Please contact me if you have any copyright problems with this photograph / document

Sheri's worst nightmare: her cellphone isn't working. For someone who uses 1700 minutes a month, this is not good.

 

She iChated me so I can call At&t and trouble shoot. She isn't holding up too well.

 

Anyone else having problems?

Day 15, Barbados:

When people believe in gobbledygook, there is an issue.

Flight 3-10 Winners!!

 

Thibaut Vauchel Camus. Arrivé, vendredi 16 novembre. 3e en Multi 50.

« Je suis tellement content ! C’était un truc de dingue ! Je suis ravi d’offrir la troisième marche du podium en Multi50 à la Guadeloupe, aux patients atteints de la Sclérose En Plaques, à mes supporters. Cette Route du Rhum a été une première pour moi en Multi50 et elle a été difficile.

J’étais en tête jusqu’à mon avarie et mon escale expresse qui a été hallucinante tant mon équipe a été forte. L’histoire a été tout de même très belle. Les Multi50 sont fabuleux pour la vitesse et les sensations. Il fallait toujours être sur le qui-vive et j’ai réussi à préserver mon bateau pour finir à grande vitesse entre Basse-Terre et la ligne d’arrivée. J’ai pris beaucoup de plaisir sur cette Route du Rhum et j’ai déjà quasi hâte de revenir dans quatre ans ».

Gilles Lamiré. Arrivé, dimanche 18 novembre.

4e en Multi 50.

« Depuis le départ de la course, je suis en panne d’électronique. Je n’ai plus de pilote principal. Il me restait juste mon petit pilote de survie, que j’avais installé il y a quatre ans et dont je ne me pensais jamais me servir. Un truc de base, qu’on utilise pour aller à la pêche aux

maquereaux. Mais une fois que je suis parti,

je n’aime pas m’arrêter. Pas d’arrêt au stand !

Je n’ai jamais fait une Route du Rhum comme ça. C’est ma 4e Route du Rhum et les autres,

c’était des vacances à côté. Les trois premiers jours, c’était invivable. Impossible de rien avaler.

Forcément, on est à moitié malade. Ça cogne tellement, on a peur aussi. On se dit : est-ce que le bateau va tenir ? Malgré tout, le bateau est en super état. Et quand on voit que malgré tous mes problèmes, j’étais dans le coup, je me dis que je vais repartir encore mieux armé, avec

encore plus d’expérience, pour aller rechercher des résultats ».

Florian Guéguen. Abandon, dimanche dernier alors qu’il était en escale au nord de l’Espagne.

« C’est après plusieurs jours de mûre réflexion que je me résous à prendre la difficile décision de ne pas poursuivre la course. Suite à un début de parcours difficile en météo, Équipe Voile Parkinson a souffert d’une toute petite voie d’eau se trouvant au-dessus des connexions aux appareils électroniques de navigation et communication,

entraînant dans la matinée du mercredi 14 novembre un black-out total du système.

L’intervention d’un électronicien s’est soldée par un verdict sans appel : l’ensemble des appareils du bord sont détériorés, ne fonctionnent plus correctement et ne permettent donc pas d’envisager une transatlantique ».

Nils Boyer. 6e en classe Rhum Mono mardi dernier.

Le benjamin de la course a pris l’habitude de faire « parler » son bateau sur sa page Facebook pendant la course. Comme quoi, l’air du large, ça inspire. Extraits du 18 novembre : « C’était un jour particulier pour mon skipper.

Son quart de siècle ! Il se marre à dire ça. Il a eu plein de messages d’anniversaire super chouettes. Merci à tous ceux qui y ont pensé.

Big Up pour le dernier album de Johnny !

Vu que son pote Antoine lui a offert des charentaises avec des semelles en laine naturelle, Nils se les ait vite appropriées. Et vous auriez dû voir ça… Mon skipper en charentaises et sous vêtement polaire sous des seaux

de flotte en train d’abattre et de choquer…

Mort de rire ;). En tous les cas, mon skipper, il a retrouvé le moral mais je peux vous assurer qu’il en a bavé.

On a appris l’abandon de notre copain Florian Gueguen, sur Equipe voile Parkinson, on est triste pour lui.

Sinon le cassoulet au confit de canard était terrible, en même temps c’est un plat de saison à ces latitudes-là… Au top ! Ah si, j’oubliais de vous dire qu’un des Marsupilami a fait une tentative de suicide, il est tombé

dans le cassoulet sur le gaz. Heureusement plus de peur que de mal !

Allez, je vous laisse car je vous écris en cachette et je vois Nils qui se réveille. Si il apprend que je me fous de lui avec sa tenue de plouc en charentaises il va être vert ! »

Morgane Ursault Poupon. 25e en Class 40 mardi dernier.

« Aujourd’hui, enfin, je sens que la chaleur arrive, je

peux rester en T-shirt plusieurs heures de suite. Je suis rassurée en voyant que mes poursuivants gardent leurs distances. Telle une meute de vieux loups de mer, ils n’ont bien sûr qu’une idée en tête, me rattraper, mais je ne vais pas me laisser faire ! »

 

Le passage des bateaux dans les écluses de Saint-Malo, avant le départ de la Route du Rhum, est l'un des moments les plus suivis du public.

Avant le départ de la Route du Rhum, c’est le temps fort à ne pas rater à Saint-Malo, mais mieux vaut s’y prendre à l’avance pour avoir une bonne place. Le passage des écluses, c’est un moment rempli d’émotion, où les skippers saluent une dernière fois la foule avant de partir seuls à la conquête de l’océan.

Les horaires des sas

Samedi 3 novembre :

13 h 03 : écluse Rhum Multi et Rhum Mono. 8 bateaux de chaque catégorie.

14 h 03 : écluse Rhum Multi et Rhum Mono. 8 bateaux de chaque catégorie.

15 h 03 : écluse Rhum Multi et Rhum Mono. 5 Multi et 1 Mono.

16 h 03 : écluse Multi 50. 6 bateaux.

17 h 03 : écluse Ultime et Class 40. 1 Ultime, rappelons que les autres Ultimes sont déjà dans l’avant port. Et 20 Class40.

18 h 03 : écluse Imoca. 9 bateaux.

Dimanche 4 novembre :

00 h 45 écluse Imoca. 11 bateaux.

03 h 45 : écluse Class 40. 21 Class 40.

04 h 45 : écluse Class 40. 12 bateaux.

Sous réserve de modification : vous pouvez vérifier les horaires des sas sur routedurhum.com.

Départ décalé pour les Utimes

Un autre moment fort pour le public, c’est le départ des cinq Ultimes situés dans l’avant-port de Saint-Malo.

Deux partent rejoindre leur mouillage de « pré-départ » entre Saint-Malo et Dinard, dès ce vendredi 2 novembre. Macif, à 14 h et Idec à 16 h.

Samedi 3 novembre, Sodebo Ultim rejoindra à son tour son mouillage, à 14 h.

Enfin, Edmond de Rothschild et Banque Populaire partiront dimanche 4 novembre, à 7 h.

Les bons spots pour profiter du départ de ces géants des mers sont les remparts de Saint-Malo, le môle des Noires et la Cité d’Aleth.

 

À la veille du départ de la Route du Rhum - Destination Guadeloupe 2018, les spectateurs se sont pressés pour assister à l’éclusage des skippers. Le village de la course transatlantique, et ses écluses baignés de soleil, ont vibré au passage des participants de la Route du Rhum. Nos photographes étaient sur les lieux pour immortaliser ces précieux moments. Retrouvez les plus belles images de la Route du Rhum ce samedi à Saint-Malo.

La Route du Rhum - Destination Guadeloupe a de nouveau prouvé qu’il s’agissait d’une immense fête populaire pour Saint-Malo. Passionnés de voile et simples curieux sont venus en masse dans le village de la mythique course transatlantique. Ce samedi, ils étaient des dizaines de milliers à assister aux premiers départs des skippers de la baie de Saint-Malo.

 

Larguer les amarres : un grand moment pour les skippers de la Route du Rhum et leurs proches, avant le mythique passage de l'écluse. Retour en vidéo sur ce moment, à la fois intense et si rapide, avec les skippers Loïck Peryon, Charlie Capelle et François Corre.

Le vent n'autorisait pas les erreurs de manoeuvre pour cette veille de départ de la Route du Rhum. Et pourtant la sortie en trombe du long monocoque Kriter VIII a failli se terminer par une collision contre l'étrave du trimaran A Capella, puis quelques instants plus tard contre un ponton flottant. Les réflexes d'une équipe technique sautant dans le pneumatique a évité le désastre.

Pendant la longue attente d'un sas à l'autre, la foule guettait les derniers préparatifs, Loick Peyron se faisant remarquer pieds nus, tandis que le Malouin François Corre accueillait discretement Teura (on prononce Teoura) Colas, toute émue de repasser pour la première fois l'écluse franchie 40 ans plus tôt par son marin de mari disparu.

Elle lancera d'ailleurs un bouquet de fleurs à la mer dimanche matin depuis le Pont Aven. Sa rencontre avec Marie Corre s'est produite fortuitement dans une boutique de l'intra-muros le 27 octobre dernier. Elle dit ne pas regretter d'avoir quitté Tahiti pour la fraîcheur bretonne, car il y a là-bas El Niño, et des moustiques !

 

La 11e édition de la Route du Rhum débute dimanche. 123 skippers de tous bords vont quitter la pointe du Grouin au large de Cancale pour rallier Pointe-à-Pitre, en Guadeloupe. Ces navigateurs sont répartis en six catégories, selon les caractéristiques de leur bateau. Si vous ne connaissez pas la différence entre un Ultime et un Imoca, alors ce décryptage est fait pour vous ! Il est encore temps de réviser avant le départ de la Route du Rhum !

La 11e édition de la Route du Rhum va débuter ce dimanche. 123 skippers, amateurs ou professionnels, chevronnés ou novices de la Route du Rhum, vont quitter Saint-Malo pour rallier Pointe-à-Pitre (Guadeloupe). Ces aventuriers des mers sont répartis en six catégories (Ultime, Imoca, Multi50, Class40, Rhum multi, Rhum mono), selon les caractéristiques de leur bateau. Vous ne connaissez pas la différence entre un Imoca et un Class40 ? Ne cherchez pas plus loin ! Nous vous proposons ce décryptage des six catégories de bateaux engagés sur la Route du Rhum.

Les Ultimes, rois de la piste

Ils seront six au départ. Ce seront les rois de la piste évidemment. Les Ultimes sont ces trimarans de 32 m de long (max), par 23 m de large (max) qui atteignent désormais des vitesses vertigineuses (près de 45 nœuds). Ce sera la première vraie confrontation, en course, des derniers nés de la catégorie munis de foils capables de les faire voler au-dessus de l’eau. Si leurs mensurations rentrent dans un cadre commun, ils sont loin d’être identiques cependant.

Les Imoca s’installent dans l’ère du foil...

Depuis le dernier Vendée Globe, en 2016, ces monocoques de 18 m, conçus pour être maneuvrés en solitaire, sont passés à l’ère des foils. Une page s’est clairement tournée avec le tir groupé des foilers (1er, 2e, 3e, 4e) à l’arrivée du tour du monde. Il ne fait plus aucun doute que la performance, au large, est nettement supérieure avec ses appendices qui permettent au bateau de s’élever au dessus de l’eau, à grande vitesse. Sur les 20 bateaux engagés dans cette Route du Rhum, 10 sont désormais munis de foils. Parmi eux, le plus observé sera Charal, le bateau de Jérémie Beyou, mis à l’eau cet été, et qui semble déjà impressionner ses adversaires par sa puissance phénoménale. C’est véritablement le premier Imoca conçu (par le cabinet vannetais VPLP) autour et pour l’usage de ses foils. Les autres sont déjà de la génération 2015 (Bureau Vallée, Malizia, Ucar St-Michel, Newrest...), voire 2010 (Initiatives cœur).

Multi 50 : petite classe, grosses sensations

Ils ne sont que six dans cette catégorie, mais c’est probablement la plus homogène des six. Ces trimarans de 15 m, moitié plus petit que des Ultimes, mais quatre fois moins onéreux (au minimum) sont quand même de véritables petites bombes. Depuis que la jauge leur a autorisé l’implantation de foils, ils peuvent désormais atteindre des vitesses impressionnantes, largement au-delà des 30 nœuds. En convoyage, Solidaires en Peloton, de Thibaut Vauchel-Camus a même décroché une pointe à plus de 40 nœuds ! Son bateau, le dernier sorti des chantiers et Ciela Village de Thierry Bouchard préfigurent du futur de la classe. Mais les bateaux d’Erwan le Roux (FenétréA mix Buffet), de Lalou Roucayrol (Arkema) et d’Armel Tripon (Réauté chocolat), reconfigurés, sont toujours très compétitifs. Seul celui de Gilles Lamiré (French Tech Rennes Saint-Malo) semble un peu dépassé.

Les Class 40, plus vite, plus nombreux

C’est la catégorie de bateau la plus nombreuse avec 53 inscrits. Cette classe de bateaux de 12 m connaît un succès croissant. Bien plus abordables financièrement que les Ultimes, les Imoca et les multi 50, ils sont devenus une belle porte d’entrée dans la course au large. Les bateaux des dernières générations sont désormais très performants, capables de tenir des moyennes élevées (plus de 320 milles par jour) et attirent donc des skippers expérimentés comme d’anciens vainqueurs de la Solitaire du Figaro (De Pavant, Troussel, Richomme…). Comme ce sont des bateaux fiables, ils présentent des chances importantes de rallier l’arrivée. Plus d’une quinzaine de ces Class 40 ont moins de quatre ans, et composent, au sein de la flotte, un groupe qui devrait se tirer la bourre et battre, si le temps le permet, un record de la traversée (16 j 17 h).

Rhum multi : vintage ou croisière rapide

Ont été regroupés dans cette catégorie tous les bateaux qui comptaient plus d’une coque et ne rentrait pas dans les catégories Ultimes ou Multi 50. C’est une catégorie qui compte, pour la très grande majorité des skippers amateurs. La flotte des 21 bateaux est très hétérogène et on y trouve aussi biens des anciens Multi 50 déclassés, des répliques ou sistership d’Olympus, premier bateau vainqueur en 1978 avec Mike Birch, que de récents catamarans de croisière rapide. Tête d’affiche de la catégorie Rhum multi : Loïck Peyron, qui participera, à l’ancienne, sur son petit trimaran jaune « Happy », de 12 m, pour rendre hommage à Mike Birch, son premier mentor. Il aura deux adversaires directs sur des bateaux quasi identiques : Charlie Capelle et François Corre.

Rhum mono : de tout, pour tous

Dans cette catégorie-là aussi on trouve de tout. Seul impératif : les bateaux ne doivent comporter qu’une seul coque, et mesurer au minimum 12 m. Le plus grand sera Kriter V Socomore, le bateau de 21 m de Michel Malinowski, vaincu par Olympus de Mike Birch, pour 98 secondes en 1978. C’est quasiment un monument historique que ce plan Mauric en contreplaqué ! Et c’est Bob Escoffier, le skipper malouin âge de 69 ans qui a relevé le défi de l’emmener 40 ans plus tard à Pointe-à-Pître. Plus étrange, on trouve aussi un Imoca, non adhérent à la classe, skippé par Sébastien Destremeau, lanterne rouge du dernier Vendée Globe, qui devrait plutôt figurer avec ses homologues de 60 pieds, et qui, du coup, fausse un peu l’équité de la course dans cette catégorie de passionnés.

Les skippers sont lâchés !

Samedi, à 13 h 03, les bateaux de la Route du rhum ont commencé à quitter les bassins malouins au rythme des écluses. Pour l’occasion, des dizaines de milliers de visiteurs étaient présents près des quais, sur les remparts et sur l’eau. Dans ce prélude à la course, les skippers ont proposé un magnifique spectacle tout au long de l’après-midi, à l’image de Thibaut Vauchel-Camus et son Multi50 « Solidaires en peloton - Arsep » qui a fait le show au large de Saint-Malo.

 

L'ambiance était au départ ce samedi à Saint-Malo. C'est en effet aujourd'hui que les skippers de la Route du Rhum ont quitté les bassins malouins. Revivez le direct que nous avons consacré à cette journée spéciale, à l'ambiance dans le village et au passage des écluses.

Rendez-vous demain matin pour le prochain direct de la rédaction, qui sera consacré au départ de la Route du Rhum, pointe du Grouin.

Pour vous faire vivre cette grande journée, la rédaction de Ouest-France se déploiera de la pointe du Grouin au Cap Fréhel, sur terre, sur mer et dans les airs.

on Instagram instagr.am/p/Nn1XO4vv_s/

Free Love Problem Solution Contact Number +91-7357771057 Love Problem Solution Now Contact Love Problem Expert Astrologer for Girlfriend, Boyfriend, Wife Husband Problems. 100% Secure & Private Quick Solution on Call 24×7 Available, Genuine Astrologer. Ex Love. Love Marriage. Gold Medalist Astrologer. love problem.

 

www.loveproblemsolutionnow.info/free-love-problem-solutio...

I have a problem with my shoes. One day the sole just started to crumble. Blundstones are known for their durability and high quality so I was amazed. I e-mailed Blundstone Australia and the Dutch distributor. Only the first reacted. I will keep you updated on how the problem is going to be solved.

This is a detail of my heel.

 

"Network issues

Posted by Status Desk on September 5th, 2008 at 01:55 pm PDT

 

[UPDATE PENDING 1:54 pm Pacific] We’re about fifteen minutes way from having updated information.

 

[UPDATE 12:52 pm Pacific] We are still working on these issues, and we appreciate your patience.

 

[UPDATE 11:42 am Pacific] Logins are preforming normally. Network issues are still impacting teleport attempts and causing avatar clouding and difficulties crossing region borders. Two inventory servers are resynchronizing. Please avoid in world transactions with valuable (no-copy) assets until we give an ALL CLEAR. We’re escalating our network difficulties to our provider, and we’ll keep you posted.

 

[UPDATE 10:57 am Pacific] We are still working to bring the broken VPN back. If you experience loading issues after login, like your avatar appearing as the white cloud, please try to login to a different region.

 

Due to a problem with our network, Residents migth experience a slightly decreased teleport success rate at the moment, and logins will also be affected. We are aware of this and our Ops team is already working to fix it."

status.secondlifegrid.net/2008/09/05/post233/

Graffiti (plural; singular graffiti or graffito, the latter rarely used except in archeology) is art that is written, painted or drawn on a wall or other surface, usually without permission and within public view. Graffiti ranges from simple written words to elaborate wall paintings, and has existed since ancient times, with examples dating back to ancient Egypt, ancient Greece, and the Roman Empire (see also mural).

 

Graffiti is a controversial subject. In most countries, marking or painting property without permission is considered by property owners and civic authorities as defacement and vandalism, which is a punishable crime, citing the use of graffiti by street gangs to mark territory or to serve as an indicator of gang-related activities. Graffiti has become visualized as a growing urban "problem" for many cities in industrialized nations, spreading from the New York City subway system and Philadelphia in the early 1970s to the rest of the United States and Europe and other world regions

 

"Graffiti" (usually both singular and plural) and the rare singular form "graffito" are from the Italian word graffiato ("scratched"). The term "graffiti" is used in art history for works of art produced by scratching a design into a surface. A related term is "sgraffito", which involves scratching through one layer of pigment to reveal another beneath it. This technique was primarily used by potters who would glaze their wares and then scratch a design into them. In ancient times graffiti were carved on walls with a sharp object, although sometimes chalk or coal were used. The word originates from Greek γράφειν—graphein—meaning "to write".

 

The term graffiti originally referred to the inscriptions, figure drawings, and such, found on the walls of ancient sepulchres or ruins, as in the Catacombs of Rome or at Pompeii. Historically, these writings were not considered vanadlism, which today is considered part of the definition of graffiti.

 

The only known source of the Safaitic language, an ancient form of Arabic, is from graffiti: inscriptions scratched on to the surface of rocks and boulders in the predominantly basalt desert of southern Syria, eastern Jordan and northern Saudi Arabia. Safaitic dates from the first century BC to the fourth century AD.

 

Some of the oldest cave paintings in the world are 40,000 year old ones found in Australia. The oldest written graffiti was found in ancient Rome around 2500 years ago. Most graffiti from the time was boasts about sexual experiences Graffiti in Ancient Rome was a form of communication, and was not considered vandalism.

 

Ancient tourists visiting the 5th-century citadel at Sigiriya in Sri Lanka write their names and commentary over the "mirror wall", adding up to over 1800 individual graffiti produced there between the 6th and 18th centuries. Most of the graffiti refer to the frescoes of semi-nude females found there. One reads:

 

Wet with cool dew drops

fragrant with perfume from the flowers

came the gentle breeze

jasmine and water lily

dance in the spring sunshine

side-long glances

of the golden-hued ladies

stab into my thoughts

heaven itself cannot take my mind

as it has been captivated by one lass

among the five hundred I have seen here.

 

Among the ancient political graffiti examples were Arab satirist poems. Yazid al-Himyari, an Umayyad Arab and Persian poet, was most known for writing his political poetry on the walls between Sajistan and Basra, manifesting a strong hatred towards the Umayyad regime and its walis, and people used to read and circulate them very widely.

 

Graffiti, known as Tacherons, were frequently scratched on Romanesque Scandinavian church walls. When Renaissance artists such as Pinturicchio, Raphael, Michelangelo, Ghirlandaio, or Filippino Lippi descended into the ruins of Nero's Domus Aurea, they carved or painted their names and returned to initiate the grottesche style of decoration.

 

There are also examples of graffiti occurring in American history, such as Independence Rock, a national landmark along the Oregon Trail.

 

Later, French soldiers carved their names on monuments during the Napoleonic campaign of Egypt in the 1790s. Lord Byron's survives on one of the columns of the Temple of Poseidon at Cape Sounion in Attica, Greece.

 

The oldest known example of graffiti "monikers" found on traincars created by hobos and railworkers since the late 1800s. The Bozo Texino monikers were documented by filmmaker Bill Daniel in his 2005 film, Who is Bozo Texino?.

 

In World War II, an inscription on a wall at the fortress of Verdun was seen as an illustration of the US response twice in a generation to the wrongs of the Old World:

 

During World War II and for decades after, the phrase "Kilroy was here" with an accompanying illustration was widespread throughout the world, due to its use by American troops and ultimately filtering into American popular culture. Shortly after the death of Charlie Parker (nicknamed "Yardbird" or "Bird"), graffiti began appearing around New York with the words "Bird Lives".

 

Modern graffiti art has its origins with young people in 1960s and 70s in New York City and Philadelphia. Tags were the first form of stylised contemporary graffiti. Eventually, throw-ups and pieces evolved with the desire to create larger art. Writers used spray paint and other kind of materials to leave tags or to create images on the sides subway trains. and eventually moved into the city after the NYC metro began to buy new trains and paint over graffiti.

 

While the art had many advocates and appreciators—including the cultural critic Norman Mailer—others, including New York City mayor Ed Koch, considered it to be defacement of public property, and saw it as a form of public blight. The ‘taggers’ called what they did ‘writing’—though an important 1974 essay by Mailer referred to it using the term ‘graffiti.’

 

Contemporary graffiti style has been heavily influenced by hip hop culture and the myriad international styles derived from Philadelphia and New York City Subway graffiti; however, there are many other traditions of notable graffiti in the twentieth century. Graffiti have long appeared on building walls, in latrines, railroad boxcars, subways, and bridges.

 

An early graffito outside of New York or Philadelphia was the inscription in London reading "Clapton is God" in reference to the guitarist Eric Clapton. Creating the cult of the guitar hero, the phrase was spray-painted by an admirer on a wall in an Islington, north London in the autumn of 1967. The graffito was captured in a photograph, in which a dog is urinating on the wall.

 

Films like Style Wars in the 80s depicting famous writers such as Skeme, Dondi, MinOne, and ZEPHYR reinforced graffiti's role within New York's emerging hip-hop culture. Although many officers of the New York City Police Department found this film to be controversial, Style Wars is still recognized as the most prolific film representation of what was going on within the young hip hop culture of the early 1980s. Fab 5 Freddy and Futura 2000 took hip hop graffiti to Paris and London as part of the New York City Rap Tour in 1983

 

Commercialization and entrance into mainstream pop culture

Main article: Commercial graffiti

With the popularity and legitimization of graffiti has come a level of commercialization. In 2001, computer giant IBM launched an advertising campaign in Chicago and San Francisco which involved people spray painting on sidewalks a peace symbol, a heart, and a penguin (Linux mascot), to represent "Peace, Love, and Linux." IBM paid Chicago and San Francisco collectively US$120,000 for punitive damages and clean-up costs.

 

In 2005, a similar ad campaign was launched by Sony and executed by its advertising agency in New York, Chicago, Atlanta, Philadelphia, Los Angeles, and Miami, to market its handheld PSP gaming system. In this campaign, taking notice of the legal problems of the IBM campaign, Sony paid building owners for the rights to paint on their buildings "a collection of dizzy-eyed urban kids playing with the PSP as if it were a skateboard, a paddle, or a rocking horse".

 

Tristan Manco wrote that Brazil "boasts a unique and particularly rich, graffiti scene ... [earning] it an international reputation as the place to go for artistic inspiration". Graffiti "flourishes in every conceivable space in Brazil's cities". Artistic parallels "are often drawn between the energy of São Paulo today and 1970s New York". The "sprawling metropolis", of São Paulo has "become the new shrine to graffiti"; Manco alludes to "poverty and unemployment ... [and] the epic struggles and conditions of the country's marginalised peoples", and to "Brazil's chronic poverty", as the main engines that "have fuelled a vibrant graffiti culture". In world terms, Brazil has "one of the most uneven distributions of income. Laws and taxes change frequently". Such factors, Manco argues, contribute to a very fluid society, riven with those economic divisions and social tensions that underpin and feed the "folkloric vandalism and an urban sport for the disenfranchised", that is South American graffiti art.

 

Prominent Brazilian writers include Os Gêmeos, Boleta, Nunca, Nina, Speto, Tikka, and T.Freak. Their artistic success and involvement in commercial design ventures has highlighted divisions within the Brazilian graffiti community between adherents of the cruder transgressive form of pichação and the more conventionally artistic values of the practitioners of grafite.

 

Graffiti in the Middle East has emerged slowly, with taggers operating in Egypt, Lebanon, the Gulf countries like Bahrain or the United Arab Emirates, Israel, and in Iran. The major Iranian newspaper Hamshahri has published two articles on illegal writers in the city with photographic coverage of Iranian artist A1one's works on Tehran walls. Tokyo-based design magazine, PingMag, has interviewed A1one and featured photographs of his work. The Israeli West Bank barrier has become a site for graffiti, reminiscent in this sense of the Berlin Wall. Many writers in Israel come from other places around the globe, such as JUIF from Los Angeles and DEVIONE from London. The religious reference "נ נח נחמ נחמן מאומן" ("Na Nach Nachma Nachman Meuman") is commonly seen in graffiti around Israel.

 

Graffiti has played an important role within the street art scene in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA), especially following the events of the Arab Spring of 2011 or the Sudanese Revolution of 2018/19. Graffiti is a tool of expression in the context of conflict in the region, allowing people to raise their voices politically and socially. Famous street artist Banksy has had an important effect in the street art scene in the MENA area, especially in Palestine where some of his works are located in the West Bank barrier and Bethlehem.

 

There are also a large number of graffiti influences in Southeast Asian countries that mostly come from modern Western culture, such as Malaysia, where graffiti have long been a common sight in Malaysia's capital city, Kuala Lumpur. Since 2010, the country has begun hosting a street festival to encourage all generations and people from all walks of life to enjoy and encourage Malaysian street culture.

 

The modern-day graffitists can be found with an arsenal of various materials that allow for a successful production of a piece. This includes such techniques as scribing. However, spray paint in aerosol cans is the number one medium for graffiti. From this commodity comes different styles, technique, and abilities to form master works of graffiti. Spray paint can be found at hardware and art stores and comes in virtually every color.

 

Stencil graffiti is created by cutting out shapes and designs in a stiff material (such as cardboard or subject folders) to form an overall design or image. The stencil is then placed on the "canvas" gently and with quick, easy strokes of the aerosol can, the image begins to appear on the intended surface.

 

Some of the first examples were created in 1981 by artists Blek le Rat in Paris, in 1982 by Jef Aerosol in Tours (France); by 1985 stencils had appeared in other cities including New York City, Sydney, and Melbourne, where they were documented by American photographer Charles Gatewood and Australian photographer Rennie Ellis

 

Tagging is the practice of someone spray-painting "their name, initial or logo onto a public surface" in a handstyle unique to the writer. Tags were the first form of modern graffiti.

 

Modern graffiti art often incorporates additional arts and technologies. For example, Graffiti Research Lab has encouraged the use of projected images and magnetic light-emitting diodes (throwies) as new media for graffitists. yarnbombing is another recent form of graffiti. Yarnbombers occasionally target previous graffiti for modification, which had been avoided among the majority of graffitists.

 

Theories on the use of graffiti by avant-garde artists have a history dating back at least to the Asger Jorn, who in 1962 painting declared in a graffiti-like gesture "the avant-garde won't give up"

 

Many contemporary analysts and even art critics have begun to see artistic value in some graffiti and to recognize it as a form of public art. According to many art researchers, particularly in the Netherlands and in Los Angeles, that type of public art is, in fact an effective tool of social emancipation or, in the achievement of a political goal

 

In times of conflict, such murals have offered a means of communication and self-expression for members of these socially, ethnically, or racially divided communities, and have proven themselves as effective tools in establishing dialog and thus, of addressing cleavages in the long run. The Berlin Wall was also extensively covered by graffiti reflecting social pressures relating to the oppressive Soviet rule over the GDR.

 

Many artists involved with graffiti are also concerned with the similar activity of stenciling. Essentially, this entails stenciling a print of one or more colors using spray-paint. Recognized while exhibiting and publishing several of her coloured stencils and paintings portraying the Sri Lankan Civil War and urban Britain in the early 2000s, graffitists Mathangi Arulpragasam, aka M.I.A., has also become known for integrating her imagery of political violence into her music videos for singles "Galang" and "Bucky Done Gun", and her cover art. Stickers of her artwork also often appear around places such as London in Brick Lane, stuck to lamp posts and street signs, she having become a muse for other graffitists and painters worldwide in cities including Seville.

 

Graffitist believes that art should be on display for everyone in the public eye or in plain sight, not hidden away in a museum or a gallery. Art should color the streets, not the inside of some building. Graffiti is a form of art that cannot be owned or bought. It does not last forever, it is temporary, yet one of a kind. It is a form of self promotion for the artist that can be displayed anywhere form sidewalks, roofs, subways, building wall, etc. Art to them is for everyone and should be showed to everyone for free.

 

Graffiti is a way of communicating and a way of expressing what one feels in the moment. It is both art and a functional thing that can warn people of something or inform people of something. However, graffiti is to some people a form of art, but to some a form of vandalism. And many graffitists choose to protect their identities and remain anonymous or to hinder prosecution.

 

With the commercialization of graffiti (and hip hop in general), in most cases, even with legally painted "graffiti" art, graffitists tend to choose anonymity. This may be attributed to various reasons or a combination of reasons. Graffiti still remains the one of four hip hop elements that is not considered "performance art" despite the image of the "singing and dancing star" that sells hip hop culture to the mainstream. Being a graphic form of art, it might also be said that many graffitists still fall in the category of the introverted archetypal artist.

 

Banksy is one of the world's most notorious and popular street artists who continues to remain faceless in today's society. He is known for his political, anti-war stencil art mainly in Bristol, England, but his work may be seen anywhere from Los Angeles to Palestine. In the UK, Banksy is the most recognizable icon for this cultural artistic movement and keeps his identity a secret to avoid arrest. Much of Banksy's artwork may be seen around the streets of London and surrounding suburbs, although he has painted pictures throughout the world, including the Middle East, where he has painted on Israel's controversial West Bank barrier with satirical images of life on the other side. One depicted a hole in the wall with an idyllic beach, while another shows a mountain landscape on the other side. A number of exhibitions also have taken place since 2000, and recent works of art have fetched vast sums of money. Banksy's art is a prime example of the classic controversy: vandalism vs. art. Art supporters endorse his work distributed in urban areas as pieces of art and some councils, such as Bristol and Islington, have officially protected them, while officials of other areas have deemed his work to be vandalism and have removed it.

 

Pixnit is another artist who chooses to keep her identity from the general public. Her work focuses on beauty and design aspects of graffiti as opposed to Banksy's anti-government shock value. Her paintings are often of flower designs above shops and stores in her local urban area of Cambridge, Massachusetts. Some store owners endorse her work and encourage others to do similar work as well. "One of the pieces was left up above Steve's Kitchen, because it looks pretty awesome"- Erin Scott, the manager of New England Comics in Allston, Massachusetts.

 

Graffiti artists may become offended if photographs of their art are published in a commercial context without their permission. In March 2020, the Finnish graffiti artist Psyke expressed his displeasure at the newspaper Ilta-Sanomat publishing a photograph of a Peugeot 208 in an article about new cars, with his graffiti prominently shown on the background. The artist claims he does not want his art being used in commercial context, not even if he were to receive compensation.

 

Territorial graffiti marks urban neighborhoods with tags and logos to differentiate certain groups from others. These images are meant to show outsiders a stern look at whose turf is whose. The subject matter of gang-related graffiti consists of cryptic symbols and initials strictly fashioned with unique calligraphies. Gang members use graffiti to designate membership throughout the gang, to differentiate rivals and associates and, most commonly, to mark borders which are both territorial and ideological.

 

Graffiti has been used as a means of advertising both legally and illegally. Bronx-based TATS CRU has made a name for themselves doing legal advertising campaigns for companies such as Coca-Cola, McDonald's, Toyota, and MTV. In the UK, Covent Garden's Boxfresh used stencil images of a Zapatista revolutionary in the hopes that cross referencing would promote their store.

 

Smirnoff hired artists to use reverse graffiti (the use of high pressure hoses to clean dirty surfaces to leave a clean image in the surrounding dirt) to increase awareness of their product.

 

Graffiti often has a reputation as part of a subculture that rebels against authority, although the considerations of the practitioners often diverge and can relate to a wide range of attitudes. It can express a political practice and can form just one tool in an array of resistance techniques. One early example includes the anarcho-punk band Crass, who conducted a campaign of stenciling anti-war, anarchist, feminist, and anti-consumerist messages throughout the London Underground system during the late 1970s and early 1980s. In Amsterdam graffiti was a major part of the punk scene. The city was covered with names such as "De Zoot", "Vendex", and "Dr Rat". To document the graffiti a punk magazine was started that was called Gallery Anus. So when hip hop came to Europe in the early 1980s there was already a vibrant graffiti culture.

 

The student protests and general strike of May 1968 saw Paris bedecked in revolutionary, anarchistic, and situationist slogans such as L'ennui est contre-révolutionnaire ("Boredom is counterrevolutionary") and Lisez moins, vivez plus ("Read less, live more"). While not exhaustive, the graffiti gave a sense of the 'millenarian' and rebellious spirit, tempered with a good deal of verbal wit, of the strikers.

 

I think graffiti writing is a way of defining what our generation is like. Excuse the French, we're not a bunch of p---- artists. Traditionally artists have been considered soft and mellow people, a little bit kooky. Maybe we're a little bit more like pirates that way. We defend our territory, whatever space we steal to paint on, we defend it fiercely.

 

The developments of graffiti art which took place in art galleries and colleges as well as "on the street" or "underground", contributed to the resurfacing in the 1990s of a far more overtly politicized art form in the subvertising, culture jamming, or tactical media movements. These movements or styles tend to classify the artists by their relationship to their social and economic contexts, since, in most countries, graffiti art remains illegal in many forms except when using non-permanent paint. Since the 1990s with the rise of Street Art, a growing number of artists are switching to non-permanent paints and non-traditional forms of painting.

 

Contemporary practitioners, accordingly, have varied and often conflicting practices. Some individuals, such as Alexander Brener, have used the medium to politicize other art forms, and have used the prison sentences enforced on them as a means of further protest. The practices of anonymous groups and individuals also vary widely, and practitioners by no means always agree with each other's practices. For example, the anti-capitalist art group the Space Hijackers did a piece in 2004 about the contradiction between the capitalistic elements of Banksy and his use of political imagery.

 

Berlin human rights activist Irmela Mensah-Schramm has received global media attention and numerous awards for her 35-year campaign of effacing neo-Nazi and other right-wing extremist graffiti throughout Germany, often by altering hate speech in humorous ways.

 

In Serbian capital, Belgrade, the graffiti depicting a uniformed former general of Serb army and war criminal, convicted at ICTY for war crimes and crimes against humanity, including genocide and ethnic cleansing in Bosnian War, Ratko Mladić, appeared in a military salute alongside the words "General, thank to your mother". Aleks Eror, Berlin-based journalist, explains how "veneration of historical and wartime figures" through street art is not a new phenomenon in the region of former Yugoslavia, and that "in most cases is firmly focused on the future, rather than retelling the past". Eror is not only analyst pointing to danger of such an expressions for the region's future. In a long expose on the subject of Bosnian genocide denial, at Balkan Diskurs magazine and multimedia platform website, Kristina Gadže and Taylor Whitsell referred to these experiences as a young generations' "cultural heritage", in which young are being exposed to celebration and affirmation of war-criminals as part of their "formal education" and "inheritance".

 

There are numerous examples of genocide denial through celebration and affirmation of war criminals throughout the region of Western Balkans inhabited by Serbs using this form of artistic expression. Several more of these graffiti are found in Serbian capital, and many more across Serbia and Bosnian and Herzegovinian administrative entity, Republika Srpska, which is the ethnic Serbian majority enclave. Critics point that Serbia as a state, is willing to defend the mural of convicted war criminal, and have no intention to react on cases of genocide denial, noting that Interior Minister of Serbia, Aleksandar Vulin decision to ban any gathering with an intent to remove the mural, with the deployment of riot police, sends the message of "tacit endorsement". Consequently, on 9 November 2021, Serbian heavy police in riot gear, with graffiti creators and their supporters, blocked the access to the mural to prevent human rights groups and other activists to paint over it and mark the International Day Against Fascism and Antisemitism in that way, and even arrested two civic activist for throwing eggs at the graffiti.

 

Graffiti may also be used as an offensive expression. This form of graffiti may be difficult to identify, as it is mostly removed by the local authority (as councils which have adopted strategies of criminalization also strive to remove graffiti quickly). Therefore, existing racist graffiti is mostly more subtle and at first sight, not easily recognized as "racist". It can then be understood only if one knows the relevant "local code" (social, historical, political, temporal, and spatial), which is seen as heteroglot and thus a 'unique set of conditions' in a cultural context.

 

A spatial code for example, could be that there is a certain youth group in an area that is engaging heavily in racist activities. So, for residents (knowing the local code), a graffiti containing only the name or abbreviation of this gang already is a racist expression, reminding the offended people of their gang activities. Also a graffiti is in most cases, the herald of more serious criminal activity to come. A person who does not know these gang activities would not be able to recognize the meaning of this graffiti. Also if a tag of this youth group or gang is placed on a building occupied by asylum seekers, for example, its racist character is even stronger.

By making the graffiti less explicit (as adapted to social and legal constraints), these drawings are less likely to be removed, but do not lose their threatening and offensive character.

 

Elsewhere, activists in Russia have used painted caricatures of local officials with their mouths as potholes, to show their anger about the poor state of the roads. In Manchester, England, a graffitists painted obscene images around potholes, which often resulted in them being repaired within 48 hours.

 

In the early 1980s, the first art galleries to show graffitists to the public were Fashion Moda in the Bronx, Now Gallery and Fun Gallery, both in the East Village, Manhattan.

 

A 2006 exhibition at the Brooklyn Museum displayed graffiti as an art form that began in New York's outer boroughs and reached great heights in the early 1980s with the work of Crash, Lee, Daze, Keith Haring, and Jean-Michel Basquiat. It displayed 22 works by New York graffitists, including Crash, Daze, and Lady Pink. In an article about the exhibition in the magazine Time Out, curator Charlotta Kotik said that she hoped the exhibition would cause viewers to rethink their assumptions about graffiti.

 

From the 1970s onwards, Burhan Doğançay photographed urban walls all over the world; these he then archived for use as sources of inspiration for his painterly works. The project today known as "Walls of the World" grew beyond even his own expectations and comprises about 30,000 individual images. It spans a period of 40 years across five continents and 114 countries. In 1982, photographs from this project comprised a one-man exhibition titled "Les murs murmurent, ils crient, ils chantent ..." (The walls whisper, shout and sing ...) at the Centre Georges Pompidou in Paris.

 

In Australia, art historians have judged some local graffiti of sufficient creative merit to rank them firmly within the arts. Oxford University Press's art history text Australian Painting 1788–2000 concludes with a long discussion of graffiti's key place within contemporary visual culture, including the work of several Australian practitioners.

 

Between March and April 2009, 150 artists exhibited 300 pieces of graffiti at the Grand Palais in Paris.

 

Spray paint has many negative environmental effects. The paint contains toxic chemicals, and the can uses volatile hydrocarbon gases to spray the paint onto a surface.

 

Volatile organic compound (VOC) leads to ground level ozone formation and most of graffiti related emissions are VOCs. A 2010 paper estimates 4,862 tons of VOCs were released in the United States in activities related to graffiti.

  

In China, Mao Zedong in the 1920s used revolutionary slogans and paintings in public places to galvanize the country's communist movement.

 

Based on different national conditions, many people believe that China's attitude towards Graffiti is fierce, but in fact, according to Lance Crayon in his film Spray Paint Beijing: Graffiti in the Capital of China, Graffiti is generally accepted in Beijing, with artists not seeing much police interference. Political and religiously sensitive graffiti, however, is not allowed.

 

In Hong Kong, Tsang Tsou Choi was known as the King of Kowloon for his calligraphy graffiti over many years, in which he claimed ownership of the area. Now some of his work is preserved officially.

 

In Taiwan, the government has made some concessions to graffitists. Since 2005 they have been allowed to freely display their work along some sections of riverside retaining walls in designated "Graffiti Zones". From 2007, Taipei's department of cultural affairs also began permitting graffiti on fences around major public construction sites. Department head Yong-ping Lee (李永萍) stated, "We will promote graffiti starting with the public sector, and then later in the private sector too. It's our goal to beautify the city with graffiti". The government later helped organize a graffiti contest in Ximending, a popular shopping district. graffitists caught working outside of these designated areas still face fines up to NT$6,000 under a department of environmental protection regulation. However, Taiwanese authorities can be relatively lenient, one veteran police officer stating anonymously, "Unless someone complains about vandalism, we won't get involved. We don't go after it proactively."

 

In 1993, after several expensive cars in Singapore were spray-painted, the police arrested a student from the Singapore American School, Michael P. Fay, questioned him, and subsequently charged him with vandalism. Fay pleaded guilty to vandalizing a car in addition to stealing road signs. Under the 1966 Vandalism Act of Singapore, originally passed to curb the spread of communist graffiti in Singapore, the court sentenced him to four months in jail, a fine of S$3,500 (US$2,233), and a caning. The New York Times ran several editorials and op-eds that condemned the punishment and called on the American public to flood the Singaporean embassy with protests. Although the Singapore government received many calls for clemency, Fay's caning took place in Singapore on 5 May 1994. Fay had originally received a sentence of six strokes of the cane, but the presiding president of Singapore, Ong Teng Cheong, agreed to reduce his caning sentence to four lashes.

 

In South Korea, Park Jung-soo was fined two million South Korean won by the Seoul Central District Court for spray-painting a rat on posters of the G-20 Summit a few days before the event in November 2011. Park alleged that the initial in "G-20" sounds like the Korean word for "rat", but Korean government prosecutors alleged that Park was making a derogatory statement about the president of South Korea, Lee Myung-bak, the host of the summit. This case led to public outcry and debate on the lack of government tolerance and in support of freedom of expression. The court ruled that the painting, "an ominous creature like a rat" amounts to "an organized criminal activity" and upheld the fine while denying the prosecution's request for imprisonment for Park.

 

In Europe, community cleaning squads have responded to graffiti, in some cases with reckless abandon, as when in 1992 in France a local Scout group, attempting to remove modern graffiti, damaged two prehistoric paintings of bison in the Cave of Mayrière supérieure near the French village of Bruniquel in Tarn-et-Garonne, earning them the 1992 Ig Nobel Prize in archeology.

 

In September 2006, the European Parliament directed the European Commission to create urban environment policies to prevent and eliminate dirt, litter, graffiti, animal excrement, and excessive noise from domestic and vehicular music systems in European cities, along with other concerns over urban life.

 

In Budapest, Hungary, both a city-backed movement called I Love Budapest and a special police division tackle the problem, including the provision of approved areas.

 

The Anti-social Behaviour Act 2003 became Britain's latest anti-graffiti legislation. In August 2004, the Keep Britain Tidy campaign issued a press release calling for zero tolerance of graffiti and supporting proposals such as issuing "on the spot" fines to graffiti offenders and banning the sale of aerosol paint to anyone under the age of 16. The press release also condemned the use of graffiti images in advertising and in music videos, arguing that real-world experience of graffiti stood far removed from its often-portrayed "cool" or "edgy'" image.

 

To back the campaign, 123 Members of Parliament (MPs) (including then Prime Minister Tony Blair), signed a charter which stated: "Graffiti is not art, it's crime. On behalf of my constituents, I will do all I can to rid our community of this problem."

 

In the UK, city councils have the power to take action against the owner of any property that has been defaced under the Anti-social Behaviour Act 2003 (as amended by the Clean Neighbourhoods and Environment Act 2005) or, in certain cases, the Highways Act. This is often used against owners of property that are complacent in allowing protective boards to be defaced so long as the property is not damaged.

 

In July 2008, a conspiracy charge was used to convict graffitists for the first time. After a three-month police surveillance operation, nine members of the DPM crew were convicted of conspiracy to commit criminal damage costing at least £1 million. Five of them received prison sentences, ranging from eighteen months to two years. The unprecedented scale of the investigation and the severity of the sentences rekindled public debate over whether graffiti should be considered art or crime.

 

Some councils, like those of Stroud and Loerrach, provide approved areas in the town where graffitists can showcase their talents, including underpasses, car parks, and walls that might otherwise prove a target for the "spray and run".

 

Graffiti Tunnel, University of Sydney at Camperdown (2009)

In an effort to reduce vandalism, many cities in Australia have designated walls or areas exclusively for use by graffitists. One early example is the "Graffiti Tunnel" located at the Camperdown Campus of the University of Sydney, which is available for use by any student at the university to tag, advertise, poster, and paint. Advocates of this idea suggest that this discourages petty vandalism yet encourages artists to take their time and produce great art, without worry of being caught or arrested for vandalism or trespassing.[108][109] Others disagree with this approach, arguing that the presence of legal graffiti walls does not demonstrably reduce illegal graffiti elsewhere. Some local government areas throughout Australia have introduced "anti-graffiti squads", who clean graffiti in the area, and such crews as BCW (Buffers Can't Win) have taken steps to keep one step ahead of local graffiti cleaners.

 

Many state governments have banned the sale or possession of spray paint to those under the age of 18 (age of majority). However, a number of local governments in Victoria have taken steps to recognize the cultural heritage value of some examples of graffiti, such as prominent political graffiti. Tough new graffiti laws have been introduced in Australia with fines of up to A$26,000 and two years in prison.

 

Melbourne is a prominent graffiti city of Australia with many of its lanes being tourist attractions, such as Hosier Lane in particular, a popular destination for photographers, wedding photography, and backdrops for corporate print advertising. The Lonely Planet travel guide cites Melbourne's street as a major attraction. All forms of graffiti, including sticker art, poster, stencil art, and wheatpasting, can be found in many places throughout the city. Prominent street art precincts include; Fitzroy, Collingwood, Northcote, Brunswick, St. Kilda, and the CBD, where stencil and sticker art is prominent. As one moves farther away from the city, mostly along suburban train lines, graffiti tags become more prominent. Many international artists such as Banksy have left their work in Melbourne and in early 2008 a perspex screen was installed to prevent a Banksy stencil art piece from being destroyed, it has survived since 2003 through the respect of local street artists avoiding posting over it, although it has recently had paint tipped over it.

 

In February 2008 Helen Clark, the New Zealand prime minister at that time, announced a government crackdown on tagging and other forms of graffiti vandalism, describing it as a destructive crime representing an invasion of public and private property. New legislation subsequently adopted included a ban on the sale of paint spray cans to persons under 18 and increases in maximum fines for the offence from NZ$200 to NZ$2,000 or extended community service. The issue of tagging become a widely debated one following an incident in Auckland during January 2008 in which a middle-aged property owner stabbed one of two teenage taggers to death and was subsequently convicted of manslaughter.

 

Graffiti databases have increased in the past decade because they allow vandalism incidents to be fully documented against an offender and help the police and prosecution charge and prosecute offenders for multiple counts of vandalism. They also provide law enforcement the ability to rapidly search for an offender's moniker or tag in a simple, effective, and comprehensive way. These systems can also help track costs of damage to a city to help allocate an anti-graffiti budget. The theory is that when an offender is caught putting up graffiti, they are not just charged with one count of vandalism; they can be held accountable for all the other damage for which they are responsible. This has two main benefits for law enforcement. One, it sends a signal to the offenders that their vandalism is being tracked. Two, a city can seek restitution from offenders for all the damage that they have committed, not merely a single incident. These systems give law enforcement personnel real-time, street-level intelligence that allows them not only to focus on the worst graffiti offenders and their damage, but also to monitor potential gang violence that is associated with the graffiti.

 

Many restrictions of civil gang injunctions are designed to help address and protect the physical environment and limit graffiti. Provisions of gang injunctions include things such as restricting the possession of marker pens, spray paint cans, or other sharp objects capable of defacing private or public property; spray painting, or marking with marker pens, scratching, applying stickers, or otherwise applying graffiti on any public or private property, including, but not limited to the street, alley, residences, block walls, and fences, vehicles or any other real or personal property. Some injunctions contain wording that restricts damaging or vandalizing both public and private property, including but not limited to any vehicle, light fixture, door, fence, wall, gate, window, building, street sign, utility box, telephone box, tree, or power pole.

 

To help address many of these issues, many local jurisdictions have set up graffiti abatement hotlines, where citizens can call in and report vandalism and have it removed. San Diego's hotline receives more than 5,000 calls per year, in addition to reporting the graffiti, callers can learn more about prevention. One of the complaints about these hotlines is the response time; there is often a lag time between a property owner calling about the graffiti and its removal. The length of delay should be a consideration for any jurisdiction planning on operating a hotline. Local jurisdictions must convince the callers that their complaint of vandalism will be a priority and cleaned off right away. If the jurisdiction does not have the resources to respond to complaints in a timely manner, the value of the hotline diminishes. Crews must be able to respond to individual service calls made to the graffiti hotline as well as focus on cleanup near schools, parks, and major intersections and transit routes to have the biggest impact. Some cities offer a reward for information leading to the arrest and prosecution of suspects for tagging or graffiti related vandalism. The amount of the reward is based on the information provided, and the action taken.

 

When police obtain search warrants in connection with a vandalism investigation, they are often seeking judicial approval to look for items such as cans of spray paint and nozzles from other kinds of aerosol sprays; etching tools, or other sharp or pointed objects, which could be used to etch or scratch glass and other hard surfaces; permanent marking pens, markers, or paint sticks; evidence of membership or affiliation with any gang or tagging crew; paraphernalia including any reference to "(tagger's name)"; any drawings, writing, objects, or graffiti depicting taggers' names, initials, logos, monikers, slogans, or any mention of tagging crew membership; and any newspaper clippings relating to graffiti crime.

SAMSUNG CAMERA PICTURES

Concert on the bridge before New Year's Eve

B-25 Bomber

I took a couple dozen photos this morning without a problem. Then when I went to take a few photos tonight, I noticed this line going across the screen in the EVF. I looked at the UV filter I have on the end of the lens adapter for protection. A couple of specs of dust, but no line. I took the adapter off and looked into the lens. Apparently a hair has become lodged behind the lens. This is not a scratch. Now I have to get this fixed, hopefully under warranty. At least I have my A70, but it obviously doesn't do macros as well.

The BBC website had technical problems today and had to display simplified version of it's site.

Rohani amil Saif Ali Shah Kazmi +92 344 3331134,World Famous Give me one chance change your life. We offer the following services to solve your all problems 1: help to get back your loved one's trust. 2: stop separation and divorce. 3: problem in education, 4: problem in marriage, 5: problem in bussines, 6: problem in health and progress, 7: problem in foreign journey, 8: problem in job, 9: husband wife problem, 10: love affairs, 11: horoscope make or match, . solve your any problem only by one call. Every problem will be solved with complete guarantee and secrecy. true believe can solve every problem. All of my sisters, brothers, mothers and daughters that had been disappointed from fake aamil's, astrologer , bangalis, baba's can contact by understanding the last light of solutionmanpasand shadi,manpasand shadi uk,manpasand shadi ka taweez,manpasand shadi ka wazifa,manpasand shadi karne ke upay,manpasand shadi karne ki dua,manpasand shadi ke upay,manpasand shadi ki dua,manpasand shadi k liye wazifa,manpasand shadi wazifa,manpasand shadi ka amal,manpasand shadi,manpasand shadi.com,manpasand shaadi.com,man pasand shadi ki dua in hindi,man pasand shadi karne ki dua,man pasand shadi k liye dua,manpasand shadi ke liye dua,man pasand shadi k liye wazifa,manpasand shadi ka mantra,Talaq ka masla,talaq ka masla in quran,talaq ka masla in hindi,talaq ka masla mufti akmal,aik talaq ka masla,3 talaq ka masla,1 talaq ka masla,2 talaq ka masla,istikharah,istikhara signs,istikhara islamqa,istikhara dua in english,istikhara method,istikharah cinta,istikhara shia,istikhara salafi,istikhara for marriage dua,istikhara prayer english,istikhara dua,istikhara dreams,istikhara for love.istikhara answer,istikhara after fajr,istikhara arabicwazifa meaning,wazifa for baby,wazifa for money,wazifa for love,wazifa for depression,wazifa for job,wazifa for eczema,wazifa for anger,wazifa for stubborn child,wazifa for house,wazifa,wazifa ayatul kursi,wazifa after fajr namaz,wazifa aulad e narina,wazifa after maghrib,wazifa allkala jadu ka ilaj,kala jadu ka tor ki dua,kala jadu ka tor wazifa,kala jadu ka tor,kala jadu khatam karne ki dua,kala jadu ka tarika in urdu,kala jadu ka tor taweez,kala jadu ka ilaj quran se,mohabbat k liye kala jadu,kala jadu ke symptoms,kala jadu ke asrat,kala jadu ke tarike,kala jadu ke totke,kala jadu ki alamat,kala jadu ke upay,kala jadu k asraat,kala jadu ka taweez,kala jadu,

   

This is a different color than bermuda turns in the winter. The lighter patches are the color that's more typical. Unless possibly I have more than 1 type of grass growing???

Hi Scoopers!

 

After Chelsie's "problems" modeling with birds, she decided to move on to a different phylum and instituted a very "rigorous" screening process.

 

Dug: HI THERE. Are you a dog?

 

Pooky: :O Well.. I guess so! Philosophically, we are all dogs...

 

Scoopie: I am cute. Am I dog?

 

Dug: I dunno, but you smell like popcorn... *lick*

 

Scoopie: Heehee.. *pets* You are somewhat cute... Maybe about a quarter Scoopie. :D Do you like cookies?

 

Dug: OH YES! :D

 

Pooky: I like cookies too! :D You pass!

 

Very rigorous screening, guys...

 

Chelsie: HELLO! Your princess is here!

 

Scoopie: Huh? Where? You? HAAHAHAHAA!!!

 

Chelsie: (grrr... I'll get you later...) Where is my co-star? I am ready to show the world my cuteness! :D

 

Dug: HI THERE.

 

Chelsie: Oh no... Do you have to stand this close? Do you even have any prior acting experience?

 

Dug: Huh? Uh.. Yes! I got a reference from a very famous internet celebrity! He even ate the candy after he wrote my reference on the wrapper! ...I like you. :D *lick*

 

Scoopie: Uh oh...

 

Chelsie: O_O This is not in my contract! I did not agree to deal with wet noses or tongues!

 

Pooky: The canine nose is wet in order to determine the direction of the air current that contains the smell. Dogs have olfactory bulbs that are 40 times the size of humans!

 

Dug: *sniffsniff* OOH. You smell a little weird.. Have you taken a shower recently?

 

Chelsie: GRRRR.... HEY SCOOPIE. I AM GOING TO GET YOU NOW LIKE I SAID BEFORE.

 

Dug: Hahaha. You are all soooo funny! *licklicklick*

 

He said he had prior acting experience... We're not so sure about his credentials since they were written on a candy wrapper by someone named "Shkoopay"... Ah well.. He sure is cute (even if he has no sense of personal space)! :)

 

(Scoopie: Can we get a sponsorship from Disney? You spent half your salary from this summer at their store...)

SVP débuter ici / Please start here

www.flickr.com/photos/djipibi/6338493478/

 

Homme d’équipe, il salue ses mécanos et la foule en délire avant chacune de ses missions. Pas de problème dit-il ce n’est qu’une mission comme une autre.

 

A team player he is as he salutes his mechanic and the crowd cheering him on prior to each of his missions. No problem he says, it’s just like any other mission.

 

Vers/to page 9 www.flickr.com/photos/djipibi/6338495442/

No problem for the Jeep in the snow - gas guzzling 'chelsea tractors' have their uses, you know!

problem?

Lincoln on a Ritz

 

I know I said I would try and put up a paragraph a day and then I missed 2 days.

 

I hastily put up 2 photos today to catch up.

 

Every election we have office seekers claiming connection to Lincoln, Reagan, Kennedy, TR, FDR, Washington or Jefferson as if they were morsels to be served up on a cracker. Most of them have no idea upon that which they speak.

 

Today we face a similar adversary and problem as we faced way back in 1860 – and today there are folks that want to say one view is the equivalent morally as the other – to whit: might then makes right. That just aint true. One view is true and the other is wrong.

 

So here on the 200th centennial of Abraham’s day of birth I submit part of his speech of July 10, 1858 rebutting Douglas’ speech from the day before in which Douglas stated that he “didn’t care” if slavery were voted up or down (as if either result were OK and morally equivalent). Lincoln, who was later called a tyrant and dictator, took the morally high ground and recognized that our forefathers had it right – all men are created equal. He did not believe that there is a religion or group that are superior and all others are subject to dominion, subjugation or elimination if they do not submit or accept others rule:

   

We are now a mighty nation, we are thirty---or about thirty millions of people, and we own and inhabit about one-fifteenth part of the dry land of the whole earth. We run our memory back over the pages of history for about eighty-two years and we discover that we were then a very small people in point of numbers, vastly inferior to what we are now, with a vastly less extent of country, ---with vastly less of everything we deem desirable among men, ---we look upon the change as exceedingly advantageous to us and to our posterity, and we fix upon something that happened away back, as in some way or other being connected with this rise of prosperity. We find a race of men living in that day whom we claim as our fathers and grandfathers; they were iron men, they fought for the principle that they were contending for; and we understood that by what they then did it has followed that the degree of prosperity that we now enjoy has come to us. We hold this annual celebration to remind ourselves of all the good done in this process of time of how it was done and who did it, and how we are historically connected with it; and we go from these [Independence Day] meetings in better humor with ourselves---we feel more attached the one to the other, and more firmly bound to the country we inhabit. In every way we are better men in the age, and race, and country in which we live for these celebrations. But after we have done all this we have not yet reached the whole. There is something else connected with it. We have besides these men---descended by blood from our ancestors---among us perhaps half our people who are not descendants at all of these men, they are men who have come from Europe---German, Irish, French and Scandinavian---men that have come from Europe themselves, or whose ancestors have come hither and settled here, finding themselves our equals in all things. If they look back through this history to trace their connection with those days by blood, they find they have none, they cannot carry themselves back into that glorious epoch and make themselves feel that they are part of us, but when they look through that old Declaration of Independence they find that those old men say that "We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal," and then they feel that that moral sentiment taught in that day evidences their relation to those men, that it is the father of all moral principle in them, and that they have a right to claim it as though they were blood of the blood, and flesh of the flesh of the men who wrote that Declaration [loud and long continued applause], and so they are. That is the electric cord in that Declaration that links the hearts of patriotic and liberty-loving men together, that will link those patriotic hearts as long as the love of freedom exists in the minds of men throughout the world. [Applause.]

 

Now, sirs, for the purpose of squaring things with this idea of "don't care if slavery is voted up or voted down" [Douglas's "popular sovereignty" position on the extension of slavery to the territories], for sustaining the Dred Scott decision [A voice---"Hit him again"], for holding that the Declaration of Independence did not mean anything at all, we have Judge Douglas giving his exposition of what the Declaration of Independence means, and we have him saying that the people of America are equal to the people of England. According to his construction, you Germans are not connected with it. Now I ask you in all soberness, if all these things, if indulged in, if ratified, if confirmed and endorsed, if taught to our children, and repeated to them, do not tend to rub out the sentiment of liberty in the country, and to transform this Government into a government of some other form. Those arguments that are made, that the inferior race are to be treated with as much allowance as they are capable of enjoying; that as much is to be done for them as their condition will allow. What are these arguments? They are the arguments that kings have made for enslaving the people in all ages of the world. You will find that all the arguments in favor of king-craft were of this class; they always bestrode the necks of the people, not that they wanted to do it, but because the people were better off for being ridden. That is their argument, and this argument of the Judge is the same old serpent that says you work and I eat, you toil and I will enjoy the fruits of it. Turn in whatever way you will---whether it come from the mouth of a King, an excuse for enslaving the people of his country, or from the mouth of men of one race as a reason for enslaving the men of another race, it is all the same old serpent, and I hold if that course of argumentation that is made for the purpose of convincing the public mind that we should not care about this, should be granted, it does not stop with the negro. I should like to know if taking this old Declaration of Independence, which declares that all men are equal upon principle and making exceptions to it where will it stop. If one man says it does not mean a negro, why not another say it does not mean some other man? If that declaration is not the truth, let us get the Statute book, in which we find it and tear it out! Who is so bold as to do it! [Voices---"me" "no one," &c.] If it is not true let us tear it out! [cries of "no, no,"] let us stick to it then [cheers], let us stand firmly by it then. [Applause.]

   

The debate, discussion and scrutiny about the validity of quantitative and qualitative evidence...

Apple products... It's just NOT works...

Photo © João Paglione

 

"First World Problems"

 

Platz der Luftbrücke, Flughafen Tempelhof, Berlin

While you are decked out nice, the globe takes notice. This can have you feeling well informed and happy to socialize. Becoming fashionable is ways to increase your life. Please read on for several really easy tips on how to look your greatest and dress with certainty.

 

On an easy fashion solution, go with a good belt. Belts may be found in every shape, size and color, creating an infinite string of possibilities. Include a fluorescent, thin belt to the skinny jeans and also be popular, or work with a patent leather belt for the sophisticated look.

 

Try and build up your own unique look. A lot of people keep to the trends set by others, but truly original fashionistas develop their own personal style. You need to have a definite form of personality to drag off fashion forward unique style, but by trying it, you may bask in multiple compliments as being different.

 

Don't carry a huge amount of makeup inside of your makeup bag. Only opt for the goods that happen to be in the colours which are well with the skin. Consider your expections for day and evening applications. Makeup, like all kinds of other products, could go bad once open. Worse, this makeup which has been sitting around can be harboring germs, so don't use any makeup which has been unused for months.

 

Drying by using a towel can create additional frizz with your hair. This will only exacerbate your problem. You are just gonna would like to cover it by using a towel and push down to get moisture off. When you're happy with the results, you may unwrap it and comb it.

 

Fashion isn't about perfection. Nothing in the world is perfect. Second, if you aim for perfection people will think you will be going overboard. Counterintuitively, having a noticeable "problem" with the appearance, for example unkempt hair, unbuttoned clothing, or mismatched items, can actually make the whole package look better.

 

Never follow a fashion trend simply because it is "in" at the moment. You are different than other folks therefore, what looks good on you may not look really good on someone else. Use your own taste like a guideline instead of blindly following fashion magazines. Your instincts must be trusted in these decisions. Following your inner voice will assist you to develop a personal style.

 

Dressing to impress can be something that everyone wishes they could do. However, not everyone is ready to put the effort in to make it happen. Apply what you've just learned, and also be comfortable with your sense of fashion. shopin.us

CFA organised a “National Seminar on Changing Landscape and Growing Financial Crisis in the Power Sector” on September 1st & 2nd, 2018. The venue for the programme is USO International Centre (USOIC), USO House, USO Road, 6, Special Institutional Area, New Delhi-110067 and the session will start from 9:30 AM.

 

This two day seminar will bring together experts, activists and journalists, who are monitoring and raising issues related to power sector to understand current landscape and changes in policies, failure of the regulatory mechanisms, growing burden on Public Sector Banks due to NPAs in electricity sector, etc. and fruitless attempts to solve the deepening financial crisis by the government in this sector.

 

In the past few years, a major shift has taken place in the power sector on several fronts including environment clearance, national forest policy, coal mining regulation, power purchase agreement (PPA), fuel supply agreement (FSA) and policies of financial institutions. In India, the shift started with Electricity Act, 2003 which unbundled the State Electricity Boards in three separate companies for generation, transmission and distribution along with delicensing the thermal power sector giving a free hand to private companies to expand power projects. This model was imposed by the World Bank which aimed to bring the private companies into the safer and profitable zones.

 

These changes have pushed for privatization in the power sector favouring the big companies often going against the interest of people. The private developers setting up thermal power plants took undue advantage of the situation and forced the state power utilities to sign PPA for a period of 25 years with a deemed generation clause, where this clause forced the power distribution companies (Discoms) to pay for the power that they may not consume during the lean periods. These thermal power plants are spread all over the river basins across India and have been grabbing the land and forests for the projects and mining. There is a fight to control the natural resources of the country whether it is land, forests, minerals or rivers. The coal-based power projects apart from causing massive displacement also hugely impact the livelihoods of communities, who in most cases are farmers, Adivasis and Dalits. These projects also adversely impact the environment causing serious health concerns for people and destruction of ecology. The energy needs of urban India is being fulfilled at the cost of land and livelihoods of rural communities.

 

The expansion of power projects is not only affecting the environment and natural resources but also robbing the public of their own money through companies taking huge loans from the banks for these projects and not repaying them. However, this robbing of public money is not limited to the power sector alone. Currently, the Indian banks are facing a financial crisis due to a staggering amount of stressed assets (Gross NPAs + Restructured Advances). Indian banks’ gross Non-Performing Assets (NPAs), or bad loans, stood at Rs 10.25 lakh crore as of 31 March 2018. Last quarter, the pile has grown by Rs 1.39 lakh crore or 16 per cent from Rs 8.86 lakh crore as on 31 December 2017. In the RBI’s Financial Stability Report, the apex bank said that the Gross NPA (GNPA) ratio of Scheduled Commercial Banks (SCBs) is likely to rise in the current fiscal.

 

The problem of NPAs in power sector was highlighted in 2017 through two key power projects – Coastal Gujarat Power Limited (4000MW) owned by TATA Power and Adani’s Mundra Thermal Power Project (4660MW), which were incurring massive losses and asked the state government to bail them out. The trend of the government bailing out private companies with public money is growing day by day. In March 2018, a report was published by the Parliamentary Standing Committee on Energy to focus on the ‘Stressed/Non-Performing Assets’ in the electricity sector. The committee identified 34 thermal power projects worth Rs. 1.74 lakh crore were on verge of becoming NPAs. It is worthwhile to note that out of these 34 thermal power plants, 32 power plants belonged to the private sector, while only two were from the public sector. Apart from that, the committee highlighted that Stressed Assets were around 17.67% (Rs. 98,799 crores) of the total advances in the thermal power sector.

 

These projects have been given loans in tune of lakhs of crores rupees by Indian banking and non-banking institutions. The current government made a number of unsuccessful attempts to resolve this mounting financial crisis, including a number of mechanisms such as Insolvency & Bankruptcy Code (IBC), Bad Bank Formula, Project Sashakt, etc. Now the government has set up a committee headed by cabinet secretary to look into the matter. It raises the questions on the intentions of the government whether they really want to resolve this or making some visible attempt due to an upcoming election.

 

The consequences of this situation are that the stressed assets of banks are compounding due to the haphazard expansion of projects by power companies, which are eventually being bailed out by the government through public money. On the one hand private companies are robbing the public money and on the other hand, they are ignoring the social and environmental impacts of these projects.

 

Speakers included:

Praful Samanatara,

Senior Activist & Environmentalist Odisha Soumya Dutta, Environmentalist ,Beyond Copenhagen Collective, New Delhi

Dr. Shoibal Chakravarty,

ATREE) Bangalore

Paranjoy Guha Thakurtha,

Senior Journalist

Rajesh Kumar,

Centre for Financial Accountability

Shreya Jai,

Senior Journalist Business Standard

Er. Shailendra Dubey ,

All India Power Engineer Federation (AIPEF) Er. Padamjit Singh

All India Power Engineer Federation (AIPEF)

Jesu Rethnam

Senior Activist, Coastal Action Network Tamilnadu

Prabir Purkayastha

Senior Journalist, News click

Ashok Shrimali

Senior Activist Mine Mineral and People, Gujarat

Nitin Sethi

Senior Journalist Business Standard

Philip Cullet,

Water polices expert

Rajkumar Sinha

Senior Activist, Bargi Bandh Visthapit Avam Prabhavit Sangh, Madhya Pradhesh

Diwan Singh, Environmentalist, River policy experts, New Delhi

Gaurav Dwivedi,

Centre for Financial Accountability

Srinivas Krishnaswamy,

Economist Vasudha Foundation

Sanjay Mangala Gopal

Senior Activist & Renewable Energy expert

Prof. E. Somanathan

Economist, Indian Statistical Institute Delhi

Linda Chhakchhuak,

Independent Journalist, Shillong

Er. K. Ashok Rao

All India Power Engineers Federation (AIPEF) Er. Shailendra Dubey ,

All India Power Engineers Federation (AIPEF)

Joe Athialy

Centre for Financial Accountability

Com. Thomas Franco,

Former General Secretory AIBOC

Er. K. Ashok Rao

All India Power Engineers Federation (AIPEF)

 

Organic cream cheese cake with milk chocolate and strawberry topping, and strawberry syrup-infused layers.

 

Once one starts eating the cake, it is so delicious that he can’t stop eating it. And that becomes a problem. Hence the name of the cake.

This cake is a special treat for the birthdays in our family. Distribution of the cake to family members has to be tightly controlled by mom, otherwise everybody wants some more.

This was taken on a bouldering trip 300km north of the Arctic circle in Sweden. Jürgen is a climber from the Black Forrest in Germany looking to go pro! We were out there on a research trip and whilst out there shot a climbing film for MadRock Climbing USA

problem telefonzelle? münchen, 3.10.2006

mémoire2cité - Le 11 AVRIL 1964, le développement de la ville de Saint Etienne, et ses travaux ..La ville de Saint Etienne se développe tout comme l'ensemble du territoire... Pour accompagner cet accroissement de population, de nouveaux quartiers se construisent aux abords de la ville chaque jours. Et pour faire face aux problèmes de circulation, un boulevard périphérique a été aménagé. Réalisé à l'occasion de la construction de la déviation sud de l'autoroute de Saint Etienne, ce reportage témoigne de la visite du sénateur maire de la ville, Mr. Michel DURAFOUR, sur le chantier du tunnel de la déviation. Accueilli par Mr. Rocher, président de la société forêzienne de travaux publics, Michel DURAFOUR découvre avec les membres du conseil municipal l'avancée des travaux. (voir aussi le chantier de l A 47 avec la video du tunnel du rond-point içi : www.ina.fr/video/LXC9610041788 .

 

Un modèle de l'urbanisme des années 1950.

 

Beaulieu-Montchovet:La ville choisit de construire un immense quartier neuf de plus de 4.600 logements, prévu pour loger 30.000 habitants, sur les basses pentes du Pilat, à la sortie sud-est de Saint-Etienne.Entre les forêts, qui seront classées parc naturel quelques années plus tard, et les quartiers chics du cours Fauriel, c'est un des endroits les mieux situés de la ville.C'est aussi le seul grand emplacement proche du centre où il n'y aie pas eu de mines, parce que les couches de charbon s'arrêtent juste avant : le terrain est assez solide pour supporter de gros immeubles. Içi le chantier de construction de MONTCHOVET soit Beaulieu 3, la continuitée des constructions HLM de nos quartiers sud-est (les chantiers de l'OPAC) , la vidéo içi : www.ina.fr/video/LXF99004401 .

 

Retour sur son historique de 1962 à aujourd'hui e n 2018.

 

Un grand-Ensemble qui rappelle combien la politique d'urbanisme des années 1960 et suivantes a été conduite en dépit du bon sens la video içi www.google.fr/search?q=montchovet+ina&oq=montchovet+i... et là www.ina.fr/video/CAC00029801 , mais aussi içi www.ina.fr/video/CAC00029801 - avec Claude BARTOLONE içi avec la Visite à Saint Etienne du ministre délégué à la ville le jour de la démolition de la muraille de Chine. Rencontre avec des associations pr discuter du futur du quartier Montchovet. www.ina.fr/video/LY00001263573 - fresques.ina.fr/rhone-alpes/fiche-media/Rhonal00046/demol... - et les differentes videos de la demolition la encore : La démolition de la "muraille de Chine" de Saint Etienne www.youtube.com/watch?v=aq1uOc6Gtd0, www.youtube.com/watch?v=YB3z_Z6DTdc terrible :( ^^ l interview de Michel Thiolliere Le Grisou.fr a interviewé Michel Thiollière, ancien maire de Saint-Etienne et sénateur de la Loire, membre du Parti radical et actuel vice-président de la Commission de régulation de l'énergie. Il livre son analyse sur les prochaines échéances politiques, notamment la campagne des municipales en cours à Saint-Etienne, les alliances de la droite et du centre, mais aussi le mandat de Maurice Vincent. Michel Thiollière s'attarde également sur les besoins de l'agglomération stéphanoise et évoque les enjeux énergétiques en France.(Interview : Maxime Petit -- Réalisation : Studios Bouquet) www.youtube.com/watch?v=AJAylpe8G48,"François Mitterrand, après la visite de deux quartiers -l'un à Saint Etienne et l'autre à Vénissieux, inscrits sur la liste de ceux à réhabiliter -, parle du plan de réhabilitation pour de meilleures conditions de logement.Le Président > Grands travaux et grands projetsLe Président > 1er septennat 1981-1988 > 1981-1986

 

Politique intérieure > SociétéVoyages > Voyages en FranceÉclairageDepuis la fin des années 1970, la région lyonnaise apparaît comme l'épicentre des violences urbaines qui se déroulent en France. Durant l'été 1981, des violences urbaines ont conduit le gouvernement à engager le plus tôt possible une nouvelle politique en faveur des quartiers dégradés. Malgré les premières opérations de réhabilitation engagées par la Commission nationale pour le développement social des quartiers, la situation demeure extrêmement tendue dans un certain nombres de quartiers populaires. L'assassinat d'un jeune de la Cité des 4 000 par un habitant en juillet 1983 a ravivé les débats autour du thème du "mal des grands ensembles" selon l'expression de l'époque. D'autre part, le contexte politique conduit également le pouvoir à s'intéresser encore davantage à la question de la dégradation urbaine dans la mesure où de très nombreux quartiers populaires n'ont pas cette fois-ci apporté leurs suffrages aux candidats de la gauche.La visite de François Mitterrand dans deux quartiers dégradés de la région lyonnaise constitue donc un signal fort à l'égard des populations qui y vivent. Ce déplacement fait également écho à celui réalisé quelques jours plus tôt au sein de la Cité des 4 000 à La Courneuve en Seine Saint Denis (voir Visite de François Mitterrand à La Courneuve). Le principe est d'ailleurs le même et il est exprimé par le président de la République : voir par lui-même l'état réel de ses quartiers. Le fait qu'il soit mentionné dans le reportage que "ces visites surprises" se soient faites dans la "plus grande discrétion" (notamment sans les élus locaux concernés) marque effectivement la volonté du président de la République d'établir une sorte de lien direct avec les habitants qui vivent dans ces quartiers. Il ne s'agit pas de faire l'annonce de nouvelles mesures mais "de voir les choses par moi-même" selon l'expression utilisée par François Mitterrand lors de son allocution à la Préfecture à Lyon. Au moment où la Commission nationale pour le développement social des quartiers établit la liste définitive des 22 quartiers qui bénéficieront d'un programme de réhabilitation, la visite du président de la République sur le terrain suggère une forme de "présidentialisation" du thème de la réhabilitation des grands ensembles.La création au même moment de Banlieue 89 suscitée par deux architectes proches de François Mitterrand, Roland Castro et Michel Cantal-Duparc, suggère également l'intérêt du président de la République pour les questions urbaines (voir Inauguration de l'exposition organisée par Banlieue 89)."http://fresques.ina.fr/mitterrand/fiche-media/Mitter00106/visite-de-francois-mitterrand-a-saint-etienne-et-aux-minguettes.html Journaliste

 

Visites surprises qui se sont déroulées dans la plus grande discrétion, seule Madame Georgina Dufoix, Secrétaire d’Etat à la Famille et aux Immigrés, Monsieur Gilbert Trigano, le PDG du Club Méditerranée qui participe à la Commission Dubedout, et deux collaborateurs du Chef de l’État étaient présents. Ni à Saint-Étienne, ni à Vénissieux, les autorités locales n’y ont participés. Peu avant midi, le Président est arrivé à la Préfecture du Rhône à Lyon où s’est déroulée pendant 45 minutes une séance de travail avec les élus locaux et notamment Messieurs Dubanchet, Maire de Saint-Étienne et Houël, Maire de Vénissieux. Réunion qui a donné l’occasion d’aborder les problèmes de fond, devait souligner François Mitterrand.(Bruit)François Mitterrand

 

Les deux quartiers que je viens de visiter, celui de Montchovet à Saint-Étienne et celui de Monmousseau à l’intérieur des Minguettes sur la commune de Vénissieux, sont inscrits sur la liste des 22 quartiers à réhabiliter, retenus, proposés par la Commission Dubedout devenue la Commission Pesce, et retenus par le Gouvernement. Et je compte appliquer nos efforts pour qu’effectivement, ces quartiers soient réhabilités, c’est-à-dire, soient habitables. Qu’on y trouve, pour ceux qui y vivent, euh, suffisamment de convivialité, de capacité de développer une famille et, euh, revenant de son travail quand on en a, de pouvoir vivre avec les autres. Les conditions de logement, la construction de ces ensembles, les liaisons avec l’extérieur, l’école, le sport, les espaces verts, bref, l’espace tout court, contribuent, vous le comprenez bien à, au futur équilibre, ou contribueront au futur équilibre de ces quartiers. Alors, je préfère voir les choses par moi-même. Il faut bien se dire que à l’origine de nombreux désordres sociaux se trouvent ces fâcheuses, ces déplorables conditions de vie. Et moi, je veux lutter contre ces désordres et pour cela, il faut que je m’attaque avec le Gouvernement et ceux qui ont la charge auprès de moi, je veux absolument m’attaquer aux sources d’un malaise et d’un déséquilibre social qui sont d’une immense ampleur. Raison de plus pour commencer par un bout avec énergie et continuité. Et de ce point de vue, je compte bien, au cours des semaines et des mois à venir, persévérer dans cette enquête personnelle qui me permet ensuite de donner des instructions précises à ceux qui participent à la gestion de l’État.(Silence), à Saint-Étienne comme dans les communes de sa proche banlieue. Une sorte de grand monument à la gloire des HLM, comme si on avait fait exprès de la faire aussi énorme pour montrer comme les gens étaient fiers de ce quartier. Autour on construit tout ce qu'il faut pour les habitants : une école, Montchovet, qui donne sur le grand pré derrière, une MJC, une piscine, un centre commercial, avec la Poste, plus tard le bureau de police. En 1978, comme les enfants des habitants grandissent, on ouvre un deuxième collège dans la ZUP. Il prendra le nom de Jean Dasté, qui a créé la Comédie de Saint-Etienne, le plus grand théatre de province en France, et son école de comédiens. Après 1984 les loyers des HLM ont augmenté, beaucoup d'habitants sont partis. La population de Saint-Etienne diminue surtout dans les quartiers sud : beaucoup de gens déménagent vers la plaine du Forez, moins froide, où il y a la place de batir des maisons. On a rénové beaucoup d'appartements anciens en ville : la crise du logement est finie. On ne sait même plus qu'elle a existé. Les ZUP ont vieilli et la plupart des gens préfèrent se loger dans des appartements récents. Alors on ferme : le collège de Beaulieu, l'école de la Marandinière, la Poste. La Muraille coute très cher à entretenir : il n'y a plus asssez d'habitants pour payer les frais. Les HLM ont décidé de la détruire: c'est le plus gros projet de démolition jamais réalisé en Europe. Les familles qui restaient ont du déménager. On va faire exploser la Muraille de Chine au printemps de l'an 2000. Peut être qu'il fallait le faire, mais pour les gens du quartier c'est un gros morceau de notre Histoire qu'on nous détruit.

 

1954: les premiers travaux à Beaulieu : la campagne devient une ville à grands coups de bulldozer..

 

Le projet est de construire en grande quantité des logements de bonne qualité, avec tout le confort, des chambres pour les enfants, l'eau, le chauffage central, des sanitaires, des arbres et des pelouses, et surtout .... des loyers accessibles pour tous. Ce seront les Habitations à Loyers Modérés, les HLM.

 

Il faudra les construires en dehors des villes, pour en finir avec le mélange des industries et des logements, qui amène le bruit et la pollution. Y prévoir tous les équipements : commerces, écoles, collèges, lycées, transports, parcs, équipements sportifs, police, pompiers, Postes. Construire des villes entières où tout le monde aura accès à ce qui n'était encore que le luxe de quelques gens très riches.

 

Cinq villes sont choisies pour être prioritaires : Paris ( Pantin ) et Lyon ( Bron-Parilly) à cause de leur taille, Angers et Rouen détruites dans les bombardements de 1944, Saint-Etienne, la ville la plus sinistrée de France pour le logement. C'est là que naissent les cinq premières Zone à Urbaniser en Priorité, les ZUP, modèles de l'urbanisme pour toute une génération. Elles ne s'appellent pas encore comme ça : on les construites avant que l'expression de ZUP existe, c'est de leur réussite que naitra le modèle repris partout pour lequel on inventera le mot plus tard.Beaulieu I: le projet d'urbanisme

 

Maquette de 1953 - Projet des architectes Gouyon-Clément

 

Une architecture géométrique, de grands espaces, des arbres, des formes qui soulignent le relief.

 

La ZUP de Beaulieu est construite en quatre tranches:

 

- Beaulieu I ( Beaulieu ) de 1953 à 1955

 

- Beaulieu II ( La Marandinière ) en 1959

 

- Beaulieu III ( Montchovet ) en 1964, dont fait partie la Muraille de Chine, le grand immeuble le long du boulevard à gauche.

 

- Beaulieu IV ( La Palle ) en 1971Le quartier:

 

Au premier plan, en bas à droite Beaulieu, la Marandinière est à droite derrière l'autoroute, Montplaisir à gauche, Monchovet au milieu, le long du boulevard de la Palle.

 

A gauche des tennis, les batiments du collège de Beaulieu. C'était l'autre collège de la ZEP, le seul collège "sensible" de France a avoir été fermé, en 1995.

 

Nouvelles techniques, nouveaux matériaux :

 

Construire vite pour un prix raisonnable oblige à inventer de nouvelles techniques, d'autant que l'on manque de travailleurs qualifiés.

 

La construction s'industrialise: immeubles à structure porteuse ( des poteaux en béton armé tiennent les dalles, ce ne sont plus les murs qui soutiennent les immeubles ), murs rideaux ( les murs sont fait de morceaux préfabriqués accrochés aux dalles ), éléments standardisés ( les éléments: murs, tuyauterie, portes et fenêtres, sanitaires, etc... sont tous identiques, fabriqués en usine en grande série, installés de la même façon dans tous les immeubles ), nouveaux matériaux ( matières plastiques, béton armé, acier ) qui ne s'utilisaient pas dans la construction traditionnelle.

 

Cela permet de diminuer les prix, en automatisant les fabrications, mais aussi parce qu'on peut utiliser des ouvriers beaucoup moins qualifiés, qui ne font que du montage et que l'on paye moins cher.

 

Bien après les gens se plaindront de ces appartements tous identiques, de ces matériaux peu agréables, de la taille inhumaine des batiments.

 

Mais à l'époque il faut compter deux à trois ans d'attente pour obtenir un appartement dans le quartier. Les familles sont si contentes de leur quartier tout neuf que les collègiens qui prennent le bus emportent une paire de bottes en plus de leur chaussures pour aller des immeubles à l'arrêt de bus : pas question de ramener de la boue dans les bus ou dans les escaliers.La crise du logement:

 

1950 : la France connait la pire crise du logement de son Histoire. La crise économique de 1929 puis la guerre de 1939-1945 ont arrêté la construction de logements, déja insuffisante avant 1930, pendant plus de vingt ans.

 

La France est au maximum du "baby-boom" ( période de très forte natalité qui commence à la fin de la guerre ) : les 40 millions de français de 1950 font deux fois plus de bébés que les 60 millions d'aujourd'hui. La très forte croissance économique relance l'immigration. Plus de la moitié des familles sont mal logées alors que la France commence la plus forte croissance démographique de son Histoire.

 

La IV° République, héritière du programme de la Résistance donne la priorité aux besoins sociaux : école, santé, logement, sur la rentabilité financière. L'Etat, les villes, sont décidés à investir dans le logement, qui est déclaré prioritaire dans le Plan d'organisation de l'économie.

 

Entre les années 50 et 60, et suite à la seconde guerre mondiale, la municipalité stéphanoise a vu sa population passée d’un peu moins de 180 000 habitants en 1950 à plus de 200 000 habitants dix ans plus tard en 1960. Cette forte augmentation de la population pouvait s’expliquer par le fort taux de natalité de cette époque (baby-boom), mais aussi par l’afflux de travailleurs de la classe ouvrière venus dans la grande cité stéphanoise pour trouver un travail. De ce fait, la construction d’un logement sain pour chaque ouvrier était devenue une priorité absolue pour les élus qui considéraient à raison que cela était une condition vitale dans le cadre de ce grand développement. Pour ce faire, la ville a lancé dans les années 50 une vaste opération de construction de barres d’habitation dans la zone de Beaulieu, destinée à fournir un logement à une population grandissante.

 

Une barre d’habitation innovante

 

A l’époque, avec une majorité d’architectes, les appartements modernes construits possédaient des cloisons lourdes empêchant toute modification interne ainsi que des espaces de renvoi sombres et non ventilés ressemblant à des alcôves.

 

Mais à l’inverse, pour certains architectes précurseurs de la région à l’image d’Yves et Henri Gouyon, la modernité reflétait le gout de la clarté, de l’air, et du soleil, avec de larges horizons. Ainsi, ces derniers donnaient la priorité non pas aux façades qu’ils considéraient comme de simples élévations du plan, mais aux cellules d’habitations et à leur orientation. Dans cette optique, le bâtiment proposé par Henri Gouyon, qui était donc un partisan de l’espace ouvert moderne, supprimait les circulations et profitait de ce gain de place pour aménager de nouveaux espaces de vie communes. De plus, dans ces cellules d’habitations, les architectes ont tirés profit au maximum de la double orientation des appartements (ces derniers étaient traversant) avec par exemple l’accolement de balcons.

 

Conception et réalisation d’un quartier entier

 

Pour le projet de Beaulieu, l’on confia la conception ainsi que la réalisation des interventions aux agences Henri et Yves Gouyon puis Yves Gouyon et associés. Ainsi, dés le milieu des années 50, des études concernant Beaulieu II – La Marandinière furent conduites, suivis de la construction du bâtiment entre 1957 et 1959. S’en suivit Beaulieu III – Montchovet entre 1962 et 1964, surnommé la « Muraille de Chine », qui comprenait entre autres, une barre de type HLM haute de 10 à 17 mètres et longue de 270 mètres, avec 560 logements. Suites à ces constructions, l’urbanisation des vallées et collines du sud-est de Saint-Etienne continua jusque dans les années 70 avec les séries de la Métare I, II, et III. Au total, ce sont plus de 8 000 logements, pour l’essentiel de type HLM, qui ont été construits durant cette période.

 

Ces constructions ont également contribué à la création du parc de l’Europe et d’un boulevard circulaire qui servait de jonction entre les différents édifices et le centre-ville de la cité stéphanoise.

 

Un projet pharaonique

 

Le centre commercial fut un projet d’une dimension sans précédent pour la ville, plus grand centre commercial intra-urbain de la région Loire-Auvergne, avec 100 magasins, 1500 places de stationnement, 90 000 m² de surface, et sur 3 niveaux (4 niveaux avec la terrasse). Le 2 octobre 1979, CENTRE DEUX ouvre ses portes pour la première fois, et constitue une renaissance et un véritable tournant pour la ville.L’avis de l’architecte

 

De toutes les constructions de cette époque, Beaulieu est un des ensembles construits qui se porte le mieux si l’on en croit les nombreuses enquêtes menées auprès de la population de ces logements, dont certains l’occupe pratiquement depuis le début. Les arbres atteignent désormais le haut des immeubles, et la rue Le Corbusier adjacente a pris les allures « d’une banlieue des années 30 » avec un niveau d’urbanisme parfaitement acceptable. En conclusion, on peut parler pour cette construction d’un véritable savoir faire architectural et en quelques sortes d’art urbain. Ce projet a été récompensé par un prix d’urbanisme, mettant en valeur le travail en amont du projet. St-Etienne Cimaise Architectes -

 

- Entretien avec François Tomas, géographe, spécialiste de l'aménagement urbain, et enseignant à l'université et à l'école d'architecture de Saint-Etienne. Il est notamment l'auteur des Grands Ensembles, une histoire qui continue (Publications de l'université de Saint-Etienne, 2003). Cet intellectuel a également mis la main à la pâte. Entre 1977 et 1983, il fut adjoint à l'urbanisme du maire communiste de l'époque, Joseph Sanguedolce. Engagé au PC de 1974 à 1985, il a, depuis, rejoint le Parti socialiste «comme militant de base»Quelle est l'ampleur des destructions provoquées par la Seconde Guerre mondiale à Saint-Etienne?

 

La ville subit un important bombardement des Alliés le 26 mai 1944. Celui-ci vise les usines qu'utilisaient les Allemands dans la région pour leur effort de guerre et les noeuds de communication ferroviaire. Comme prévu, la gare de Châteaucreux, les usines de Marais et le tunnel de Tardy sont touchés. Mais les bombes, larguées trop rapidement, atteignent aussi les quartiers du Soleil et de Tardy - notamment les écoles - ainsi que l'église Saint-François, emplie de fidèles. Au total, le bilan est lourd: un millier de morts, 1 500 blessés, 22 000 sinistrés; 800 immeubles ont été plus ou moins détruits.Que prévoit-on pour la reconstruction?Pas grand-chose. A la différence de la refonte spectaculaire du Havre, par exemple, on se contente ici de bâtir de petits immeubles, plus modernes bien sûr, mais sans réelle innovation architecturale ou urbanistique.Est-il vrai que Saint-Etienne, après guerre, traîne une réputation de «capitale des taudis»?C'est exact, et celle-ci n'est pas usurpée. En 1946, 7% seulement des logements sont jugés «confortables», et 17%, «acceptables»; 56% sont médiocres, et 20% peuvent véritablement être qualifiés de taudis: 1 logement sur 5 n'a pas d'eau à l'évier, les deux tiers ne disposent pas de WC, et 95%, de salle d'eau. Mais le problème n'a pas été créé par la guerre. Depuis la fin du XIXe siècle, Saint-Etienne a beaucoup grandi, mais très peu construit. Résultat: la ville a vieilli sur elle-même et se trouve après guerre dans une situation désastreuse, que les bombardements ont simplement aggravée.C'est alors qu'Alexandre de Fraissinette, maire élu en 1947, fixe le logement comme l'une de ses priorités.

 

Oui. Et ce ne sera pas un vain mot. Rendez-vous compte: on passe de 114 logements construits en 1948 à 531 en 1951, 1 085 en 1954, 1 694 en 1957 et même 2 932 en 1959! L'effort est gigantesque. Mais le changement est aussi qualitatif. A la fin des années 1940 et au début des années 1950, la France va connaître une rupture architecturale avec l'apparition des premiers grands ensembles. Saint-Etienne sera l'une des villes symboles de cette rupture.

 

Comment cette nouvelle architecture est-elle accueillie?

 

Très favorablement par les classes moyennes, beaucoup moins par les classes populaires.

 

Cela paraît paradoxal, pour du logement social!

 

Le paradoxe n'est qu'apparent. On l'a oublié aujourd'hui, mais les premiers grands ensembles sont réservés aux familles de moins de trois enfants ayant des revenus corrects, autrement dit aux classes moyennes. Alors que, depuis la guerre, celles-ci devaient se contenter d'une ou de deux pièces mal équipées, elles se voient soudain proposer des logements spacieux, avec de la verdure, de la lumière, une salle d'eau, des WC, le chauffage central. Cela leur paraît merveilleux! Les pauvres, eux, continuent de s'entasser dans de petits appartements sans confort, quand ce ne sont pas des taudis, en particulier à Tarentaize et à Beaubrun, ou des bidonvilles, du côté de Méons, près des puits de mine et des usines sidérurgiques. Ce n'est que plus tard, à partir des années 1970, que les grands ensembles seront prioritairement réservés aux pauvres et aux familles immigrées. Mais, dans les années 1950, les grands ensembles sont encore synonymes de progrès social. Et même au-delà. On est persuadé que ce nouvel habitat va entraîner le recul de la maladie, de la délinquance, voire de la mésentente entre les époux! Il existe ainsi une «commission du bonheur ou des grands ensembles»!On croit rêver...

 

C'était l'ambiance de l'époque, avec ses utopies et ses excès. Pour les architectes, si l'un des repoussoirs est le taudis de centre-ville, l'autre est le petit pavillon de banlieue, symbole à leurs yeux de l'individualisme petit-bourgeois, avec ses gaspillages de terrain, son absence d'horizon et son coût pour la communauté...

 

Quels sont les quartiers typiques de cette période, à Saint-Etienne?

 

Le premier est constitué par le très bel ensemble de la place du Maréchal-Foch. Il s'agit d'une étape intermédiaire entre l'îlot traditionnel (des immeubles accolés, formant un pâté de maisons) et sa suppression totale. Du côté de la Grand-Rue, plusieurs immeubles constituent encore des semi-îlots. Mais, à l'ouest, deux immeubles sont déjà totalement indépendants: ils sont construits au milieu de la verdure. Et cela, c'est très nouveau. Jusqu'à présent, tous les immeubles érigés à Saint-Etienne, y compris les plus hauts, étaient accolés à d'autres édifices. Cela reste encore, cinquante ans plus tard, l'un des quartiers chics de Saint-Etienne.

 

L'autre grande opération de l'époque, c'est Beaulieu I.

 

Evidemment. On est, cette fois, face à un grand ensemble «pur». Le chantier commence en 1953 - il y a juste cinquante ans - et s'achève en 1955. Ce nouveau quartier de 1 264 logements est remarquablement conçu. Non seulement il respecte la topographie des lieux, mais aussi il joue avec elle: les bâtiments sont implantés soit parallèlement, soit perpendiculairement aux courbes de niveau, ce qui met en valeur la colline tout en préservant son sommet. Pour rompre l'anonymat, les entrées, les façades et les balcons sont individualisés. Les logements sont de qualité, et les espaces verts, confiés aux services de la ville, tout simplement magnifiques. Beaulieu produit d'ailleurs un effet prodigieux sur ses premiers habitants.

 

Son implantation n'est pas non plus le fait du hasard...

 

En effet. Compte tenu des préoccupations hygiénistes de l'époque, le conseil municipal a choisi ce site «loin des zones minières et industrielles, à l'abri des poussières et des fumées, au climat salubre». Il souligne qu'il ne sera «jamais exploité par les houillères, car son sous-sol est stérile» et qu'il est également «bien relié à Saint-Etienne par le cours Fauriel, la seule avenue large de la ville». C'est véritablement le contre-modèle du taudis. Il a d'ailleurs, lui également, remarquablement bien vieilli.

 

Etes-vous aussi enthousiaste pour les projets qui ont suivi Beaulieu I?

 

Hélas!... Beaulieu II-La Marandinière (1957-1959), Beaulieu III-Montchovet (1962-1964), avec la fameuse «muraille de Chine», Beaulieu IV-la Palle (1967-1970) et la Métare (1962-1974), représentant à eux tous quelque 6 000 logements, constituent - à l'exception de la Métare, qui ne comprend que des appartements en copropriété - des échecs complets. Et tragiques.

 

Pourquoi cette différence?

 

Beaulieu I a bénéficié d'une accumulation de partis pris judicieux qui n'ont pas été appliqués par la suite. Outre la qualité de son architecture et de ses espaces verts, on a évité le zonage bête et méchant, qui allait s'imposer plus tard: les zones commerciales, d'un côté; les tours et les barres d'habitation, d'un deuxième; les emplois, d'un troisième. Enfin, Beaulieu I, réservé presque exclusivement aux classes moyennes, n'a pas connu le processus de dégradation que l'on constatera ailleurs, et dont la destruction de la «muraille de Chine» constituera le symbole.

 

Qui ont été les grands aménageurs de cette époque?

 

Parmi les politiques: le maire, Alexandre de Fraissinette (modéré), et son premier adjoint, qui lui succédera à sa mort, le radical Michel Durafour. Parmi les architectes: Edouard Hur et Henri Gouyon, concepteurs de Beaulieu I. Et, bien sûr, l'Etat, qui reste très présent. C'est lui qui, de manière générale, garde la haute main sur l'urbanisme. Beaulieu constitue une opération nationale, décidée de Paris. Cependant, ce qui est remarquable, c'est que, pour Beaulieu I, l'Etat va accepter de composer.

 

Dans quels domaines?

 

Le ministère de la Reconstruction souhaitait, ici comme ailleurs, que l'opération fût entièrement industrialisée. Autrement dit, que l'on adaptât au bâtiment les méthodes de l'automobile. Les constructions devaient se faire en préfabriqué, et l'on devait se contenter de les monter sur place. Mais, à Saint-Etienne, les architectes, soutenus par le maire, s'opposent à cette directive. Parce qu'ils sont expérimentés, et reconnus, ils vont obtenir gain de cause. Et heureusement.

 

Y a-t-il eu des projets, conçus à cette époque, qui n'ont pas vu le jour? A la fin des années 1950, l'Etat fait appel à de grands architectes pour remodeler les villes. A Saint-Etienne, c'est Dufau, distingué par le prix de Rome, qui est choisi. Il présente un projet radical: raser les 70 îlots qui se trouvent à l'est de la Grand-Rue, entre la place du Peuple et Bellevue, et les remplacer par autant de tours et de barres! Son projet, finalement, ne sera appliqué qu'en partie. Au sud, jusqu'à Bellevue, presque tout est démoli, beaucoup de tours et de barres sont construites. Au nord, les démolitions sont également presque systématiques, mais, cette fois, les nouveaux immeubles reproduisent la forme traditionnelle de l'îlot. On détruit également une partie du quartier derrière la grande poste, ainsi que l'ancienne caserne de Tréfilerie et la prison de Bizillon.

 

Le futur Centre-Deux...

 

C'est cela. Au départ, l'opération se nomme «prison-Tréfilerie», mais les promoteurs, qui ont le sens du commerce, préfèrent la rebaptiser. Ce quartier est conçu comme un centre d'affaires à l'américaine, type la Défense, à Paris, ou la Part-Dieu, à Lyon. On explique aux élus que, s'ils veulent que Saint-Etienne devienne une grande ville, ils doivent la doter d'un centre d'affaires, avec des immeubles atteignant 100 ou 150 mètres de hauteur, comme aux Etats-Unis! Le projet est lancé (en 1969), mais il sera peu à peu amendé, pour tenir compte de la réalité économique, de la montée des oppositions et de l'évolution des mentalités.

 

Comment l'économie stéphanoise se porte-t-elle alors?

 

La ville croit encore à l'avenir de la mine et des industries traditionnelles. Cela se comprend: le plan Monnet pour la relance de l'économie française s'appuie sur l'énergie, les transports, les industries lourdes... Bref, tous les points forts de Saint-Etienne, mais ce sera un cadeau empoisonné, car, bercée par cette illusion, la cité s'endort. Quand elle se décidera à moderniser ses structures industrielles, ce sera toujours avec quelques années de retard. Au fond, c'est dans les années 1950 que l'on commet les erreurs qui conduiront, plus tard, au démantèlement des industries locales.

 

Le secteur tertiaire a-t-il déjà commencé son essor?

 

Pas encore. Dans les années 1950, Saint-Etienne reste une ville très fortement industrielle. La tertiarisation, avec l'enseignement supérieur, la transformation de l'hôpital en centre hospitalier régional et universitaire et l'essor de Casino, avec les supermarchés et les hypermarchés, ne commencera véritablement que dans les années 1960.

 

Culturellement, la ville est aussi très active...

 

Elle est même, à ce moment-là, l'un des hauts lieux de la création culturelle en France, notamment dans les domaines théâtral et artistique. Maurice Allemand fait du musée de Saint-Etienne l'un des plus grands musées d'art moderne en France. Et Jean Dasté propose au public le théâtre moderne. Ce bouillonnement est dû, notamment, à Alexandre de Fraissinette. Comme, après lui, Michel Durafour, il est persuadé que l'avenir de la cité est dans la modernité. Il considère donc qu'elle doit être déclinée dans tous ses aspects: économique, urbanistique et culturel.

 

La population comprend-elle cette volonté?

 

Oui et non. Dans les années 1950, il existe un certain consensus, car tout le monde partage la vision d'un avenir meilleur. Mais, en réalité, Fraissinette, et surtout Durafour, sont très décalés. Dans leur obsession d'une ville «blanche», ils refusent en bloc le passé, dont on a heureusement découvert depuis lors les richesses. Ils rêvent d'une ville qui n'existe pas, peuplée d'habitants qui ne ressemblent pas aux Stéphanois réels... C'est d'ailleurs ce qui, plus tard, provoquera la chute de Michel Durafour.

 

Le chantier de l'autoroute de Saint Etienne 01 nov. 1965, la video içi www.ina.fr/video/LXC9610041788 -

My son played in a chess tournament over the weekend. Roy Towns, Founder of Atlanta Chess School - atlantachessschool.com/, runs after-school programs throughout metro-Atlanta. He also organizes tournaments from time to time and typically hosts them at a local CiCi's Pizza parlor. The boys & girls play chess during the morning and then eat lunch. Roy is a wonderful teacher and has taught this beautiful game to hundreds, if not thousands, of students and they love being able to flex their cognitive muscles through these tournaments. They also love hanging out with their friends and eating pizza!

 

This particular day, for whatever reason, I was not feeling very inspired with the camera. I took a number of pictures, hoping the creative juices would unleash, but they must have stayed in bed. After perusing the SD card, I did find a few shots I liked - this being one of them.

 

Of late, I've been paying attention to a few recurring ideas where photography is concerned: gesture and high value subjects. When asked what inspires him to take a photograph, Jay Maisel often mentions the word gesture. As we all know, a gesture often tells a story, as through a gesture we're able to gain some insight about what a person is thinking or feeling. Similarly, when critiquing images as part of his work through The Mindful Eye - www.tmelive.com/index.php/articles/view/650/3.html - Craig Tanner often uses the phrase "high value subject(s)" to describe elements in an image that make an image more compelling. Though uninspired with the camera, I was thinking about Jay's and Craig's words and tried to capture a few images guided by same.

 

In this image, with games taking place at tables in the background, these two young men and their game were obviously the focal point. It was late in the game and very evenly contested. Their posture, mutual focus on the board, hand positions, and facial expressions, or lack thereof, spoke volumes. I loved how the light hit the tables/boards in the background and their board. I exposed for their board, thus underexposing the players, with a plan to convert to black & white in Nik Silver Efex Pro.

 

Thoughts?

CA: A la foto es veu el 448R que farà el servei 15015 de Renfe entre l'estació de França i l'estació de Delicias a Saragossa. Un divendres qualsevol aniria en doble composició, però no és el cas d'aquest. El resultat va ser més de vint minuts de retard i un bon grapat de persones que crec que es van quedar a l'anadana.

 

Illustration for "Elwood Doberman Jr." by Mary Rhee

Young Adult Crisis Hotline

 

Check out our Blog at :

 

youngadultcrisishotline.blogspot.com/

  

"Critical Crisis Coaching that can help you again to begin to think Rationally with Reality about the Crisis that you are personally facing!"

____________________________________________________

Call toll Free 1-877-702-2GOD

  

ALL CALLS FREE, CONFIDENTIAL

AND ANONYMOUS!

 

"The Young Adult Crisis Counseling Hotline offers immediate emotional support by telephone volunteers trained to help young adults who may be having relational problems, addictions, have an eating disorder, are suicidal, in emotional distress, or in need of reassurance. Services are at no cost, confidential, and anonymous."

 

“People don’t care how much you know, until they know how much you care.”

  

"What we're hoping to get the churches to see ... and to really understand is that losing one to Jesus was more important than staying with the entire flock. He would go after the one lost sheep and leave the 99 behind."

   

We provide an accepting environment that allows for God's grace and healing for those seeking with life controlling issues. We offer rational and objective advice from a variety of life issues such as anxiety, depression, abuse, addiction, relational issues, family intervention, eating disorders. If you are at a point of crisis and are looking for objective rational no cost advice please give us a call.

 

WE ARE -

 

- A NUMBER TO CALL THAT WILL BE CONFIDENTIAL, TO RECEIVE HOPE FOR OUR HOPELESSNESS, TO FIND RATIONAL SOLUTIONS FOR OUR IRRATIONAL THOUGHTS, AND TO FACE OUR TOXIC SHAME WITH THE UNCONDITIONAL LOVE AND ACCEPTANCE OF OUR HEAVENLY FATHER.

 

- WE ARE A PLACE TO CALL TO FIGURE OUR LIFE'S PUZZLE WITH ENCOURAGEMENT AND GODLY COACHING.

 

- WE ARE A SAFE PLACE TO JUST NOT TALK ABOUT OUR SURFACE PROBLEMS AND RECEIVE A EMOTIONAL BAND AIDS! WE WILL TOGETHER UNCOVER THE DEEP SEATED ISSUES THAT PLAGUE OUR MINDS.

 

- WE ACKNOWLEDGE EVERYONE DESERVES PERSONAL SENSE OF BELONGING AND ACCEPTANCE THAT WILL GIVE YOU INDIVIDUAL DIGNITY THROUGH THE INDIVIDUAL CRISIS.

 

- THIS THEREFORE PROVIDES A SELF-RESPECT AND CARE THAT EVERYONE HAS A NEED FOR IN LIFE.

 

- THIS OPENS THE DOORS OF LEARNING AND GROWTH THAT WILL PAVE AN AVENUE OF INNER-STRENGTH.

If you are a young adult or a family member of a young adult who is in crisis this hotline number is for you. I have below defined what I believe a Critical Crisis can be in a young adults life and hopefully you can reach out for encouragement during these times in you life.

 

Critical Crisis Definition:

 

A crisis is a turning point or decisive moment in events where you as a young adult or as a family member have met a crossroad. Typically, it is the moment from which an imminent critical trauma may go on to death or recovery. More loosely, it is a term meaning 'a testing time' or 'emergency event'. This crossroad is a crucial, decisive point or situation where a turning point, or an emotionally stressful event or traumatic change in a person's life will be taking place. A Critical situation you or a loved one is either in or verging on a state of crisis or emergency.

 

The Young Adult Crisis Hotline offers immediate emotional support by telephone volunteers trained to help young adults who may be having relational problems, addictions, have an eating disorder, are suicidal, in emotional distress, or in need of reassurance. Services are free, confidential, and anonymous. Professionally trained volunteers handle incoming calls using active, caring, and nonjudgmental listening and problem-solving skills. All calls are free, confidential and anonymous.

 

Young Adults in crisis... they're everywhere. Faced with physical and emotional abuse, drugs, peer pressure and the like, many today just don't have the resources or support to handle the pressure.

 

The marketing experts at Hallmark say that "15 million Americans now attend weekly support groups for chemical addictions and other problems. Another 100 million relatives are cheering on their addicted loved ones. This means that half of all Americans are either in recovery or helping someone who is."

 

We personally want to be able to reach out and help those who are in critical crisis with personal encouragement and care through the storm that faces your life personally. Please call us and let me try to help you right where you are at in your life. No matter how far, or how low you think you are it is not too late for help!

 

Most of the time, we are just facing what we have personally chosen previously over and over again as a choice. Now we are facing a mountain and need help or a guide to help us through the dangerous path around the mountain passes. We just want to be that guide and be there for you if you want that guide, to survive the mountain passes. Please call, anytime day or night!

 

In His Grace Forever,

Pastor Teddy Awad, CMHP

Young Adult Crisis Hotline and

Biblical Counseling Center

410-808-6483

theodoreawadjr@comcast.net

yacrisishotline.tripod.com/

youngadultcrisishotline.blogspot.com/

youngadultcrisishotline@comcast.net

    

by Alfredo Fernandes

Alfi Art Production, Divar

41st Tiatr Competition A group Of Kala Academy supported by TAG

more here

joegoauk-tiatr.blogspot.in/2015/10/41st-tiatr-competition...

Not a problem yet.

(((Online Love Problems Solutions Call +91-7426912341))))

Any Problems In Your Life. Problems Like :- Love Problems, Husband Wife Problems, Business Problems, Destroy Your Enemy, Inter Caste Marriage Problem.

  

All Type of Problems Solve By Molalna Ji. Throght by Powerful Wazifa, Vashikaran, Black Magic, Kala Jadu, Dua's Or Spells.Any Problems In Your Life. Problems Like :- Love Problems, Husband Wife Problems, Business Problems, Destroy Your Enemy, Inter Caste Marriage Problem. Love Marriage Specialist Astrologer, How To Get My Ex Love Back, LoveProblem Solutions, Vashikaran Specialist Astrologer, Intercast Marriage Problem Solution, Wife Vashikaran Specialist, Vashikaran Specialist Guru, World Famous Astrologer, Vashikaran Mantra For Love, Tona Totke For Control Husband, Black Magic Specialist Astrologer, Solutions For Love Marriage Problems, Shohar Ko Naik or Acha Banane Ke Liye Wazifa. Any Problem Then Call To Molana JI.

 

Our specialist Specialist in…

*Wazifa for Get Love Back in 24 Hours

*Powerful Wazifa for Marriage

*Wazifa to Convince Parents for Love Marriage

*Powerful Wazifa for Husband

*Guaranteed Qurani Amal For Love

*Powerful Qurani Amliyat Aur Wazaif

*Black Magic Protection Spells

*Powerful Wazifa for Kamyabi

*Aayat for Money

*Wazifa for Difficult Child

*Most Powerful Wazifa for Aulad

*Most Powerful Wazifa for Love Marriage

*Get Your Husband Back

*Get Your Wife Back

*Powerful Wazifa for Rizq

*Powerful Wazifa for Success

*Powerful Wazifa for Job in Urdu

*Powerful Wazifa for Hajat in Urdu

*Most Effective Lal Kitab Totke for Vashikaran

*Wazifa to stop illegal relationship

*Dua For Husband Wife Love

*Dua For Pregnancy

*Dua For Interview Success

*Rohani Wazifa for Love

*Wazifa to Attract Someone

*Wazifa for Acquiring Baby Boy

*Love Guru Contact Number/Phone No/Mobile Number.

*Wazifa to Make His Parents Agree to Our Marriage

*Online Best Istikhara

*How to Convince Parents for Love Marriage

 

So if you have any Problems in your life related to astrology like-

love marriage,vashikaran,black magic,love problems etc...

then feel free contact to Molana JI,he will solve your problems in very short time:-

SOLVE ALL PROBLEMS WITH IN 12 Hours SERVICE WITH 101% GUARANTEE EMAIL : lostlovebacks@gmail.com ))))all problam solution((((

 

MOLANA JI

Phone : +91-7426912341

Whatsapp: +91-7426912341

Contact On Mail :- lostlovebacks@gmail.com

Website :- www.lostloveback.co/