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St. Paul, Minnesota
July 28, 2010
The National Organization for Marriage (NOM) seeks to protect their marriages by opposing same-sex marriage.
Sons of Liberty, secret organizations formed in the American colonies in protest against the Stamp Act (1765). They took their name from a phrase used by Isaac Barré in a speech against the Stamp Act in Parliament, and were organized by merchants, businessmen, lawyers, journalists, and others who would be most affected by the Stamp Act. The leaders included John Lamb and Alexander McDougall in New York, and Samuel Adams and James Otis in New England. The societies kept in touch with each other through committees of correspondence, supported the nonimportation agreement, forced the resignation of stamp distributors, and incited destruction of stamped paper and violence against British officials. They participated in calling the Continental Congress of 1774. In the Civil War, the Knights of the Golden Circle adopted (1864) the name Sons of Liberty.
For the American "armchair historian," this American Revolutionary organization conjures up a myriad of confusing images. But, what of this "secret" organization that played such an integral part in advancing the idea of American independence from Great Britain? What were the Sons of Liberty? Who were its members and how widespread was its support among the thirteen colonies comprising British America? What was the ideology and degree of political affiliation within the organization?
Shrouded in secrecy, the origins of the Sons of Liberty are in dispute. Some historical sources claim that the movement began in New York City in January 1765. A more popular claim is that the movement began in Boston, Massachusetts through the leadership of one Samuel Adams (a well known American Revolutionary firebrand) in early 1765. It is quite likely that the Boston and New York City chapters of the Sons of Liberty were organized and developed simultaneously. Tradition has it that the Boston chapter gathered beneath the Liberty Tree for meetings while the New York City chapter met beneath the Liberty Pole for its meetings. For reasons of safety and secrecy, Sons of Liberty groups tended to meet late at night so as not to attract attention and detection of British officials and the American Loyalist supporters of the British Crown.
This secret patriotic society had its roots in the Committees of Correspondence. The "Committees" were colonial groups organized prior to the outbreak of the American War for Independence and were established for the purpose of formally organizing public opinion and coordinating patriotic actions against Great Britain. These original committees were loosely organized groups of private citizens formed in the New York, Massachusetts, and Rhode Island colonies from 1763-1764.
It was the Boston Committee of Correspondence that directed the Boston Tea Party action of December 16, 1773.1 Upset with the lack of redress concerning the new tax on tea established by the British government for importation of tea to Boston, a small band of the Boston Committee of Correspondence members (approximately fifty in number) lead by Samuel Adams, proceeded to empty three ships worth and 342 chests of tea into Boston Harbor in protest.2
Was this an early terrorist action or a patriotic action. Surely, the answer lies with perspective. If you were a British official, this action was treasonous and punishable by death. If you were an American colonial citizen, this event would be seen as a glorious action of the freedom fighters worthy of praise, pride, and acclaim.
Essentially, the Sons of Liberty organized into patriotic chapters as a result of the Stamp Tax imposed by the British government on the American colonists in 1765. As a result of the heavy debt incurred from the French and Indian War (1754-1763) and the resulting burden of increased British possessions in the Americas gained as a result of victory in the war (Canada, Louisiana land area known as "New France," and several former French islands of the West Indies), British Parliament decided to station British "regular" troops in the American colonies to keep the French from attempting to recapture Canada and to defend the colonies against the Native American Indians.3 It should be noted that the vast majority of Native Americans sided with the French in the North American Theater of the Seven Years War (1756-1763) and had a notorious record of carrying out terrifying raids against British colonists in the frontier regions of the New York, Pennsylvania, Massachusetts, Virginia, Maryland, and Carolina colonies dating back to the middle seventeenth century.
The Stamp Act of March 1765 was instituted to help defray the costs of maintaining British troops in the American colonies by issuing tax stamps for a wide range of public documents including: customs documents, newspapers, legal papers, and licenses. The British government believed that this stamp tax passed specifically for the American colonies was quite fair and just as a means to help pay their share of the huge national debt incurred from the Seven Years War. After all, reasoned Parliament, had not the colonies directly benefited from the war and the expulsion of the French threat from Canada? While Parliament felt that the American colonies should pay their fair portion of the war debt, the colonists responded with outrage and indignation.
The Stamp Act like the Sugar Act before it, reasoned the colonists, was yet another example of Parliament trampling on the colonial legislature's right to tax their own people. Actions and attitudes of colonists regarding perceived British monetary atrocities against their well being formed the foundation for the rallying cry of American patriots across the land namely, "no taxation without representation." The American colonists had no physical representation or voice in London Parliament, nor did they ever wish to, assert many historians. With actual American representation in Parliament, there would be no need for seeking independence.4
The Sons of Liberty organizations responded to the Stamp Act of 1765 in various ways. The New York Sons of Liberty declared in December 1765 that they would "go to the last extremity" with their lives and fortunes to prevent the enforcement of the Stamp Act. This declaration included the use of violence if necessary. Acts of rebellion against the Stamp Tax in New York City included an incident from January 9, 1766 in which ten boxes of parchment and stamped paper were delivered to City Hall and immediately confiscated, unpacked, and burned by secret leaders of the New York Sons group.5 Some merchants simply refused to pay the stamp excises. Printers, lawyers, laborers and small shopkeepers simply ignored paying the duty and carried on business as usual.6
Sometimes, the actions and reactions of the Sons of Liberty to the Stamp Act took a violent turn as recorded in a local New York City merchant's diary in April, 1765. Violence broke out with the arrival of a shipment of stamped paper to the Royal Governor's residence. Cadwallder Colden, the acting Royal Governor of the New York colony and scholarly correspondent of Benjamin Franklin and Dr. Samuel Johnson, was extremely frightened of the patriotic group and so locked himself up securely inside Fort George immediately after he received the stamped paper from British officials. A few hours after receiving the official papers, a raucous mob captured the governor's gilded and spectacular coach and reduced it to a pile of ashes. From here the mob (consisting largely of extremist elements of the New York Sons of Liberty) raced uptown to the home of Fort George's commander, smashing numerous windows and breaking into the wine cellar to sustain their "patriotism" before descending on the rest of the house in a convulsion of vandalism.7 Tarring and feathering Loyalists-- those individuals who sympathized and were supportive of the British Crown, royal tax collectors, and other officials-- was a common practice carried out by the more radical elements of the organizations.
Ironically, the Sons of Liberty ultimately took their name from a debate on the Stamp Act in Parliament in 1765. Charles Townshend, speaking in support of the act, spoke contemptuously of the American colonists as being "children planted by our care, nourished up by our indulgence...and protected by our arms." Isaac Barre, member of Parliament and friend of the American colonists, jumped to his feet in outrage in this same session to counter with severe reprimand in which he spoke favorably of the Americans as "these Sons of Liberty."8 American colonists had several friends supportive of their views on the tax situation including: William Pitt (the Elder), Charles James Fox, Edmund Burk, and others.
The two original Sons of Liberty organizations (New York City and Boston) quickly established correspondence and communications with ever emerging Sons of Liberty groups in New England, the Carolinas, Virginia, and Georgia. Typically, members of this organization were men from the middle and upper classes of American colonial society. Although the movement began as a secret society, for reasons of safety and anonymity, the organization quickly sought to build a broad, public base of political support among the colonists. Frequently, cooperation with undisciplined and extralegal groups (city gangs) set off violent actions. Even though the Sons seldom looked for violent solutions and eruptions, they did continue to elicit and promote political upheaval that tended to favor crowd action.
While British officials accused the Sons organizations of scheming to overthrow the true and legitimate government of the American colonies, the Sons of Liberty viewed their official aims in more narrow terms, organizing and asserting resistance to the Stamp Act. Outwardly, the Sons of Liberty proclaimed their unfaltering loyalty and allegiance to King George III of Great Britain and emphasized their support of the English Constitution against the usurpation of royal officials.9 For eleven years, 1765 to 1776, American colonists saw British Parliament as the collective "bad guy," not the king!
The Sons of Liberty as a viable movement first broke up with the repeal of the Stamp Act in 1766. However, the organizational network was revived in 1768 in response to the Townshend Acts (a series of excise duties on glass, lead, paints, paper, and tea imported into the colonies.) From 1768 until the end of the American Revolution, Sons of Liberty groups remained in active correspondence with one another throughout the thirteen American colonies and each group took charge of organizing and effecting resistance movements against what they perceived as unfair British taxation and financial strangulation within their respective colonies. The Sons of Liberty as an active movement disbanded in late 1783.10
In the end, no universal conclusions, judgments or definitive statements can be made about the Sons Of Liberty. Were they a terrorist organization? The British certainly believed they were. After all, the Sons were advocating overthrow of the status quo government and independence for the thirteen colonies. Were they a patriotic organization? Many American colonists certainly believed they were. The Sons represented to them the American freedom fighter personified, fighting for their rights and ultimate independence. It should be noted that the Loyalists also had their version of Committees of Correspondence and Sons of Liberty namely: the United Empire Loyalists.
One thing is certain about the Sons of Liberty organization: it gave American colonists a voice and vital chance to actively participate in the independence movement.
Finally, the decision on the Sons of Liberty comes down to a variation on an old saying "one man's terrorist is another man's patriot." The ultimate conclusion must be left to the individual.
From left to right:
Dante Negro, Director of the OAS Department of International Law
Denys Toscano Amores, Counselor, Alternate Representative of Ecuador to the OAS
Mauricio Montalvo, Undersecretary of International Superregional Organizations, Ecuador
José Miguel Insulza, OAS Secretary General
Date: December 7, 2012
Place: Washington, DC
Credit: Juan Manuel Herrera/OAS
Positive Runway Global Catwalk African Fashion Show with Her Excellency Dr Justina Mutale. African Ambassadors & Diaspora Interactive Form AAIF United Nations buildings International Maritime Organization HQ IMO London.
A WIP Imperial Shuttle. See my other photos for the completed version of this elegant Imperial transport ship.
Shown Here is an image from the exhibit "A Century of Student Voices" curated by students in Prof. Sharon Zuber’s “Constructing the News” Introduction to Literary and Cultural Studies class (LCST 201) and the Special Collections Research Center staff. The exhibit is located in the Read & Relax area on the first floor of Swem Library at the College of William and Mary. The exhibit will be on display from May 5-November 7, 2011.
The following is taken from the label text presented in this case:
Some Things Never Change: Frats, Srats, Parties, and Clubs
Despite changing events over the past 100 years, student opinions in The Flat Hat have remained shockingly consistent concerning campus social opportunities. Students still agree that fraternity housing needs to be resolved, that sororities and Homecoming queens create a culture of frivolous vanity, and that students do not fully take advantage of the range of clubs and social activities that the College of William & Mary offers. Because the same issues have been addressed in the opinions section for over 100 years of The Flat Hat, William & Mary students should get more actively involved in addressing their concerns.
Some Thing Never Change: Frats, Srats, Parties, and Club was curated by Joseph Acosta, Elizabeth DeBusk, Elizabeth Hexter, and Dakota Willis.
This 1993 handkerchief, designed to celebrate the 300th anniversary of the College of William & Mary, is inscribed with the letters of the Delta Delta Delta sorority and the Sigma Alpha Epsilon fraternity with a reference to partying. The tradition of fraternities asking sororities to Homecoming has greatly increased attendance at the social events associated with this week.
Credits:
“Houses vs. Lodges,” 31 October 1945.
“Sororities Too Uptight, Female Fraternity Needed,” 27 September 2002.
“College Should Grant New Housing To Deserving Organizations,” 18 October 2010.
300th Anniversary Homecoming Handkerchief, 1993, University Archives Artifact Collection.
William & Mary Stuffed Dog, University Archives Artifact Collection.
Kappa Alpha Theta Pledge Dance Drinking Glass, University Archives Artifact Collection.
Kappa Sigma Spring Dance Paddle, 1951, University Archives Artifact Collection
2007 Theta Delta Chi Rush Button, 2007, University Archives Artifact Collection.
From the Special Collections Research Center, Earl Gregg Swem Library at the College of William and Mary. See swem.wm.edu/scrc/ for further information and assistance.
A special event open to the public to honor top musicians and artists in over 60 categories performing and creating music in the Great Lakes Bay area. Featuring guest performances and collaborations by 'The ORGANization' (Michael Michael Brush, Dan Sliwinski, Jim Fulkerson, Bryan Rombalski, Michael O' Brien) doing '2B's or Not 2B's - a Tribute to the Hammond B3 organ; The Ladies of the Michigan Jazz Trail (featuring Molly McFadden, Julie Mulady, Lauren Thomas & Dacia Mackey, Rocktropolis Progrock, Greta Van Fleet, Jeff Yantz, Spitzer, Dani Vitany & 10 Hands Tall, Bluesmobile, and The Hipakritz.
Tickets are $10.00 advance and $15.00 at the door. Ticket Locations are as follow: SAGINAW: Review Magazine, White's Bar, Records & Tapes Galore, Thunderbrew Coffee Co, Cork n Ale, Mac's Bar. BAY CITY: Lumber Barons and Stables, Dockside Restaurant, Bemo's Bar, Herter Music. MIDLAND: Mid Michigan Music, Fulkerson Music, Tim Boychuck's State Farm Insurance.Giving well-deserved recognition to local artists in the Great Lakes Bay Region since 1986
What a great honor it was to win this award for Best Rock Guitarist 2014 by the Review Music Awards. Thank you Robert Martin for all you have done in the community. It was a pleasure to play the ceremony their was a lot of great talent and amazing people! Al Lindberg Will be missed greatly, I never had the pleasure of going into Watermelon sugar but had the pleasure of having Al run sound for me a few times in my carrier. He always had a great warmth about him and was someone you just wanted to be around and its such a great thing when you meet someone for a short period of time but they have a big impact in your life. These are truly great people and will always be remembered* and Mike Kowalski you are greatly missed by us all the time! I got your message last night, Thank you* I know your up there with Al Lindberg, Sue and the rest of the great people that have touched my hart along the way. RIP 2014 Alan Nelson I love you my brother, I know you would be proud of me* Thank you Sam Metropoulos "DAD" For everything in my life with out all the great things you have done for me I'd probably be a bum* lol Thank you for being an awesome DAD , Band Mate and Best Friend all my life* Marc Stemmler Love you tons you are my Family, Friend and Band Mate, This ride we have gone threw has been quite the wild one huh? It was such an honor writing, recording and playing with you Marc!! There will be a lot more great years to come** Thank you Fire Hyena Recording Studio / Christopher Lewis for everything, Your friendship means the world to me and you're a true friend* Its funny how God will bring people together when you need them the most Life is a funny ride and we never know where we truly will be but hard work and patients will always pay off. Wish you the best for 2014 and on:) Taya Wilcox-Lewis Thank you for showing your support at the show and putting up with us at the studio all the time lol! I feel like its a second home at times** Madeline Meixner and Susan Lewis Thank you for all the support you gave me at the show its great to have you guys as friends! Sarah Lewandowski I love you so MUCH thank you for all the support over the years. We have something very very special*XOXOXO* 2014 Is looking very busy for me very excited about all the tour dates and releases that are about to come out* Please Like my New bands page New World Order and Please like my other pages as well and thank you to everyone for this award what an Honor THANKS!!!!!
Rocktropolis (R)
Pete Metropoulos - Rocktropolis
Rocktropolis Fan Club
A simple solution to a minor problem: How to organize your Lego bricks for efficient building.
Read more here.
Yesterday, Mr Chiots and I spent most of the day cleaning out the garage. It had gotten a little out of control. Since we’re going to starting building our little teardrop camper soon, we needed to tackle it first. We have a large side workshop attached to our garage which was packed full of stuff. I moved some wooden shelves down from our attic to give me space to store all of my terra-cotta pots, burlap and other supplies.
World Health Assembly 2011: The Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation organized a meeting on ending Polio.
Public health officials from almost 200 nations are meeting in Geneva May 16-24, trying to devise strategies to address the many health problems that shorten life and diminish its quality for millions of people.
U.S. Secretary of Health and Human Services Kathleen Sebelius is leading the U.S. delegation of about 25 to the World Health Assembly, which is the annual gathering for member states of the World Health Organization (WHO).
A major focus of the meeting will be WHO's first Global Status Report on Noncommunicable Diseases which found that diseases such as cancer, cardiovascular disease, respiratory disease and diabetes cause the greatest number of deaths each year – 63 percent of all deaths worldwide in 2008.
U.S. Mission Photo by Eric Bridiers
A flyer from the New York/New Jersey United Workers Organization lays out the case against cutting unemployment benefits and calls for a march on Washington.
The demonstration sponsored by the Unemployed Workers Organizing Committee attracted 1,000 unemployed to march from All Souls Church at 16th & Harvard Streets NW, down 18th St to the White House on March 5, 1977 to demand “no cuts in unemployment benefits.”
Jimmy Carter had just taken office as President and the unemployment rate was hovering around 9%. Carter proposed to cut 13 weeks of unemployment benefits and make another 13 weeks conditional those out of work accepting any job—including minimum wage jobs.
Marchers carried a letter to Carter that said in part, “Why do you represent the interests of the moneyed class while claiming to speak on our behalf?” The demonstration was organized by the Unemployed Workers Organizing Committee (UWOC) which had chapters in 33 cities at the time.
The United Workers Organization and UWOC were organized by the Revolutionary Communist Party, a group was formed as the protest movement of the 1960s and early 1970s began to ebb. The RCP grew out of the Revolutionary Union and upheld Marxism-Leninism-Mao Zedong Thought at its 1975 founding.
For a PDF of this 8 ½ x 14, two-sided flyer, see washingtonareaspark.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/518676...
For more information and related images, see flic.kr/s/aHsjtYSs76
Donated by Craig Simpson
Seafarers’ Memorial overlooking the Thames and the Houses of Parliament (unveiled in September 2001). Sculptor Michael Sandle was commissioned to create the memorial featuring a lone seafarer on the prow of a cargo ship.
Funny. I didn't remember, but found out via my map, that I've shot this same wall in june 2006, when I was new to Flickr.
PEACE & LOVE | Avventura Milonguera | Organization: Noci Tango | Puglia (Italy) | Ph. GAZ BLANCO | www.gazblanco.com - facebook.com/gazblanco
U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) closing remarks are made by Departmental Management (DM) Deputy Assistant Secretary Malcom Shorter closes the 2017 Organization of Professional Employees of the US Department of Agriculture (OPEDA) Unsung Hero Award Program, in Washington, D.C., on May 4, 2017. OPEDA in partnership with the USDA Departmental Management kick off Public Service Recognition Week by recognizing USDA employees who have demonstrated extraordinary effort in performing tasks, who have unselfishly shared their time and expertise, and consistently and willingly extended a helping hand, by honoring them at All USDA employees and their guests were invited to attend. For more information about USDA and OPEDA please see www.usda.gov and www.opeda.org. USDA Photo by Lance Cheung.
logo design for an organizational company. she coaches, and trains people to be more organized (with time and with their spaces).
the time management thing is a new aspect that she's doing more of.
i'd like feedback on both taglines, as well as layouts.
After spending far too much time sifting through larger bins looking for the right hair piece/facial expression/hat, I decided to subdivide the minifig parts into smaller compartments. I've done the same with the minifig tools/utensils, small foliage, animals, etc. (Clear storage containers obtained at a crafting store in the beads section).
U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) Office of Operations (OO) Deputy Director James Brent introduces closing speaker USDA Departmental Management (DM) Deputy Assistant Secretary Malcom Shorter to the 2017 Organization of Professional Employees of the US Department of Agriculture (OPEDA) Unsung Hero Award Program, in Washington, D.C., on May 4, 2017. OPEDA in partnership with the USDA Departmental Management kick off Public Service Recognition Week by recognizing USDA employees who have demonstrated extraordinary effort in performing tasks, who have unselfishly shared their time and expertise, and consistently and willingly extended a helping hand, by honoring them at All USDA employees and their guests were invited to attend. For more information about USDA and OPEDA please see www.usda.gov and www.opeda.org. USDA Photo by Lance Cheung.
This photo provided by the Miss Universe Organization shows Guadalupe Gonzalez, Miss Paraguay 2013, competes in the swimsuit competition during the Preliminary Competition at Crocus City Hall, Moscow, on November 5, 2013. Miss Universe 2013 will be crowned at the pageant final show on November 9. AFP PHOTO / MISS UNIVERSE ORGANIZATION/ HO ++RESTRICTED TO EDITORIAL USE - MANDATORY CREDIT "AFP PHOTO / MISS UNIVERSE ORGANIZATION/ DARREN DECKER" - NO MARKETING NO ADVERTISING CAMPAIGNS - DISTRIBUTED AS A SERVICE TO CLIENTS++
We thank all the organizations, institutions and designers who have allowed, in this way, to collect in this series of 60 images, an art that is disappearing, but that I love deeply and that with this advertisement I want to revive because I feel particularly involved. in the role and I'm a pin up!
The pin up woman is me!
Thank you all for allowing this gallery which is meant to save an art.
Si ringraziano tutte le organizzazioni, enti e disegnatori che hanno permesso, in questo modo, di raccogliere in questa serie di 60 immagini, un'arte che sta scomparendo, ma che amo profondamente e che con questa pubblicità desidero far rivivere perchè mi sento particolarmente coinvolta nel ruolo e io sono una pin up!
La donna pin up sono io!
Grazie a tutti per aver permesso questa galleria che ha lo scopo di salvare un'arte.