th. March 1923, a Farman F.60 Goliath F-AEIE of Compagnie des Messageries Aériennes overran the runway on landing and collided with a building. The aircraft was later repaired and returned to service.
- On the 22nd. January 1924, a Goliath F-GEAO of Air Union was destroyed by fire following an accident when landing.
- On the 24th. December 1924, an Imperial Airways de Havilland DH.34 G-EBBX crashed and caught fire shortly after take-off from Croydon, killing the pilot and all seven passengers.
-- On the 24th. July 1928, Alfred Loewenstein, a Belgian financier and one of the wealthiest people in the world at the time, was killed when he fell out of his privately owned Fokker airliner at an altitude of 4,000 feet (1,200 m). Flying from Croydon Airport to Brussels, he is believed to have opened the wrong cabin door before plunging out into space over the English Channel. Suicide was suspected, although it was probably just an unfortunate error - he was last seen by the six other passengers walking to the rear of the aircraft to use the bathroom. However he stepped through the door opposite the bathroom. His body was found on a beach in France eight days later.
- On the 6th. November 1929, the Deutsche Lufthansa Junkers G 24bi Oberschlesien (registration D-903) crashed after striking trees on a hill in Morden Park, Surrey, while attempting to return to Croydon in thick fog after taking off for a flight to Amsterdam in the Netherlands. Three of the four crew members and four of the five passengers died.
- On the 19th. May 1934, a Wibault 280 of Air France crash-landed on a cricket pitch adjacent to Croydon Airport as a result of running out of fuel. Only one of the ten people on board was injured.
- On the 31st. May 1934 an Air France aircraft carrying newspapers to Paris crashed after hitting the mast of an aircraft radio navigation beacon that had been erected off the end of the white-line take-off path, killing the two crew. (...On the face of it, a pretty silly place to erect a navigation beacon.)
- On the 6th. March 1935, in the Croydon Airport robbery, £21,000 worth of gold bullion was stolen. Three men were charged, although only one was sentenced. The gold was never found.
- On the 9th. December 1936, a KLM Douglas DC-2 crashed on take-off at Croydon Airport on a flight to Amsterdam. The accident killed 15 out of the 17 on the DC-2, including Juan de la Cierva and Arvid Lindman. Juan de la Cierva was the Spanish inventor of the autogyro.
- On the 25th. January 1947, a Spencer Airways Douglas Dakota failed to get airborne on a flight to Rhodesia. The aircraft struck another parked and empty aircraft, killing 11 passengers and the pilot.
Further Accidents and Incidents of Imperial Airways
(a) Fatal Accidents
- On the 13th. July 1928, a Vickers Vulcan G-EBLB crashed at Purley during a test flight, killing four of the six people on board. As a result of the crash, Imperial Airways stopped the flying of staff (so called joy rides) during test flights.
- On the 17th. June 1929, a Handley Page W.10 G-EBMT ditched in the English Channel following engine failure whilst on a flight from Croydon to Paris with the loss of seven lives.
- On the 6th. September 1929, a de Havilland Hercules G-EBMZ crashed and burned on landing at Jask, Iran in the dark due to the pilot misjudging the altitude and stalling the aircraft, killing three of the five individuals on board.
- On the 26th. October 1929, a Short G-AADN force-landed off La Spezia, Italy in poor weather; the flying boat sank in the night during attempts to tow it to shore, killing all seven on board.
- On the 30th. October 1930, a Handley Page W.8g G-EBIX struck high ground in fog at Boulogne, France, killing three of the six individuals on board.
- On the 28th. March 1933, an Armstrong Whitworth Argosy G-AACI crashed at Diksmuide, Belgium following an in-flight fire. This is suspected to be the first-ever case of sabotage in the air. All fifteen people on board were killed.
- On the 30th. December 1933, an Avro Ten G-ABLU collided with a radio mast at Ruysselede, Belgium and crashed. All ten people on board were killed.
- On the 31st. December 1935, a Short G-AASJ crashed off Alexandria, Egypt when all four engines failed on approach, possibly due to fuel starvation; twelve of the 13 on board drowned when the flying boat sank.
- On the 22nd. August 1936, a Short G-ABFA sank at Mirabello Bay, Crete after a heavy landing, killing two of the 11 on board.
- On the 24th. March 1937, a Short G-ADVA crashed in the Beaujolois Mountains near Ouroux, France following a navigation error, killing five.
- On the 1st. October 1937, a Short G-ADVC crashed on landing in Phaleron Bay, Greece due to poor visibility, killing two of 15 on board.
- On the 5th. December 1937, a Short G-ADUZ crashed on take-off from Brindisi, Italy due to incorrect flap settings, killing two.
- On the 27th. July 1938, an Armstrong Whitworth G-ABTG flew into a hillside near Kisumu, Kenya shortly after take-off, killing all four on board.
- On the 27th. November 1938, a Short G-AETW crashed in Lake Habbaniyah, Iraq in bad weather after the pilot descended to maintain visual contact with the ground following spatial disorientation, killing all four crew.
- On the 21st. January 1939, a Short G-ADUU ditched in the Atlantic 285 mi off New York due to carburettor icing and loss of engine power; three drowned while ten survivors were picked up by the tanker Esso Baytown. Thereafter Imperial Airways and Pan-American trans-oceanic flying boats had the upper surfaces of the wings painted with orange high visibility markings.
- On the 1st. May 1939, a Short G-ADVD crashed in the Lumbo lagoon while attempting to land at Lumbo Airport, killing two of the six individuals on board.
- On the 1st. March 1940, a Handley Page H.P.42 G-AAGX disappeared over the Gulf of Oman with eight on board; no wreckage, cargo or occupants were ever found. The cause of the crash remains unknown, but fuel starvation, a bird strike damaging a propeller and causing an engine or wing to separate, an in-flight breakup or multiple engine failure were theorised. Two months after the crash, the H.P.42 was withdrawn from passenger operations. It was also recommended that all commercial aircraft used in long flights over water be equipped with personal and group life saving gear; this would later become standard throughout the airline industry.
The 18 fatal Imperial Airways accidents listed above (including the 1924 Purley crash) produce a death toll of 101 fatalities, which is relatively modest by today's standards - the years between 1924 and 1940 produced an average of only 6.3 deaths per year.
This is due at least in part to the fact that modern aircraft have a much larger capacity and transport vastly more passengers, resulting in many more fatalities per crash; the Imperial Airlines fatal crashes recorded above produced an average of only 5.6 deaths per flight.
(b) Non-Fatal Accidents of Imperial Airways
- On the 21st. October 1926, a Handley Page W.10 G-EBMS ditched in the English Channel 18 nautical miles (33 km) off the English coast after an engine failed. All 12 people on board were rescued by FV Invicta.
- On the 19th. April 1931, a de Havilland DH.66 with registration G-EBMW was damaged beyond repair in a forced landing following fuel starvation at Surabaya.
- On the 8th. August 1931, a Handley Page H.P.42 G-AAGX was operating a scheduled passenger flight from Croydon to Paris when an engine failed and debris forced a second engine to be shut down. A forced landing at Five Oak Green, Kent resulted in extensive damage, although no injuries occurred. The aircraft was dismantled and trucked to Croydon to be rebuilt.
- On the 9th. November 1935, a Short G-ABFB caught fire and burned out during refuelling in Brindisi Harbor; the refuelling crew were able to jump clear of the burning aircraft and survived.
- On the 29th. September 1936, an Armstrong Whitworth G-ABTK burned out in a hangar fire at Delhi, India.
- On the 31st. May 1937, a Handley Page H.P.45 G-AAXE was destroyed in a hangar fire at Karachi, India.
- On the 3rd. December 1938, a de Havilland G-ADCN burned out at Bangkok.
- On the 12th. March 1939, a Short S.23 Empire Flying Boat G-ADUY was damaged beyond repair at Tandjong, Batavia, Netherlands East Indies. It struck a submerged object while taxiing. The aircraft beached, but proved to be damaged beyond repair by immersion and mishandling during salvage. The aircraft was dismantled and shipped to England, but not returned to service.
- On the 7th. November 1939, a Handley Page H.P.42 G-AXXD was written off following a forced landing at a golf course at Tiverton, Devon.
- On the 19th. March 1940, a Handley Page H.P.45 G-AAXC and H.P.42 G-AAUD were both written off after being blown over in high winds while parked at Whitchurch Airport.
I was asked to create a cake for Cake Central Magazine to fit the theme......Holiday wedding with rosemaling and birds.
Parisian Lesbian & Gay Pride 2007.
[Taken in Paris (France) - 30Jun07]
Published on www.rue89.com - "Paris fête la Gay pride 2007".
See all the Body Art photos in this set : [Body Art]
See all my sold, published, and exhibited photos in this collection : [Sold - Published - Exhibited Works]
See all the photos of Parisian Lesbian & Gay Pride in this set : 30Jun07 - Lesbian & Gay Pride [Event]
This is probably the last place I've posted about this, so if you know already, please bear with me -- I am sort of still over the moon about this! It's the first time I've been in print (and paid for it!) so its a big deal to me.
In late December, within a span of about 20 minutes I found myself with a commission to shoot SF-based band Girls for a full-page photo in NME Magazine's "albums of 2011" issue in January.
The NME is my favorite music magazine and I was thrilled and honored to do this shoot! Everything went so well, and this is a scan of the page that appeared in the magazine.
Thank you to all of you, especially those whom I've known on Flickr since 2007/2008. You have inspired me so much, and I've learned from you so much--this wouldn't have been possible without all of you! ♥
And now, onward & upward (hopefully)!
This photo has just been published in the 3rd Edition of a book called “Trail Guide Cuyahoga Valley National Park”. My very first published photo! :-) The original color version can be seen at this link:
www.flickr.com/photos/95994086@N00/191610207/
The buildings at Hale Farm and Village in Bath, Ohio replicate what the fictional “living history” town of Wheatfield would have looked like in 1848.
(please no award group invites)