View allAll Photos Tagged Overcomer
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Seen at Parkpop 2009.
even now
the world is bleeding
but feeling just fine
all numb in a castle
where we`re always free to choose
never free enough to find
I wish something would break
cos we`re running out of time
and I am overcome
I am overcome
holy water in my lungs
I am overcome
these women in the street
pulling out their hair
my master`s in the yard
giving light to the unaware
this plastic little place
is just a step amongst the stairs
and I am overcome
I am overcome
holy water in my lungs
I am overcome
so drive me out
out to that open field
turn the ignition off
and spin around
your help is here
but i`m parked in the open space
but locking the gates of love
beautiful drowning
I am overcome
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Spaceflight (or space flight) is ballistic flight into or through outer space. Spaceflight can occur with spacecraft with or without humans on board. Yuri Gagarin of the Soviet Union was the first human to conduct a spaceflight. Examples of human spaceflight include the U.S. Apollo Moon landing and Space Shuttle programs and the Russian Soyuz program, as well as the ongoing International Space Station. Examples of unmanned spaceflight include space probes that leave Earth orbit, as well as satellites in orbit around Earth, such as communications satellites. These operate either by telerobotic control or are fully autonomous.
Spaceflight is used in space exploration, and also in commercial activities like space tourism and satellite telecommunications. Additional non-commercial uses of spaceflight include space observatories, reconnaissance satellites and other Earth observation satellites.
A spaceflight typically begins with a rocket launch, which provides the initial thrust to overcome the force of gravity and propels the spacecraft from the surface of the Earth. Once in space, the motion of a spacecraft – both when unpropelled and when under propulsion – is covered by the area of study called astrodynamics. Some spacecraft remain in space indefinitely, some disintegrate during atmospheric reentry, and others reach a planetary or lunar surface for landing or impact.
History
Main articles: History of spaceflight and Timeline of spaceflight
Tsiolkovsky, early space theorist
The first theoretical proposal of space travel using rockets was published by Scottish astronomer and mathematician William Leitch, in an 1861 essay "A Journey Through Space".[1] More well-known (though not widely outside Russia) is Konstantin Tsiolkovsky's work, "Исследование мировых пространств реактивными приборами" (The Exploration of Cosmic Space by Means of Reaction Devices), published in 1903.
Spaceflight became an engineering possibility with the work of Robert H. Goddard's publication in 1919 of his paper A Method of Reaching Extreme Altitudes. His application of the de Laval nozzle to liquid fuel rockets improved efficiency enough for interplanetary travel to become possible. He also proved in the laboratory that rockets would work in the vacuum of space;[specify] nonetheless, his work was not taken seriously by the public. His attempt to secure an Army contract for a rocket-propelled weapon in the first World War was defeated by the November 11, 1918 armistice with Germany. Working with private financial support, he was the first to launch a liquid-fueled rocket in 1926. Goddard's paper was highly influential on Hermann Oberth, who in turn influenced Wernher von Braun. Von Braun became the first to produce modern rockets as guided weapons, employed by Adolf Hitler. Von Braun's V-2 was the first rocket to reach space, at an altitude of 189 kilometers (102 nautical miles) on a June 1944 test flight.[2]
Tsiolkovsky's rocketry work was not fully appreciated in his lifetime, but he influenced Sergey Korolev, who became the Soviet Union's chief rocket designer under Joseph Stalin, to develop intercontinental ballistic missiles to carry nuclear weapons as a counter measure to United States bomber planes. Derivatives of Korolev's R-7 Semyorka missiles were used to launch the world's first artificial Earth satellite, Sputnik 1, on October 4, 1957, and later the first human to orbit the Earth, Yuri Gagarin in Vostok 1, on April 12, 1961.[3]
At the end of World War II, von Braun and most of his rocket team surrendered to the United States, and were expatriated to work on American missiles at what became the Army Ballistic Missile Agency. This work on missiles such as Juno I and Atlas enabled launch of the first US satellite Explorer 1 on February 1, 1958, and the first American in orbit, John Glenn in Friendship 7 on February 20, 1962. As director of the Marshall Space Flight Center, Von Braun oversaw development of a larger class of rocket called Saturn, which allowed the US to send the first two humans, Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin, to the Moon and back on Apollo 11 in July 1969. Over the same period, the Soviet Union secretly tried but failed to develop the N1 rocket to give them the capability to land one person on the Moon.
Phases
Launch
Main article: Rocket launch
See also: List of space launch system designs
Rockets are the only means currently capable of reaching orbit or beyond. Other non-rocket spacelaunch technologies have yet to be built, or remain short of orbital speeds. A rocket launch for a spaceflight usually starts from a spaceport (cosmodrome), which may be equipped with launch complexes and launch pads for vertical rocket launches, and runways for takeoff and landing of carrier airplanes and winged spacecraft. Spaceports are situated well away from human habitation for noise and safety reasons. ICBMs have various special launching facilities.
A launch is often restricted to certain launch windows. These windows depend upon the position of celestial bodies and orbits relative to the launch site. The biggest influence is often the rotation of the Earth itself. Once launched, orbits are normally located within relatively constant flat planes at a fixed angle to the axis of the Earth, and the Earth rotates within this orbit.
A launch pad is a fixed structure designed to dispatch airborne vehicles. It generally consists of a launch tower and flame trench. It is surrounded by equipment used to erect, fuel, and maintain launch vehicles. Before launch, the rocket can weigh many hundreds of tonnes. The Space Shuttle Columbia, on STS-1, weighed 2,030 tonnes (4,480,000 lb) at take off.
Reaching space
The most commonly used definition of outer space is everything beyond the Kármán line, which is 100 kilometers (62 mi) above the Earth's surface. The United States sometimes defines outer space as everything beyond 50 miles (80 km) in altitude.
Rockets are the only currently practical means of reaching space. Conventional airplane engines cannot reach space due to the lack of oxygen. Rocket engines expel propellant to provide forward thrust that generates enough delta-v (change in velocity) to reach orbit.
For manned launch systems launch escape systems are frequently fitted to allow astronauts to escape in the case of emergency.
Alternatives
Main article: Non-rocket spacelaunch
Many ways to reach space other than rockets have been proposed. Ideas such as the space elevator, and momentum exchange tethers like rotovators or skyhooks require new materials much stronger than any currently known. Electromagnetic launchers such as launch loops might be feasible with current technology. Other ideas include rocket assisted aircraft/spaceplanes such as Reaction Engines Skylon (currently in early stage development), scramjet powered spaceplanes, and RBCC powered spaceplanes. Gun launch has been proposed for cargo.
Leaving orbit
This section possibly contains original research. Relevant discussion may be found on Talk:Spaceflight. Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. (June 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Main articles: Escape velocity and Parking orbit
Launched in 1959, Luna 1 was the first known man-made object to achieve escape velocity from the Earth.[4] (replica pictured)
Achieving a closed orbit is not essential to lunar and interplanetary voyages. Early Russian space vehicles successfully achieved very high altitudes without going into orbit. NASA considered launching Apollo missions directly into lunar trajectories but adopted the strategy of first entering a temporary parking orbit and then performing a separate burn several orbits later onto a lunar trajectory. This costs additional propellant because the parking orbit perigee must be high enough to prevent reentry while direct injection can have an arbitrarily low perigee because it will never be reached.
However, the parking orbit approach greatly simplified Apollo mission planning in several important ways. It substantially widened the allowable launch windows, increasing the chance of a successful launch despite minor technical problems during the countdown. The parking orbit was a stable "mission plateau" that gave the crew and controllers several hours to thoroughly check out the spacecraft after the stresses of launch before committing it to a long lunar flight; the crew could quickly return to Earth, if necessary, or an alternate Earth-orbital mission could be conducted. The parking orbit also enabled translunar trajectories that avoided the densest parts of the Van Allen radiation belts.
Apollo missions minimized the performance penalty of the parking orbit by keeping its altitude as low as possible. For example, Apollo 15 used an unusually low parking orbit (even for Apollo) of 92.5 nmi by 91.5 nmi (171 km by 169 km) where there was significant atmospheric drag. But it was partially overcome by continuous venting of hydrogen from the third stage of the Saturn V, and was in any event tolerable for the short stay.
Robotic missions do not require an abort capability or radiation minimization, and because modern launchers routinely meet "instantaneous" launch windows, space probes to the Moon and other planets generally use direct injection to maximize performance. Although some might coast briefly during the launch sequence, they do not complete one or more full parking orbits before the burn that injects them onto an Earth escape trajectory.
Note that the escape velocity from a celestial body decreases with altitude above that body. However, it is more fuel-efficient for a craft to burn its fuel as close to the ground as possible; see Oberth effect and reference.[5] This is another way to explain the performance penalty associated with establishing the safe perigee of a parking orbit.
Plans for future crewed interplanetary spaceflight missions often include final vehicle assembly in Earth orbit, such as NASA's Project Orion and Russia's Kliper/Parom tandem.
Astrodynamics
Main article: Orbital mechanics
Astrodynamics is the study of spacecraft trajectories, particularly as they relate to gravitational and propulsion effects. Astrodynamics allows for a spacecraft to arrive at its destination at the correct time without excessive propellant use. An orbital maneuvering system may be needed to maintain or change orbits.
Non-rocket orbital propulsion methods include solar sails, magnetic sails, plasma-bubble magnetic systems, and using gravitational slingshot effects.
Ionized gas trail from Shuttle reentry
Recovery of Discoverer 14 return capsule by a C-119 airplane
Transfer energy
The term "transfer energy" means the total amount of energy imparted by a rocket stage to its payload. This can be the energy imparted by a first stage of a launch vehicle to an upper stage plus payload, or by an upper stage or spacecraft kick motor to a spacecraft.[6][7]
Reentry
Main article: Atmospheric reentry
Vehicles in orbit have large amounts of kinetic energy. This energy must be discarded if the vehicle is to land safely without vaporizing in the atmosphere. Typically this process requires special methods to protect against aerodynamic heating. The theory behind reentry was developed by Harry Julian Allen. Based on this theory, reentry vehicles present blunt shapes to the atmosphere for reentry. Blunt shapes mean that less than 1% of the kinetic energy ends up as heat that reaches the vehicle, and the remainder heats up the atmosphere.
Landing
The Mercury, Gemini, and Apollo capsules all splashed down in the sea. These capsules were designed to land at relatively low speeds with the help of a parachute. Russian capsules for Soyuz make use of a big parachute and braking rockets to touch down on land. The Space Shuttle glided to a touchdown like a plane.
Recovery
After a successful landing the spacecraft, its occupants and cargo can be recovered. In some cases, recovery has occurred before landing: while a spacecraft is still descending on its parachute, it can be snagged by a specially designed aircraft. This mid-air retrieval technique was used to recover the film canisters from the Corona spy satellites.
Types
Uncrewed
See also: Uncrewed spacecraft and robotic spacecraft
Sojourner takes its Alpha particle X-ray spectrometer measurement of Yogi Rock on Mars
The MESSENGER spacecraft at Mercury (artist's interpretation)
Uncrewed spaceflight (or unmanned) is all spaceflight activity without a necessary human presence in space. This includes all space probes, satellites and robotic spacecraft and missions. Uncrewed spaceflight is the opposite of manned spaceflight, which is usually called human spaceflight. Subcategories of uncrewed spaceflight are "robotic spacecraft" (objects) and "robotic space missions" (activities). A robotic spacecraft is an uncrewed spacecraft with no humans on board, that is usually under telerobotic control. A robotic spacecraft designed to make scientific research measurements is often called a space probe.
Uncrewed space missions use remote-controlled spacecraft. The first uncrewed space mission was Sputnik I, launched October 4, 1957 to orbit the Earth. Space missions where other animals but no humans are on-board are considered uncrewed missions.
Benefits
Many space missions are more suited to telerobotic rather than crewed operation, due to lower cost and lower risk factors. In addition, some planetary destinations such as Venus or the vicinity of Jupiter are too hostile for human survival, given current technology. Outer planets such as Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune are too distant to reach with current crewed spaceflight technology, so telerobotic probes are the only way to explore them. Telerobotics also allows exploration of regions that are vulnerable to contamination by Earth micro-organisms since spacecraft can be sterilized. Humans can not be sterilized in the same way as a spaceship, as they coexist with numerous micro-organisms, and these micro-organisms are also hard to contain within a spaceship or spacesuit.
Telepresence
Telerobotics becomes telepresence when the time delay is short enough to permit control of the spacecraft in close to real time by humans. Even the two seconds light speed delay for the Moon is too far away for telepresence exploration from Earth. The L1 and L2 positions permit 400-millisecond round trip delays, which is just close enough for telepresence operation. Telepresence has also been suggested as a way to repair satellites in Earth orbit from Earth. The Exploration Telerobotics Symposium in 2012 explored this and other topics.[8]
Human
Main article: Human spaceflight
ISS crew member stores samples
The first human spaceflight was Vostok 1 on April 12, 1961, on which cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin of the USSR made one orbit around the Earth. In official Soviet documents, there is no mention of the fact that Gagarin parachuted the final seven miles.[9] Currently, the only spacecraft regularly used for human spaceflight are the Russian Soyuz spacecraft and the Chinese Shenzhou spacecraft. The U.S. Space Shuttle fleet operated from April 1981 until July 2011. SpaceShipOne has conducted two human suborbital spaceflights.
Sub-orbital
Main article: Sub-orbital spaceflight
The International Space Station in Earth orbit after a visit from the crew of STS-119
On a sub-orbital spaceflight the spacecraft reaches space and then returns to the atmosphere after following a (primarily) ballistic trajectory. This is usually because of insufficient specific orbital energy, in which case a suborbital flight will last only a few minutes, but it is also possible for an object with enough energy for an orbit to have a trajectory that intersects the Earth's atmosphere, sometimes after many hours. Pioneer 1 was NASA's first space probe intended to reach the Moon. A partial failure caused it to instead follow a suborbital trajectory to an altitude of 113,854 kilometers (70,746 mi) before reentering the Earth's atmosphere 43 hours after launch.
The most generally recognized boundary of space is the Kármán line 100 km above sea level. (NASA alternatively defines an astronaut as someone who has flown more than 50 miles (80 km) above sea level.) It is not generally recognized by the public that the increase in potential energy required to pass the Kármán line is only about 3% of the orbital energy (potential plus kinetic energy) required by the lowest possible Earth orbit (a circular orbit just above the Kármán line.) In other words, it is far easier to reach space than to stay there. On May 17, 2004, Civilian Space eXploration Team launched the GoFast Rocket on a suborbital flight, the first amateur spaceflight. On June 21, 2004, SpaceShipOne was used for the first privately funded human spaceflight.
Point-to-point
Point-to-point is a category of sub-orbital spaceflight in which a spacecraft provides rapid transport between two terrestrial locations. Consider a conventional airline route between London and Sydney, a flight that normally lasts over twenty hours. With point-to-point suborbital travel the same route could be traversed in less than one hour.[10] While no company offers this type of transportation today, SpaceX has revealed plans to do so as early as the 2020s using its BFR vehicle.[11] Suborbital spaceflight over an intercontinental distance requires a vehicle velocity that is only a little lower than the velocity required to reach low Earth orbit.[12] If rockets are used, the size of the rocket relative to the payload is similar to an Intercontinental Ballistic Missile (ICBM). Any intercontinental spaceflight has to surmount problems of heating during atmosphere re-entry that are nearly as large as those faced by orbital spaceflight.
Orbital
Main article: Orbital spaceflight
Apollo 6 heads into orbit
A minimal orbital spaceflight requires much higher velocities than a minimal sub-orbital flight, and so it is technologically much more challenging to achieve. To achieve orbital spaceflight, the tangential velocity around the Earth is as important as altitude. In order to perform a stable and lasting flight in space, the spacecraft must reach the minimal orbital speed required for a closed orbit.
Interplanetary
Main article: Interplanetary spaceflight
Interplanetary travel is travel between planets within a single planetary system. In practice, the use of the term is confined to travel between the planets of our Solar System.
Interstellar
Main article: Interstellar travel
Five spacecraft are currently leaving the Solar System on escape trajectories, Voyager 1, Voyager 2, Pioneer 10, Pioneer 11, and New Horizons. The one farthest from the Sun is Voyager 1, which is more than 100 AU distant and is moving at 3.6 AU per year.[13] In comparison, Proxima Centauri, the closest star other than the Sun, is 267,000 AU distant. It will take Voyager 1 over 74,000 years to reach this distance. Vehicle designs using other techniques, such as nuclear pulse propulsion are likely to be able to reach the nearest star significantly faster. Another possibility that could allow for human interstellar spaceflight is to make use of time dilation, as this would make it possible for passengers in a fast-moving vehicle to travel further into the future while aging very little, in that their great speed slows down the rate of passage of on-board time. However, attaining such high speeds would still require the use of some new, advanced method of propulsion.
Intergalactic
Main article: Intergalactic travel
Intergalactic travel involves spaceflight between galaxies, and is considered much more technologically demanding than even interstellar travel and, by current engineering terms, is considered science fiction.
Spacecraft
Main article: Spacecraft
An Apollo Lunar Module on the lunar surface
Spacecraft are vehicles capable of controlling their trajectory through space.
The first 'true spacecraft' is sometimes said to be Apollo Lunar Module,[14] since this was the only manned vehicle to have been designed for, and operated only in space; and is notable for its non aerodynamic shape.
Propulsion
Main article: Spacecraft propulsion
Spacecraft today predominantly use rockets for propulsion, but other propulsion techniques such as ion drives are becoming more common, particularly for unmanned vehicles, and this can significantly reduce the vehicle's mass and increase its delta-v.
Launch systems
Main article: Launch vehicle
Launch systems are used to carry a payload from Earth's surface into outer space.
Expendable
Main article: Expendable launch system
Most current spaceflight uses multi-stage expendable launch systems to reach space.
Reusable
Main article: Reusable launch system
Ambox current red.svg
This section needs to be updated. Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (August 2019)
The first reusable spacecraft, the X-15, was air-launched on a suborbital trajectory on July 19, 1963. The first partially reusable orbital spacecraft, the Space Shuttle, was launched by the USA on the 20th anniversary of Yuri Gagarin's flight, on April 12, 1981. During the Shuttle era, six orbiters were built, all of which have flown in the atmosphere and five of which have flown in space. The Enterprise was used only for approach and landing tests, launching from the back of a Boeing 747 and gliding to deadstick landings at Edwards AFB, California. The first Space Shuttle to fly into space was the Columbia, followed by the Challenger, Discovery, Atlantis, and Endeavour. The Endeavour was built to replace the Challenger, which was lost in January 1986. The Columbia broke up during reentry in February 2003.
The Space Shuttle Columbia seconds after engine ignition on mission STS-1
Columbia landing, concluding the STS-1 mission
Columbia launches again on STS-2
The first automatic partially reusable spacecraft was the Buran (Snowstorm), launched by the USSR on November 15, 1988, although it made only one flight. This spaceplane was designed for a crew and strongly resembled the US Space Shuttle, although its drop-off boosters used liquid propellants and its main engines were located at the base of what would be the external tank in the American Shuttle. Lack of funding, complicated by the dissolution of the USSR, prevented any further flights of Buran.
Per the Vision for Space Exploration, the Space Shuttle was retired in 2011 due mainly to its old age and high cost of the program reaching over a billion dollars per flight. The Shuttle's human transport role is to be replaced by the partially reusable Crew Exploration Vehicle (CEV) no later than 2021. The Shuttle's heavy cargo transport role is to be replaced by expendable rockets such as the Evolved Expendable Launch Vehicle (EELV) or a Shuttle Derived Launch Vehicle.
Scaled Composites SpaceShipOne was a reusable suborbital spaceplane that carried pilots Mike Melvill and Brian Binnie on consecutive flights in 2004 to win the Ansari X Prize. The Spaceship Company has built its successor SpaceShipTwo. A fleet of SpaceShipTwos operated by Virgin Galactic planned to begin reusable private spaceflight carrying paying passengers (space tourists) in 2008, but this was delayed due to an accident in the propulsion development.[15]
Challenges
Main article: Effect of spaceflight on the human body
Space disasters
Main article: Space accidents and incidents
All launch vehicles contain a huge amount of energy that is needed for some part of it to reach orbit. There is therefore some risk that this energy can be released prematurely and suddenly, with significant effects. When a Delta II rocket exploded 13 seconds after launch on January 17, 1997, there were reports of store windows 10 miles (16 km) away being broken by the blast.[16]
Space is a fairly predictable environment, but there are still risks of accidental depressurization and the potential failure of equipment, some of which may be very newly developed.
In 2004 the International Association for the Advancement of Space Safety was established in the Netherlands to further international cooperation and scientific advancement in space systems safety.[17]
Weightlessness
Main article: Weightlessness
Astronauts on the ISS in weightless conditions. Michael Foale can be seen exercising in the foreground.
In a microgravity environment such as that provided by a spacecraft in orbit around the Earth, humans experience a sense of "weightlessness." Short-term exposure to microgravity causes space adaptation syndrome, a self-limiting nausea caused by derangement of the vestibular system. Long-term exposure causes multiple health issues. The most significant is bone loss, some of which is permanent, but microgravity also leads to significant deconditioning of muscular and cardiovascular tissues.
Radiation
Once above the atmosphere, radiation due to the Van Allen belts, solar radiation and cosmic radiation issues occur and increase. Further away from the Earth, solar flares can give a fatal radiation dose in minutes, and the health threat from cosmic radiation significantly increases the chances of cancer over a decade exposure or more.[18]
Life support
Main article: Life support system
In human spaceflight, the life support system is a group of devices that allow a human being to survive in outer space. NASA often uses the phrase Environmental Control and Life Support System or the acronym ECLSS when describing these systems for its human spaceflight missions.[19] The life support system may supply: air, water and food. It must also maintain the correct body temperature, an acceptable pressure on the body and deal with the body's waste products. Shielding against harmful external influences such as radiation and micro-meteorites may also be necessary. Components of the life support system are life-critical, and are designed and constructed using safety engineering techniques.
Space weather
Main article: Space weather
Aurora australis and Discovery, May 1991.
Space weather is the concept of changing environmental conditions in outer space. It is distinct from the concept of weather within a planetary atmosphere, and deals with phenomena involving ambient plasma, magnetic fields, radiation and other matter in space (generally close to Earth but also in interplanetary, and occasionally interstellar medium). "Space weather describes the conditions in space that affect Earth and its technological systems. Our space weather is a consequence of the behavior of the Sun, the nature of Earth's magnetic field, and our location in the Solar System."[20]
Space weather exerts a profound influence in several areas related to space exploration and development. Changing geomagnetic conditions can induce changes in atmospheric density causing the rapid degradation of spacecraft altitude in Low Earth orbit. Geomagnetic storms due to increased solar activity can potentially blind sensors aboard spacecraft, or interfere with on-board electronics. An understanding of space environmental conditions is also important in designing shielding and life support systems for manned spacecraft.
Environmental considerations
Rockets as a class are not inherently grossly polluting. However, some rockets use toxic propellants, and most vehicles use propellants that are not carbon neutral. Many solid rockets have chlorine in the form of perchlorate or other chemicals, and this can cause temporary local holes in the ozone layer. Re-entering spacecraft generate nitrates which also can temporarily impact the ozone layer. Most rockets are made of metals that can have an environmental impact during their construction.
In addition to the atmospheric effects there are effects on the near-Earth space environment. There is the possibility that orbit could become inaccessible for generations due to exponentially increasing space debris caused by spalling of satellites and vehicles (Kessler syndrome). Many launched vehicles today are therefore designed to be re-entered after use.
Spaceflight (or space flight) is ballistic flight into or through outer space. Spaceflight can occur with spacecraft with or without humans on board. Yuri Gagarin of the Soviet Union was the first human to conduct a spaceflight. Examples of human spaceflight include the U.S. Apollo Moon landing and Space Shuttle programs and the Russian Soyuz program, as well as the ongoing International Space Station. Examples of unmanned spaceflight include space probes that leave Earth orbit, as well as satellites in orbit around Earth, such as communications satellites. These operate either by telerobotic control or are fully autonomous.
Spaceflight is used in space exploration, and also in commercial activities like space tourism and satellite telecommunications. Additional non-commercial uses of spaceflight include space observatories, reconnaissance satellites and other Earth observation satellites.
A spaceflight typically begins with a rocket launch, which provides the initial thrust to overcome the force of gravity and propels the spacecraft from the surface of the Earth. Once in space, the motion of a spacecraft – both when unpropelled and when under propulsion – is covered by the area of study called astrodynamics. Some spacecraft remain in space indefinitely, some disintegrate during atmospheric reentry, and others reach a planetary or lunar surface for landing or impact.
History
Main articles: History of spaceflight and Timeline of spaceflight
Tsiolkovsky, early space theorist
The first theoretical proposal of space travel using rockets was published by Scottish astronomer and mathematician William Leitch, in an 1861 essay "A Journey Through Space".[1] More well-known (though not widely outside Russia) is Konstantin Tsiolkovsky's work, "Исследование мировых пространств реактивными приборами" (The Exploration of Cosmic Space by Means of Reaction Devices), published in 1903.
Spaceflight became an engineering possibility with the work of Robert H. Goddard's publication in 1919 of his paper A Method of Reaching Extreme Altitudes. His application of the de Laval nozzle to liquid fuel rockets improved efficiency enough for interplanetary travel to become possible. He also proved in the laboratory that rockets would work in the vacuum of space;[specify] nonetheless, his work was not taken seriously by the public. His attempt to secure an Army contract for a rocket-propelled weapon in the first World War was defeated by the November 11, 1918 armistice with Germany. Working with private financial support, he was the first to launch a liquid-fueled rocket in 1926. Goddard's paper was highly influential on Hermann Oberth, who in turn influenced Wernher von Braun. Von Braun became the first to produce modern rockets as guided weapons, employed by Adolf Hitler. Von Braun's V-2 was the first rocket to reach space, at an altitude of 189 kilometers (102 nautical miles) on a June 1944 test flight.[2]
Tsiolkovsky's rocketry work was not fully appreciated in his lifetime, but he influenced Sergey Korolev, who became the Soviet Union's chief rocket designer under Joseph Stalin, to develop intercontinental ballistic missiles to carry nuclear weapons as a counter measure to United States bomber planes. Derivatives of Korolev's R-7 Semyorka missiles were used to launch the world's first artificial Earth satellite, Sputnik 1, on October 4, 1957, and later the first human to orbit the Earth, Yuri Gagarin in Vostok 1, on April 12, 1961.[3]
At the end of World War II, von Braun and most of his rocket team surrendered to the United States, and were expatriated to work on American missiles at what became the Army Ballistic Missile Agency. This work on missiles such as Juno I and Atlas enabled launch of the first US satellite Explorer 1 on February 1, 1958, and the first American in orbit, John Glenn in Friendship 7 on February 20, 1962. As director of the Marshall Space Flight Center, Von Braun oversaw development of a larger class of rocket called Saturn, which allowed the US to send the first two humans, Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin, to the Moon and back on Apollo 11 in July 1969. Over the same period, the Soviet Union secretly tried but failed to develop the N1 rocket to give them the capability to land one person on the Moon.
Phases
Launch
Main article: Rocket launch
See also: List of space launch system designs
Rockets are the only means currently capable of reaching orbit or beyond. Other non-rocket spacelaunch technologies have yet to be built, or remain short of orbital speeds. A rocket launch for a spaceflight usually starts from a spaceport (cosmodrome), which may be equipped with launch complexes and launch pads for vertical rocket launches, and runways for takeoff and landing of carrier airplanes and winged spacecraft. Spaceports are situated well away from human habitation for noise and safety reasons. ICBMs have various special launching facilities.
A launch is often restricted to certain launch windows. These windows depend upon the position of celestial bodies and orbits relative to the launch site. The biggest influence is often the rotation of the Earth itself. Once launched, orbits are normally located within relatively constant flat planes at a fixed angle to the axis of the Earth, and the Earth rotates within this orbit.
A launch pad is a fixed structure designed to dispatch airborne vehicles. It generally consists of a launch tower and flame trench. It is surrounded by equipment used to erect, fuel, and maintain launch vehicles. Before launch, the rocket can weigh many hundreds of tonnes. The Space Shuttle Columbia, on STS-1, weighed 2,030 tonnes (4,480,000 lb) at take off.
Reaching space
The most commonly used definition of outer space is everything beyond the Kármán line, which is 100 kilometers (62 mi) above the Earth's surface. The United States sometimes defines outer space as everything beyond 50 miles (80 km) in altitude.
Rockets are the only currently practical means of reaching space. Conventional airplane engines cannot reach space due to the lack of oxygen. Rocket engines expel propellant to provide forward thrust that generates enough delta-v (change in velocity) to reach orbit.
For manned launch systems launch escape systems are frequently fitted to allow astronauts to escape in the case of emergency.
Alternatives
Main article: Non-rocket spacelaunch
Many ways to reach space other than rockets have been proposed. Ideas such as the space elevator, and momentum exchange tethers like rotovators or skyhooks require new materials much stronger than any currently known. Electromagnetic launchers such as launch loops might be feasible with current technology. Other ideas include rocket assisted aircraft/spaceplanes such as Reaction Engines Skylon (currently in early stage development), scramjet powered spaceplanes, and RBCC powered spaceplanes. Gun launch has been proposed for cargo.
Leaving orbit
This section possibly contains original research. Relevant discussion may be found on Talk:Spaceflight. Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. (June 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Main articles: Escape velocity and Parking orbit
Launched in 1959, Luna 1 was the first known man-made object to achieve escape velocity from the Earth.[4] (replica pictured)
Achieving a closed orbit is not essential to lunar and interplanetary voyages. Early Russian space vehicles successfully achieved very high altitudes without going into orbit. NASA considered launching Apollo missions directly into lunar trajectories but adopted the strategy of first entering a temporary parking orbit and then performing a separate burn several orbits later onto a lunar trajectory. This costs additional propellant because the parking orbit perigee must be high enough to prevent reentry while direct injection can have an arbitrarily low perigee because it will never be reached.
However, the parking orbit approach greatly simplified Apollo mission planning in several important ways. It substantially widened the allowable launch windows, increasing the chance of a successful launch despite minor technical problems during the countdown. The parking orbit was a stable "mission plateau" that gave the crew and controllers several hours to thoroughly check out the spacecraft after the stresses of launch before committing it to a long lunar flight; the crew could quickly return to Earth, if necessary, or an alternate Earth-orbital mission could be conducted. The parking orbit also enabled translunar trajectories that avoided the densest parts of the Van Allen radiation belts.
Apollo missions minimized the performance penalty of the parking orbit by keeping its altitude as low as possible. For example, Apollo 15 used an unusually low parking orbit (even for Apollo) of 92.5 nmi by 91.5 nmi (171 km by 169 km) where there was significant atmospheric drag. But it was partially overcome by continuous venting of hydrogen from the third stage of the Saturn V, and was in any event tolerable for the short stay.
Robotic missions do not require an abort capability or radiation minimization, and because modern launchers routinely meet "instantaneous" launch windows, space probes to the Moon and other planets generally use direct injection to maximize performance. Although some might coast briefly during the launch sequence, they do not complete one or more full parking orbits before the burn that injects them onto an Earth escape trajectory.
Note that the escape velocity from a celestial body decreases with altitude above that body. However, it is more fuel-efficient for a craft to burn its fuel as close to the ground as possible; see Oberth effect and reference.[5] This is another way to explain the performance penalty associated with establishing the safe perigee of a parking orbit.
Plans for future crewed interplanetary spaceflight missions often include final vehicle assembly in Earth orbit, such as NASA's Project Orion and Russia's Kliper/Parom tandem.
Astrodynamics
Main article: Orbital mechanics
Astrodynamics is the study of spacecraft trajectories, particularly as they relate to gravitational and propulsion effects. Astrodynamics allows for a spacecraft to arrive at its destination at the correct time without excessive propellant use. An orbital maneuvering system may be needed to maintain or change orbits.
Non-rocket orbital propulsion methods include solar sails, magnetic sails, plasma-bubble magnetic systems, and using gravitational slingshot effects.
Ionized gas trail from Shuttle reentry
Recovery of Discoverer 14 return capsule by a C-119 airplane
Transfer energy
The term "transfer energy" means the total amount of energy imparted by a rocket stage to its payload. This can be the energy imparted by a first stage of a launch vehicle to an upper stage plus payload, or by an upper stage or spacecraft kick motor to a spacecraft.[6][7]
Reentry
Main article: Atmospheric reentry
Vehicles in orbit have large amounts of kinetic energy. This energy must be discarded if the vehicle is to land safely without vaporizing in the atmosphere. Typically this process requires special methods to protect against aerodynamic heating. The theory behind reentry was developed by Harry Julian Allen. Based on this theory, reentry vehicles present blunt shapes to the atmosphere for reentry. Blunt shapes mean that less than 1% of the kinetic energy ends up as heat that reaches the vehicle, and the remainder heats up the atmosphere.
Landing
The Mercury, Gemini, and Apollo capsules all splashed down in the sea. These capsules were designed to land at relatively low speeds with the help of a parachute. Russian capsules for Soyuz make use of a big parachute and braking rockets to touch down on land. The Space Shuttle glided to a touchdown like a plane.
Recovery
After a successful landing the spacecraft, its occupants and cargo can be recovered. In some cases, recovery has occurred before landing: while a spacecraft is still descending on its parachute, it can be snagged by a specially designed aircraft. This mid-air retrieval technique was used to recover the film canisters from the Corona spy satellites.
Types
Uncrewed
See also: Uncrewed spacecraft and robotic spacecraft
Sojourner takes its Alpha particle X-ray spectrometer measurement of Yogi Rock on Mars
The MESSENGER spacecraft at Mercury (artist's interpretation)
Uncrewed spaceflight (or unmanned) is all spaceflight activity without a necessary human presence in space. This includes all space probes, satellites and robotic spacecraft and missions. Uncrewed spaceflight is the opposite of manned spaceflight, which is usually called human spaceflight. Subcategories of uncrewed spaceflight are "robotic spacecraft" (objects) and "robotic space missions" (activities). A robotic spacecraft is an uncrewed spacecraft with no humans on board, that is usually under telerobotic control. A robotic spacecraft designed to make scientific research measurements is often called a space probe.
Uncrewed space missions use remote-controlled spacecraft. The first uncrewed space mission was Sputnik I, launched October 4, 1957 to orbit the Earth. Space missions where other animals but no humans are on-board are considered uncrewed missions.
Benefits
Many space missions are more suited to telerobotic rather than crewed operation, due to lower cost and lower risk factors. In addition, some planetary destinations such as Venus or the vicinity of Jupiter are too hostile for human survival, given current technology. Outer planets such as Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune are too distant to reach with current crewed spaceflight technology, so telerobotic probes are the only way to explore them. Telerobotics also allows exploration of regions that are vulnerable to contamination by Earth micro-organisms since spacecraft can be sterilized. Humans can not be sterilized in the same way as a spaceship, as they coexist with numerous micro-organisms, and these micro-organisms are also hard to contain within a spaceship or spacesuit.
Telepresence
Telerobotics becomes telepresence when the time delay is short enough to permit control of the spacecraft in close to real time by humans. Even the two seconds light speed delay for the Moon is too far away for telepresence exploration from Earth. The L1 and L2 positions permit 400-millisecond round trip delays, which is just close enough for telepresence operation. Telepresence has also been suggested as a way to repair satellites in Earth orbit from Earth. The Exploration Telerobotics Symposium in 2012 explored this and other topics.[8]
Human
Main article: Human spaceflight
ISS crew member stores samples
The first human spaceflight was Vostok 1 on April 12, 1961, on which cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin of the USSR made one orbit around the Earth. In official Soviet documents, there is no mention of the fact that Gagarin parachuted the final seven miles.[9] Currently, the only spacecraft regularly used for human spaceflight are the Russian Soyuz spacecraft and the Chinese Shenzhou spacecraft. The U.S. Space Shuttle fleet operated from April 1981 until July 2011. SpaceShipOne has conducted two human suborbital spaceflights.
Sub-orbital
Main article: Sub-orbital spaceflight
The International Space Station in Earth orbit after a visit from the crew of STS-119
On a sub-orbital spaceflight the spacecraft reaches space and then returns to the atmosphere after following a (primarily) ballistic trajectory. This is usually because of insufficient specific orbital energy, in which case a suborbital flight will last only a few minutes, but it is also possible for an object with enough energy for an orbit to have a trajectory that intersects the Earth's atmosphere, sometimes after many hours. Pioneer 1 was NASA's first space probe intended to reach the Moon. A partial failure caused it to instead follow a suborbital trajectory to an altitude of 113,854 kilometers (70,746 mi) before reentering the Earth's atmosphere 43 hours after launch.
The most generally recognized boundary of space is the Kármán line 100 km above sea level. (NASA alternatively defines an astronaut as someone who has flown more than 50 miles (80 km) above sea level.) It is not generally recognized by the public that the increase in potential energy required to pass the Kármán line is only about 3% of the orbital energy (potential plus kinetic energy) required by the lowest possible Earth orbit (a circular orbit just above the Kármán line.) In other words, it is far easier to reach space than to stay there. On May 17, 2004, Civilian Space eXploration Team launched the GoFast Rocket on a suborbital flight, the first amateur spaceflight. On June 21, 2004, SpaceShipOne was used for the first privately funded human spaceflight.
Point-to-point
Point-to-point is a category of sub-orbital spaceflight in which a spacecraft provides rapid transport between two terrestrial locations. Consider a conventional airline route between London and Sydney, a flight that normally lasts over twenty hours. With point-to-point suborbital travel the same route could be traversed in less than one hour.[10] While no company offers this type of transportation today, SpaceX has revealed plans to do so as early as the 2020s using its BFR vehicle.[11] Suborbital spaceflight over an intercontinental distance requires a vehicle velocity that is only a little lower than the velocity required to reach low Earth orbit.[12] If rockets are used, the size of the rocket relative to the payload is similar to an Intercontinental Ballistic Missile (ICBM). Any intercontinental spaceflight has to surmount problems of heating during atmosphere re-entry that are nearly as large as those faced by orbital spaceflight.
Orbital
Main article: Orbital spaceflight
Apollo 6 heads into orbit
A minimal orbital spaceflight requires much higher velocities than a minimal sub-orbital flight, and so it is technologically much more challenging to achieve. To achieve orbital spaceflight, the tangential velocity around the Earth is as important as altitude. In order to perform a stable and lasting flight in space, the spacecraft must reach the minimal orbital speed required for a closed orbit.
Interplanetary
Main article: Interplanetary spaceflight
Interplanetary travel is travel between planets within a single planetary system. In practice, the use of the term is confined to travel between the planets of our Solar System.
Interstellar
Main article: Interstellar travel
Five spacecraft are currently leaving the Solar System on escape trajectories, Voyager 1, Voyager 2, Pioneer 10, Pioneer 11, and New Horizons. The one farthest from the Sun is Voyager 1, which is more than 100 AU distant and is moving at 3.6 AU per year.[13] In comparison, Proxima Centauri, the closest star other than the Sun, is 267,000 AU distant. It will take Voyager 1 over 74,000 years to reach this distance. Vehicle designs using other techniques, such as nuclear pulse propulsion are likely to be able to reach the nearest star significantly faster. Another possibility that could allow for human interstellar spaceflight is to make use of time dilation, as this would make it possible for passengers in a fast-moving vehicle to travel further into the future while aging very little, in that their great speed slows down the rate of passage of on-board time. However, attaining such high speeds would still require the use of some new, advanced method of propulsion.
Intergalactic
Main article: Intergalactic travel
Intergalactic travel involves spaceflight between galaxies, and is considered much more technologically demanding than even interstellar travel and, by current engineering terms, is considered science fiction.
Spacecraft
Main article: Spacecraft
An Apollo Lunar Module on the lunar surface
Spacecraft are vehicles capable of controlling their trajectory through space.
The first 'true spacecraft' is sometimes said to be Apollo Lunar Module,[14] since this was the only manned vehicle to have been designed for, and operated only in space; and is notable for its non aerodynamic shape.
Propulsion
Main article: Spacecraft propulsion
Spacecraft today predominantly use rockets for propulsion, but other propulsion techniques such as ion drives are becoming more common, particularly for unmanned vehicles, and this can significantly reduce the vehicle's mass and increase its delta-v.
Launch systems
Main article: Launch vehicle
Launch systems are used to carry a payload from Earth's surface into outer space.
Expendable
Main article: Expendable launch system
Most current spaceflight uses multi-stage expendable launch systems to reach space.
Reusable
Main article: Reusable launch system
Ambox current red.svg
This section needs to be updated. Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (August 2019)
The first reusable spacecraft, the X-15, was air-launched on a suborbital trajectory on July 19, 1963. The first partially reusable orbital spacecraft, the Space Shuttle, was launched by the USA on the 20th anniversary of Yuri Gagarin's flight, on April 12, 1981. During the Shuttle era, six orbiters were built, all of which have flown in the atmosphere and five of which have flown in space. The Enterprise was used only for approach and landing tests, launching from the back of a Boeing 747 and gliding to deadstick landings at Edwards AFB, California. The first Space Shuttle to fly into space was the Columbia, followed by the Challenger, Discovery, Atlantis, and Endeavour. The Endeavour was built to replace the Challenger, which was lost in January 1986. The Columbia broke up during reentry in February 2003.
The Space Shuttle Columbia seconds after engine ignition on mission STS-1
Columbia landing, concluding the STS-1 mission
Columbia launches again on STS-2
The first automatic partially reusable spacecraft was the Buran (Snowstorm), launched by the USSR on November 15, 1988, although it made only one flight. This spaceplane was designed for a crew and strongly resembled the US Space Shuttle, although its drop-off boosters used liquid propellants and its main engines were located at the base of what would be the external tank in the American Shuttle. Lack of funding, complicated by the dissolution of the USSR, prevented any further flights of Buran.
Per the Vision for Space Exploration, the Space Shuttle was retired in 2011 due mainly to its old age and high cost of the program reaching over a billion dollars per flight. The Shuttle's human transport role is to be replaced by the partially reusable Crew Exploration Vehicle (CEV) no later than 2021. The Shuttle's heavy cargo transport role is to be replaced by expendable rockets such as the Evolved Expendable Launch Vehicle (EELV) or a Shuttle Derived Launch Vehicle.
Scaled Composites SpaceShipOne was a reusable suborbital spaceplane that carried pilots Mike Melvill and Brian Binnie on consecutive flights in 2004 to win the Ansari X Prize. The Spaceship Company has built its successor SpaceShipTwo. A fleet of SpaceShipTwos operated by Virgin Galactic planned to begin reusable private spaceflight carrying paying passengers (space tourists) in 2008, but this was delayed due to an accident in the propulsion development.[15]
Challenges
Main article: Effect of spaceflight on the human body
Space disasters
Main article: Space accidents and incidents
All launch vehicles contain a huge amount of energy that is needed for some part of it to reach orbit. There is therefore some risk that this energy can be released prematurely and suddenly, with significant effects. When a Delta II rocket exploded 13 seconds after launch on January 17, 1997, there were reports of store windows 10 miles (16 km) away being broken by the blast.[16]
Space is a fairly predictable environment, but there are still risks of accidental depressurization and the potential failure of equipment, some of which may be very newly developed.
In 2004 the International Association for the Advancement of Space Safety was established in the Netherlands to further international cooperation and scientific advancement in space systems safety.[17]
Weightlessness
Main article: Weightlessness
Astronauts on the ISS in weightless conditions. Michael Foale can be seen exercising in the foreground.
In a microgravity environment such as that provided by a spacecraft in orbit around the Earth, humans experience a sense of "weightlessness." Short-term exposure to microgravity causes space adaptation syndrome, a self-limiting nausea caused by derangement of the vestibular system. Long-term exposure causes multiple health issues. The most significant is bone loss, some of which is permanent, but microgravity also leads to significant deconditioning of muscular and cardiovascular tissues.
Radiation
Once above the atmosphere, radiation due to the Van Allen belts, solar radiation and cosmic radiation issues occur and increase. Further away from the Earth, solar flares can give a fatal radiation dose in minutes, and the health threat from cosmic radiation significantly increases the chances of cancer over a decade exposure or more.[18]
Life support
Main article: Life support system
In human spaceflight, the life support system is a group of devices that allow a human being to survive in outer space. NASA often uses the phrase Environmental Control and Life Support System or the acronym ECLSS when describing these systems for its human spaceflight missions.[19] The life support system may supply: air, water and food. It must also maintain the correct body temperature, an acceptable pressure on the body and deal with the body's waste products. Shielding against harmful external influences such as radiation and micro-meteorites may also be necessary. Components of the life support system are life-critical, and are designed and constructed using safety engineering techniques.
Space weather
Main article: Space weather
Aurora australis and Discovery, May 1991.
Space weather is the concept of changing environmental conditions in outer space. It is distinct from the concept of weather within a planetary atmosphere, and deals with phenomena involving ambient plasma, magnetic fields, radiation and other matter in space (generally close to Earth but also in interplanetary, and occasionally interstellar medium). "Space weather describes the conditions in space that affect Earth and its technological systems. Our space weather is a consequence of the behavior of the Sun, the nature of Earth's magnetic field, and our location in the Solar System."[20]
Space weather exerts a profound influence in several areas related to space exploration and development. Changing geomagnetic conditions can induce changes in atmospheric density causing the rapid degradation of spacecraft altitude in Low Earth orbit. Geomagnetic storms due to increased solar activity can potentially blind sensors aboard spacecraft, or interfere with on-board electronics. An understanding of space environmental conditions is also important in designing shielding and life support systems for manned spacecraft.
Environmental considerations
Rockets as a class are not inherently grossly polluting. However, some rockets use toxic propellants, and most vehicles use propellants that are not carbon neutral. Many solid rockets have chlorine in the form of perchlorate or other chemicals, and this can cause temporary local holes in the ozone layer. Re-entering spacecraft generate nitrates which also can temporarily impact the ozone layer. Most rockets are made of metals that can have an environmental impact during their construction.
In addition to the atmospheric effects there are effects on the near-Earth space environment. There is the possibility that orbit could become inaccessible for generations due to exponentially increasing space debris caused by spalling of satellites and vehicles (Kessler syndrome). Many launched vehicles today are therefore designed to be re-entered after use.
Morning everyone.
Well thought I'd share a couple of things with you this morning. Firstly some MORE GREAT CUSTOMER FEEDBACK from John,
my feedback form asks (amongst other things) What was the best bit?........ John said,
"Being lucky enough to enjoy one to one tuition for two days from such an excellent, enthusiastic and inspiring professional"
Thanks John ...
Secondly, a recent pic from Snowdonia, I've called this one 'Adversity Overcome' !! This is the rocky path up to Cwm Idwal - and that's Tryfan in the background - I'm sure you can see it's a pretty harsh environment. So, it seemed to me that if these foxgloves can overcome adversity and grow so beautifully here, that this is a pic to keep and use for some inspiration when I'm feeling down - if they can overcome adversity like this, then maybe I can too as I try to deal with the many and varied challenges that we call life!!
Hope it inspires you all too! Enjoy All.
Nazi, Neo-Pagan 'Christmas', Picture reproduced in: 'The Persecution of the Catholic Church in the Third Reich' published in 1940 by Burns Oates
The Swastika replaces the star on top of the Christmas tree.
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_persecution_of_the_Catholic_Ch...
Lying, atheist propaganda about Christians being in league with the Nazis - and that the Pope and Catholic Church were complicit in the persecution and of Jews has been propagated and spread by militant, atheist fanatics and other anti-Christian bigots since the end of the 2nd world war.
The truth ...
Hitler and the Nazis were pagan, naturalist, occultists with racial superiority and eugenics policies based on the writings of the German Darwinist, Ernst Haeckel.
They were haters of Christianity and, just like the atheists in all the brutal, communist regimes, their ultimate aim was to eliminate Christianity.
"We live in an era of the ultimate conflict with Christianity. It is part of the mission of the SS to give the German people in the next half century the non-Christian ideological foundations on which to lead and shape their lives. This task does not consist solely in overcoming an ideological opponent but must be accompanied at every step by a positive impetus: in this case that means the reconstruction of the German heritage in the widest and most comprehensive sense."
— Heinrich Himmler, 1937
Here is the real history in "Facts and Documents Translated from the German" and published at the time.
Frontispiece from 'The Persecution of the Catholic Church in the Third Reich' published in 1940 by Burns Oates
www.flickr.com/photos/truth-in-science/14425597587
"The Persecution of the Catholic Church in the Third Reich" Published in 1940 is full (565 pages) of translated copies of original Nazi documents and cartoons lambasting the Church from the 1930's - 1940.
What about quotes from Hitler's writing and speeches, frequently presented by atheists, which allegedly show that Hitler supported Christianity?
It is well known that what Hitler said and what Hitler actually did were two entirely different things. Hitler didn't want to risk antagonising Christians in Germany. So he attempted to give the impression that he was on their side, however, the actions of the Hitler's National Socialist Party proved the exact opposite, as shown in this book.
And - even if Hitler claimed to be Christian, he couldn't have been, because he directly opposed the teaching of Jesus and the Church. This means he was an heretic and therefore would be automatically excommunicated.
Anyone who knows anything about Christianity knows that simply calling oneself Christian doesn't make one Christian. An heretic cannot be a Christian.
So Hitler and the Nazis were not Christian, they totally disregarded Christian, moral teaching and the Ten Commandments.
They believed in situational ethics and moral relativism (which is the essence of the atheist, Humanist Manifesto) just as Stalin, Mao and all the atheist tyrants of the 20th century did.
So Hitler's moral and ethical values were akin to atheist morals and ethics, inasmuch as they had no definitive yardstick. The Nazis abandoned the moral and ethical values of Christianity and were left with ephemeral ethics - which are reliant only on the situation, opinion or fashion. Just like the Humanist Manifesto, with no definitive, moral yardstick or inalienable, God-given rights, there can be no moral or ethical absolutes - right can be deemed to be wrong, and wrong can be deemed to be right. It varies according to the situation or what is judged to be 'necessary'. it is a recipe for tyranny.
Hitler was not strictly an atheist in belief, but he was similar in his ethical and moral relativism.
His ideology is best described as Darwinian inspired paganism. There are documents in this book which prove the Nazis were pagans, not Christians.
There are also documents reproduced in the book which prove that the Church hierarchy did not support the Nazis, that is why so many priests etc. were arrested, imprisoned and tortured on trumped-up charges.
So we know that, as Hitler rejected the teaching of Jesus on morals, he could not possibly be a Christian, regardless of what anyone claims.
The moral values of Christianity are the Ten Commandments and the values espoused in the teaching of Jesus and His Apostles.
Anyone who rejects those values, cannot claim to either be a Christian or to be acting as a Christian. They are based on two principles of loving God and loving one's neighbour (and even enemies) as oneself.
Every Christian has to aspire to those principles. If they fail through weakness they are guilty of sin, for which they can be forgiven with sincere repentance. If they deliberately reject those moral principles they forfeit the right to call themselves Christian. So, it is not possible for a true Christian to knowingly support a tyrannical regime such as the Nazis or the Communists, which murders, tortures or persecutes innocent people. If they do, they cease to be Christians, no matter what they may claim to the contrary.
www.flickr.com/photos/truth-in-science/14425393220
It is obvious from the Nazi cartoon in the image above that the Nazis themselves certainly didn't think the Church or Pope were complicit in supporting Nazism. On the contrary, they obviously thought the Church was complicit in supporting the Jews. Which was in fact, the real truth as presented in the book below - written by a Jewish Rabbi.
'The Myth of Hitler's Pope' - How Pope Pius XII rescued Jews from the Nazis. by Jewish Rabbi David G Dalin.
www.amazon.com/gp/product/0895260344/ref=cm_cr_dpvoterdr?...
What about books, such as; 'Hitler's Pope' by the journalist John Cornwell, which claim that Pope Pius XII was complicit in the persecution and murder of Jews by keeping quiet about the crimes of the Nazis?
Cornwell's book has been completely discredited.
Catholics who attended church in Nazi Germany were left in no doubt that the Church opposed the Nazi regime well before 1940.
'The Persecution of the Catholic Church in the Third Reich' 1940 - has page after page of contemporary source material, such as translated copies of Pastoral letters, Encyclicals and Sermons issued by Bishops, Archbishops and Cardinals read in German churches at the time, including one from a combined Pastoral of Bishops, which criticise the National Socialists and point out the Nazis opposition to Catholicism and Christian civilisation.
Furthermore, Cardinal Pacelli, who became Pius XII, was one of them. And he was singled out for vilification by the Nazis in the Nazi publications of the Schwarze Corps.
So the idea that Catholics didn't know that the Church opposed Hitler and the Nazis is complete balderdash.
Catholic newspapers and publications were systematically banned or censored at the time. So Encyclicals and sermons were the only voice the Church had within Germany.
All German radio and newspapers were controlled by the Nazis. They wouldn't have publicised any public pronouncement by the Pope or any other opposition from the Catholic Church.
So the Church certainly wasn't silent - or complicit with the Nazis. And thousands of Catholics and priests were imprisoned, tortured and executed for being in league with Jews and also falsely accused of being in league with Freemasons and Communists.
The Nazis considered the Catholic Church (and other Christians) an enemy within.
And overwhelming evidence shows that the Pope was actively organising the escape of thousands of Jews from the Nazis. Vatican Radio had to keep the Pope's involvement out of the news in order not to undermine or damage the rescue effort.
The Pope was well aware that antagonising the Nazis with worldwide, public pronouncements from Vatican Radio would lead to an increased crackdown on priests and other Catholics who were working undercover to help Jews escape. It would have been completely counterproductive.
It is very significant that the Jewish Historian, Martin Gilbert, the biographer of Winston Churchill, who knew much more than Cornwell, or any other historical 'revisionists' wanted Pope Pius to be given the title Righteous among Nations.
“As one of the world’s leading experts on the Holocaust and WWII, Sir Martin was well aware of the lifesaving efforts of Pope Pius XII, most especially to save the Jews from the barbarism of the Nazi regime,” Krupp told the Register. “It was Sir Martin who encouraged me to nominate Eugenio Pacelli (Pope Pius XII) to Yad Vashem to be named ‘Righteous Among Nations.’”
"In an interview in 2007, Gilbert explained how the wartime pope’s interventions and protestations directly helped to save 4,700 Jewish lives in Rome and that 477 Jews were given refuge in the Vatican. He also documented other ways in which Pius XII rescued Jews persecuted by the Nazis."
"In an earlier interview in 2003, he hoped his research would “restore, in a way, on the foundation of historical fact, the true and wonderful achievements of Catholics in helping Jews during the war.
Pave the Way Foundation also filmed an interview with Gilbert, during which he discussed his personal research on the actions of Pope Pius XII during World War II.
He was eager to see the Holocaust museum Yad Vashem open a file on Pius to study his worthiness to be included in the institution’s “Department of the Righteous.” He also wanted to see the wartime archives opened to the public so that historians could better understand Pius’ role."
Sir Martin Gilbert estimates the Catholic Church saved up to half a million Jewish lives.
books.google.co.uk/books?id=KQvGxx1qG90C&pg=PA191&...
Of course, this is all available in the public domain, but still atheists and other anti-Christian bigots persist in ignoring the truth and continue to propagate distortions and lies. Their motivation is not historical accuracy, but militant, ideological fanaticism.
www.flickr.com/photos/truth-in-science/21486403228
BRIEFING WITH LINDA THOMAS-GREENFIELD, ASSISTANT SECRETARY FOR AFRICAN AFFAIRS
MODERATOR: So welcome to the New York Foreign Press Center. We’re really honored today to have Assistant Secretary for African Affairs Linda Thomas-Greenfield with us. This is a roundtable on-the-record discussion. It’s also DVCed to Washington --
ASSISTANT SECRETARY THOMAS-GREENFIELD: Okay.
MODERATOR: -- so if people have questions from Washington, we’ll bring them in.
ASSISTANT SECRETARY THOMAS-GREENFIELD: Okay.
MODERATOR: So I know that the assistant secretary is on a tight schedule, so we’ll go ahead and get started. She’ll give a few remarks and then we’ll open it out to your questions. So thank you all for coming and I’ll turn this over to Assistant Secretary Linda Thomas-Greenfield.
ASSISTANT SECRETARY THOMAS-GREENFIELD: Good. Good evening and let me thank all of you for being here and thank those who are joining us from Washington. This has been a very, very hectic period at UNGA this year. Being here with so many leaders from throughout the African continent has provided us a fantastic opportunity to have a series of bilateral meetings and provide us an opportunity to strengthen our relationships with African heads of state, and I’m pleased that so many of them are here, and we’ve been able to discuss discrete ideas that allow us to collaborate on issues that we’ve worked on in the past, but also to advance our own goals of promoting democracy, peace, and prosperity on the continent. So I’m very excited about the opportunities that I’ve had. We refer to this in Washington as speed dating. Last year, I had – I think, if I recall correctly – 39 bilats during UNGA week. We have not counted yet. I started last week, Friday, and we have been going nonstop since then and it continues for me until Friday.
Just to say there have been a number of very positive developments on the continent of Africa since last year. President Obama’s trip to Kenya and to Ethiopia this summer was a historic trip for many reasons. He opened the Global Entrepreneurship Summit and that gave entrepreneurs from across the globe an opportunity to see Africa at its best, to see Kenya at its best, to seek opportunities to invest on the continent.
The recent reauthorization of the Africa Growth and Opportunity Act was a big success and it sent a very strong signal to investors and showed confidence in the possibilities of investing on the continent of Africa. As you know, we had the good fortune of the Gabonese Government hosting the AGOA Forum in Gabon at the end of August and it was quite successful. It was extraordinary that we had members of Congress participate in the forum, and that AGOA is a bipartisan, very widely supported initiative that we have on the continent, and we had several members of Congress at the forum to reflect that view.
Looking ahead, we will continue to focus on the importance of strong democratic institutions and solid performance in the area of governance, which is essential, in our view, to security and prosperity across the continent of Africa. Many African countries will conduct parliamentary elections and presidential elections over the coming months, and certainly quite a few are occurring in 2016. So we will be working with African countries to support on-time, free, peaceful, and fair elections.
The Sustainable Development Goals under discussion here at UNGA remind us of the challenges the continent faces. Africa is the youngest and it is the fastest growing continent. Incomes are rising and the middle class is growing, but Africa will need to generate millions more jobs to sustain its momentum. So to help create these jobs, we’ll continue to work with our partners to build up the investment and entrepreneurship climate and encourage more trade with Africa.
All of our discussions here at UNGA have focused on taking advantage of the progress we’ve made to solve some of the hard problems we will face, and this is the core of our engagement with our African colleagues this week. Of course, there are a number of things happening on the continent right now that has keen interest for us. I’ll look forward to taking your questions. I think in the question and answers we’ll get to those difficult issues, and I’ll be able to address those then.
So thank you very much, and I’m happy to take your questions.
MODERATOR: Yes.
QUESTION: Bingxin Li from People’s Daily, based at the UN. I understand that President Obama initiated the Power Africa strategy several years ago. How is that going on?
ASSISTANT SECRETARY THOMAS-GREENFIELD: It’s going quite well. The idea was to bring power to Africa. As you know, sometimes I refer to the fact that (inaudible) refer to as the dark continent. What that darkness means is the lack of electricity, and the idea of Power Africa was to bring power to more African homes and more African businesses. We tripled this to bring electricity to at least 60 million new households and businesses and to encourage more companies, as well as other governments, to look at power as a source of prosperity (inaudible) on the continent of Africa.
So (inaudible) I was just meeting with European colleagues, and they’re looking at doing some similar investments on the continent of Africa. And we know that power or energy will be the engine of investment and growth on the continent.
MODERATOR: Yes.
QUESTION: I have half a dozen questions.
ASSISTANT SECRETARY THOMAS-GREENFIELD: Try one at a time. (Laughter.)
MODERATOR: If everyone could introduce yourself – say your name and news organization.
QUESTION: Right. So I’m Kevin Kelley. I’m based here in New York. I cover the UN for the Nation Media Group in Kenya, which also publishes The East African weekly paper covering the eastern half of the continent. So my questions are mainly about that, not about Kenya per se. I’ll choose the one about the DRC. At the Africa Summit, which is now 14 months ago – President Obama’s summit in Africa --
ASSISTANT SECRETARY THOMAS-GREENFIELD: Yes, a little over a year.
QUESTION: Ambassador – yeah, right. Ambassador Feingold was saying it’s urgent that there be action now against the FDLR. Then there was all these complications involving human rights questions and the generals in command. Nothing’s happened as far as anybody can see. What’s the U.S.’s view of what can and should be happening there now?
ASSISTANT SECRETARY THOMAS-GREENFIELD: Well, first of all, we’re very disappointed that nothing has happened. We think that the parties need to address the FDLR threat in DRC. Commitments were made to the Rwandan Government, as we worked to address the issues related to M23, that once we completed the actions against M23 we would turn to FDLR, and we are still committed to doing that. We’re encouraging all of the parties, including the Government of DRC, MONUSCO, the FB forces, to bring their combined resources together to address the FDLR threat and we continue to push that.
We have named a new special envoy, Tom Perriello, and he has been actively engaged on this issue since taking over his responsibilities about six weeks ago.
QUESTION: Just to --
MODERATOR: And he’ll be here at 4 o’clock today.
QUESTION: Yeah, he’ll be here. Just to follow up on that, can the United States bring pressure to bear on President Kabila? This is the issue. It’s that the UN says we can’t act because of these human rights violations that these generals are at least alleged to have committed. It’s fairly simple, it seems, that if these generals weren’t in command, the UN, the FIB, could act. Is that too simple an analysis?
ASSISTANT SECRETARY THOMAS-GREENFIELD: It probably is, but I would make those same arguments as well that it ought to be simple to deal with this issue. And it is one that, again, we are working very deliberately and very intensely on, because commitments were made that we would work to address this issue, and we need to get the parties to do it.
QUESTION: Hi, I’m Bukola Shonuga with the African View Network, and I also host a radio program called The African View – and it’s a pleasure to meet you. So with reference to Nigeria within your Administration and in light of the issue of Boko Haram, I was just wondering are there any new efforts form the United States Government to partner with this new administration to combat Boko Haram? And with the 20-some – 200-something girls still missing, so we don’t think they’ll ever find them, so I just wanted you to shed some light on that.
ASSISTANT SECRETARY THOMAS-GREENFIELD: I hope you’re wrong. I know that their mothers, their parents are still hopeful that some of these girls will be found and brought back to their homes. And we’re not going to give up hope and working with the Nigerian Government and with the families to try to bring as many of them back as we can.
We are working very closely with the Nigerian Government, as we were with the previous government. It is has been made somewhat easier with the current government to work more cooperatively on trying to address the Boko Haram threat. We have provided some assistance and funding to the multinational task force through the AU. They are working to pull together the Lake Chad Basin countries so that they can coordinate their efforts in addressing Boko Haram.
We still continue to cooperate with the Nigerian Government in terms of information sharing as well as training. Our AFRICOM team will be going to Nigeria later in the month to hold discussions on resuming the training that was stopped previously, and we hope to continue to work with the government in a much more positive and proactive way to address what is not just a Nigeria problem. It is a regional problem, and terrorism is a global problem. So we have to work with Nigeria. We cannot leave Nigeria to address this problem alone.
QUESTION: Thank you.
QUESTION: Frank Obimpeh from News Ghana. During your submission, you said that the U.S. is trying to build investment and climate of opportunities for Africans. Now let’s come back to my country, Ghana, whereby while we have a lot of malls – new malls going around, where we have foreign products in the malls. So there is what’s called a tendency of our culture families losing bias or their products. What is the U.S. doing, because the investment are taking jobs from the African and then they becoming poor? What are you doing to overcome?
ASSISTANT SECRETARY THOMAS-GREENFIELD: Yeah. Well, I think investment can create jobs. So having greater investment in Ghana can create new job opportunities for people in areas that they may not have worked in in the past. But we don’t want to see trade opportunities and business displace people who already have jobs. And it is important that government policies support their own local industry, encourage the local industries. But also the local industries have to be competitive. They have to be able to compete on a global market. They have to be able to compete with the products that are being sold in large department stores if they want to advance.
People – I remember working on a program in Liberia where people were making small products and making additional money, and we talked to them. And they said, oh we were making it before you came and supported our project. We were making about $50 a month, and now we’re making $80 a month. Well, they’re still poor. What we want to do is move people from being the working poor to being the working middle class, so that they can benefit from the investments that are coming from overseas, but also they can take their products and sell their products overseas so that they become part of the working middle class.
So it’s not an easy – the answer is not easy, but it is not about keeping new products from coming into your market. It’s about making the products that are produced in your country more competitive. AGOA offers the opportunity for Ghanaians to import their products to the United States duty-free, and Ghana has taken advantage of that.
QUESTION: Thank you, Ms. Ambassador. I just wanted to thank you for all your work. My name is Garry Iwele. I’m a freelance from DRC. And my question is just about the upcoming election. We know that eight of the – eight of some of the African countries go into the election next year. And the president are trying to run again against the constitution. So we saw it in (inaudible) a bit already; it’s sending people to the referendum. And now there is a piece of legislation in DRC under the table trying to do the same thing. I mean, my question is this: What you’re doing as U.S. Government? We know that you are the biggest partner in Africa. What are you doing to push those presidents to not try to run again –
ASSISTANT SECRETARY THOMAS-GREENFIELD: Our policy – yeah.
QUESTION: -- when the constitution does not allow them?
ASSISTANT SECRETARY THOMAS-GREENFIELD: Yeah, our policy is very clear on that. We do not support countries changing their constitutions to change term limits to benefit the incumbent who is currently serving in office. People can change their constitutions; that’s their right. But when the constitutions are changed just to support the incumbent, it sends a message that people don’t want to leave power. And Africa has gone through many generations of presidents for life, and we believe in a true democracy, transitions actually work. We think transitions contribute to stability. There are a number of countries in Africa that have had elections and transitions, and they’ve worked. Nigeria is our most recent example where it has worked.
So we are engaging with these governments to discourage their efforts to change constitutions. We are working closely with the regional organizations, with the African Union, with ECOWAS, and other regional organizations, to gain their support in pushing for this. ECOWAS, for example, has been looking at an agreement that would limit terms to two terms in ECOWAS countries. And actually, they went quite far, except two countries declined to agree. But I think it’s something they’re still working on.
People support democracy. Africans line up to vote like no other countries in – that I’ve seen in the world. And when they – when African people are given the opportunity in their individual countries to express their will at the ballot box, they do it. They do it enthusiastically. And so we want to support those efforts, and we are very clear on our policy. No country gets a pass on this. We raise it with every country where we see there are issues. And we certainly have had that discussion with DRC, with Republic of Congo, with Rwanda, and with Burundi, even though they did succeed in pushing forward an election that we believe was not transparent, that led to the president being elected for a third term against their constitution.
QUESTION: Hi, I just wanted to go back to the AGOA issue. I mean, in Africa, across the world, youth employment continues to be a major issue. And in Nigeria 60 percent of the youth are unemployed, according to the recent presentation by President Buhari. I was just wondering, how does AGOA translate into job gain for the youth in – across Africa?
ASSISTANT SECRETARY THOMAS-GREENFIELD: Yeah. We believe, actually, AGOA creates jobs both in Africa and in the United States because it allows for increased export products that are produced in your countries that are allowed into the U.S. duty-free. And so it does create jobs. But ultimately what will create jobs in Africa is investments in Africa, more companies creating opportunities for jobs, better education for young people so that they are qualified for the many job opportunities that will open up. The situation in Nigeria exists across the continent, where you have populations that are very, very young, and they need to be supported.
We have an initiative called the Young African Leaders Initiative, or the Washington Mandela Fellowship Program, where over the past two years we’ve brought 500 a year young people across the continent. Next year we will be bringing 1,000. They do a six-week leadership program at a major university in the United States and then they have a one-week summit in Washington in which President Obama and senior leaders across the U.S. Government participate. The first year of this program, when we were only choosing 500, we had 50,000 completed applications. There is intense desire, there is intense hunger on the continent of Africa by young people to get the tools that they need to be successful in the future.
So this is a challenge for African governments. It is a challenge for them to figure out how they engage with their young people, how they support their young people, and what tools they give to them so that they are able to be successful in the future. Some countries have raised questions about the Young African Leaders Initiative. I had one country suggest to us that we were brainwashing Africa’s young. And my response to that is you should not be worried about the U.S. brainwashing your young; you should be worried about Boko Haram brainwashing your young, you should be worried about al-Shabaab brainwashing your young, you should be worried about ISIL brainwashing your young.
What we’re trying to do is give them the tools so that they can be successful in the future, they can hone the leadership skills they already have to contribute to their governments. And what we’ve seen so far with the 1,000 who have gone through this program is they will be great in the future, whether they are great teachers, university professors, businesspeople, politicians. Whatever field of endeavor they’re involved in, they’re going to be good. And we’ve given them just a little bit more in terms of leadership tools to sharpen their skills to help them be successful in the future.
QUESTION: Thank you.
QUESTION: Do you know if any private sector initiative, for instance, that could facilitate funding for the private sector in Africa that are trying to create employment for these – because the programs for the most part on the U.S. – from the U.S. side is government – government initiatives. But we feel that private sector is actually more powerful or maybe just as powerful.
ASSISTANT SECRETARY THOMAS-GREENFIELD: Well, we certainly work very closely with the private sector, and in terms of promoting the capacity of businesses in Africa – when I was in Nigeria, I visited a company that was being run by a young woman that produced animal feed, and she had been a Young African Leader, a Mandela Washington Fellow, and her – she got a small grant from the African Development Foundation, used that grant to improve the packaging for her products, and her products are competing with products that are coming from overseas. And she’s doubled the number of employees in a very short, short period of time.
So sometimes it just is small investments. Similar to what is being done by the African Development Foundation, USAID supports capacity building for small companies. We have trade hubs that are in Ghana and in Kenya that support businesses that want to do business with the United States. So there are many opportunities there, but there’s – the challenges are huge and it’s going to take a lot more effort on all of our parts.
QUESTION: Thank you.
MODERATOR: We only have time for a couple of questions, so maybe Kevin and then we want to give PK a chance.
QUESTION: Okay, thanks a lot. So I’ll combine two into one, and they both relate to President Obama’s initiative regarding peacekeeping the other day. So – and the British prime minister announced that they’re going to send troops to Somalia and Sudan. Would the United States consider doing that? Specifically also, there’s always complaints by AMISOM and others that they lack airpower especially to combat Shabaab. The United States has engaged with airpower in Somalia, but could you do more? Could you supply helicopters, transport planes? And the same – in the same vein, with South Sudan, would the United States consider sending peacekeeping troops to South Sudan?
ASSISTANT SECRETARY THOMAS-GREENFIELD: I think on the – to answer your last question first, it is not something that we normally do, but we do support peacekeeping efforts quite extensively. We’re the largest funder of peacekeeping. And through our Africa training initiative, we’ve trained more than 250,000 African peacekeepers and we will continue those efforts to train. In addition to training them, we equip them. And we have provided them with airpower, and we’re looking at how we can provide additional enablers such as air to Ugandan and Kenyan and Ethiopian troops in Somalia. We’re working very, very closely with the AMISOM troops in Somalia in terms of helping to build up the capacity of the Somali national army. So we’re there as well, working to support the efforts of peacekeeping.
We were very pleased by the results of the peacekeeping conference. There were huge commitments that were made. The next step is to get those commitments honored. But again, I think this was responded to in a very serious way. And we look forward to working with these governments, particularly for myself on the continent of Africa, where we’ve had African countries that have very, very graciously and generously contributed to peacekeeping.
QUESTION: But the United States would not send troops to South Sudan?
ASSISTANT SECRETARY THOMAS-GREENFIELD: I – it’s not something that I’m aware that we have considered. But I certainly know that we will support the efforts.
QUESTION: I’d like to ask something regarding health in Africa. I’m from Ghana. Ebola never got to Ghana thankfully. And one of the things that Ebola exposed was the health structures in Africa. I’m sure you’re aware of this. In the aftermath of Ebola, if I could say that there still nothing has been done – I can speak for Ghana. And I know that the U.S. is a major contributor in terms of resources and personnel to the health systems in Africa. Do you ever get tired that you do all these things and African governments don’t respond – (laughter) – and do the updates? I mean, are you impressing on them to do something actually on the ground?
ASSISTANT SECRETARY THOMAS-GREENFIELD: Yeah. I never get tired. (Laughter.) No, let me be clear. We have worked with governments, and a lot has been done. We have signed an agreement with the African Union to help them to develop a center for disease control, an African center for disease control. CBC has also worked with African governments to support their efforts to address responses to infectious diseases. And in the case of Nigeria, where we did have Ebola cases, the Nigerians were able to control this because they had an effective CBC-like operation that they had worked over many years to develop. And we’re working with Ghana as well on developing that capacity.
Still, there’s tremendous additional effort that will be required in terms of building Africa’s health infrastructure. What Ebola showed us is that infrastructure is extraordinarily fragile and any infectious disease that occurs on the continent can really force a total collapse. And we saw that collapse take place in the three Ebola countries. So we are more than engaged on trying to address these issues across the continent, because you can’t do it just in one country. You have to work in all the countries to ensure that any type of infectious disease doesn’t go – doesn’t cross borders, because they don’t recognize borders. And we certainly saw that in the case of Ebola.
But we’ve had Ebola-like diseases in Central Africa for many, many years, and it’s been kept under wraps. So there are – there is some progress being made, but I agree with you: A lot more needs to be done. But we can’t get tired, because if we get tired, we will be defeated. And I’m not prepared and I don't think our Center for Disease Control that is intensely engaged in this – that any of us are prepared to declare defeat at this point.
MODERATOR: I understand the Assistant Secretary is on a really tight schedule and I’ve been asked to go ahead and end the briefing. Thank you so much for coming. We’re so happy to have you, and it’s been a wonderful discussion.
ASSISTANT SECRETARY THOMAS-GREENFIELD: Thank you very much. And thanks to all of you.
# # #
WEDNESDAY, SEPTEMBER 30, 2015, 2:00 P.M. EDT
NEW YORK FOREIGN PRESS CENTER, 799 UNITED NATIONS PLAZA, 10TH FLOOR
Our shirtless shackled hero - or villain? - in the allegorical representation of the executive branch lacks a nipple.
Artisans capable of producing such a splendid mosaic should have been able to depict a nipple had they been directed to - or would it have disrupted the flowing lines of tiles that give the surfaces a sense of topographic relief?
According to the Iowa legislature's Web site,
"Six mosaics in arched panels are located directly above the mural painting Westward, located on the east side of the Capitol's third floor. The mosaics were made in Venice, Italy, out of tiles of glass. Frederick Dielman of New York created the mosaics, installing them at the Capitol in 1908. The mosaics depict Defense, Charities, Education, and the Executive, Legislative and Judicial branches of government. Dielman was paid $10,000 to create this work of art, the last artwork to be installed in the Capitol."
"The following, taken from the book The Iowa Capitol: A Harvest of Design, was written regarding the mosaics:
'The reason for using mosaics instead of paint, was to get as much of an architectural feeling in these panels as possible, and to avoid conflict or rivalry between them and the mural, Westward, directly below. Another reason was to give the Dielman mosaics carrying power enough to overcome the extra distance from the spectator. It will be observed that the mosaics have been made to take up the color and feeling of the architecture about them. . .' "
For even more information about the mosaics, please go to:
www.legis.iowa.gov/DOCS/LSA/Tidbits/2012/TBJMA014.PDF
You'll be glad you did.
Concerning the artist, Wikipedia tells us:
"Frederick Dielman (25 December 1847 – August 25, 1935) was an American portrait and figure painter."
"He was born in Hanover, Germany. He was taken to the United States in early childhood. He graduated from Calvert College in New Windsor, Maryland, in 1864, and from 1866 to 1872 served as a topographer and draughtsman for the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers in Fortress Monroe and Baltimore, and in the survey of canal routes over the Alleghanies in Virginia. He then studied under Wilhelm von Diez at the Royal Academy at Munich where he received a medal in the life class."
"He opened a studio in New York City, where he worked at first as an illustrator of books and magazines, and became a distinguished draughtsman and painter of genre pictures. He was one of the original members of the Society of American Artists, was made a National Academician in 1883, and was also a member of the American Water Color Society, the New York Etching Club, and the Salmagundi Sketch Club. He was president of the Arts Federation of New York."
"In 1899, he was elected president of the National Academy of Design. In 1903, Dielman became professor of drawing at the College of the City of New York and about the same time was made director of the art schools at Cooper Union."
"He made major contributions to deluxe editions of works by Longfellow, Hawthorne, George Eliot, and other writers, and to the various publications of the Tile Club, of which he was a member. His mural decorations and mosaic panels for the Library of Congress in Washington are notable. Among his pictures shown at National Academy exhibitions were 'The Patrician Lady' (1877), 'Young Gamblers' (1885), and a 'Head' (1886). One of the best known of his illustrations is that entitled 'A Girl I Know.' "
Staff Sgt. Chantel Thibeaux, Joint Base-Fort Sam Houston, Texas, dental assistant instructor, smiles as her mother Carla gives her a hug. Thibeaux, 27, the youngest breast cancer patient at San Antonio Medical Center, was diagnosed with breast cancer in February 2014. Her mother Carla scheduled administrative leave to be there for Thibeaux and her family during double mastectomy surgery. (U.S. Air Force photo/Staff Sgt. Vernon Young Jr.)
We're in the All Ireland Junior Cup Final!
by Roger Corbett
Bangor produced an awesome display of power and composure to overcome a strong Clogher Valley side by 9-6 and book their place in this season’s final.
With both sides able to field their full-strength starting fifteens, backed up by an equally proficient seven man bench, this all-Ulster semi-final between two of the top teams within the Qualifying League had caught the attention of many rugby enthusiasts who were anticipating a memorable contest. The playing surface and weather conditions were just about perfect, with what little breeze there was blowing across the pitch and of little advantage to either side.
With hundreds of spectators lining the touchlines, and many more watching from the warmth and comfort of the clubhouse, Bangor’s Jason Morgan got proceedings underway. The home side didn’t want to repeat the early mistakes of last week’s game at CIYMS, and appeared to be focussed from the outset. However, Clogher Valley were obviously mindful of their last visit to Upritchard Park and started with power and purpose. The first couple of set pieces showed why their pack is a force to be reckoned with, pushing Bangor back with worrying ease. Building on this early dominance, Clogher took play into Bangor’s twenty two and mounted several good attacking moves. Bangor’s defence held firm on each occasion, until Clogher decided the only way they were going to come away with some points for these efforts was to take a drop goal, giving them an early lead by 0-3.
Having been under considerable pressure, Bangor started to work their way back into the game and were eventually rewarded with a Mark Widdowson penalty, which levelled the scores at 3-3 after 20 minutes. Further pressure from the home side soon resulted in another Clogher infringement at the breakdown, which resulted in another Widdowson penalty which put Bangor ahead for the first time by 6-3.
Although Clogher still looked dangerous in attack, when Bangor regained possession they quickly turned defence into attack through sensible and accurate positional kicking from Jason Morgan. Having gained good territory, Bangor then fought hard to stay there, even to the point where they managed to charge down two Clogher clearance kicks, although to the visitors’ relief the ball bounced out of play. However, the sustained pressure being exerted through Bangor’s back line eventually led to another penalty, which Widdowson converted to extend the lead to 9-3, which brought the first half to a close.
The first good attacking opportunity of the second half fell to Clogher after just 6 minutes. From a penalty in mid-field, a good kick brought the line-out close to Bangor’s 5 metre line. This is usually the platform from where Clogher are most deadly – their line-out and driving maul is a difficult force to stop. However, Bangor were prepared and not only stopped the drive, but turned the ball over and cleared their lines. Then to drive home the fact, they did it again a few minutes later. Given Clogher’s rightful reputation for their prowess in this area, the defensive response by Bangor’s forwards was truly impressive.
The only worrying time for Bangor came after 14 minutes when captain Jamie Clegg was somewhat harshly yellow-carded for pulling down a maul. From the resulting penalty, Clogher clawed back 3 points, making the score now 9-6.
However, obviously buoyed by their earlier dominance in the forwards, the seven man scrum of Bangor was now pushing the eight man Clogher pack backwards. Psychologically, this was a turning point, as Bangor now assumed control and prevented their opponents from developing any meaningful attacks. This, combined with Morgan’s positional kicking, resulted in Clogher being pinned down for most of the final quarter in their own half. Clogher’s situation became even more difficult when, after 22 minutes, one of their second row forwards was yellow-carded for not rolling away from a tackle.
With both sides finding it hard to break through each other’s defence, Bangor played tactically by simply preventing their opponents to build meaningful attacks through committed and effective defence, and then pushing them back deep into their own territory through long kicks for touch. On at least two occasions, Bangor came close to crossing Clogher’s line through breaks by Curtis Stewart and Davy Charles. They then had an opportunity within the final 5 minutes to extend their lead when Widdowson had another penalty kick from the right of Clogher’s posts. However, a sudden attack of cramp in his run-up resulted in the kick being miss-hit, and the ball drifted wide of the mark. Although disappointed not to have scored, Bangor stuck to their plan, and continued to thwart any chance of a counter attack, finally running down the clock to record a famous victory.
While the final score-line may not suggest it, this was an enthralling game from start to finish, played in good spirit and without any major injuries. For the visitors’ part, they may feel that they didn’t play to their normal high standard. However, they came up against a Bangor side that has proved so far in this competition that it can match and better the best junior sides in Ireland. Bangor’s route to the final has been as difficult as it could be possible – Clonmel (one of the pre-tournament favourites, and Munster champions) in round 1, Enniscorthy (the current cup holders) in the quarter finals, and now Clogher Valley (last year’s beaten finalists, and the current QL1 champions) in the semis. What lies ahead on 31st January 2015 is still unclear, following a 25-25 draw at the other semi-final between CIYMS and Dundalk. What is clear, however, is that Bangor can rightly look forward in confidence to face whoever is to come between them and the title. In the meantime, there are still vital games ahead in the league, resuming with a home fixture against Cooke next weekend.
Bangor side: P Whyte, A Jackson, J Leary, G Irvine, J Henly, R Latimer, J Clegg (c), C Stewart, R Armstrong, J Morgan, M Widdowson, M Aspley, M Weir, D Charles, C Morgan
Subs: O McIlmurry, S Irvine, F Black, D Kelly, D Fusco, M Thompson, A McCusker
Bangor scores: M Widdowson (3P)
Staff Sgt. Chantel Thibeaux, Joint Base-Fort Sam Houston, Texas, dental assistant instructor, pauses for a moment during a portrait session. Thibeaux, 27, is scheduled to have double mastectomy surgery at the San Antonio Medical Center to remove the cancer from both breasts. (U.S. Air Force photo/Staff Sgt. Vernon Young Jr.)
Staff Sgt. Chantel Thibeaux, Dental technical school, Joint Base-Fort Sam Houston, Texas, dental assistant instructor, begins to cry as doctors read the surgery risks prior to double mastectomy surgery. Thibeaux, 27, the youngest breast cancer patient at San Antonio Medical Center, was diagnosed with breast cancer in Feb. 2014 after Wendell encouraged her to get a lump on her breast checked. (U.S. Air Force photo/Staff Sgt. Vernon Young Jr.)
Fog overcoming the Randolph St. buildings ... and reflected on Cloud Gate.
This is part of the set, "Mercury Rising," where I photograph Cloud Gate (aka The Bean) from a similar vantage point but taken on different times of the day, different days, weeks, months, seasons, years ... Please check out the whole set at the right and enjoy!
+++ DISCLAIMER +++
Nothing you see here is real, even though the conversion or the presented background story might be based on historical facts. BEWARE!
Some background:
The Parder was a successor of the Tiger I & II tanks, combining the latter's thick armor with the armor sloping used on the Panther medium tank (which was, in fact, inspired by Soviet designs, most of all by the T-34). While several Entwicklungspanzer designs were under development, the Parder was a short-term attempt to overcome the Tiger II's main shortcoming: its weight of almost seventy metric tons (it was protected by up to 180 mm/7.1" of front armor!), the resulting lack of mobility and an overburdened drivetrain originally intended for a lighter vehicle. Leaking seals and gaskets also took their toll on reliability.
In order to keep the development phase short the Parder used basically the same chassis as the Tiger II, as well as the engine, transmission and the long barreled 8.8 cm KwK 43 L/71 gun. But it reveiced a new hull with optimized armor and many detail modifications that reduced the overall weight by more than ten tons, getting overall weight back to the level of the Tiger I
The SdKfz. 190 used a conventional hull design with sloped armor from all sides, resembling the layout of the T-34 a lot. Its was so effective that the front armor could be reduced to 120 mm (4.7 in) with only little loss in protection. The crew was reduced to four, only the driver remained in the hull and the front machine gun was omitted, too.
The 'Parder' (archaic German term for leopard), how the vehicle was semi-officially christened by the Entwicklungskommission Panzer, had a rear mounted engine and used nine steel-tired overlapping road wheels per side with internal springing, mounted on transverse torsion bars.
The turret had been designed by Krupp and featured a rounded front and steeply sloped sides, with a difficult-to-manufacture curved bulge on the turret's left side to accommodate the commander's cupola (often related to as the "Porsche" turret). The powerful 8.8 cm KwK 43 L/71 gun was combined with the Turmzielfernrohr 9d (German "turret telescopic sight") monocular sight by Leitz - a very accurate and deadly weapon.
During practice, the estimated probability of a first round hit on a 2 m (6 ft 7 in) high, 2.5 m (8 ft 2 in) wide target only dropped below 100 percent at ranges beyond 1,000 m (0.62 mi), to 95–97 percent at 1,500 metres (0.93 mi) and 85–87 percent at 2,000 m (1.2 mi), depending on ammunition type. Recorded combat performance was lower, but still over 80 percent at 1,000 m, in the 60s at 1,500 m and the 40s at 2,000 m.
Penetration of armored plate inclined at 30 degrees was 202 and 132 mm (8.0 and 5.2 in) at 100 m (110 yd) and 2,000 m (1.2 mi) respectively for the Panzergranate 39/43 projectile (PzGr—armor-piercing shell), and 238 and 153 mm (9.4 and 6.0 in) for the PzGr. 40/43 projectile between the same ranges. The Sprenggranate 43 (SpGr) high-explosive round was available for soft targets, or the Hohlgranate or Hohlgeschoss 39 (HlGr—HEAT or High explosive anti-tank warhead) round, which had 90 mm (3.5 in) penetration at any range, could be used as a dual-purpose munition against soft or armored targets.
Like all German tanks, the Parder had a gasoline engine; in this case the same 700 PS (690 hp, 515 kW) V-12 Maybach HL 230 P30 which powered the Panther, Tiger I and Tiger II tanks. The Tiger II was under-powered with it, though, and consumed a lot of fuel, which was in short supply for the Germans, but in the Parder it proved to be adequate, even though performance was not oustanding. The transmission was the Maybach OLVAR EG 40 12 16 Model B, giving eight forward gears and four reverse, which drove the steering gear.
In order to distribute the tank's weight an extra wide track was used, but this meant that each tank was issued with two sets of tracks: a normal "battle track" and a narrower "transport" version used during rail movement. The transport tracks reduced the overall width of the load and could be used to drive the tank short distances on firm ground.
The Parder was, like many German late war designs, rushed into combat, but thanks to its Tiger I & II heritage many mechanical teething problems had already been corrected. Reliability was considerably improved compared to the much heavier Tiger II, and the Parder did prove to be a very effective fighting vehicle, especially in a defensive role. However, some design flaws, such as its weak final drive units, were never corrected due to raw material shortages, and more tanks were given up by the crews than actually destroyed in combat.
The Parder was issued to heavy tank battalions of the Army (Schwere Heerespanzerabteilung – abbreviated s.H.Pz.Abt) where it replaced the Tiger I & II.
Specifications:
Crew Four (commander, gunner, loader, driver)
Weight 54 tonnes (60 short tons)
Length 7.02 metres (23 ft in) (hull only)
10.64 metres (34 ft 10 1/3 in) with gun forward
Width 3.88 metres (12 ft 9 in)
4.14 metres (13 ft 6 3/4 in) with optional Thoma shields
Height 2.84 metres (9 ft 4 in) w/o AA machine gun
Suspension torsion-bar
Ground clearance: 495 to 510 mm (1 ft 7.5 in to 1 ft 8.1 in)
Fuel capacity: 820 l (180 imp gal; 220 US gal)
Armor:
30–120 mm (1.2 – 4.7 in)
Performance:
Speed
- Maximum, road: 41.5 km/h (25.8 mph)
- Sustained, road: 38 km/h (24 mph)
- Cross country: 15 to 20 km/h (9.3 to 12.4 mph)
Operational range: 240 km (150 mi)
Power/weight: 12,96 PS/tonne (11,5 hp/ton)
Engine:
V-12 Maybach HL 230 P30 gasoline with 700 PS (690 hp, 515 kW)
Transmission:
Maybach OLVAR EG 40 12 16 B (8 forward and 4 reverse)
Armament:
1× 8.8 cm KwK 43 L/71 with 80 rounds
1× co-axial 7.92 mm Maschinengewehr 34 with 3.000 rounds
The kit and its assembly:
Something different… a whif tank! This was spawned from curiosity and the “wish” to build a German vehicle that would fit right into the E-25… E-100 range of experimental tanks.
It was to become a battle tank, and while browsing options and donation kits, I settled upon a replacement for the formidable but heavy and cumbersome Tiger B, also known as Tiger II, Königstiger or (wrongfully translated) King Tiger.
Anyway, creating a tank that would look (late war) German and still be whiffy was trickier than expected, and finally easier than expected, too. My solution would be a kit bashing: using many Tiger B parts (including the stylish Porsche tower and the running gear) and combining it with a hull that would offer better armor angles and look less “boxy”.
I effectively bashed two kits: one is the excellent 1:72 early Tiger B from Dragon, the other is Roden’s Soviet IS-3 tank – also very nice, even though the styrene is somewhat brittle.
My biggest fear was the running gear – combining the IS-3 hull with the Tiger B’s totally different legs scared me a lot – until I found that the parts from both kits (the Tiger B’s lower hull with all the suspension and the IS-3’s upper hull) could be combined rather easily combined. Just some cuts and improvised intersections, and the “new” tank hull was done!
As a side effect, the huge turret moved forward, and this considerably changes the silhouette. The IS-3’s opening had only to be widened slightly in order to accept the Porsche turret. Things matched up pretty well, also concerning size and proportions.
Otherwise, not much was changed. All wheels and tracks come from the Trumpeter Tiger B, the turret was also borrowed wholesale. I just changed some details (e. g. moving the spare track elements to the hull front), added some handles and also a heavy AA machine gun on the commander’s cupola, which is OOB, too.
Too simple? Well, for me it was not enough. For a more personal edge to the kit I decided to add Thoma skirts! Not the massive 5mm plates you frequently see on late Panzer IV tanks and its derivatives, rather the mesh type – lighter, less material-consuming, and a very special detail.
These were scratched. There are PE sets available, but that was too expensive and I was not certain if such items would fit in shape and size? So I made a cardboard template for the flanks and built a pair of skirts from styrene strips and a fine PET mesh that I had salvaged from a wallet long time ago.
The stuff is hard to glue onto something, so the styrene frame had to carry the mesh parts – and it works! The attachments to the hull were also scratched from styrene.
The Thoma shields add more width to the flat tank, but I think that they set the kit even more apart than just the borrowed IS-3 hull?
Painting and markings:
Hmmm, not totally happy with the finish. This was supposed to become a simple Hinterhalt (Ambush) paint scheme in Dark Yellow, Olive Green and Red Brown, but I did so much weathering that not much from the scheme can be recognized…
Painting was straightforward, though – I used Humbrol 94 and 173 as well as Modelmaster’s RAL 6003 as basic colors. The scheme’s benchmark is the official Tiger B scheme.
The basic colors received mottles in green on the yellow and yellow on the green and brown, and then the thing was thoroughly weathered with a black ink wash, dry-brushing, some aquarelle paint to simulate dust, and finally some pigments that simulate mud.
The tracks are made from soft vinyl, and also received a paint treatment in order to get rid of that shiny vinyl look: at first, with a mix of black and silver, which was immediately wiped off again, and later with a second, similar turn with silver and dark brown.
The mud was added just before the whole running gear was mounted as one of the final assembly stages, and final retouches were made with acrylic umbra paint.
Alas, I think I overdid it – much of the formidable and very attractive paint scheme was lost, even though the yucky, brownish finish now also works fine and looks like rough duty?
So, an experiment with good and bad results. Certainly not the last whif tank (at least one more on the agenda), and after so many aircraft a new kind of challenge. ^^
Saint- Nicolas Blasimon was once a small monastery under the patronage of Saint -Maurice. It depended successively La Sauve and Saint Jean d'Angely . Mentioned in the tenth century , it has left little trace in history. Its unique four- vaulted bays ship warheads is the result of numerous modifications that have affected the built in small rubble early church.
the facade
The happiest part of these works is the rehabilitation of the facade, the mid-twelfth century. We then drew up a rectangular screen divided by four pairs of slender engaged columns, which still exists at the end of an avenue of trees in a romantic desire valley. Few works tremble such a joy. At ground level, the profile of column bases - two tori surrounding a studded bra besants - continues uninterrupted in stylobate tompu at the foot of the frontispiece to provide a sitting elegantly engineered, stable and pleasant to the eye. At the center of the ground floor opens a broken door with five arches carved ébrasent is largely under a beautiful archi . To meet this monumental entrance, right and left, in the frame drums paired, two small arches , drawing feints doors whose single roller falls on two columns facing each other. Almost halfway up a thick cornice corbels , covered with a little glaze, powerfully underlines the nakedness of the floor, where a large bay semicircular slit in the thirteenth century geminal arcade, stands alone in center of the facade . Both narrow and slender side panels to the floor overcome the blind arches on the ground floor remained undecorated , indulging in their eye recount the beauty of the limestone unit blond . If a second ledge was provided at very simple capitals crowning the tall columns of the facade, it has not been built , and there is , fortunately, not weighed down by the perfection of this sensitive geometry erected to serve as a backdrop to one of the most prodigious creations carved Aquitaine. The fifteenth century only built over the entire width of the frontispiece, a bell gable wall at the bottom decorated with hooks, weighted at birth crawling by two small pinnacles ; four bays aligned pointed arch surmounted by a fifth the same ajourent and make the set as a slight additional arcade open sky background.
sculpture
Concentrated in the blind bays , the central portal , window and coving, carved ornament of the church has largely escaped the revolutionary vandalism, which however mutilated heads in 1793 , and projects restaurateurs Giraud in 1848. A foodservice retailer also conducted with great care in recent years, not only partially affected. This is one of the vertices of the Romanesque Southwest in its final phase : the splendor of the figures, verve and freedom of invention ornament, grace and elegance that give the whole sensitivity and the address of a stunning scissors are strictly exceptional . As the lateral portal, fat stems, swollen arcades, run and hug wholesale foliage almost completely detached from the mass of the abacus, and even erosion of limestone lends them, if possible, a charm more. It is the same for palmettes second, third and fifth arches from inside. Their unusual size, strength and perfection of their curves, the nervousness of the chasing and their full implementation contribute to making the exceptional setting entrench storied arches . The capitals are in the same vein, but wear makes them sometimes tricky to decipher. Bases of the northern arcade, are , left, two birds strangled by a man they peck ears, right, two very spoiled monsters. The southern false door shows a vegetable basket and characters amidst foliage. The central portal, the line offers baskets , left to right: a lion face, a marked Far Eastern character entwined basil tamed by man, griffins, a juggler dancing accompanied by two musicians playing the sitting a lyre , the other viola - a scene that particularly well astragalus loaded beads and saw- tooth stresses - and a worn down characters about which has just been restored. The splay of this right under the arch intrados a basket of modern scrolls, then a man between two lions, a man supported by two birds, two characters pruning a tree and a tasty vegetable trash the lower half of which is new.
But the most beautiful part of this program lies in its arches with figures. The concave roller, first, where four angels standing on the clouds lifted their high - haloed wings instead of missing their heads, accompanied by slight rise in the arch of the Paschal Lamb who sat in the key, and is no longer present by its circular mandorla. They hold the instruments of the Passion, including the crown of thorns is still discernible on the left, and maybe whip whipping. They are the brothers of the great creations that name: Aulnay, Pont l'Abbé, Chadenac . As are relatives of the same current figures of Virtues Vices slaying in one of the many illustrations of Psychomachia, probably the most beautiful. It is effortless that the thin ideal figures of the Virtues, whose clothes small tight folds mold body that extends to the extreme, outweigh the Vices, hideous beasts swarming and crawling they trample . Sword or spear, protected by those they wore long shields to 1160-1170, and that suits their elegant mannerisms, they dominate more than they fight victorious, if one may say, from eternity. Languedoc distant origin of this growth is still perceptible in plastic Virtue right at the bottom of the arch, the most beautiful perhaps, crossing her long legs like a courtship dance.
The archivolte is dedicated to the hunt. Departures of the arc admirable isolated plant stylize comm: in staging Shakespeare, the dark world of the forest. The tree on the left has a tiny archer. Unfolds over a pack, encouraged by a ringer wrong; Dog sitting waiting for the signal to the end hallali where deer, forced is taken hock and throat, and still covered by a second archer, found that simultaneous presentation of successive elements of an action so dear to the narrative technique of the novel world. The right half of the arch has suffered more. One can see the struggle of a centaur against a monster, and a beautiful character drawn, leaning on his spear. Such is the extraordinary portal, crowned with the glory that should by a cornice with beautiful corbels responsible for animal and human figures wearing masks cord carved entablature, worthy of its tasty fullness and surmounted buxom palmettes of the single bay in the center of the facade.
(from: Romanesque Guyenne ; Pierre Dubourg Noves , Ed Zodiac , Coll Night Time, 1979)
Staff Sgt. Chantel Thibeaux, Joint Base-Fort Sam Houston, Texas, dental assistant instructor, smiles as her mother Carla gives her a hug. Thibeaux, 27, the youngest breast cancer patient at San Antonio Medical Center, was diagnosed with breast cancer in February 2014. Her mother Carla scheduled administrative leave to be there for Thibeaux and her family during double mastectomy surgery. (U.S. Air Force photo/Staff Sgt. Vernon Young Jr.)
Staff Sgt. Chantel Thibeaux, Joint Base-Fort Sam Houston, Texas, dental assistant instructor, peeks down at a line of Airmen laughing during their graduation rehearsal. Thibeaux's battle with breast cancer didn't stop her from bonding with the Airmen she was charged to prepare for the operational Air Force. (U.S. Air Force photo/Staff Sgt. Vernon Young Jr.)
To overcome fear of flying, it is important to avoid the use of stimulants and breathe calmly drinks.
During the flight, try to relax with music or reading.
Tips:
How to be a good employee?
Fashionable Looks for summer
How to Overcome Fear of Flying?
Air travel can cause much fear in some...
Durga, meaning "the invincible" is the principal form of the Goddess, also known as Devi and Shakti in Hinduism. Durga the mahashakti, the form and formless, is the root cause of creation, preservation and annihilation. According to legend, Durga was created for the slaying of the buffalo demon Mahisasura by Brahma, Vishnu, Shiva, and the lesser gods, who were otherwise powerless to overcome him. Embodying their collective energy (shakti), she is both derivative from the male divinities and the manifested representation of their power.
For Shaivas and Shaktas Durga is the wife of Shiva. For Vaishnavas Durga is another name/form of Uma or Parvati. This is especially prevalent in the Shakta denomination within Hinduism, which worships the Goddess Devi in all her manifestations. She is Goddess Lakshmi and Goddess Saraswati in her mild form; Goddess Kali and Goddess Chandi in her wrathful form. She is the intelligence in all beings and is referred as Chamundhaye. Durga is also called Padmanabha-Sahodari and Narayani, the sister of Lord Vishnu. To bring back lord Shiva in Sansar, she was reborn in human form (Sati and Parvati) to marry Shiva. Durga gave birth to his first child Kartikeya. Durga Puja, held annually in her honour, is one of the great festivals of eastern India.
ORIGINS AND DEVELOPMENT
Ramprasad Chanda writes the following about the development of Durga from primitive goddess to her current form:
...it is possible to distinguish two different strata – one primitive and the other advanced. The primitive form of Durga is the result of syncretism of a mountain-goddess worshiped by the dwellers of the Himalaya and the Vindhyas, a goddess worshiped by the nomadic Abhira shepherd, the vegetation spirit conceived as a female, and a war-goddess. As her votaries advanced in civilization the primitive war-goddess was transformed into the personification of the all-destroying time (Kali), the vegetation spirit into the primordial energy (Adya Sakti) and the saviouress from “samsara” (cycle of rebirths) , and gradually brought into line with the Brahmanic mythology and philosophy.
The delusion of the supreme soul is otherwise called Shakti (power). From this power, generates all forms of knowledge of the world and it is accepted as vital cause of creation, existence and destruction. According to 'Shree Durga Shaptshati- Rahasyam', the original power is Mahalaxmi that created three pairs of Supreme Powers. They are Brahma, Vishnu and Shiva as male and Saraswati, Laxmi and Parvati as female, and they married respectively. Maha Saraswati is well known as Brahmani, Mahalaxmi as Vaishnavi and Mahakali as Maheswari. Durga Shakti is the original cause of all the present or past worldly occurrences. Durga Shakti is called as Adhyashakti, Paramatma Shakti or Ati Prakrutika Shakti. She is creating and controlling other two powers: Natural and General. Natural Power is called as Atma Shakti, Prakrutika Shakti, Pancha Mahabhuta Shakti etc. This Shakti creates and controls the General Energy. General Energies are called Jada Shakti or Tamashakti. By the blessings of Durga Shakti, the mother of the Universe, man is able to get his emancipation or salvation and indulge in enjoyments in performance of his daily activities. So Vyasadev, the eminent poet of "Devi Bhagwat", has aptly described "Rudrahinam Vishnuhinam na vadanti janastatha Shaktihinam Yathasarbe probodhanti Naradhamam". The powerless persons are despised as mean persons. So, by being devoted to the Supreme, we should be strong and powerful by her grace.
STORIES
Shiva Purana gives an account of the origin of Durga. At the beginning of time, Lord Shiva invoked Durga, the primordial energy from his left half to create. Together they created their eternal abode, Shivaloka, also known as Kashi. Thereafter, they created Vishnu and Brahma.
As per Shiva Purana and Devi Mahatmyah, Mahishasura, the son of demon Rambha, unleashed reign of terror on earth. When gods intervened, Mahishasura defeated gods and banished them from heaven. Vanquished gods went to Trideva- Brahma, Vishnu and Shiva. As they narrated their woeful tale, immense mass of light manifested from Lord Vishnu's mouth, which was joined by similar rays that emerged from the enraged faces of gods. This mass of light transformed into a woman. Then all the Gods gave their divine weapon to that supreme power. Adishakti re-manifested as Durga to slay Mahishasura. Armed with celestial weapons of all deities and decked with divine ornaments, Durga rode into the battle field and challenged demons for battle. Mahishasura's entire army, led by demons like Chikshur, Chamar, Asiloma, Vidalaksha, Durdhara, Durmukha, Mahahanu and many more attacked Durga at once. But Durga slew all of them with unparalleled cruelty. An enraged Mahishasura attacked Durga in guise of a buffalo. But Durga bound it with ropes. The buffalo morphed into a lion and leapt on Durga, but she beheaded it with her sword. At this, Mahishasura began to fight in form of a swordsman. Durga pinned him down with a torrent of arrows. Mahishasura now assumed form of a giant elephant and tugged at Durga's lion. Durga lopped off its trunk with her sword and freed her lion. The elephant turned into a buffalo and charged at Durga. Sipping from her wine cup, Durga flung her trident and beheaded Mahishasura, finally killing him.
WORSHIP
The four-day-long (Saptami to Dashami) Durga Puja is the biggest annual festival in Bengal, Assam, Odisha, Bihar, Jharkhand and Nepal, where it is known as Dashain. It is celebrated likewise with much fervour in various parts of India, especially the Himalayan region, but is celebrated in various forms throughout the Hindu universe.
The day of Durga's victory is celebrated as Vijayadashami (Bihar, Bengali), Dashain (Nepali) or Dussehra (Hindi) – these words literally mean "the Victory on the Tenth (day)".
In Andhra Pradesh she is also worshipped as Kanaka Durgammathalli,where there is also famous temple for Goddess Kanaka Durga in Indrakeeladri, Vijayawada. She is also known by the name of Chandi Bhavani.
In Kashmir she is worshipped as shaarika (the main temple is in Hari Parbat in Srinagar).
The actual period of the worship however may be on the preceding nine days (Navaratri) followed by the last day called Vijayadashami in North India or five days in Bengal (from the sixth to tenth day of the waxing-moon fortnight). Nine aspects of Durga known as Navadurga are meditated upon, one by one during the nine-day festival by devout Shakti worshippers. Durga Puja also includes the worship of Shiva, who is Durga's consort (Durga is an aspect of Goddess Parvati), in addition to Lakshmi, Saraswati with Ganesha and Kartikeya, who are considered to be Durga's children. Worship of mother nature is done, through nine types of plant (called "Kala Bou"), including a plantain (banana) tree, which represent nine divine forms of Goddess Durga. In South India especially, Andhra Pradesh Dussera Navaratri is also celebrated and the goddess is dressed each day as a different devi – Shailputri Bramhacharini chandi chandraghantaetc. – for the nine days.
In North India, the tenth day, is celebrated as Dussehra, the day Rama emerged victorious in his battle against the demon, Ravana – gigantic straw effigies of Ravana are burnt in designated open spaces (e.g. Delhi's Ram Lila grounds), watched by thousands of families and little children.
In Mysore (which originated from Mahishasooru) in Karnataka, she is worshipped as Chamundeshwari, the patron goddess of the city during Dussehra (Dasara).
In Gujarat it is celebrated as the last day of Navaratri, during which the Garba dance is performed to celebrate the victory of Mahishasura-mardini, Durga.
The Goddess Durga is worshipped in her peaceful form as Maha Gauri, The Fair Lady, Shree Shantadurga also known as Santeri, is the patron Goddess of Goa. She is worshipped by all Goan Hindus.
In Maharashtra, Tulja Bhavani, Hedavde Mahalaxmi and Ambabai are worshipped as Mahishasur Mardini, who is the patron goddess of the land. Bhavani is known as Tulaja, Amba, Renuka, Yamai Saptshrungi and Jogai in different places of Maharashtra. She is the inspirational goddess of Raja Shivaji. As per legends, Bhavani appeared after Shivaji prayed to her and blessed him to be able to make Hindustan or the then India (ruled by the Mughals) independent – the kingdom he established eventually became the Hindu Pad Padshahi (sometimes also called the Maratha Empire), which comprised all the land ruled by the Mughals and brought India back under Hindu sovereignty.
In Bangladesh also, the four-day long Sharadiya Durga Puja (Bengali: শারদীয়া দুর্গা পুজো, ‘autumnal Durga worship’) is the biggest religious festivals for the Hindus and celebrated across the country with Vijayadashami being a national holiday.
The prominence of Durga Puja increased gradually during the British Raj in Bengal. After the Hindu reformists identified Durga with India, she became an icon for the Indian independence movement.
WESTERN REFERENCES
Some early Western accounts refer to a deity known as Deumus, Demus or Deumo. Western (Portuguese) sailors first came face to face with the murti of Deumus at Calicut on the Malabar Coast and they concluded it to be the deity of Calicut. Deumus is sometimes interpreted as an aspect of Durga in Hindu mythology and sometimes as deva.
It is described that the ruler of Calicut (Zamorin) had a murti of Deumus in his temple inside his royal palace. The temple was two paces wide in each of the four sides and three paces high, with a wooden door covered with gods carved in relief. At the centre of the temple, there was a metal idol of Deumus placed in a seat, which was also made of metal.
Western accounts also describe the ruler of Calicut worshiping an ultimate god called Tamerani ("Tamburan"). The accounts also describes a misunderstood form of the "hook-swinging" ritual once commonly performed as part of some popular Hindu religious festivals.
WIKIPEDIA
How to Overcome Envy and Comparison (MTF Transgender / Crossdressing Tips)
sissy.silicone-breast.com/2016/09/20/how-to-overcome-envy...
imgur.com/79dWqdx.jpg?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=rss
Do you ever compare yourself to cisgender "transgender" women? Or girls who are further along on their feminine journeys?
Have you ever looked at somebody else’s life or looks and thought… why can’t I have that?
If so, you’re not alone.
It’s only human to feel jealous or envious fr
(Force Overcoming Discord)
Artist: Louis-Désiré Avenet (1822–1896)
Date: c. 1855
Material: White marble
Location: Hôtel de Ville d’Avignon, main hall/grand staircase. 🔹 Formal Description
The sculptural group depicts two nude female figures in dynamic tension:
The upper figure, with a firm anatomy and resolute gesture, dominates the lower figure, holding her by the arm and hair.
The lower figure, with softer features, writhes in an attempt to resist.
The group rests on a block of marble decorated with vegetal motifs and is positioned before a large mirror and mural frescoes, which reinforces its theatrical effect.
🔹 Symbolic Interpretation
The work is a moral and political allegory:
Force symbolizes legitimate authority, civic order, and social cohesion.
Discord, defeated, represents internal conflicts, anarchy, or the dissolution of the social body.
In the context of the 19th century, the composition expresses the republican and municipal aspiration for harmony and stability following the political upheavals of the era.
Style and Context
Avenet adopts a Neoclassical style with Romantic undertones: idealized figures, dramatic expressiveness, and a spiraling composition.
The work is part of the decorative program of the Hôtel de Ville, rebuilt between 1845 and 1859, which celebrates the civic and moral virtues of the city of Avignon through sculptures and frescoes by local artists.
Author
Louis-Désiré Avenet, an Avignon-born sculptor trained in Paris, was a student of James Pradier. He created public works in Marseille, Nîmes, and his hometown. “La Force domptant la Discorde” is considered one of his most ambitious pieces and a symbol of local artistic pride.
GENERATION OF HIGH QUALITY:
(Is a human / generation that is able to do as follows below):
1. OVERCOME VARIOUS problema ACHIEVE ANY DESIRE =
= Healing .......................for self and others; distance / near
= Achieve ...... .................for self and others; distance / near
= Reach ......................... love for self and others; distance / near
= Happiness, etc. ............ for self and others; distance / near
2. CHILDREN UNDER THE NEED = BEFORE / AFTER BIRTH =
= Face......... to conform with the wishes
= Nature ......to conform with the wishes
= Genitals .....to conform with the wishes
= Twin / no.. accordance with the wishes
= Ability ........to comply with the wishes
= IQ..............for liking
= Its future, ..etc. to conform with the wishes
3. SOME LETTERS PASSWORD..... free ( OWN CREATION)
4. COPYRIGHT COMBINED SOME POETRY FROM NAME =
= Name and meaning / purpose of poetry depends request ....(Free)
Please Sorry not to be discussed, discussed in the liver and then get GENERATION HIGH QUALITY send USD; 1,500,000 (to point 1 and point 2) to: Rosida no. rek.654801002820505 BRI branch: 6548 units Sumenep Kalianget East Java Indonesia then send it to us: full address, profiles, and desire through PO.BOX, sms / call, email.atau you can come directly to our hut.
Then you will get:
1. some books to guide science GENERATION HIGH QUALITY good to use before marriage / after, before the birth / thereafterwith this book you will learn and be able to:
a. OVERCOME VARIOUS problema ACHIEVE ANY DESIRE =
= .............. Healing for self and others; distance / near
= Achieve .............. for self and others; distance / near
= Reach ............. love for self and others; distance / near
= Happiness, etc. ............ for self and others; distance / near
b. CHILDREN UNDER THE NEED = BEFORE / AFTER BIRTH =
= Face ...................... to conform with the wishes
= Nature................... to conform with the wishes
= Genitals..................to conform with the wishes
= Twin / no................to accordance with the wishes
= Ability .....................to comply with the wishes
= IQ ..........................for liking
= Its future,............... etc. to conform with the wishes
2. MIXED FOODS, BEVERAGES efficacious for consumption during the 24h X a month, so you will learn and be able to:
a. OVERCOME VARIOUS problema ACHIEVE ANY DESIRE =
= .............. Healing for self and others; distance / near
= Achieve .............. for self and others; distance / near
= Reach ............. love for self and others; distance / near
= Happiness, etc. ............ for self and others; distance / near b. CHILDREN UNDER THE NEED = BEFORE / AFTER BIRTH =
= Face ...................... to conform with the wishes
= Nature................... to conform with the wishes
= Genitals..................to conform with the wishes
= Twin / no................to accordance with the wishes
= Ability .....................to comply with the wishes
= IQ ..........................for liking
= Its future,............... etc. to conform with the wishes
3. manual close / far away forever (if we die our generation will continue; (transfer of energy and other such) so you will learn and be able to:
a. OVERCOME VARIOUS problema ACHIEVE ANY DESIRE =
= .............. Healing for self and others; distance / near
= Achieve .............. for self and others; distance / near
= Reach ............. love for self and others; distance / near
= Happiness, etc. ............ for self and others; distance / near b. CHILDREN UNDER THE NEED = BEFORE / AFTER BIRTH =
= Face ...................... to conform with the wishes
= Nature................... to conform with the wishes
= Genitals..................to conform with the wishes
= Twin / no................to accordance with the wishes
= Ability .....................to comply with the wishes
= IQ ..........................for liking
= Its future,............... etc. to conform with the wishes
alifi30271@hotmail.comalif30271@yahoo.co.idalif30271@ymail.comalifi30271@gmail.comalifi30271@yahoo.comal30271@yahoo.comhttp://alifi30271.blogspot.com/http://generationofhighlyqualified.blogspot.com/http://alif30271.blogspot.com/http://www.mybloglog.com/buzz/alif30271http://my.opera.com/alif30271http://www.filmannex.com/alifiyasintadewi-nurqodrihttp:generationofhighlyqualified.blogspot.com/www.myspace.com/551149748http://groups.google.com/group/generation-high-qualityhttp://www.mixpod.com/alif30271http://www.flickr.com/photos/alifi30271yahoocomhttp://alifi30271.blogspot.com/http://generationofhighlyqualified.blogspot.com/http://alif30271.blogspot.com/http://profile.typepad.com/alifiyasintadewisahidi.achmad @ yahoo.com rsida@ymail.com
SMS = 081331412197 = 087850539399 = 081939047397
Rosida SAHIDI / alifiyasintadewi nurqodri Klg POBOX.30271 69 471 INDONESIA JL. PORT KERTASADA No.38 RT.02/01 Kalianget SUMENEP 69 471 EAST JAVA INDONESIA
* While it is not yet born, later born, the child - children, adolescence, adulthood, so parents, if in the future it is better than all the elements (Chronicle, seeds, lathe, ancestor, and weight), it will be good precisely on The next period, or the next descent. (That's rotation system, if either it will be good also in the future - which will be passed next time.) But that does not mean there is a problem for which the system can not get / create GENERATION OF HIGHLY qualified ...! Before the marriage, before birth, or after birth, GENERATION OF HIGHLY qualified to be created.
So far away before marriage, there was no system of creation, how generations / children that we want, of this process we will know how to actually solve various problems from within ourselves or others, and how to achieve all desires ranging fromin themselves, then help others After birth we were able to drive to create, how abilitasnya, his IQ, character, future, etc., so that our children become the generation that highly qualified.
After birth GENERATION OF HIGHLY Qualified created through two methods:
1.metode in dlahir / sharia / real (through our assistance)
2.metode inner / supernatural (through our assistance)
* After being born under the control arms with MOTHER LOVE:1.method is dlahir / visible / tangible, MOM, DAD, and FAMILY will be more visible to direct, create for children / generation is to become GENERATION OF HIGHLY qualified. 2. methods are unseen through our aid.
* Nature after birth will be brought to nature - nature in the natural maturation of the length distribution, this is where (in nature after the birth of many banks and management of data storage for your child / children / next generation), negatifpenyimpananannya / planting, it will be negative pendewasaannya . then .......... how to create pendewasaannya?GENERATION OF HIGHLY order to become qualified ?.... contact us to get the method. (All goods will be shipped to your place)
* In the arms of the mother and father, and families: making peace happily embrace the affection (without interference of other negative plan brain thinking) that would make the implementation of ITS THE PEACEFUL, HAPPY, LOVE, affectionate, THE ALMIGHTY CREATOR
* Starting from happiness within yourself, then direct the happiness to the wife, or husband, (co-exist and complement between husband and wife). Subsequent to the generation / our child, in community groups, state, and even the world so it will be in accordance with the purpose of the creator, and the goal THE ALMIGHTY CREATOR will be the creation of perfect beings called human.
By creating GENERATION OF HIGHLY qualified then, each of the individual, every family, every group of society, every citizen, and every race and human beings will be in accordance with the wishes, goals, ideals of every self, every family, every human being on earth as the purpose of religion, state and nation, even as the purpose of the creator, as the purpose of THE ALMIGHTY CREATOR will be the creation of perfect beings called human
GENERASI BERKWALITAS TINGGI :
(adalah manusia/generasi yang mampu untuk berbuat sebagaimana berikut di bawah ini) :
1. ATASI BERBAGAI MACAM PROBLEMA MENCAPAI SEGALA KEINGINAN=
=penyembuhan..............untuk diri dan orang lain ; jarak jauh/dekat
=mencapai cita..............untuk diri dan orang lain; jarak jauh/dekat
=mencapai cinta.............untuk diri dan orang lain; jarak jauh/dekat
=kebahagiaan,dll............untuk diri dan orang lain; jarak jauh/dekat
2. ANAK SESUAI KEINGINAN =SEBELUM/SETELAH LAHIR=
=wajahnya......................agar sesuai dengan keinginan
=sifatnya........................ agar sesuai dengan keinginan
=kelaminnya...................agar sesuai dengan keinginan
=kembar/tidaknya..........agar sesuai dengan keinginan
=ability............................agar sesuai dengan keinginan
=IQ-nya..........................agar sesuai dengan keinginan
=masa depannya,dll.......agar sesuai dengan keinginan
3. BEBERAPA HURUF SANDI CIPTAAN SENDIRI ........................(gratis)
4. CIPTA PUISI DARI GABUNGAN BEBERAPA NAMA=
=nama dan makna/tujuan puisi tergantung permintan............................. (gratis)
Mohon ma'af bukan untuk di diskusikan, diskusikan pada hati lalu dapatkan GENERATION HIGH QUALITY
kirim Rp;1.500.000 (untuk point 1 dan point 2)
ke :ROSIDA no. rek.654801002820505 BRI cabang: 6548 unit kalianget sumenep Jawa Timur Indonesia
kemudian kirim kepada kami: alamat lengkap, profil, dan keinginan lewat Po.Box,sms/call, email.atau anda dapat datang langsung ke gubug kami.
Maka anda akan mendapatkan:
1. beberapa kitab ilmu penuntun menjadi GENERATION HIGH QUALITY baik digunakan sebelum nikah/setelahnya, sebelum adanya kelahiran/setelahnya
dengan kitab ini anda akan belajar dan mampu untuk bisa:
a. ATASI BERBAGAI MACAM PROBLEMA MENCAPAI SEGALA KEINGINAN=
=penyembuhan..............untuk diri dan orang lain ; jarak jauh/dekat
=mencapai cita..............untuk diri dan orang lain; jarak jauh/dekat
=mencapai cinta.............untuk diri dan orang lain; jarak jauh/dekat
=kebahagiaan,dll............untuk diri dan orang lain; jarak jauh/dekat
b. ANAK SESUAI KEINGINAN =SEBELUM/SETELAH LAHIR=
=wajahnya...................... agar sesuai dengan keinginan
=sifatnya........................agar sesuai dengan keinginan
=kelaminnya...................agar sesuai dengan keinginan
=kembar/tidaknya..........agar sesuai dengan keinginan
=ability............................agar sesuai dengan keinginan
=IQ-nya..........................agar sesuai dengan keinginan
=masa depannya,dll.......agar sesuai dengan keinginan
2. CAMPURAN MAKANAN,MINUMAN BERKHASIAT untuk di konsumsi selama 24jam X satu bulan, sehingga anda akan belajar dan mampu untuk bisa:
a. ATASI BERBAGAI MACAM PROBLEMA MENCAPAI SEGALA KEINGINAN=
=penyembuhan..............untuk diri dan orang lain ; jarak jauh/dekat
=mencapai cita..............untuk diri dan orang lain; jarak jauh/dekat
=mencapai cinta.............untuk diri dan orang lain; jarak jauh/dekat
=kebahagiaan,dll............untuk diri dan orang lain; jarak jauh/dekat
b. ANAK SESUAI KEINGINAN =SEBELUM/SETELAH LAHIR=
=wajahnya...................... agar sesuai dengan keinginan
=sifatnya........................ agar sesuai dengan keinginan
=kelaminnya...................agar sesuai dengan keinginan
=kembar/tidaknya..........agar sesuai dengan keinginan
=ability............................agar sesuai dengan keinginan
=IQ-nya..........................agar sesuai dengan keinginan
=masa depannya,dll.......agar sesuai dengan keinginan
3. panduan jarak dekat/jauh selamanya (jika kami mati generasi kami akan melanjutkannya; (transfer energi dan lain lain semacamnya) sehingga anda akan belajar dan mampu untuk bisa:
a. ATASI BERBAGAI MACAM PROBLEMA MENCAPAI SEGALA KEINGINAN=
=penyembuhan..............untuk diri dan orang lain ; jarak jauh/dekat
=mencapai cita..............untuk diri dan orang lain; jarak jauh/dekat
=mencapai cinta.............untuk diri dan orang lain; jarak jauh/dekat
=kebahagiaan,dll............untuk diri dan orang lain; jarak jauh/dekat
b. ANAK SESUAI KEINGINAN =SEBELUM/SETELAH LAHIR=
=wajahnya......................agar sesuai dengan keinginan
=sifatnya........................ agar sesuai dengan keinginan
=kelaminnya...................agar sesuai dengan keinginan
=kembar/tidaknya..........agar sesuai dengan keinginan
=ability............................agar sesuai dengan keinginan
=IQ-nya..........................agar sesuai dengan keinginan
=masa depannya,dll.......agar sesuai dengan keinginan
alifi30271@hotmail.com
alif30271@yahoo.co.id
alif30271@ymail.com
alifi30271@gmail.com
alifi30271@yahoo.com
al30271@yahoo.com
generationofhighlyqualified.blogspot.com/
www.mybloglog.com/buzz/alif30271
www.filmannex.com/alifiyasintadewi-nurqodri
http:generationofhighlyqualified.blogspot.com/
groups.google.com/group/generation-high-quality
www.flickr.com/photos/alifi30271yahoocom
generationofhighlyqualified.blogspot.com/
profile.typepad.com/alifiyasintadewi
sahidi.achmad@yahoo.com
rsida@ymail.com
SMS =081331412197 =087850539399 =081939047397
ROSIDA SAHIDI/alifiyasintadewi nurqodri
POBOX.30271 KLG 69471 INDONESIA
JL. PELABUHAN KERTASADA NO.38 RT.02/01 KALIANGET SUMENEP JAWA TIMUR 69471 INDONESIA
*Semasih belum lahir, kemudian lahir, masa anak - anak, masa remaja, dewasa, jadi orang tua, jika dalam pada masa itu adalah baik dari semua unsur (babad, bibit, bubut, bebet,dan bobot), maka akan baik pulalah pada masa berikutnya, atau keturunan berikutnya.(itulah sistem rotasi , jika baik maka akan baik pula pada masa - masa yang akan dilalui berikutnya).
Tetapi bukan berarti bagi yang sistemnya ada masalah tidak bisa mendapatkan/menciptakan GENERATION OF HIGHLY QUALIFIED...!
Sebelum menikah, sebelum lahir,ataupun setelah lahir,GENERATION OF HIGHLY QUALIFIED dapat diciptakan.
Maka jauh jauh sebelum menikah, dari sana sudah ada sistem penciptaan, bagaimana generasi/anak yang kita inginkan, dari proses ini kita akan tahu bagaimana sebenarnya mengatasi berbagai macam problema dari dalam diri kita sendiri atau orang lain,dan bagaimana cara mencapai segala keinginan mulai dari dalam diri, kemudian membantu orang lain
Setelah lahir pun kita dapat mengarahkan menciptakan; bagaimana abilitasnya, IQ-nya, sifatnya,masa depannya,dll, sehingga anak kita menjadi generasi yang highly qualified.
Setelah lahir GENERATION OF HIGHLY QUALIFIED diciptakan melalui dua metode:
1.metode secara dlahir/syariat/nyata (melalui bantuan kami)
2.metode batin/ghaib (melalui bantuan kami)
*Setelah lahir yang tengah berada dalam kekuasaan dekapan KASIH IBU dengan:
1. metode secara dlahir/nampak/ nyata,IBU,AYAH, dan KELUARGA akan lebih nampak untuk mengarahkan,menciptakan agar anak/generasi adalah menjadi GENERATION OF HIGHLY QUALIFIED.
2. metode secara ghaib melalui bantuan kami.
*Alam setelah kelahiran pun akan di bawa kepada alam - alam yang panjang pendistribusiannya pada alam pendewasaan, disinilah (pada alam setelah kelahiran ini banyak dan penuh bank penyimpanan data bagi si kecil/anak/generasi penerus), negatifpenyimpananannya/penanamannya,maka akan negatif pendewasaannya.
lalu.......... bagaimana menciptakan pendewasaannya? agar menjadi GENERATION OF HIGHLY QUALIFIED?.... hubungi kami untuk mendapatkan metodenya. (semua barang akan dipaketkan ke tempat anda)
*Dalam dekapan sang ibu dan ayah ,serta keluarga: menjadikan dekapan damai bahagia kasih mesra (tanpa dicampuri pemikiran otak rencana negatif lain) yang akan menjadikan implementasi dari SANG PEMBERI DAMAI, BAHAGIA, KASIH,MESRA, SANG MAHA PENCIPTA
*Dimulai dari kebahagiaan dalam diri, kemudian mengarahkan kebahagiaan pada istri,atau suami,(saling mengisi dan melengkapi antara suami istri).selanjutnya pada generasi/anak kita, pada kelompok masyarakat,negara,bahkan dunia sehingga akan sesuai dengan tujuan pencipta, serta tujuan SANG MAHA PENCIPTA akan diciptakannya makhluk sempurna yang bernama manusia.
Dengan mencipta GENERATION OF HIGHLY QUALIFIED maka,setiap diri pribadi,setiap keluarga,setiap kelompok masyarakat,setiap warga negara,dan setiap umat dan makhluk manusia akan sesuai dengan keinginan,tujuan,cita-cita dari setiap diri,setiap keluarga,setiap umat manusia didunia sebagaimana tujuan agama,negara dan bangsa,bahkan sebagaimana tujuanpencipta, sebagaimana tujuan SANG MAHA PENCIPTA akan diciptakannya makhluk sempurna yang bernama manusia.
Whatever it is you're going through,
persist through it knowing there's a way out;
you can overcome it and come out alright,
and He'll be with you every step of the way.
(The funny thing is that when I turn them over it says "come over." lol whoops. :P Drew on with eyeliner.)
We will overcome, by the blood of the lamb and the words of our testimony
-Jeremy Camp, Overcome
U.S. Army Sgt. Timothy Jenkins, assigned to Alpha Company, 1st Battalion, 4th Infantry Regiment, overcomes an obstacle during the Joint Multinational Training Command's Best Warrior Competition at Grafenwoehr Training Area in Bavaria, Germany, Aug. 12, 2014. (DoD photo by Gertrud Zach, U.S. Army/Released)
Personal typography project incorporating my photography and one inspirational quote.
I could write a novel telling all about all that I experienced, saw, and learned. This is just one of the many faces I met while in Uganda. This little girl and her sibling are such sweathearts, darlings.
Wonder over to my website to see more photos from my recent trip to Uganda here.
All the world is full of suffering, it is also full of overcoming. In case you were entertaining the thought of giving up...
We're back at the Monaco Ballroom on Friday December 12th for the final show of 2008!! Make sure you make it to see how the year's feuds end at this season ending super show - GPW: "Christmas Crunch"
We promise we wont crunch your credit.... we'll only crunch your Christmas!!
GPW Heavyweight Title Match
Bubblegum © vs. Dirk Feelgood
Just a few months ago you'd be forgiven for taking a double take at this match. The friendship between the two former friends totally imploded with the desire to become Heavyweight champion. Refusing to accept the demise of his friendship with Dirk Feelgood, Bubblegum spent months in turmoil not wanting to retaliate to the cutting comments and brutal attacks levelled his way by former friend and champion Feelgood. As time went by however, Bubblegum eventually unloaded on Feelgood but this will be the first time the two have ever come face to face in a one on one match. And to make things just a little more interesting... it's for the GPW Heavyweight Title. Can the fairytale championship reign continue for Bubblegum, or can Dirk shatter his dreams and become the first ever 2 time Heavyweight Champ?
Tag Team Special, Skeletor vs. Stella
Lethal Dose vs. Voodoo & "Sober" Mike Holmes
Alan Alan Alan Tasker's henchmen, Lethal Dose march into battle against former stable member Mike Holmes and the man they hold responsible for Holmes' new found sobriety - Voodoo. Cyanide and Toxic hope to tempt Holmes back over to the stable that two months ago he turned his back on. They want to snap him out of the spell they accuse Voodoo of putting him under. However, Holmes seems very happy with his new outlook on life and he and Voodoo look to send Lethal Dose packing in this tag team special. Lethal Dose have warned they will not be coming to the ring alone though, with them along with their attorney and law - Alan Alan Alan Tasker will be a 12 pack of Stella. Hoping the case of beer will prove to be a bigger demon to Holmes than the tag team itself. To fend off the 12 pack, Holmes and Voodoo will have Vooodoo's trusty skull, Skeletor in their corner. An unpredictable tag team match. Can MIke Holmes stay sober? Will Voodoo's spells work? Or will Lethal Dose deliver a beating big enough to break Voodoo's spell?
GPW British Title Match
Jak Dominotrescu vs. "Super" Sam Bailey
After pinning the British Champion last month in a tag team match, WKD's "Super" Sam Bailey has earned himself a title shot at GPW: "Christmas Crunch". Bailey, already a former tag team champion looks to add to his growing reputation by capturing his first ever singles gold in GPW. While reigning champion, Romanian Jak Domitrescu along with his cohorts - The Eastern Bloc look to make life as difficult as possible for the energetic live wire. Domitrescu has held onto the title since April this year with help from his fellow countrymen, but are his days numbered as champ? He surely wont be alone in this title outing and will have the Eastern Bloc close by, but can "Super" Sam Bailey overcome the odds to win his first singles gold in GPW?
And, the main event for the evening is...
GPW Tag Team Title 2/3 Falls Match
MIl-Anfield Connection © vs. Young Offenders
The heat just got turned up in this feud. The re-united Young Offenders have the most established tag team in GPW - The Mil-Anfield Connection firmly in their sights and not to mention the tag team trophy. These two teams met in September this year where there was no clear winner decided after the match ended in a draw. There will be NO excuses this time to not find a winner. This, for the first time in our history will be a 2/3 Falls Match for the tag team titles. A winner HAS to be decided, but who will it be? A truley epic encounter is in our midst as Jiggy Walker & "The Model" Danny Hope try to cling onto the championship that has defined them as a team and "Dangerous" Damon Leigh & Joey Hayes, The Young Offenders chase the title that one of the most popular tag teams in Europe have never held. Can the re-united friends overcome the well established unit that is The Mil-Anfield Connection? Or can the well oiled duo of the Mil-Anfield do what they've been doing all year and win again?
GPW British Title No.1 Contenders Match
Harry Doogle vs. Juice vs. Dylan Roberts vs. Chris Echo
After an eye catchingly good year from rookie Dylan Roberts, he has been included in this battle to earn a shot at the British Title. With a burning desire to win and the fans firmly behind him, Roberts could well mark his arrival onto the main roster by becoming the No.1 Contender and going for gold here. However, his opponents wont give him an easy ride. In a wonderful CC-08 tournament, no one impressed more than WKD's Chris Echo. Echo reached the CC-08 finals with two broken wrists and proved he is ready to take a step up. His previous attempts for British gold have been thwarted by the foreign legion numbers of the Eastern Bloc, is he ready to prove again that he is worthy of being No.1 Contender and finally lift the British title? Juice, the current CC8 champion has been as impressive as ever in singles competition this year, but can he compete in this match with 3 others all vying to be No.1 Contender? Also replacing Jervis Cottonbelly due to injury is Harry Doogle as a last minute entry could one half of the next gen score the upset win? , but with so many possible outcomes who will leave with the plaudits and go on to challenge for the British Title next year?
Lumberjack Match
Si Valour vs. Heresy
A violent and personal feud that has lasted all year long finally comes to a head in what promises to be a violent Lumberjack Match. Ever since brutalising Valour and cutting off all his hair, Heresy has, in some form or other dodged the challenge of Valour. Heresy claimed not to have lost his bottle or be running scared of the 2007 Break Out Star, yet during their Bull Rope clash at GPW: "V" where the two were tied to one another, Heresy still managed to find a way of escaping and creating distance between him and Valour. This time, in a special Lumberjack Match, no matter where either man go - there will be no escape. All lumberjacks will be at the ready to ensure neither man can escape the others clutches and a clear winner, one way or the other will HAVE to be decided. There will be nowhere to run to and nowhere to hide, no matter where they look. Heresy has been one step ahead of Valour all year, is this where he runs out of excuses, or can the master manipulator manipulate another win?
Designer: Lin Rangyu (林让玉)
1978, March
Overcome technical difficulties to enable our contributions to realize the Four Modernizations
Gongke jishu guan wei shixian sige xiandaihua zuo gongxian (攻克技术关为实现四个现代化做贡献)
Call nr.: PC-1978-004 (Private collection)
More? See: chineseposters.net
The 1st shoot of 2012 for Prisana. We shot on location in Norcross, GA.
Prisana (Visions Model)
Height: 66 Inches
Weight: 121
Measurements: 32-26-33
Ethnicity: Black
Eye color: Brown
Hair color:Brown
To Book Contact:
Casting@BlackBoxVisions.net
BlackBox Visions Photography
Stone Mountain, GA
678-895-7574
Who's Next???®
***Warning***While the contents of this site is of an artistic nature it does include images of the human form that should be restricted to viewing by mature individuals over the age of 18.
« If you appreciate my work and would like to support me becoming an independent photographer, become a Patreon supporter at www.patreon.com/alexdehaas, or buy me a coffee at www.buymeacoffee.com/alexdehaas :) »
Staff Sgt. Chantel Thibeaux, Joint Base-Fort Sam Houston, Texas, dental assistant instructor, stands up for the first time after double mastectomy surgery. Thibeaux, 27, was one of the youngest breast cancer patients at the San Antonio Medical Center to have double mastectomy surgery. (U.S. Air Force photo/Staff Sgt. Vernon Young Jr.)
Staff Sgt. Chantel Thibeaux, Joint Base-Fort Sam Houston, Texas, dental assistant instructor, hold onto a wig she would wear after her chemotherapy treatments. After doctors diagnosed her with cancer in Feb. 2014, Thibeaux's initial concerns were family, death and her hair. (U.S. Air Force photo/Staff Sgt. Vernon Young Jr.)
GENERATION OF HIGH QUALITY:
(Is a human / generation that is able to do as follows below):
1. OVERCOME VARIOUS problema ACHIEVE ANY DESIRE =
= Healing .......................for self and others; distance / near
= Achieve ...... .................for self and others; distance / near
= Reach ......................... love for self and others; distance / near
= Happiness, etc. ............ for self and others; distance / near
2. CHILDREN UNDER THE NEED = BEFORE / AFTER BIRTH =
= Face......... to conform with the wishes
= Nature ......to conform with the wishes
= Genitals .....to conform with the wishes
= Twin / no.. accordance with the wishes
= Ability ........to comply with the wishes
= IQ..............for liking
= Its future, ..etc. to conform with the wishes
3. SOME LETTERS PASSWORD..... free ( OWN CREATION)
4. COPYRIGHT COMBINED SOME POETRY FROM NAME =
= Name and meaning / purpose of poetry depends request ....(Free)
Please Sorry not to be discussed, discussed in the liver and then get GENERATION HIGH QUALITY send USD; 1,500,000 (to point 1 and point 2) to: Rosida no. rek.654801002820505 BRI branch: 6548 units Sumenep Kalianget East Java Indonesia then send it to us: full address, profiles, and desire through PO.BOX, sms / call, email.atau you can come directly to our hut.
Then you will get:
1. some books to guide science GENERATION HIGH QUALITY good to use before marriage / after, before the birth / thereafterwith this book you will learn and be able to:
a. OVERCOME VARIOUS problema ACHIEVE ANY DESIRE =
= .............. Healing for self and others; distance / near
= Achieve .............. for self and others; distance / near
= Reach ............. love for self and others; distance / near
= Happiness, etc. ............ for self and others; distance / near
b. CHILDREN UNDER THE NEED = BEFORE / AFTER BIRTH =
= Face ...................... to conform with the wishes
= Nature................... to conform with the wishes
= Genitals..................to conform with the wishes
= Twin / no................to accordance with the wishes
= Ability .....................to comply with the wishes
= IQ ..........................for liking
= Its future,............... etc. to conform with the wishes
2. MIXED FOODS, BEVERAGES efficacious for consumption during the 24h X a month, so you will learn and be able to:
a. OVERCOME VARIOUS problema ACHIEVE ANY DESIRE =
= .............. Healing for self and others; distance / near
= Achieve .............. for self and others; distance / near
= Reach ............. love for self and others; distance / near
= Happiness, etc. ............ for self and others; distance / near b. CHILDREN UNDER THE NEED = BEFORE / AFTER BIRTH =
= Face ...................... to conform with the wishes
= Nature................... to conform with the wishes
= Genitals..................to conform with the wishes
= Twin / no................to accordance with the wishes
= Ability .....................to comply with the wishes
= IQ ..........................for liking
= Its future,............... etc. to conform with the wishes
3. manual close / far away forever (if we die our generation will continue; (transfer of energy and other such) so you will learn and be able to:
a. OVERCOME VARIOUS problema ACHIEVE ANY DESIRE =
= .............. Healing for self and others; distance / near
= Achieve .............. for self and others; distance / near
= Reach ............. love for self and others; distance / near
= Happiness, etc. ............ for self and others; distance / near b. CHILDREN UNDER THE NEED = BEFORE / AFTER BIRTH =
= Face ...................... to conform with the wishes
= Nature................... to conform with the wishes
= Genitals..................to conform with the wishes
= Twin / no................to accordance with the wishes
= Ability .....................to comply with the wishes
= IQ ..........................for liking
= Its future,............... etc. to conform with the wishes
alifi30271@hotmail.comalif30271@yahoo.co.idalif30271@ymail.comalifi30271@gmail.comalifi30271@yahoo.comal30271@yahoo.comhttp://alifi30271.blogspot.com/http://generationofhighlyqualified.blogspot.com/http://alif30271.blogspot.com/http://www.mybloglog.com/buzz/alif30271http://my.opera.com/alif30271http://www.filmannex.com/alifiyasintadewi-nurqodrihttp:generationofhighlyqualified.blogspot.com/www.myspace.com/551149748http://groups.google.com/group/generation-high-qualityhttp://www.mixpod.com/alif30271http://www.flickr.com/photos/alifi30271yahoocomhttp://alifi30271.blogspot.com/http://generationofhighlyqualified.blogspot.com/http://alif30271.blogspot.com/http://profile.typepad.com/alifiyasintadewisahidi.achmad @ yahoo.com rsida@ymail.com
SMS = 081331412197 = 087850539399 = 081939047397
Rosida SAHIDI / alifiyasintadewi nurqodri Klg POBOX.30271 69 471 INDONESIA JL. PORT KERTASADA No.38 RT.02/01 Kalianget SUMENEP 69 471 EAST JAVA INDONESIA
* While it is not yet born, later born, the child - children, adolescence, adulthood, so parents, if in the future it is better than all the elements (Chronicle, seeds, lathe, ancestor, and weight), it will be good precisely on The next period, or the next descent. (That's rotation system, if either it will be good also in the future - which will be passed next time.) But that does not mean there is a problem for which the system can not get / create GENERATION OF HIGHLY qualified ...! Before the marriage, before birth, or after birth, GENERATION OF HIGHLY qualified to be created.
So far away before marriage, there was no system of creation, how generations / children that we want, of this process we will know how to actually solve various problems from within ourselves or others, and how to achieve all desires ranging fromin themselves, then help others After birth we were able to drive to create, how abilitasnya, his IQ, character, future, etc., so that our children become the generation that highly qualified.
After birth GENERATION OF HIGHLY Qualified created through two methods:
1.metode in dlahir / sharia / real (through our assistance)
2.metode inner / supernatural (through our assistance)
* After being born under the control arms with MOTHER LOVE:1.method is dlahir / visible / tangible, MOM, DAD, and FAMILY will be more visible to direct, create for children / generation is to become GENERATION OF HIGHLY qualified. 2. methods are unseen through our aid.
* Nature after birth will be brought to nature - nature in the natural maturation of the length distribution, this is where (in nature after the birth of many banks and management of data storage for your child / children / next generation), negatifpenyimpananannya / planting, it will be negative pendewasaannya . then .......... how to create pendewasaannya?GENERATION OF HIGHLY order to become qualified ?.... contact us to get the method. (All goods will be shipped to your place)
* In the arms of the mother and father, and families: making peace happily embrace the affection (without interference of other negative plan brain thinking) that would make the implementation of ITS THE PEACEFUL, HAPPY, LOVE, affectionate, THE ALMIGHTY CREATOR
* Starting from happiness within yourself, then direct the happiness to the wife, or husband, (co-exist and complement between husband and wife). Subsequent to the generation / our child, in community groups, state, and even the world so it will be in accordance with the purpose of the creator, and the goal THE ALMIGHTY CREATOR will be the creation of perfect beings called human.
By creating GENERATION OF HIGHLY qualified then, each of the individual, every family, every group of society, every citizen, and every race and human beings will be in accordance with the wishes, goals, ideals of every self, every family, every human being on earth as the purpose of religion, state and nation, even as the purpose of the creator, as the purpose of THE ALMIGHTY CREATOR will be the creation of perfect beings called human
GENERASI BERKWALITAS TINGGI :
(adalah manusia/generasi yang mampu untuk berbuat sebagaimana berikut di bawah ini) :
1. ATASI BERBAGAI MACAM PROBLEMA MENCAPAI SEGALA KEINGINAN=
=penyembuhan..............untuk diri dan orang lain ; jarak jauh/dekat
=mencapai cita..............untuk diri dan orang lain; jarak jauh/dekat
=mencapai cinta.............untuk diri dan orang lain; jarak jauh/dekat
=kebahagiaan,dll............untuk diri dan orang lain; jarak jauh/dekat
2. ANAK SESUAI KEINGINAN =SEBELUM/SETELAH LAHIR=
=wajahnya......................agar sesuai dengan keinginan
=sifatnya........................ agar sesuai dengan keinginan
=kelaminnya...................agar sesuai dengan keinginan
=kembar/tidaknya..........agar sesuai dengan keinginan
=ability............................agar sesuai dengan keinginan
=IQ-nya..........................agar sesuai dengan keinginan
=masa depannya,dll.......agar sesuai dengan keinginan
3. BEBERAPA HURUF SANDI CIPTAAN SENDIRI ........................(gratis)
4. CIPTA PUISI DARI GABUNGAN BEBERAPA NAMA=
=nama dan makna/tujuan puisi tergantung permintan............................. (gratis)
Mohon ma'af bukan untuk di diskusikan, diskusikan pada hati lalu dapatkan GENERATION HIGH QUALITY
kirim Rp;1.500.000 (untuk point 1 dan point 2)
ke :ROSIDA no. rek.654801002820505 BRI cabang: 6548 unit kalianget sumenep Jawa Timur Indonesia
kemudian kirim kepada kami: alamat lengkap, profil, dan keinginan lewat Po.Box,sms/call, email.atau anda dapat datang langsung ke gubug kami.
Maka anda akan mendapatkan:
1. beberapa kitab ilmu penuntun menjadi GENERATION HIGH QUALITY baik digunakan sebelum nikah/setelahnya, sebelum adanya kelahiran/setelahnya
dengan kitab ini anda akan belajar dan mampu untuk bisa:
a. ATASI BERBAGAI MACAM PROBLEMA MENCAPAI SEGALA KEINGINAN=
=penyembuhan..............untuk diri dan orang lain ; jarak jauh/dekat
=mencapai cita..............untuk diri dan orang lain; jarak jauh/dekat
=mencapai cinta.............untuk diri dan orang lain; jarak jauh/dekat
=kebahagiaan,dll............untuk diri dan orang lain; jarak jauh/dekat
b. ANAK SESUAI KEINGINAN =SEBELUM/SETELAH LAHIR=
=wajahnya...................... agar sesuai dengan keinginan
=sifatnya........................agar sesuai dengan keinginan
=kelaminnya...................agar sesuai dengan keinginan
=kembar/tidaknya..........agar sesuai dengan keinginan
=ability............................agar sesuai dengan keinginan
=IQ-nya..........................agar sesuai dengan keinginan
=masa depannya,dll.......agar sesuai dengan keinginan
2. CAMPURAN MAKANAN,MINUMAN BERKHASIAT untuk di konsumsi selama 24jam X satu bulan, sehingga anda akan belajar dan mampu untuk bisa:
a. ATASI BERBAGAI MACAM PROBLEMA MENCAPAI SEGALA KEINGINAN=
=penyembuhan..............untuk diri dan orang lain ; jarak jauh/dekat
=mencapai cita..............untuk diri dan orang lain; jarak jauh/dekat
=mencapai cinta.............untuk diri dan orang lain; jarak jauh/dekat
=kebahagiaan,dll............untuk diri dan orang lain; jarak jauh/dekat
b. ANAK SESUAI KEINGINAN =SEBELUM/SETELAH LAHIR=
=wajahnya...................... agar sesuai dengan keinginan
=sifatnya........................ agar sesuai dengan keinginan
=kelaminnya...................agar sesuai dengan keinginan
=kembar/tidaknya..........agar sesuai dengan keinginan
=ability............................agar sesuai dengan keinginan
=IQ-nya..........................agar sesuai dengan keinginan
=masa depannya,dll.......agar sesuai dengan keinginan
3. panduan jarak dekat/jauh selamanya (jika kami mati generasi kami akan melanjutkannya; (transfer energi dan lain lain semacamnya) sehingga anda akan belajar dan mampu untuk bisa:
a. ATASI BERBAGAI MACAM PROBLEMA MENCAPAI SEGALA KEINGINAN=
=penyembuhan..............untuk diri dan orang lain ; jarak jauh/dekat
=mencapai cita..............untuk diri dan orang lain; jarak jauh/dekat
=mencapai cinta.............untuk diri dan orang lain; jarak jauh/dekat
=kebahagiaan,dll............untuk diri dan orang lain; jarak jauh/dekat
b. ANAK SESUAI KEINGINAN =SEBELUM/SETELAH LAHIR=
=wajahnya......................agar sesuai dengan keinginan
=sifatnya........................ agar sesuai dengan keinginan
=kelaminnya...................agar sesuai dengan keinginan
=kembar/tidaknya..........agar sesuai dengan keinginan
=ability............................agar sesuai dengan keinginan
=IQ-nya..........................agar sesuai dengan keinginan
=masa depannya,dll.......agar sesuai dengan keinginan
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*Semasih belum lahir, kemudian lahir, masa anak - anak, masa remaja, dewasa, jadi orang tua, jika dalam pada masa itu adalah baik dari semua unsur (babad, bibit, bubut, bebet,dan bobot), maka akan baik pulalah pada masa berikutnya, atau keturunan berikutnya.(itulah sistem rotasi , jika baik maka akan baik pula pada masa - masa yang akan dilalui berikutnya).
Tetapi bukan berarti bagi yang sistemnya ada masalah tidak bisa mendapatkan/menciptakan GENERATION OF HIGHLY QUALIFIED...!
Sebelum menikah, sebelum lahir,ataupun setelah lahir,GENERATION OF HIGHLY QUALIFIED dapat diciptakan.
Maka jauh jauh sebelum menikah, dari sana sudah ada sistem penciptaan, bagaimana generasi/anak yang kita inginkan, dari proses ini kita akan tahu bagaimana sebenarnya mengatasi berbagai macam problema dari dalam diri kita sendiri atau orang lain,dan bagaimana cara mencapai segala keinginan mulai dari dalam diri, kemudian membantu orang lain
Setelah lahir pun kita dapat mengarahkan menciptakan; bagaimana abilitasnya, IQ-nya, sifatnya,masa depannya,dll, sehingga anak kita menjadi generasi yang highly qualified.
Setelah lahir GENERATION OF HIGHLY QUALIFIED diciptakan melalui dua metode:
1.metode secara dlahir/syariat/nyata (melalui bantuan kami)
2.metode batin/ghaib (melalui bantuan kami)
*Setelah lahir yang tengah berada dalam kekuasaan dekapan KASIH IBU dengan:
1. metode secara dlahir/nampak/ nyata,IBU,AYAH, dan KELUARGA akan lebih nampak untuk mengarahkan,menciptakan agar anak/generasi adalah menjadi GENERATION OF HIGHLY QUALIFIED.
2. metode secara ghaib melalui bantuan kami.
*Alam setelah kelahiran pun akan di bawa kepada alam - alam yang panjang pendistribusiannya pada alam pendewasaan, disinilah (pada alam setelah kelahiran ini banyak dan penuh bank penyimpanan data bagi si kecil/anak/generasi penerus), negatifpenyimpananannya/penanamannya,maka akan negatif pendewasaannya.
lalu.......... bagaimana menciptakan pendewasaannya? agar menjadi GENERATION OF HIGHLY QUALIFIED?.... hubungi kami untuk mendapatkan metodenya. (semua barang akan dipaketkan ke tempat anda)
*Dalam dekapan sang ibu dan ayah ,serta keluarga: menjadikan dekapan damai bahagia kasih mesra (tanpa dicampuri pemikiran otak rencana negatif lain) yang akan menjadikan implementasi dari SANG PEMBERI DAMAI, BAHAGIA, KASIH,MESRA, SANG MAHA PENCIPTA
*Dimulai dari kebahagiaan dalam diri, kemudian mengarahkan kebahagiaan pada istri,atau suami,(saling mengisi dan melengkapi antara suami istri).selanjutnya pada generasi/anak kita, pada kelompok masyarakat,negara,bahkan dunia sehingga akan sesuai dengan tujuan pencipta, serta tujuan SANG MAHA PENCIPTA akan diciptakannya makhluk sempurna yang bernama manusia.
Dengan mencipta GENERATION OF HIGHLY QUALIFIED maka,setiap diri pribadi,setiap keluarga,setiap kelompok masyarakat,setiap warga negara,dan setiap umat dan makhluk manusia akan sesuai dengan keinginan,tujuan,cita-cita dari setiap diri,setiap keluarga,setiap umat manusia didunia sebagaimana tujuan agama,negara dan bangsa,bahkan sebagaimana tujuanpencipta, sebagaimana tujuan SANG MAHA PENCIPTA akan diciptakannya makhluk sempurna yang bernama manusia.
I used this image on my blog, Blogussion to focus on overcoming the challenges of blogging.
They are constantly checking your statistics, tweaking your design, and using social media like twitter and facebook instead of doing work.
Overcome by the devastation of his wife’s death and the increasingly tighter pressure of Batiatus’ controlling grip, an enraged Spartacus kills one of the school’s gladiators. As the gladiator school becomes ever more a prison of intrigue and murder, Spartacus must make a choice: leave his past behind and assume the mantle of champion gladiator, or die.
Chan, Lin, and Le, all 12 years old, had the same experience of being raped by a village elder in their hometown in Cambodia. The three girls did not disclose the information to anybody even though it happened many times to them. Now, this is the third month of the three girls living in a Trauma Recovery Center. They receive counselling, medical check-ups, health care, vaccination, education and creative activities such as weaving, dancing, planting vegetables and sports.