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Ok, this history work is a strange hobby. If there’s anything unethical or dumb, please comment below so it can be corrected. In the 1840s, it was a common practice to name areas for the ethnic groups who occupied them. For example, places along a creek might be named “Italian Bar” or “Chinese Bar.” Some of these names persist on maps today. This is a database I cooked up to enter data. The user interface is terrible.
My idea was to create a map that would show travels of a group of people during California’s Gold Rush. I planned to donate the finished product to a university that had done some work with the miners. The end product would be a set of PDF maps, each plotting their travels during a two-week period — unless they were stationary. This data would overlay a present-day USGS data layer with terrain and roads. I had some books with historic text describing where they traveled. I was partly inspired by someone who had done historic maps of communities in Scotland going back to about the 13th century, I think.
The original process started with a passage from text. It would say something like, “Thursday afternoon: went to Schmidt General Store and exchanged [amount] ounces of gold dust for a pick and shovel.” Easy, right? So I figure you just establish a latitude and longitude for Schmidt General Store and type that, a date, and the place name label into ArcMap. Typing data into a spreadsheet-like table: I can handle that.
Pretty quickly I figure out it’s not so easy to find the location of a store in 1850. Maybe the store was initially a tent and then it moved when they built a permanent structure. I’m digging around in old USGS maps.
I had to start referring to 19th-century newspapers to figure out things like variant names. Say, for example, the general store was located in Placerville, California. During one visit they call it, “Schmidt General Store.” They also misspell location names, for example, “Smit’s Store.” Other texts, or other entries in the same text, they call it “Placerville,” “P-ville,” or “Hangtown.” So now I need a “simple” database with two tables, one table showing all variant names which describe the same coordinates. I need a homemade gazetteer. I wind up looking at all of this stuff about gazetteers on the UC Santa Barbara web site.
Now, I read a passage “Proceeded west along Dingweed Creek until we reached Negro Bar.” The first time this name occurs, I wind up digging through all sorts of data trying to determine the exact latitude and longitude of Negro Bar. Of course, I discover there are two dozen Negro Bars. Thankfully, they’ve told me it’s somewhere along Dingweed Creek. A month later they return and camp overnight at Negro Bar. All I need to do is enter the date and click the radio button for that location. I’ve realized it will be years before this is finished.
Speaking of bars, apologies if reading this triggers an impulse to visit your local bar.
Some of the above place names are examples for illustration purposes and not from any historic text.
There are several screens. For example, I don’t need to see latitude and longitude on this screen. I just need to get the correct place name from the list. It’s a mess but I can find my way around because I wrote the mess.
“…We’re here on Earth to fart around.”
— Kurt Vonnegut
So, they're really tiny, but a little bigger than squinkies, and not squishy-squishy-squashy like squinkies. I will probably buy more but I will certainly wait until the prices normalize, I paid what will likely prove to be egregiously inflated, because I needed to satisfy my curiosity.
Walking day: from Shepherds Bush to Ravenscourt Park ro Acton to Gunnersbury Park to Kew and then home from Richmond station.
I found an interesting web article (undated) giving some background to this mural: "The pan-London MyMural project launches in Acton this week with a beautiful painting by artist Leonard Lesic.
The London Mayors Office is supporting the project, its methodology and aspirations. Adam Cooper from the Culture and Creative Industries Unit, Greater London Authority stated: “MyMural is a great initiative that is bringing a fantastic new piece of art to Acton. The mural at Berrymede School will hopefully inspire a next generation of young artist."
MyMural inspires, enables and normalizes the possibilities for new artworks among everyday settings. Thanks to support from Cockayne – Grants for the Arts (London Community Foundation), GLA Mayors Office and a Charity Auction donation from Stik, we are very pleased to announce that MyMural is launching in Acton. This pilot contributes to an important sea change in the way artists work with residents in the city.
Marcus Willcocks and Prof. Lorraine Gamman, partners from University of the Arts London explained: “MyMural is a new scheme that pairs street artists with communities who want to integrate more art, creativity and colour into their neighourhoods. Leonard Lesic’s work creatively responds to topics discussed as important among the community at Berrymede Infant School. As well as providing the ‘canvas’, the school community helped curate the opportunity and agree the artist, in collaboration with Rachel Pepper and team at Artification, Mark Clack at Wood Street Walls, and the DAC/MyMural team at Central Saint Martins. We are so grateful to support from the GLA, the London Community Foundation and artist, Stik, for their confidence in MyMural. Through collective effort the project working to bring artists and neighbourhood communities together more easily, to curate our streets less as ‘developed’ places and more as living, breathing,
creative places.”
MyMural brings together internationally experienced collaborators from arts facilitation, practice-led academic research and engagements, together with regional and local authorities and a world-renowned street art practitioner to bring new opportunities for high-quality artworks to happen in new contexts in London.
The Mayor of London has highlighted culture as one of his key priorities. He is committed to ensuring that London retains its status as the world’s leading capital city for culture and creativity and ensuring more Londoners access arts and culture. A key feature of London’s Cultural Infrastructure Plan is to give outstanding artists opportunities to make exciting new work, encourage Londoners to get more involved in creative activities, as well as cultivate London’s creative value by opening access to the use of spaces as open galleries.
MyMural began by meeting and speaking with residents about the kind of imagery and art they would like to see in their neighbourhood. The resulting Artist Opportunity was based on these aspirations. It was shared and artists responded to the brief. We received numerous artist submissions which residents viewed and voted for. The MyMural team invited the shortlisted artists to develop their site specific design. Artist Leonard Lesic was selected.
Leonard painted a beautiful piece on the wall of a nearby, now demolished, block in 2013. We are very pleased that he returns to South Acton to create this new public art for Acton in 2019.
"ARTification has been bringing art to the streets since 2005. A bridge between artists and residents, we have created 20+ pieces of street art in the public realm including the tallest in the UK by Stik and Thierry Noir. We are very pleased that MyMural is creating the latest piece to take art to the streets." Dr Rachel Pepper (ARTification Director)
Feedback from Berrymede Infants School about the painting:
“This MyMural community project is a great way of bringing art and pleasure to everyone in the Acton area” Mrs Ohene (Head teacher)
"Having a wall that is colourful which will attract the children's eye at playtime and give them many opportunities to have discussions about the things on the painting is an excellent way to engage children.” Fahmida (Parent Governor)
“The mural captures the idea that working hard at school will give you the freedom to go anywhere you want.” Mrs Shawe (Parent support adviser).
Leonard Lesic, the Artist commented:
"I am very excited to be painting in Acton again after six years. The first time on Charles Hocking House was a great time, and I have a lot of nice memories. The idea of painting at Berrymede school is wonderful, and the mural will have positive message looking into future.''
Leonard responded imaginatively to the brief, and we are very pleased to see a new and inspirational mural in Acton.
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MyMural is an initiative between Stik, Central Saint Martins, Artification, Wood Street Walls and the Greater London Authority. It is a new pilot scheme working with artists and residents, to enable fantastic artworks on shared residential and community buildings across London.
ARTification is an Acton-based charity that celebrates art, culture, community."
Source: www.artification.org.uk/blog/aspirational-mural-acton
The Traction was available in "Commerciale" version as from 1938, and exclusively in black, as such the beginning of a normalization of colours that would ever more "blacken" the range. The rear opens in two parts, in fact a "break" before its time.
1.911 cc
4 in-line
56 HP @ 3.800 rpm
Vmax : 115 km/h
Exposition : Citroën 100 Years
27/06/2019 - 03/09/2019
Autoworld
Brussels - Belgium
August 2019
A statue of celebrated New York photographer Diane Arbus by English sculptor Gillian Wearing was on display in Doris C. Freedman Plaza in Central Park from October 20, 2021 to August 14, 2022. The life-size sculpture, standing shoes-to-the-ground without a base at 5’6” tall, depicts Arbus with "depicts Arbus with her finger on the shutter button of her iconic twin lens camera, as she might have been seen in the 1950s and '60s.”
Diane Arbus (1923-1971) photographed a wide range of subjects including strippers, carnival performers, nudists, people with dwarfism, children, mothers, couples, elderly people, and middle-class families, often in familiar settings, helping to normalize marginalized groups and highlighting the importance of proper representation.
Invisibility is so 20th Century. Thank you to the people at Lush Cosmetics for improving the health of the people we serve by normalizing their humanity. Allies need allies.
NCTE Showcase Event at Lush Tysons Corner, Virginia, USA, see: www.facebook.com/events/1762695184025567/
1. SI: People have learned to normalize the bad state of streets and communal spaces, leading to a scarcity of caring to fix them.
2. Materials: Adobe lightroom; Digital camera; Door with a sticker on it (59)
3. Idea: I wanted to capture this sticker that's falling off and in need of replacement. (79)
4. Process: I zoomed in and filled in the frame to capture the sticker (58)
When I was here back in 2010, there were mostly old classic cars. In 2015, model cars are noticeably more common on the streets. Now that Cuba has normalized relationships with the U.S, I'm sure 2020 will be significantly different.
A short history of Wenceslas Square
In 1348, Bohemian King Charles IV founded the New Town of Prague. The plan included several open areas for markets, of which the second largest was the Koňský trh, or Horse Market (the largest was the Charles Square[2]). At the southeastern end of the market was the Horse Gate, one of the gates in the walls of the New Town. During the Czech national revival movement in the 19th century, a more noble name for the street was requested. At this time the statue was built, and the square was renamed.
On 28 October 1918, Alois Jirásek read the proclamation of independence of Czechoslovakia in front of the Saint Wenceslas statue.The Nazis used the street for mass demonstrations. During the Prague Uprising in 1945, a few buildings near the National Museum were destroyed. They were later replaced by department stores.
On 16 January 1969, student Jan Palach set himself on fire in Wenceslas Square to protest the invasion of Czechoslovakia by the Soviet Union in 1968.
On 28 March 1969, the Czechoslovakian national ice hockey team defeated the USSR team for the second time in that year's Ice Hockey World Championships. As the country was still under Soviet occupation, the victory induced great celebrations. Perhaps 150,000 people gathered on Wenceslas Square, and skirmishes with police developed. A group of agents provocateurs provoked an attack on the Prague office of the Soviet airline Aeroflot, located on the street. The vandalism served as a pretext for reprisals and the period of so-called normalization. In 1989, during the Velvet Revolution, large demonstrations (with hundreds of thousands of people or more) were held here.
Wenceslas Square is lined by hotels, offices, retail stores, currency exchange booths and fast-food joints. To the dismay of locals and city officials, the street is also a popular location for prostitutes to ply their trade late at night. Many strip clubs exist on and around Wenceslas Square, making Prague a popular location for stag parties.
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wenceslas_Square
Prague, capital of the Czech Republic, is bisected by the Vltava River. Nicknamed “the City of a Hundred Spires,” it's known for its Old Town Square, the heart of its historic core, with colorful baroque buildings, Gothic churches and the medieval Astronomical Clock, with a popular show. Completed in 1402, pedestrian Charles Bridge is lined with 30 statues of saints.
officially the State of Eritrea, is a country in the Horn of Africa. It is bordered by Sudan in the west, Ethiopia in the south, and Djibouti in the southeast. The east and northeast of the country have an extensive coastline on the Red Sea, directly across from Saudi Arabia and Yemen. The Dahlak Archipelago and several of the Hanish Islands are part of Eritrea. Its size is just under 118,000 km2 (45,560 sq mi) with an estimated population of 5 million. The capital is Asmara.
History
Eritrea is an ancient name, associated in the past with its Greek form Erythraía (Greek alphabet Ερυθραία), and its derived Latin form Erythræa. In the past, Eritrea had given its name to the Red Sea, then called the Erythræan Sea. The Italians created the colony of Eritrea in the 19th century around Asmara, and named it with its current name. After World War II Eritrea was annexed to Ethiopia.In 1991 the People's Liberation Front defeated the Ethiopian government. Eritrea officially celebrated its independence on May 24, 1992.
Prehistory
One of the oldest hominids, representing a possible link between Homo erectus and an archaic Homo sapiens, was found in Buya (Eritrean Danakil) in 1995 by Italian scientists. The cranium was found to be over 1 million years old. Furthermore, in 1999, the Eritrean Research Project Team discovered some of the earliest evidence of human tool-use in the harvesting of marine resources. The site contained obsidian tools dated to the paleolithic era, over 125,000 years old.
Epipaleolithic or mesolithic cave paintings in central and northern Eritrea attest to early hunter-gatherers in this region. An American paleontologist, William Sanders of the University of Michigan, also discovered a possible missing link between ancient and modern elephants in the form of the fossilized remains of a pig-sized creature in Eritrea. The fossil, which is 27 million years old, pushes the origins of elephants and mastodons five million years further into the past and indicates that modern elephants originated in Africa.
Antiquity
The oldest written reference to the territory now known as Eritrea is the chronicled expedition launched to the fabled Punt (or Ta Netjeru, meaning land of the Gods) by the Ancient Egyptians in the twenty-fifth century BC under Pharaoh Sahure. Later sources from the Pharaoh Hatshepsut in the fifteenth century BC present a more detailed portrayal of an expedition in search of frankincense. The geographical location of the missions to Punt is described as roughly corresponding to the southern west coast of the Red Sea. The name Eritrea is a rendition of the ancient Greek name Ἐρυθραία, Erythraía, meaning the "Red Land". The earliest evidence of agriculture, urban settlement and trade in Eritrea was found in the western region of the country consisting of archaeological remains dating back to 3500 BC in sites called the Gash group. Based on the archaeological evidence, there seems to have been a connection between the peoples of the Gash group and the civilizations of the Nile Valley namely Ancient Egypt and Nubia.
In the highlands, especially in Asmara's suburbs, scores of ancient sites have been documented, including Sembel, Mai Chiot, Ona Gudo, Mai Temenai, Weki Duba and Mai Hutsa. Mostly dating to the early and mid-1st millennium BCE (800 to 350 BCE), these communities consisted of small towns, villages, and hamlets built of stone. The proximity of these ancient communities to gold mines suggest that part of their prosperity was linked to the mining and processing of gold. Around the mid-1st millennium, several sites with Sabaean remains (inscriptions, artifacts, and monuments) seem to emerge in the central highlands, for example, at Keskese. Between the eighth and fifth century BCE, a kingdom known as D'mt was supposedly established in what is today Eritrea and the Tigray province of northern Ethiopia.
After D'mt's decline around the fifth century BC, the state of Aksum arose in much of Eritrea and the northern Ethiopian Highlands. It grew during the fourth century BC and came into prominence during the first century AD, minting its own coins by the third century, and converting in the fourth century to Christianity, thereby becoming the second official Christian state (after Armenia), and the first country to feature the cross on its coins. According to Mani, it grew to be one of the four greatest civilizations in the world, on a par with China, Persia, and Rome. In the seventh century, with the advent of Islam across the Red Sea in Arabia and the Arab invasion and subsequent destruction of Adulis, Aksum's main port city, Aksum's trade and power on the Red Sea began to decline and the empire gradually diminished and was overtaken by smaller rival kingdoms.
Medieval period
During the medieval period, contemporary with and following the gradual disintegration of the Aksumite state between the 9th and 10th centuries, several states as well as tribal and clan lands emerged in the area known today as Eritrea. Between the eighth and thirteenth century, northern and northwestern Eritrea had largely come under the domination of the Beja, a Cushitic people from northeastern Sudan. The Beja brought Islam to large parts of Eritrea and connected the region to the greater Islamic world. Nonetheless, Christians of the Axumite era continued to inhabit these areas and retain their religion.
In the main highland area and adjacent coastline of what were previously Muslim (Beja) ruled areas, a Christian Kingdom called Midir Bahr or Midri Bahri (Tigrinya for land of the sea) arose, ruled by the Bahr Negus or Bahr Negash, ("ruler of the sea") emerged in the 15th century. The southeastern parts of Eritrea, inhabited by the independent Afar since ancient times, came to form part of the Islamic Adal Sultanate. Parts of the southwestern lowlands of Eritrea were under the dominion of the then Christian/Animist Funj Sultanate of Sinnar.
An invading force of the Turkish Ottoman Empire, under Suleiman I, conquered Massawa in 1557 from the Christians, building what is now considered the "old town" of Massawa on Batsi island. They also conquered the towns of Hergigo and Debarwa, the capital city of Yeshaq, the contemporary Christian Bahr Negus, before being driven back to the coast by 1578. The Ottomans remained in control of the important ports of Massawa and Hergigo and their environs, and maintained their dominion over the coastal areas for nearly 300 years, absorbing the coastal areas of the disintegrated Adal Sultanate as vassals in the 16th century. The Funj Sultanate of Sinnar converted to Islam in the 16th century but maintained independent control of the southwestern areas of Eritrea until being absorbed into the Ottoman Empire in the early 19th century.
With the feudal rule of the Bahr Negus in the predominantly Christian highland interior severely weakened from the 17th century up until modern times, the area was dubbed Mereb Mellash by locals and neighboring Ethiopians alike, meaning "beyond the Mereb" (in Tigrinya). This name defined the territory as being north of the Mareb River which to this day is a natural boundary between the modern states of Eritrea and Ethiopia.[18] Roughly the same area also came to be referred to as Hamasien, a name that survived until modern times, designating a much smaller area (province) immediately surrounding the capital Asmara, until being absorbed into the new administrative divisions in 1994. In these areas, feudal authority was particularly weak or nonexistent, and the autonomy of the landowning peasantry was particularly strong; a kind of republican rule was prevalent, governed by local customary laws legislated by elected elder's councils (shimagile). In 1770, the Scottish researcher James Bruce describes Hamasien and Abyssinia as "different countries who are often fighting" (SUKE, p. 25).
Colonialism
Italian colonisation arguably began with the purchase of the locality of Assab by a Roman Catholic priest by the name of Giuseppe Sapeto acting on behalf of a Genovese shipping company called "Rubattino" who bought the land from the Afar Sultan of Obock (a vassal of the Ottomans) in 1869. This happened in the same year as the opening of the Suez Canal.
With the approval of the Italian parliament and King Umberto I of Italy (later succeeded by his son Victor Emmanuel III), the government of Italy in 1879 bought the Rubattino company's holdings and from 1882 expanded its possessions northward along the Red Sea coast toward and beyond Massawa, encroaching on and quickly expelling previous 'Egyptian' possessions but meeting stiffer resistance in the Eritrean highlands from the invading army of the Emperor Yohannes IV of Ethiopia.
Italy declared Eritrea a territory of Italy as of New Years Day 1890. The Kingdom of Italy ruled Eritrea from 1890 to 1941. Approximately 100,000 Italian colonists settled during the 1930s in the Colonia Primigenia (as Eritrea was called by the Italians, meaning they considered Eritrea their first and most important colony). Some of the greatest feats accomplished by the Italian colonialists in Eritrea was the building of Eritrea's modern capital; Asmara, and the Eritrean railway.
Between 1936 and 1941, the fascist dictator Benito Mussolini briefly created the Italian Empire, with the short-lived union of Eritrea, Ethiopia and Italian Somaliland. Eritrea enjoyed considerable industrialization and development of modern infrastructure during Italian rule (such as roads and the Eritrean Railway). The Italians remained the colonial power in Eritrea throughout the lifetime of Fascism and the beginnings of World War II, until they were defeated by Allied forces in 1941, and Eritrea came under British administration.
In the Peace Treaty of February 1947, Italy surrendered all her colonies, including Eritrea. While under British trusteeship, the United Nations decided to federate Eritrea with Ethiopia in 1950 after a lengthy inquiry regarding the status of Eritrea.
Eritrean War of Independence
The sandals worn by the fighters of independence have become iconic. A monument in central Asmara of such sandals was erected in memoriam. Barely 10 years into the federation with Ethiopia, in 1961, the 30-year Eritrean Struggle for Independence began, following the Ethiopian Emperor Haile Selassie I's dissolution of the federation and shutting down of Eritrea's parliament.
The Emperor declared Eritrea the fourteenth province of Ethiopia in 1962.[22] Eritreans formed the Eritrean Liberation Front (ELF) and rebelled.
The ELF was initially a conservative grass-roots movement dominated by Muslim lowlanders. The ELF received backing from Nasser's Egypt as part of a policy of expanding Arab Nationalist political influence in the region (some Eritreans were Arabic-speakers - one of the rather loose conditions for being part of the 'Arab Nation'). Ethiopia's imperial government received support from the United States which had established a radio listening base, called the Kagnew Station, in Eritrea's Ethiopian-occupied capital, Asmara. Internal divisions within the ELF based on religion, ideology, ethnicity, clan and, sometimes, personalities, led to the weakening and factioning of the ELF from which sprang the Eritrean People's Liberation Front.
The EPLF professed Marxism and egalitarian values devoid of gender, religion, or ethnic bias. Its leadership was educated in China. It came to be supported by a growing Eritrean diaspora. Bitter fighting broke out between the ELF and EPLF during the late 1970s and 1980s for dominance over Eritrea. The ELF continued to dominate the Eritrean landscape well into the 1970s when the struggle for independence neared victory due to Ethiopia's internal turmoil caused by a socialist revolution against the monarchy there.
The ELF's gains suffered when Ethiopia's ailing US-backed Emperor was deposed and replaced by the Derg, a Marxist military junta with backing from the Soviet Union and other communist countries, who continued the Ethiopian policy of repressing Eritrean "separatists" with increased military assistance and fervor. Nevertheless, the Eritrean resistance, which saw itself forced to retreat from most of the Eritrean countryside it had previously occupied, became instead entrenched in the northern parts of the country around the Sudanese border from where the most important supply lines came. The heavily bombarded and embattled northern town of Nakfa came to symbolize the Eritrean struggle. (The Eritrean currency is named after it.)
The numbers of the EPLF swelled in the 1980s. The EPLF relied largely on armaments captured from the Ethiopian army itself as well as financial and political support from the Eritrean diaspora and the cooperation of neighboring states hostile to Ethiopia's government Somalia and Sudan (although the support of the latter turned into hostility in agreement with Ethiopia during the Gaafar Nimeiry administration between 1971 and 1985) as well as Ethiopian resistance and separatist movements. Drought, famine, and intensive offensives launched by the Ethiopian army on Eritrea took a heavy toll on the population — more than half a million fled to Sudan as refugees. In 1985, Eritrean elite commandos infiltrated the Ethiopian- and Soviet-held air force base in Asmara and destroyed all 30 fighter jets there, suffering only one casualty. In 1988, a massive Ethiopian military offensive against Eritrean rebels backfired with a third of the Ethiopian army annihilated in the northern Eritrean town of Afabet.
Following the decline of the Soviet Union in 1989 and diminishing support for the Ethiopian war, Eritrean rebels advanced further, capturing the port of Massawa and putting the Ethiopian and Soviet naval capabilities there out of action. By 1990 and early 1991 virtually all Eritrean territory had been liberated by the EPLF except for the capital, whose only connection with the rest of government-held Ethiopia during the last year of the war was by an air-bridge. In 1991, the Ethiopian army finally capitulated and its leader Mengistu Hailemariam fled to Zimbabwe where he resides to this day. Eritrean rebels entered the capital Asmara and began to govern Eritrea on May 24, 1991. The new Ethiopian government, consisting of a coalition of Ethiopian resistance and separatist movements allied with Eritrea's rebels, conceded Eritrea's demand to have an internationally (UN) supervised referendum dubbed UNOVER to be held in Eritrea. This took place in April 1993 with an overwhelming vote by Eritreans for independence. Independence was declared on May 24, 1993.
Independence
Upon Eritrea's declaration of independence, the leader of the EPLF, Isaias Afewerki, became Eritrea's first Provisional President, and the Eritrean People's Liberation Front (later renamed the People's Front for Democracy and Justice, or PFDJ) created a government.
Faced with limited economic resources and a country shattered by decades of war, the government embarked on a reconstruction and defense effort, later called the Warsai Yikalo Program, based on the labour of national servicemen and women. It is still continuing and deploys the conscripted, which is drawn from anyone male or female who has graduated high school, into a combination of duties ranging from military service to construction projects, health care, teaching and training/education as well as agricultural work to improve the country's food security.
The government also attempts to tap into the resources of the Eritreans living abroad by levying a 2% tax on the gross income of those who wish to gain full economic rights and access as citizens in Eritrea (land ownership, business licenses and other privileges for nationals etc), while at the same time encouraging tourism and investment both from Eritreans living abroad and other foreign investors. This has been complicated by Eritrea's tumultuous relations with its neighbours, lack of stability and subsequent political problems.
Eritrea severed diplomatic relations with Sudan in 1994, citing that the latter was hosting Islamic terrorist groups to destabilize Eritrea, and both countries entered into an acrimonious relationship, each accusing the other of hosting various opposition rebel groups or "terrorists" and soliciting outside support to destabilize the other. Diplomatic relations were resumed in 2005 following a reconciliation agreement reached with the help of Qatar's negotiation in 1999.[29][30] Eritrea now plays a prominent role in the internal Sudanese peace and reconciliation effort.
Perhaps the conflict with the deepest impact on independent Eritrea has been the renewed hostility with Ethiopia. In 1998, a border war with Ethiopia over the town of Badme occurred. The Eritrean-Ethiopian War ended in 2000 with a negotiated agreement known as the Algiers Agreement, which assigned an independent, UN-associated boundary commission known as the Eritrea-Ethiopia Boundary Commission (EEBC), whose task was to clearly identify the border between the two countries and issue a final and binding ruling. Along with the agreement the UN established a temporary security zone consisting of a 25-kilometre demilitarized buffer zone within Eritrea, running along the length of the disputed border between the two states and patrolled by UN troops in the mission named UNMEE. Ethiopia was to withdraw to positions held before the outbreak of hostilities in May 1998. The peace agreement would be completed with the implementation of the Border Commission's ruling, also ending the task of the peacekeeping mission of UNMEE. The EEBC's verdict came in April 2002, which awarded Badme to Eritrea. However, Ethiopia refused to withdraw its military from positions in the disputed areas, including Badme, and also refused to implement the EEBC's ruling, and the dispute is ongoing.
Eritrea's diplomatic relations with Djibouti were briefly severed during the border war with Ethiopia in 1998 due to a dispute over Djibouti's intimate relation with Ethiopia during the war but were restored and normalized in 2000. Relations are again tense due to a renewed border dispute. Similarly, Eritrea and Yemen had a border conflict between 1996 to 1998 over the Hanish Islands and the maritime border, which was resolved in 2000 by the Permanent Court of Arbitration in the Hague.
Geography
Eritrea is located in Northeast Africa, more specifically in the Horn of Africa, and is bordered on the northeast and east by the Red Sea. The country is virtually bisected by one of the world's longest mountain ranges, formed by the processes that formed the Great Rift Valley, with fertile lands to the west, descending to desert in the east. Eritrea, at the southern end of the Red Sea, is the home of the fork in the rift. The Dahlak Archipelago and its fishing grounds are situated off the sandy and arid coastline. The land to the south, in the highlands, is slightly drier and cooler.
The Afar Triangle or Danakil Depression of Eritrea is the probable location of a triple junction where three tectonic plates are pulling away from one another: the Arabian Plate, and the two parts of the African Plate (the Nubian and the Somali plate) splitting along the East African Rift Zone (USGS). The highest point of the country, Emba Soira, is located in the center of Eritrea, at 3,018 meters (9,902 ft) above sea level.
The main cities of the country are the capital city of Asmara and the port town of Asseb in the southeast, as well as the towns of Massawa to the east, and Keren to the north.
Other Info
Oficial Name:
tir: ሃግሬ ኤርትራ (Hagəre Ertra)
ara: دولة إرتريا (Dawlâtu Iritriyā)
Hagere Ertra
Independence:
May 24, 1991
-de jure May 24, 1993
Area:
121.320 km2
Inhabitants:
4.906.585
Language:
Afar [aar] 160,000 in Eritrea (2001 Johnstone and Mandryk). Southern Eritrea. May also be in Somalia. Alternate names: Afaraf, "Danakil", "Denkel". Dialects: Central Afar, Northern Afar, Aussa, Ba'adu. Classification: Afro-Asiatic, Cushitic, East, Saho-Afar
More information.
Arabic, Hijazi Spoken [acw] Red Sea coast. Alternate names: Hijazi. Classification: Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, Central, South, Arabic
More information.
Arabic, Standard [arb] Middle East, North Africa. Classification: Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, Central, South, Arabic
More information.
Bedawi [bej] 150,000 in Eritrea (2001 Johnstone and Mandryk). Population includes 20,000 Hadendoa (1970 Bendor). Alternate names: Bedàwie, Beja, Bedawiye, Bedawye, Bedauye, Bedwi, Bedya, Bedja, Lobat. Dialects: Hadareb (Hadaareb), Bisharin (Bisarin, Bisariab), Hadendoa (Hadendowa), Beni-Amir, Ababda, Amara. Classification: Afro-Asiatic, Cushitic, North
More information.
Bilen [byn] 70,000 (1995). Central Eritrea, in and around the town of Keren. Alternate names: Bogo, Bogos, Bilayn, Bilin, Balen, Beleni, Belen, Bilein, Bileno, North Agaw. Classification: Afro-Asiatic, Cushitic, Central, Northern
More information.
English [eng] Classification: Indo-European, Germanic, West, English
More information.
Italian [ita] A few monolinguals. Classification: Indo-European, Italic, Romance, Italo-Western, Italo-Dalmatian
More information.
Kunama [kun] 107,000 in Eritrea (2001 Johnstone and Mandryk). Population includes 1,000 in Ilit, 600 in Odasa. Population total all countries: 108,883. Western Eritrea, on the Gash and Setit rivers, Sudan border and into Tigray Province. Barka is south of Barentu; Marda is north, northeast, and east of Barentu and in Barentu; Aimara is west of Barentu; Laki-Tukura is south of Aimara, west of Barka; Tika is south of Laki-Tukura, west of Barka. None in Sudan. Also spoken in Ethiopia. Alternate names: Baza, Baaza, Bazen, Baazen, Baazayn, Baden, Baaden, Bada, Baada, Cunama, Diila. Dialects: Barka (Berka), Marda, Aimara (Aaimasa, Aymasa, Odasa), Tika (Tiika, Lakatakura-Tika), Ilit (Iliit, Iiliit, Iilit), Bitama (Bitaama), Sokodasa (Sogodas, Sogadas), Takazze-Setiit (Setiit, Setit), Tigray. Bitama and Ilit are nearly unintelligible to speakers of other Kunama. Barka is the largest dialect and intelligible to speakers of all others. Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Kunama
More information.
Nara [nrb] 80,000 (2001 Johnstone and Mandryk). In and north of Barentu, western Eritrea, adjoining Kunama territory which is to the south. Alternate names: Nera, "Barea", "Barya", "Baria", Higir, Koyta, Mogareb, Santora. Dialects: Considerable dialect variation within the four main groups: Higir, Mogareb, Koyta, Santora. Little intelligibility of Kunama. Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Eastern Sudanic, Eastern, Nara
More information.
Saho [ssy] 180,000 in Eritrea (2001 Johnstone and Mandryk). Population total all countries: 202,759. Southern Eritrea. Also spoken in Ethiopia. Alternate names: Sao, Shaho, Shoho, Shiho. Dialects: Very close to Afar. The Irob dialect is only in Ethiopia. Classification: Afro-Asiatic, Cushitic, East, Saho-Afar
More information.
Tigré [tig] 800,000 in Eritrea (1997 census). Also spoken in Sudan. Alternate names: Khasa, Xasa. Dialects: Mansa' (Mensa). Classification: Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, South, Ethiopian, North
More information.
Tigrigna [tir] 1,200,000 in Eritrea (2001 Johnstone and Mandryk). South and central Eritrea. Alternate names: Tigrinya, Tigray. Classification: Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, South, Ethiopian, North
More information.
Extinct languages
Geez [gez] Extinct. Alternate names: Ancient Ethiopic, Ethiopic, Ge'ez, Giiz. Classification: Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, South, Ethiopian, North
Capital city:
Asmara
Meaning country name:
Named by Italian colonizers, from the Latin name for the Red Sea "Mare Erythraeum" ("Erythraean Sea") which in turn derived from the ancient Greek name for the Red Sea: "Erythrea Thalassa".
Description Flag:
The current flag of Eritrea was adopted on December 5, 1995, and uses the basic layout of the flag of the Eritrean People's Liberation Front, with the wreath with upright olive branch symbol derived from the 1952 flag.
The flag is dominated by a red triangle extending from the hoist to the fly with complementary green and blue triangles above and below. Green stands for the fertility of the country respectively for agriculture; blue stands for the ocean and red for the blood lost in the fight for freedom. In the red triangle a yellow wreath symbol with 14 leaves on each side derived from the 1952 flag replaces the yellow star of the EPLF flag. The use of triangles is also important, because reading the flag from left to right it is important to note that the red shrinks which represents that in the end Eritrea will see peace and blood will no longer be spilled for the nation.
Coat of arms:
The Coat of Arms of Eritrea was adopted May 24, 1993, on the date of declaration of independence. It shows a dromedary in natural colors surrounded by an olive wreath. On the bottom is a band with the name of the nation in the official languages - English in the middle, Tigrinya on the left and Arabic on the right.
National Anthem: Ertra, Ertra, Ertra ,
Tigrinya: ኤርትራ ኤርትራ ኤርትራ
Tigrinya
ኤርትራ ኤርትራ ኤርትራ፡
በዓል ደማ እናልቀሰ ተደምሲሱ፡
መስዋእታ ብሓርነት ተደቢሱ።
መዋእል ነኺሳ ኣብ ዕላማ፡
ትእምርቲ ጽንዓት ኰይኑ ስማ፡
ኤርትራ'ዛ ሓበን ውጹዓት፡
ኣመስኪራ ሓቂ ከምትዕወት፡
ኤርትራ ኤርትራ (ክልተ ግዜ)
ኣብ ዓለም ጨቢጣቶ ግቡእ ክብራ።
ናጽነት ዘምጽኦ ልዑል ኒሕ፡
ንህንጻ ንልምዓት ክንሰርሕ፡
ስልጣኔ ከነልብሳ ግርማ
ሕድሪ'ሎና ግምጃ ክንስልማ፡
ኤርትራ ኤርትራ (ክልተ ግዜ)
ኣብ ዓለም ጨቢጣቶ ግቡእ ክብራ።
Tigrinya with Romanization
Ertra, Ertra, Ertra,
Beal dema'nalkese tedemsisu,
Meswaéta bharnet tdebisu.
Mewaél nekhisa'b élame,
TémErti tsnt koynu sma,
Ertra za haben wtsuAt,
Ameskira haki kem téwet.
Ertra, Ertra,
Abalem chebitato gbué kbra.
Natsänet zemtsä’ lä‘ul nihh,
N'hntsa n'lm‘at k'serihh,
S'lthane k'nelbsa grma,
Hihdri-lena gmja k'nslma.
Ertra, Ertra,
Abalem chebitato gbué kbra.
English translation
Eritrea, Eritrea, Eritrea,
Her enemy decimated,
and her sacrifices vindicated by liberation.
Steadfast in her goal,
symbolizing endurance,
Eritrea, the pride of her oppressed people,
proved that the truth prevails.
Eritrea, Eritrea,
holds her rightful place in the world.
Dedication that led to liberation,
Will buildup and make her green,
We shall honour her with progress,
We have a word to her to embellish.
Eritrea, Eritrea,
holds her rightful place in the world.
Internet Page: www.eritreaeritrea.com
eritrea in diferent languages
eng | afr | arg | ast | bre | cat | ces | cor | cym | dan | est | eus | fao | fin | glg | glv | hun | ibo | ina | ita | jav | jnf | lim | lld | mlg | mlt | nld | nor | roh | rup | slk | sme | spa | sqi | srd | swa | swe | tgl | vor: Eritrea
dsb | hrv | hsb | lav | slv: Eritreja
crh | kaa | uzb: Eritreya / Эритрея
deu | ltz | nds: Eritrea / Eritrea; Erythräa / Erythräa
hat | tur | zza: Eritre
hau | kin | run: Eritreya
ind | msa: Eritrea / اريتريا
pol | szl: Erytrea
aze: Eritreya / Еритреја
bam: Eritire
bos: Eritreja / Еритреја
epo: Eritreo
fra: Érythrée
frp: Èritrê
fur: Eritree
gla: Ertra
gle: An Eiritré / An Eiritré
haw: ʻElikilea
isl: Erítrea
kmr: Êrîtrê / Еритре / ئێریترێ
kur: Erître / ئەریترە
lat: Erythraea
lin: Elitré
lit: Eritrėja
mol: Eritreea / Еритрея
nrm: Éritraée
oci: Eritrèa
por: Eritreia / Eritréia
que: Iritrya
rmy: Eritreya / एरित्रेया
ron: Eritreea
scn: Eritrìa
slo: Eritrea / Еритреа
smg: Eritrėjė
smo: Eriteria
som: Ereteeriya; Eriteeriya; Eretareeya
tet: Eritreia
tuk: Eritreýa / Эритрея
vie: Ê-ri-tơ-rê-a
vol: Lerüträn
wln: Eritrêye
wol: Eritere
abq | alt | che | chm | kir | kjh | kom | krc | kum | rus | tyv | udm: Эритрея (Ėritreja)
bak: Эритрея / Eritreya
bel: Эрытрэя / Erytreja
bul: Еритрея (Eritreja)
chv: Эритрейӑ (Ėritrejă)
kaz: Эритрея / Erïtreya / ەريترەيا
kbd: Эритрея (Ăritreja)
mkd: Еритреа (Eritrea)
mon: Эритрей (Äritrej)
oss: Эритрей (Ėritrej)
srp: Еритреја / Eritreja
tat: Эритрея / Eritreä
tgk: Эритрея / اریتریه / Eritreja
ukr: Еритрея (Erytreja)
ara: إريتريا (Irītriyā); أريتريا (Arītriyā); إرتريا (Iritriyā); أرتريا (Aritriyā); إرتيريا (Irtīriyā); أرتيريا (Artīriyā)
fas: اریتره (Erītre)
prs: اریتریا (Erītriyā)
pus: اريتريا (Irītriyā); اېريتريا (Erītriyā)
uig: ئېرىترېيە / Éritréye / Эритрея
urd: اریٹریا (Irīṫriyā); ارٹریا (Iriṫriyā); اریٹیریا (Irīṫīriyā)
div: އެރިތްރިއާ (Eritri'ā)
heb: אריטראה (Erîṭreʾah); אריטריאה (Erîṭrêʾah); אריתריאה (Erîtrêʾah)
lad: איריטריאה / Eritrea
yid: עריטרײאַ (Eritreya)
amh | tir: ኤርትራ (Ertra)
ell-dhi: Ερυθραία (Eryṯraía)
ell-kat: Ἐρυθραία (Eryṯraía)
hye: Էրիտրեա (Ēritrea)
kat: ერიტრეა (Eritrea)
hin: इरिट्रिया (Iriṭriyā); एरिट्रिया (Eriṭriyā); एरीट्रिया (Erīṭriyā)
ben: ইরিত্রিয়া (Iritriyā); এরিট্রিয়া (Eriṭriyā)
pan: ਈਰਿਟਰੀਆ (Īriṭrīā)
kan: ಎರಿಟ್ರಿಯ (Eriṭriya)
mal: എരിട്രിയ (Eriṭriya)
tam: எரித்திரியா (Erittiriyā); எரித்ரியா (Eritriyā)
tel: ఎరిట్రియా (Eriṭriyā)
zho: 厄立特里亞/厄里特尼亚 (Èlǐtèlíyà)
jpn: エリトリア (Eritoria)
kor: 에리트레아 (Eriteuraea)
mya: အီရီထရီးယား (Iẏitʰáẏìyà)
tha: เอริเทรีย (Ēritʰriya)
khm: អេរីទ្រា (Erītrā)
www.youtube.com/watch?v=vt7PvTwYF3E&feature=share&...
Full Feature in 9 Parts
American International Pictures lived up to its name on this project. Terrore nello spazio was a Spanish/Italian/American effort. The American release title, Planet of the Vampires (PoV) suggests a campier film than it is. There actually aren't any vampires in the usual sense. Yet, it is still a horror/sci-fi hybrid. Director Mario Bava (famous for horror pictures) gives the dark screenplay by Ib Melchior a good presentation, despite a low budget.
Synopsis
Mysterious signals received from a distant planet named Aura suggest some intelligent life, perhaps a distress call. Two interplanetary space ships are sent to investigate. The Galliot goes in first, but seems to crash. The crew of the Argos go lower to check on them. A sudden increase of gravity pins everyone to the floors and the Argos seems to be doomed to crash. At the last minute, the gravity normalizes and Captain Mark Markary is able to land the Argos. When various members of the crew awaken, they go viciously homicidal temporarily. Captain Mark is able to restore order. The Galliot is found near by, perfectly intact. When a team of the Argos investigate, they find the entire crew of the Galliot dead. They killed each other. The Galliot's "Meteor Rejector" device is smashed, making the ship unspaceworthy. The Argos team return later to find no bodies. (They are rising from the dead, but the Argos crew don't know this yet.) A team from the Argos find a derelict alien ship with a huge alien skeleton out front. Mark and Sanya check it out and almost become trapped inside. Various crewmen, usually given lone sentry jobs, disappear one by one. Two Galliot crewmen appear with a story of being unconscious after the landing. They are taken aboard the Argos, but it was a trick. They were zombies who came to steal the Argos's "Meteor Rejector" device. One zombie explains that Aura is inhabited by a race of energy beings. The Auran sun is dying but they cannot construct spaceships. So, they lured other race's ships to Aura to hijack their bodies and flee. The takeover can be done willingly too. Captain Mark says "Never". Mark, Sanya and Wess steal back the Meteor Rejector and plant bombs aboard the Galliot. They take off in the Argos. Wess discovers that Mark and Sanya are possessed by the Aurans. He smashes the Meteor Rejector, thinking he's stopping the Aurans. He dies in the process. Possessed Mark and Sanya decide to set down on an obscure little planet: Earth. The End.
PoV has the quirky charm typical of Italian sci-fi, but also some visual fun via Bava's sense of art.
The American title is a misnomer, but probably deemed better (by A.I.P.) for marketing. The dead bodies, re-animated by the Auran energy beings, were more the classic zombie than the classic vampire. There is no sucking of blood or needing of human blood, etc. The whole rising-from-the-grave scene is clearly in the zombie idiom. Mixed into the zombie trope is the familiar 50s theme of alien-takeover.
Like many B movies, the production budget for PoV was very tight. Modern viewers could easily scoff at the modest special effects and simple sets. Yet, fans of B sci-fi can appreciate how much mileage Bava got from his shoestring budget. He made an entire alien planet out of a few "rock" props left over from a prior sword-and-sandal film, making use of lots of dry ice fog to disguise how sparse things were. The ship models were quite small (and therefore cheaper), but he manages to make them look larger. To save on matte art and optical effects, Bava used mirrors to put actors and small models into the same shot. Of course, having the Argos and Galliot be identical ships meant handy double use. The giant alien skeleton was probably his biggest expense, but well worth it.
Bava also made ample use of strong color to make things look "alien." Pairs of red-green, or red-blue, or green-orange lights add a vivid other-worldliness. The lighting is reminiscent of that used in the soviet film: Mechte Navstrechu ('62) ("A Dream Come True"). American audiences wouldn't get to see the soviet footage until 1966 when A.I.P. created another of their mash-ups, this one entitled: Queen of Blood.
Some viewers see an inspiration for Ridley Scott's famous Alien (1979). Certainly the scene in which Mark and Sanya discover and explore the derelict alien ship bears a strong resemblance. Even though this scene in PoV is more of a sidetrack than pivotal, it is certainly possible that Scott drew upon it as a portion of his story.
Screenwriter Ib Melchior was fond of the notion that alien planets harbored mysterious danger. His dark vision was quite the opposite of the almost glib notion that alien beings would be pretty women in short skirts. Melchior's Angry Red Planet ('60) featured ominous unseen Martians who tell the earthlings to get lost and never ever come back. Journey to the Seventh Planet ('62) featured a malicious intellect being that messed with the earthlings' minds and was trying to get off its cold, dark moon, to a better planet -- like earth.
The ending of PoV is decidedly un-hollywood. Most of the crew die. Even the last uncompromised humans (Wess) dies trying to stop the Aurans. He fails, despite his heroic sacrifice. Auran-Mark and Auran-Sanya fly down to an unsuspecting earth. The danger of the mind-controlling energy being Aurans was about to be loosed on our simple civilization. On its own, such an ending does have nihilist overtones. It also smacks of a potential sequel along the Body Snatchers line.
Bottom line? PoV will not impress modern viewers who rate movies by how lavish the effects are. It is still a budget film. It also suffers some of the usual pitfalls of foreign films repackaged for American release. There are almost too many characters who are easy to mix up (everyone wore identical leather suits) Nonetheless, it one of the better B movies of the 60s.
www.youtube.com/watch?v=vt7PvTwYF3E&feature=share&...
Full Feature in 9 Parts
American International Pictures lived up to its name on this project. Terrore nello spazio was a Spanish/Italian/American effort. The American release title, Planet of the Vampires (PoV) suggests a campier film than it is. There actually aren't any vampires in the usual sense. Yet, it is still a horror/sci-fi hybrid. Director Mario Bava (famous for horror pictures) gives the dark screenplay by Ib Melchior a good presentation, despite a low budget.
Synopsis
Mysterious signals received from a distant planet named Aura suggest some intelligent life, perhaps a distress call. Two interplanetary space ships are sent to investigate. The Galliot goes in first, but seems to crash. The crew of the Argos go lower to check on them. A sudden increase of gravity pins everyone to the floors and the Argos seems to be doomed to crash. At the last minute, the gravity normalizes and Captain Mark Markary is able to land the Argos. When various members of the crew awaken, they go viciously homicidal temporarily. Captain Mark is able to restore order. The Galliot is found near by, perfectly intact. When a team of the Argos investigate, they find the entire crew of the Galliot dead. They killed each other. The Galliot's "Meteor Rejector" device is smashed, making the ship unspaceworthy. The Argos team return later to find no bodies. (They are rising from the dead, but the Argos crew don't know this yet.) A team from the Argos find a derelict alien ship with a huge alien skeleton out front. Mark and Sanya check it out and almost become trapped inside. Various crewmen, usually given lone sentry jobs, disappear one by one. Two Galliot crewmen appear with a story of being unconscious after the landing. They are taken aboard the Argos, but it was a trick. They were zombies who came to steal the Argos's "Meteor Rejector" device. One zombie explains that Aura is inhabited by a race of energy beings. The Auran sun is dying but they cannot construct spaceships. So, they lured other race's ships to Aura to hijack their bodies and flee. The takeover can be done willingly too. Captain Mark says "Never". Mark, Sanya and Wess steal back the Meteor Rejector and plant bombs aboard the Galliot. They take off in the Argos. Wess discovers that Mark and Sanya are possessed by the Aurans. He smashes the Meteor Rejector, thinking he's stopping the Aurans. He dies in the process. Possessed Mark and Sanya decide to set down on an obscure little planet: Earth. The End.
PoV has the quirky charm typical of Italian sci-fi, but also some visual fun via Bava's sense of art.
The American title is a misnomer, but probably deemed better (by A.I.P.) for marketing. The dead bodies, re-animated by the Auran energy beings, were more the classic zombie than the classic vampire. There is no sucking of blood or needing of human blood, etc. The whole rising-from-the-grave scene is clearly in the zombie idiom. Mixed into the zombie trope is the familiar 50s theme of alien-takeover.
Like many B movies, the production budget for PoV was very tight. Modern viewers could easily scoff at the modest special effects and simple sets. Yet, fans of B sci-fi can appreciate how much mileage Bava got from his shoestring budget. He made an entire alien planet out of a few "rock" props left over from a prior sword-and-sandal film, making use of lots of dry ice fog to disguise how sparse things were. The ship models were quite small (and therefore cheaper), but he manages to make them look larger. To save on matte art and optical effects, Bava used mirrors to put actors and small models into the same shot. Of course, having the Argos and Galliot be identical ships meant handy double use. The giant alien skeleton was probably his biggest expense, but well worth it.
Bava also made ample use of strong color to make things look "alien." Pairs of red-green, or red-blue, or green-orange lights add a vivid other-worldliness. The lighting is reminiscent of that used in the soviet film: Mechte Navstrechu ('62) ("A Dream Come True"). American audiences wouldn't get to see the soviet footage until 1966 when A.I.P. created another of their mash-ups, this one entitled: Queen of Blood.
Some viewers see an inspiration for Ridley Scott's famous Alien (1979). Certainly the scene in which Mark and Sanya discover and explore the derelict alien ship bears a strong resemblance. Even though this scene in PoV is more of a sidetrack than pivotal, it is certainly possible that Scott drew upon it as a portion of his story.
Screenwriter Ib Melchior was fond of the notion that alien planets harbored mysterious danger. His dark vision was quite the opposite of the almost glib notion that alien beings would be pretty women in short skirts. Melchior's Angry Red Planet ('60) featured ominous unseen Martians who tell the earthlings to get lost and never ever come back. Journey to the Seventh Planet ('62) featured a malicious intellect being that messed with the earthlings' minds and was trying to get off its cold, dark moon, to a better planet -- like earth.
The ending of PoV is decidedly un-hollywood. Most of the crew die. Even the last uncompromised humans (Wess) dies trying to stop the Aurans. He fails, despite his heroic sacrifice. Auran-Mark and Auran-Sanya fly down to an unsuspecting earth. The danger of the mind-controlling energy being Aurans was about to be loosed on our simple civilization. On its own, such an ending does have nihilist overtones. It also smacks of a potential sequel along the Body Snatchers line.
Bottom line? PoV will not impress modern viewers who rate movies by how lavish the effects are. It is still a budget film. It also suffers some of the usual pitfalls of foreign films repackaged for American release. There are almost too many characters who are easy to mix up (everyone wore identical leather suits) Nonetheless, it one of the better B movies of the 60s.
"In the grand tradition of generals and surrealists, we have been playing games. People learn things better through the open-ended, empathetic participation in knowledge-making that games allow. Just dispensing information to people-- though at times enlightening-- can also encourage apathy or forgetfulness. Lately, we have been using games to critically examine the dynamics and assumptions of larger social givens.Our new game SET was inspired by toy collectors, tourists, and museum curators. Throughout the game, players "play" by intervening and reorganizing existing groups of objects, thus questioning categories by constructing and redrawing them. In foregrounding the player's relation to the categories, SET explores the value of one's authorship in the production of knowledge. While games often risk normalizing power relationships by setting social roles and rules in stone, we have tried here to do just the opposite."
People learn things better through the open-ended, empathetic participation in knowledge-making that games allow. Just dispensing information to people-- though at times enlightening-- can also encourage apathy or forgetfulness. A project developed by Erik Carver and Marisa Jahn, SET is a game that critically examines the dynamics and assumptions of larger social givens. It's a game inspired by toy collectors, tourists, and museum curators. Throughout the game, players "play" by intervening and reorganizing existing groups of objects, thus questioning categories by constructing and redrawing them. In foregrounding the player's relation to the categories, SET explores the value of one's authorship in the production of knowledge. While games often risk normalizing power relationships by setting social roles and rules in stone, SET tries to do just the opposite.
--
Erik Carver
Erik Carver is an architect and artist. He is a founder of the Institute for Advanced Architecture (advancedarchitecture.org)-- an organization dedicated to advancing architecture through research, exchange, and exhibition-- as well as the Common Room exhibition space (common-room.net) and the interdisciplinary art group Seru. He lives in Brooklyn and teaches architecture at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute.
Erik has worked for the firms of Diller+Scofidio, Laura Kurgan, and Lyn Rice before starting his own practice. These designs have included a student center renovation, an art museum, apartment renovations, a vacation home, exhibitions, a performance space/bar, an expo pavilion, schools, offices and an interpretation center.
His work has appeared in Volume magazine, Art in America, and Nature, and he has shown work and lectured at venues including Exit Art, the Ise Foundation, and Columbia's Neiman Gallery, and the Storefront for Art and Architecture (NYC), The Institute of Contemporary Art (Philadelphia), CAVS (MIT), Basekamp (Philadelphia), the Contemporary Art Center (North Adams, MA), and Pond (San Francisco).
Marisa Jahn
Of Ecuadorian and Chinese descent, Marisa Jahn is an artist whose work explores, constructs, and intervenes natural and social systems. In 2000, Jahn has co-founded Pond: art, activism, and ideas (www.mucketymuck.org), a non-profit organization dedicated to showcasing experimental art. Jahn has presented and exhibited work in museums, galleries, and spaces at venues such as The Institute of Contemporary Art (Philadelphia), the Asian Art Museum of San Francisco, Yerba Buena Center for the Arts (San Francisco), ISEA/Zero One 06/08 (San Jose, CA), MoKS (Estonia), the Moore Space (Miami), the Museum of Contemporary Art (North Miami), in galleries and public places in Tokyo, Honduras, Estonia, Turkey, North America, and Taiwan. Jahn's work has been reviewed in Art in America, Frieze, Punk Planet, Clamor, San Francisco Chronicle, the Fader, Artweek, Metropolis, the Discovery Channel, and Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (CBC). She has received awards and grants such as the Robert & Colleen Haas Scholarship, MIT Department of Architecture Fellowship (2005-8), CEC Artslink, and is an artist in residence at the MIT Media Lab (2007-9) and at the Headlands Center for the Arts (2008). She received her BA from UC Berkeley and an MS from MIT's Visual Arts Program. She lives between Boston and New York, where she functions as the Immediator of art-activist campaigns for The Church of Stop Shopping/Reverend Billy. www.marisajahn.com, www.mucketymuck.org
Remake! I took the original photo version of this in 2010 to bring awareness to "Violence Against Women". At the time, I did not know that this would directly impact me in 2011 when I met my abuser, William.
A few weeks ago, William's mother sent me a friend request on Facebook, so I decided to remake this photo. There's no escaping this, even years into my healing. I'm reminded of it constantly. From his mother Pauline trying to add me on Facebook, to his partner Victoria liking my photos on Instagram. I have a life sentence of being a domestic abuse survivor. Antagonized. Intimidated.
The abuse didn't start with violence. For years, William broke me down & made me dependent on him. He made me cut off my friends, ruined my relationship with my family, got me a job at his workplace so I'd be near him, changed schools so we'd share the same campus. So we moved in together in late 2013 after I had nothing left. It only took until early 2014 for him to start beating me.
This is the reality. Abuse is a slow burn & then it's a horrific explosion. Rinse, repeat. He made me believe that I deserved everything & that I was crazy for not seeing that. Years later, after re-learning how to be a functioning person, I'll never be 100% okay again. Especially not with his loved ones doing this to me. But I've accepted this because I'm not the one who should be ashamed.
If my vulnerability brings awareness to this horrific issue, it will be worth it. Survivors are dealing with indescribable pain. I may seem strong, then I get a friend request on Facebook & I'm suddenly 22, hiding under the bed, while William drags me out to choke me. How can we accept that people do this to their loved ones? How can we accept that his loved ones are still trying to terrorize me?
Stop the violence. Be kind to each other. Normalize knowing the red flags of abuse. Support each other, even from afar. Call out assholes. Check in on your loved ones. Partner violence rates have increased because of the pandemic. We need to talk about this more. Survivors should not be embarrassed. People like William and his loved ones should be.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
The visualization shows the influence of the economic crisis in the lexicon of Italian fiction. Analyzed(*) are the ten books awarded with the last ten editions of the Strega Prize. Books are arranged chronologically (x-axis) and by the total number of words (y-axis). For each novel the visualization displays a syntactic and semantic study on the frequency of fifty words, divided into five categories, and related to the theme of the crisiss. In order to understand the actual influence of the crisis semantic vocabulary within the novel, the visualization also shows the placement of the words along the timeplot of the novel through a dispesion plot on books’ length normalized.
The Duran: U.S. and Japan prepare for conflict with China, citing this Financial Times article, "US military deepens ties with Japan and Philippines to prepare for China threat" and quoting U.S. Lt General James Biermann.
www.msn.com/en-us/news/world/is-japan-getting-ready-for-a...
Is Japan Getting Ready for a War with China? It Looks Like It
Throughout history, there has been no love lost between China and Japan. While the island nation of Japan has been influenced throughout its history by China, modern relations have been strained due to past conflicts. Today, China’s and Japan’s economies are respectively the world’s second and third-largest by nominal gross domestic product (GDP), and in recent years the two have become close business partners since relations were normalized in 1972.
Yet, Tokyo sees Beijing as its biggest security challenge, and as a result, the Japanese government has announced it would sharply increase military spending, The Wall Street Journal reported on Friday. This would mark Japan’s largest post-World War II shift away from pacifism.
Point of Contention
Among the sources of contention is actually an uninhabited group of Tokyo-controlled, Beijing-claimed East China Sea islands called Senkaku in Japan and Diaoyu in China. According to Japan, the islands, which had previously hosted a Japanese seafood factory, are part of its territory, both historically and by international law.
However, Beijing maintains that the islands were stolen in 1895, and should have been returned to mainland control at the end of World War II.
Though the actual islands may have little value, the region’s waters are rich fishing grounds while undersea oil deposits have been discovered. The 1972 normalization communiqué did not address the issue, and the dispute only intensified in 2012 after Tokyo nationalized the islands.
Arms Buildup
Japan will undertake its biggest arms buildup since the war, in an effort to deter China from war in East Asia. It was in a 2019 defense white paper that Tokyo had identified Beijing as its chief adversary – noting that the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) was undergoing a rapid modernization that had the potential to pose a serious security threat.
In addition, Japan has monitored China’s saber-rattling to return self-ruling Taiwan to mainland control, and by force if necessary. The concerns have only intensified since Russia invaded Ukraine, which has weakened public opposition in Japan to the rearming. The next Communist Party delegation to gather in Beijing is scheduled for 2027 when Chinese leaders will determine where its own modernization stands. It is already being seen as a potentially noteworthy milestone for Beijing as it will mark the centennial of the founding of the People’s Liberation Army.
Clearly, Tokyo plans to be ready to stand up to any Chinese aggression that could occur – as well as any from North Korea or Russia. The strategy document reaffirmed concerns about North Korea’s nuclear weapons program and its recent string of missile launches.
However, it placed North Korea below China on the current threat list, reversing the order from a previous strategy released in 2013. Tokyo’s spending plans commit Japan to 43 trillion yen (approximately $312 billion), in defense outlays over the next five years, starting in the next fiscal year that will begin in April. Japan would spend about 2% of its GDP on defense, which put it in line with spending targets shared by the U.S.’s European allies in the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). Around $3.7 billion is reportedly earmarked just for missile systems, including the American Tomahawk, which would enable the Japanese military to target an adversary’s facilities if an attack appeared imminent. The message that Japan will likely want to send is that it would be far too costly to attack the island nation, thus pursuing a peace through strength strategy.
A Senior Editor for 1945, Peter Suciu is a Michigan-based writer. He has contributed to more than four dozen magazines, newspapers, and websites with over 3,000 published pieces over a twenty-year career in journalism. He regularly writes about military hardware, firearms history, cybersecurity, and international affairs. Peter is also a Contributing Writer for Forbes and Clearance Jobs. You can follow him on Twitter: @PeterSuciu.
Below is U.S. Ambassador Kennedy's concerns about handing administrative control of DiaoYu Islands, aka Senkaku Islands, to Japan while negotiating with Taiwan on textile "voluntary" quotas. Also attached below are several conversations among U.S. politicians on the Islands. (GRC = Government of the Republic of China)
history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969-76v17/d133
(c) Offer certain concessions to Taiwan. Ambassador Kennedy feels the impasse can be broken without causing disastrous side effects for either our industry or the Taiwan Government. While the Chinese have stressed the importance of certain military items (F–4's for example) Ambassador Kennedy is convinced that the “only” way to resolve the issues is to withhold turning the Senkaku Islands over to Japanese administrative control under the Okinawa Reversion Agreement.3
4. Ambassador Kennedy's argument on the Senkaku follows:
“This is a major issue in Taiwan with both domestic and international implications. If the U.S. were to maintain administrative control, it would give the GRC a tremendous public boost since they have expressed themselves so forcefully on the issues. Further, it would be a very direct indication of our continued interest in and support for the GRC—and it would be done at Japan's expense, a point that is vital to our ability to proceed effectively with textile negotiations in Hong Kong and Korea and subsequently in Japan. Announcement of such a decision allows the GRC to save face both at home (it takes the Vice Premier off the hook) and abroad. Taiwan could accept the current textile package in face of Hong Kong and Korean pressure.
“In addition, such an act would, in my opinion, provide a very badly needed shock effect on the Japanese. It would indicate that U.S. acquiescence in all matters requested by the Japanese could no longer be taken for granted.
“I can fully appreciate the opposition which such a proposal will generate in certain quarters of our government. But I feel that this can and must be done. We accepted stewardship of these Islands after World War II. Neither historically nor geographically are they a part of the Ryukyus Chain containing Okinawa. Consequently, the GRC suffers a great loss of face if we allow Japan to gain administrative control of them. Since possession of the Islands is still in dispute, there is every reason for the United States to maintain administrative control until such time as the dispute is settled. Taiwan feels very strongly that once Japan had administrative control there is absolutely no possibility of their ever relinquishing that control. By no means am I suggesting that we hand the islands over to Taiwan. Rather, I am strongly recommending the wisdom of preserving the status quo rather than allowing Japan to assume administrative control with the great loss of face this entails for Taiwan.
“I know of no other action sufficiently important or sufficiently dramatic to resolve our textile problems specifically as well as to pave the way for resolution of several general international trade difficulties. The stakes involved are very high which I fully realize. I realize, too, that only the President can make such a decision. Therefore, I urge you in the strongest possible terms to present to him all the potential benefits and ramifications of my recommendations.”
5. Henry Kissinger is looking into the background of the Senkaku Islands dispute and will be able to report to you at our meeting this afternoon on what would be involved in not turning over the Senkaku Islands to Japan at this point.
3 See Documents 113, 114, and 115.
Foreign Relations of the United States, 1969–1976
Volume XVII, China, 1969–1972, Document 113
He then raised this issue of the Senkaku Islands.6
6 Japanese-American negotiations over Okinawa sparked renewed Chinese interest in the Senkaku Islands (Taioyutai or Daioyutai in Chinese). Chow gave a 4-page aidemémoire to Green on September 16, 1970, outlining the ROC's objections to Japanese sovereignty over these islands. (National Archives, RG 59, EA/ROC Files: Lot 75 D 61, Subject Files, Petroleum–Senkakus, January–September 1970) Shoesmith summarized reports of student demonstrations in Taipei against Japanese control of the Senkaku Islands and noted: “The Embassy believes that the initiative for the demonstrations has come from the students rather than the government. But the latter probably has given tacit approval out of reluctance to oppose the fruits of youthful patriotism and its own dissatisfaction over our China policy and oil exploration moratorium.” (Memorandum from Shoesmith t. Green, April 17; ibid., Lot 75 D 76, Petroleum–Senkakus, January–March 1971) There were also student protests in the United States and Hong Kong. The White House tape of the April 12 meeting indicates that Chow emphasized that the final disposition of the Senkakus should be kept open, and that this issue was a measure of the ROC's ability to protect itself. He emphasized the symbolic importance of the islands. (Ibid., Nixon Presidential Materials, White House Tapes, Recording of conversation between Nixon and Kissinger, April 12, 1971, Oval Office, Conversation No. 477–3)
______________
Foreign Relations of the United States, 1969–1976
Volume XVII, China, 1969–1972, Document 114
Ambassador Chow said that in the measures the U.S. was taking which affected his country, the understanding if not the support of the Chinese people was needed. He described the strong sentiments which various Chinese groups had with regard to a number of issues, particularly the question of the status of Senkaku Islets. The demonstration which had taken place in Washington on April 10 was a case in point—those demonstrating had been scientists, engineers, and professional people and not just students. The demonstration had come on all of a sudden because these people had become excited, and was symbolic of what they and the country would stand for. Ambassador Chow declared that he had been asked by President Chiang to take up the Senkaku question with the President and Dr. Kissinger.
Dr. Kissinger stated that he was looking into the Senkaku matter, and asked Mr. Holdridge to forward a report to him on the issues involved by April 13.3
Ambassador Chow, in commenting further on the Senkakus, remarked that even when the Japanese had occupied Taiwan and the Ryukyus, legal matters involving the Senkakus had been handled by courts on Taiwan, and the fishing boats which went to the Senkakus had been from Taiwan. From the Japanese point of view, they didn't care how the Senkakus were administered. For the Chinese though, the issue of nationalism was deeply involved.
__________
Foreign Relations of the United States, 1969–1976
Volume XVII, China, 1969–1972, Document 115
115. Memorandum From John H. Holdridge of the National Security Council Staff to the President's Assistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger)1
Washington, April 13, 1971.
SUBJECT
The Chinese Claim to the Senkaku Islets
You asked for information on the Chinese claim to the Senkaku Islets. The most recent summary of this was contained in a Note Verbale sent the State Department by the Chinese Embassy on March 15 (Tab A).2 Its main points are as follows:
—As early as the 15th century Chinese historical records considered the Senkakus as the boundary separating Taiwan from the independent kingdom of the Ryukyus.
—The geological structure of the Senkaku Islets is similar to that of other islets associated with Taiwan. The Senkakus are closer to Taiwan than to the Ryukyus and are separated from the Ryukyus by the Okinawa Trough at the end of the Continental Shelf, which is 2,000 meters in depth.
—Taiwanese fisherman have traditionally fished in the area of the Senkakus and called at these islets.
—The Japanese Government did not include the Senkakus in Okinawa Prefecture until after China's cession of Taiwan and the Pescadores to Japan after the first Sino-Japanese war in 1895.
—For regional security considerations the GRC has hitherto not challenged the U.S. military occupation of the Senkakus under Article 3 of the San Francisco Peace Treaty. However, according to international law temporary military occupation of an area does not affect the ultimate determination of its sovereignty.
—In view of the expected termination of the U.S. occupation of the Ryukyu Islands in 1972, the U.S. is requested to respect the GRC's sovereign rights over the Senkaku Islets and restore them to the GRC when this termination takes place.
Comment. As you can imagine, the Japanese Government has a comparable list of apparently offsetting arguments and maintains simply that the Senkakus remain Japanese. State's position is that in occupying the Ryukyus and the Senkakus in 1945, and in proposing to return them to Japan in 1972, the U.S. passes no judgement as to conflicting claims over any portion of them, which should be settled directly by the parties concerned.3
1 Source: National Archives, Nixon Presidential Materials, NSC Files, Box 521, Country Files, Far East, China, Vol. VI. Confidential. Sent for information. A notation on the memorandum indicates Kissinger saw it on April 23.
2 Attached but not printed.
3 Kissinger's handwritten comment in the margin reads: “But that is nonsense since it gives islands to Japan. How can we get a more neutral position?”
__________
history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969-76v17/d134
Nixon, Kissinger, and Peterson met at Camp David from 3:25 to 4:10 p.m. on June 7. (Ibid., White House Central Files, President's Daily Diary) According to a draft telegram to Rogers by U. Alexis Johnson: “Henry Kissinger stepped into the breach with material that I supplied him, and last night [June 7] obtained the President's decision that we would not change our position on the Senkakus. However, this points up the heat that GRC is bringing to bear on us and in turn in some degree probably reflects the heat that GRC is feeling on a subject which it neglected for so long.” (Ibid., RG 59, U. Alexis Johnson Files: Lot 96 D 695, Nodis Chrono 1971) Kissinger and Johnson discussed the Senkaku Island issue by telephone on the morning of June 7. Johnson stated: “The principle that we are applying is that we receive the islands from Japan for administration and are returning them to Japan without prejudice to the rights—no position between the two governments on it.” (Memorandum of conversation between Kissinger and Johnson, June 7, 10:35 a.m.; ibid., Telcons, May–June 1971)
On June 7 Kennedy told Chiang Ching-Kuo of the decision on the Senkaku Islands. Chiang asked that the U.S. Government categorically state at the time of the signing of the Okinawa reversion agreement that the final status of the islands had not been determined and should be settled by all parties involved. (Backchannel message from Kennedy to Peterson, June 9; ibid., White House Special Files, Staff Member and Office Files, Peter Peterson, Box 1, 1971, Textile Negotiations (cables)) In a June 10 memorandum to Kissinger, Johnson noted that Rogers had raised this issue with Japanese Foreign Minister Aichi at their meeting in Paris on June 9. (Ibid., RG 59, U. Alexis Johnson Files: Lot 96 D 695, Kissinger, Henry, 1971) On June 12 Peterson informed Kennedy, who was in Seoul, that Rogers had approached Aichi, “strongly urging GOJ to discuss issue with GRC prior to signature of Okinawa Agreement on June 17.” He also noted that a Department of State spokesman would announce on June 17 that a return of “administrative rights” to Japan of the Senkaku Islands “can in no way prejudice the underlying claims of the Republic of China.” (Ibid., Nixon Presidential Materials, White House Special Files, Staff Member and Office Files, Peter Peterson, Box 1, 1971, Textile Negotiations (cables)) On June 15 Peterson cabled Kennedy, in Seoul, stating that Aichi had met with the ROC Ambassador in Tokyo to discuss the Senkaku issue. (Ibid.) On July 12 Chiang Ching-Kuo complained to McConaughy that “the Japanese so far have refused to talk in any meaningful way on the subject.” (Telegram 3388 from Taipei, July 12; ibid., RG 59, Central Files 1970–73, POL CHINAT)
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Urbex Benelux -
Between 1940 and 1945, the factory was badly damaged by bombing, which caused major fires in the paper and wood supplies. At the end of the war, only one machine was ready to use, but a law passed in October 1942 required businesses with damage greater than 25 percent to stop.
After a slow start-up, the company worked back in 1947 with 140 employees and production had increased to four tons per year. It would take until 1949 before the supply could be normalized.
Using five criteria, real estate brokerage Redfin and the Beer Institute have attempted to quantify which American cities are the "best American beer cities for beer lovers."
— These Are the 15 Best Cities for Beer Lovers
29 June 2016.
*****************
▶ Results
(See another graphic: here.)
☞ "At the head of the list of the best cities for beer lovers were Pittsburgh, Buffalo, and Milwaukee, and the majority were Rust Belt cities, powered by their relative affordability, low tax on beer, and plenitude of breweries.
☞ The old guard of beer cities was well represented by the hometowns of Miller (Milwaukee), Budweiser (St. Louis) and Coors (Denver) placing in the top 10.
☞ On the West Coast, stalwarts like Seattle, Portland and San Francisco all placed highly, however the growing price of homes along the West Coast kept them from the top spots."
***************
▶ Methodology
"Data on active brewery permits per state and breweries per adults aged 21+ per state was provided by the Beer Institute and the figures are from 2015. The beer tax per state was found from the Tax Foundation study conducted on March 17, 2016. Walk Score and median home sale prices as of May 2016 were taken from Redfin.com. The final ranking was determined by ranking 50 cities according to each metric, and then taking the average of all those rankings to rank order the top 15 best cities for beer lovers. Our real estate agents then weighed in on the list. The Redfin team consumed many beers from all around the country in order to ensure the accuracy of the list."
▶ Criteria:
☞ The number of breweries in the city's state per 100,000 adults aged 21+.
☞ The number of active brewery permits in that state.
☞ State beer taxes (lower ranked better)
☞ The median home sale price.
☞ The city’s 'Walk Score.'
▶ About Walk Score
☞ Walk Score, from the company of that name, is a numerical walkability score using an algorithm awarding points ...
☞ Points are "based on the distance to the closest amenity in each category. If the closest amenity in a category is within .25 miles (or .4 km), we assign the maximum number of points. The number of points declines as the distance approaches 1 mile (or 1.6 km)—no points are awarded for amenities farther than 1 mile. Each category is weighted equally and the points are summed and normalized to yield a score from 0–100. The number of nearby amenities is the leading predictor of whether people walk. Relevant amenities include businesses, parks, theaters, schools, and other common destinations."
***************
▶ About the Beer Institute
The Beer Institute is a national trade association representing companies that produce and import beer sold in the United States. It was organized in 1986 to represent the industry before Congress, state legislatures, and the public. Different than the Brewers Association, the Beer Institute represents all breweries, large and small, although primarily funded by the American chapters of international companies such as Anheuser-Busch InBev, SABMiller, etc.
***************
▶ Image via Redfin.
▶ Uploaded by: YFGF.
▶ For a larger image, type 'L' (without the quotation marks).
— Follow on Instagram: @tcizauskas.
▶ Commercial use requires explicit permission, as per Creative Commons.
IO Aircraft, Imaginactive / Charles Bombadier, ICAO (International Civil Aviation Organization, Martin Rico, Drew Blair
IO Aircraft: www.ioaircraft.com/hypersonic/blueedge.php
Imaginactive: imaginactive.org/2019/02/blue-edge/
Martin Rico, Industrial Graphics Designed: www.linkedin.com/in/mjrico/
Seating: 220 | Crew 2+4
Length: 195ft | Span: 93ft
Engines: 4 U-TBCC (Unified Turbine Based Combined Cycle) +1 Aerospike for sustained 2G acceleration to Mach 10.
Fuel: H2 (Compressed Hydrogen)
Cruising Altitude: 100,000-125,000ft
Airframe: 75% Proprietary Composites
Operating Costs, Similar to a 737. $7,000-$15,000hr, including averaged maintenence costs
Iteration 3 (Full release of IT3, Monday January 14, 2019)
IO Aircraft www.ioaircraft.com
Drew Blair www.linkedin.com/in/drew-b-25485312/
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hypersonic commercial aircraft, hypersonic commercial plane, hypersonic aircraft, hypersonic plane, Imaginactive, ICAO, International Civil Aviation Orginization, Charles Bombardier, Martin Rico, hypersonic airline, tbcc, glide breaker, fighter plane, hyperonic fighter, boeing phantom express, phantom works, boeing phantom works, lockheed skunk works, hypersonic weapon, hypersonic missile, scramjet engineering, scramjet physics, boost glide, tactical glide vehicle, space plane, scramjet, turbine based combined cycle, ramjet, dual mode ramjet, darpa, onr, navair, afrl, air force research lab, office of naval research, defense advanced research project agency, defense science, missile defense agency, aerospike, hydrogen, hydrogen storage, hydrogen fueled, hydrogen aircraft, virgin airlines, united airlines, sas, finnair ,emirates airlines, ANA, JAL, airlines, military, physics, airline, british airways, air france, aerion supersonic, aerion, spike aerospace, boom supersonic,
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Unified Turbine Based Combined Cycle. Current technologies and what Lockheed is trying to force on the Dept of Defense, for that low speed Mach 5 plane DOD gave them $1 billion to build and would disintegrate above Mach 5, is TBCC. 2 separate propulsion systems in the same airframe, which requires TWICE the airframe space to use.
Unified Turbine Based Combined Cycle is 1 propulsion system cutting that airframe deficit in half, and also able to operate above Mach 10 up to Mach 15 in atmosphere, and a simple nozzle modification allows for outside atmosphere rocket mode, ie orbital capable.
Additionally, Reaction Engines maximum air breather mode is Mach 4.5, above that it will explode in flight from internal pressures are too high to operate. Thus, must switch to non air breather rocket mode to operate in atmosphere in hypersonic velocities. Which as a result, makes it not feasible for anything practical. It also takes an immense amount of fuel to function.
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Advanced Additive Manufacturing for Hypersonic Aircraft
Utilizing new methods of fabrication and construction, make it possible to use additive manufacturing, dramatically reducing the time and costs of producing hypersonic platforms from missiles, aircraft, and space capable craft. Instead of aircraft being produced in piece, then bolted together; small platforms can be produced as a single unit and large platforms can be produces in large section and mated without bolting. These techniques include using exotic materials and advanced assembly processes, with an end result of streamlining the production costs and time for hypersonic aircraft; reducing months of assembly to weeks. Overall, this process greatly reduced the cost for producing hypersonic platforms. Even to such an extent that a Hellfire missile costs apx $100,000 but by utilizing our technologies, replacing it with a Mach 8-10 hypersonic missile of our physics/engineering and that missile would cost roughly $75,000 each delivered.
Materials used for these manufacturing processes are not disclosed, but overall, provides a foundation for extremely high stresses and thermodynamics, ideal for hypersonic platforms. This specific methodology and materials applications is many decades ahead of all known programs. Even to the extend of normalized space flight and re-entry, without concern of thermodynamic failure.
*Note, most entities that are experimenting with additive manufacturing for hypersonic aircraft, this makes it mainstream and standardized processes, which also applies for mass production.
What would normally be measured in years and perhaps a decade to go from drawing board to test flights, is reduced to singular months and ready for production within a year maximum.
Unified Turbine Based Combined Cycle (U-TBCC)
To date, the closest that NASA and industry have achieved for turbine based aircraft to fly at hypersonic velocities is by mounting a turbine into an aircraft and sharing the inlet with a scramjet or rocket based motor. Reaction Engines Sabre is not able to achieve hypersonic velocities and can only transition into a non air breathing rocket for beyond Mach 4.5
However, utilizing Unified Turbine Based Combine Cycle also known as U-TBCC, the two separate platforms are able to share a common inlet and the dual mode ramjet/scramjet is contained within the engine itself, which allows for a much smaller airframe footprint, thus engingeers are able to then design much higher performance aerial platforms for hypersonic flight, including the ability for constructing true single stage to orbit aircraft by utilizing a modification/version that allows for transition to outside atmosphere propulsion without any other propulsion platforms within the aircraft. By transitioning and developing aircraft to use Unified Turbine Based Combined Cycle, this propulsion system opens up new options to replace that airframe deficit for increased fuel capacity and/or payload.
Enhanced Dynamic Cavitation
Dramatically Increasing the efficiency of fuel air mixture for combustion processes at hypersonic velocities within scramjet propulsion platforms. The aspects of these processes are non disclosable.
Dynamic Scramjet Ignition Processes
For optimal scramjet ignition, a process known as Self Start is sought after, but in many cases if the platform becomes out of attitude, the scramjet will ignite. We have already solved this problem which as a result, a scramjet propulsion system can ignite at lower velocities, high velocities, at optimal attitude or not optimal attitude. It doesn't matter, it will ignite anyways at the proper point for maximum thrust capabilities at hypersonic velocities.
Hydrogen vs Kerosene Fuel Sources
Kerosene is an easy fuel to work with, and most western nations developing scramjet platforms use Kerosene for that fact. However, while kerosene has better thermal properties then Hydrogen, Hydrogen is a far superior fuel source in scramjet propulsion flight, do it having a much higher efficiency capability. Because of this aspect, in conjunction with our developments, it allows for a MUCH increased fuel to air mixture, combustion, thrust; and ability for higher speeds; instead of very low hypersonic velocities in the Mach 5-6 range. Instead, Mach 8-10 range, while we have begun developing hypersonic capabilities to exceed 15 in atmosphere within less then 5 years.
Conforming High Pressure Tank Technology for CNG and H2.
As most know in hypersonics, Hydrogen is a superior fuel source, but due to the storage abilities, can only be stored in cylinders thus much less fuel supply. Not anymore, we developed conforming high pressure storage technology for use in aerospace, automotive sectors, maritime, etc; which means any overall shape required for 8,000+ PSI CNG or Hydrogen. For hypersonic platforms, this means the ability to store a much larger volume of hydrogen vs cylinders.
As an example, X-43 flown by Nasa which flew at Mach 9.97. The fuel source was Hydrogen, which is extremely more volatile and combustible then kerosene (JP-7), via a cylinder in the main body. If it had used our technology, that entire section of the airframe would had been an 8,000 PSI H2 tank, which would had yielded 5-6 times the capacity. While the X-43 flew 11 seconds under power at Mach 9.97, at 6 times the fuel capacity would had yielded apx 66 seconds of fuel under power at Mach 9.97. If it had flew slower, around Mach 6, same principles applied would had yielded apx 500 seconds of fuel supply under power (slower speeds required less energy to maintain).
Enhanced Fuel Mixture During Shock Train Interaction
Normally, fuel injection is conducted at the correct insertion point within the shock train for maximum burn/combustion. Our methodologies differ, since almost half the fuel injection is conducted PRE shock train within the isolator, so at the point of isolator injection the fuel enhances the combustion process, which then requires less fuel injection to reach the same level of thrust capabilities.
Improved Bow Shock Interaction
Smoother interaction at hypersonic velocities and mitigating heat/stresses for beyond Mach 6 thermodynamics, which extraordinarily improves Type 3, 4, and 5 shock interaction.
6,000+ Fahrenheit Thermal Resistance
To date, the maximum thermal resistance was tested at AFRL in the spring of 2018, which resulted in a 3,200F thermal resistance for a short duration. This technology, allows for normalized hypersonic thermal resistance of 3,000-3,500F sustained, and up to 6,500F resistance for short endurance, ie 90 seconds or less. 10-20 minute resistance estimate approximately 4,500F +/- 200F.
*** This technology advancement also applies to Aerospike rocket engines, in which it is common for Aerospike's to exceed 4,500-5,000F temperatures, which results in the melting of the reversed bell housing. That melting no longer ocurrs, providing for stable combustion to ocurr for the entire flight envelope
Scramjet Propulsion Side Wall Cooling
With old technologies, side wall cooling is required for hypersonic flight and scramjet propulsion systems, otherwise the isolator and combustion regions of a scramjet would melt, even using advanced ablatives and ceramics, due to their inability to cope with very high temperatures. Using technology we have developed for very high thermodynamics and high stresses, side wall cooling is no longer required, thus removing that variable from the design process and focusing on improved ignition processes and increasing net thrust values.
Lower Threshold for Hypersonic Ignition
Active and adaptive flight dynamics, resulting in the ability for scramjet ignition at a much lower velocity, ie within ramjet envelope, between Mach 2-4, and seamless transition from supersonic to hypersonic flight, ie supersonic ramjet (scramjet). This active and dynamic aspect, has a wide variety of parameters for many flight dynamics, velocities, and altitudes; which means platforms no longer need to be engineered for specific altitude ranges or preset velocities, but those parameters can then be selected during launch configuration and are able to adapt actively in flight.
Dramatically Improved Maneuvering Capabilities at Hypersonic Velocities
Hypersonic vehicles, like their less technologically advanced brethren, use large actuator and the developers hope those controls surfaces do not disintegrate in flight. In reality, it is like rolling the dice, they may or may not survive, hence another reason why the attempt to keep velocities to Mach 6 or below. We have shrunken down control actuators while almost doubling torque and response capabilities specifically for hypersonic dynamics and extreme stresses involved, which makes it possible for maximum input authority for Mach 10 and beyond.
Paradigm Shift in Control Surface Methodologies, Increasing Control Authority (Internal Mechanical Applications)
To date, most control surfaces for hypersonic missile platforms still use fins, similar to lower speed conventional missiles, and some using ducted fins. This is mostly due to lack of comprehension of hypersonic velocities in their own favor. Instead, the body itself incorporates those control surfaces, greatly enhancing the airframe strength, opening up more space for hardware and fuel capacity; while simultaneously enhancing the platforms maneuvering capabilities.
A scramjet missile can then fly like conventional missile platforms, and not straight and level at high altitudes, losing velocity on it's decent trajectory to target. Another added benefit to this aspect, is the ability to extend range greatly, so if anyone elses hypersonic missile platform were developed for 400 mile range, falling out of the sky due to lack of glide capabilities; our platforms can easily reach 600+ miles, with minimal glide deceleration.
Sony RX1 User Report.
I hesitate to write about gear. Tools are tools and the bitter truth is that a great craftsman rises above his tools to create a masterpiece whereas most of us try to improve our abominations by buying better or faster hammers to hit the same nails at the same awkward angles.
The internet is fairly flooded with reviews of this tiny marvel, and it isn’t my intention to compete with those articles. If you’re looking for a full-scale review of every feature or a down-to-Earth accounting of the RX1’s strengths and weaknesses, I recommend starting here.
Instead, I’d like to provide you with a flavor of how I’ve used the camera over the last six months. In short, this is a user report. To save yourself a few thousand words: I love the thing. As we go through this article, you’ll see this is a purpose built camera. The RX1 is not for everyone, but we will get to that and on the way, I’ll share a handful of images that I made with the camera.
It should be obvious to anyone reading this that I write this independently and have absolutely no relationship with Sony (other than having exchanged a large pile of cash for this camera at a retail outlet).
Before we get to anything else, I want to clear the air about two things: Price and Features
The Price
First things first: the price. The $2800+ cost of this camera is the elephant in the room and, given I purchased the thing, you may consider me a poor critic. That in mind, I want to offer you three thoughts:
Consumer goods cost what they cost, in the absence of a competitor (the Fuji X100s being the only one worth mention) there is no comparison and you simply have to decide for yourself if you are willing to pay or not.
Normalize the price per sensor area for all 35mm f/2 lens and camera alternatives and you’ll find the RX1 is an amazing value.
You are paying for the ability to take photographs, plain and simple. Ask yourself, “what are these photographs worth to me?”
In my case, #3 is very important. I have used the RX1 to take hundreds of photographs of my family that are immensely important to me. Moreover, I have made photographs (many appearing on this page) that are moving or beautiful and only happened because I had the RX1 in my bag or my pocket. Yes, of course I could have made these or very similar photographs with another camera, but that is immaterial.
35mm by 24mm by 35mm f/2
The killer feature of this camera is simple: it is a wafer of silicon 35mm by 24mm paired to a brilliantly, ridiculously, undeniably sharp, contrasty and bokehlicious 35mm f/2 Carl Zeiss lens. Image quality is king here and all other things take a back seat. This means the following: image quality is as good or better than your DSLR, but battery life, focus speed, and responsiveness are likely not as good as your DSLR. I say likely because, if you have an entry-level DSLR, the RX1 is comparable on these dimensions. If you want to change lenses, if you want an integrated viewfinder, if you want blindingly fast phase-detect autofocus then shoot with a DSLR. If you want the absolute best image quality in the smallest size possible, you’ve got it in the RX1.
While we are on the subject of interchangeable lenses and viewfinders...
I have an interchangeable lens DSLR and I love the thing. It’s basically a medium format camera in a 35mm camera body. It’s a powerhouse and it is the first camera I reach for when the goal is photography. For a long time, however, I’ve found myself in situations where photography was not the first goal, but where I nevertheless wanted to have a camera. I’m around the table with friends or at the park with my son and the DSLR is too big, too bulky, too intimidating. It comes between you and life. In this realm, mirrorless, interchangeable lens cameras seem to be king, but they have a major flaw: they are, for all intents and purposes, just little DSLRs.
As I mentioned above, I have an interchangeable lens system, why would I want another, smaller one? Clearly, I am not alone in feeling this way, as the market has produced a number of what I would call “professional point and shoots.” Here we are talking about the Fuji X100/X100s, Sigma DPm-series and the RX100 and RX1.
Design is about making choices
When the Fuji X100 came out, I was intrigued. Here was a cheap(er), baby Leica M. Quiet, small, unobtrusive. Had I waited to buy until the X100s had come out, perhaps this would be a different report. Perhaps, but probably not. I remember thinking to myself as I was looking at the X100, “I wish there was a digital Rollei 35, something with a fixed 28mm or 35mm lens that would fit in a coat pocket or a small bag.” Now of course, there is.
So, for those of you who said, “I would buy the RX1 if it had interchangeable lenses or an integrated viewfinder or faster autofocus,” I say the following: This is a purpose built camera. You would not want it as an interchangeable system, it can’t compete with DSLR speed. A viewfinder would make the thing bigger and ruin the magic ratio of body to sensor size—further, there is a 3-inch LCD viewfinder on the back! Autofocus is super fast, you just don’t realize it because the bar has been raised impossibly high by ultra-sonic magnet focusing rings on professional DSLR lenses. There’s a fantastic balance at work here between image quality and size—great tools are about the total experience, not about one or the other specification.
In short, design is about making choices. I think Sony has made some good ones with the RX1.
In use
So I’ve just written 1,000 words of a user report without, you know, reporting on use. In many ways the images on the page are my user report. These photographs, more than my words, should give you a flavor of what the RX1 is about. But, for the sake of variety, I intend to tell you a bit about the how and the why of shooting with the RX1.
Snapshots
As a beginning enthusiast, I often sneered at the idea of a snapshot. As I’ve matured, I’ve come to appreciate what a pocket camera and a snapshot can offer. The RX1 is the ultimate photographer’s snapshot camera.
I’ll pause here to properly define snapshot as a photograph taken quickly with a handheld camera.
To quote Ferris Bueller’s Day Off, “Life moves pretty fast. If you don't stop and look around once in a while, you could miss it.” So it is with photography. Beautiful photographs happen at the decisive moment—and to paraphrase Henri Cartier-Bresson further—the world is newly made and falling to pieces every instant. I think it is no coincidence that each revolution in the steady march of photography from the tortuously slow chemistry of tin-type and daguerreotype through 120 and 35mm formats to the hyper-sensitive CMOS of today has engendered new categories and concepts of photography.
Photography is a reflexive, reactionary activity. I see beautiful light or the unusual in an every day event and my reaction is a desire to make a photograph. It’s a bit like breathing and has been since I was a kid.
Rather than sneer at snapshots, nowadays I seek them out; and when I seek them out, I do so with the Sony RX1 in my hand.
How I shoot with the RX1
Despite much bluster from commenters on other reviews as to the price point and the purpose-built nature of this camera (see above), the RX1 is incredibly flexible. Have a peek at some of the linked reviews and you’ll see handheld portraits, long exposures, images taken with off-camera flash, etc.
Yet, I mentioned earlier that I reach for the D800 when photography is the primary goal and so the RX1 has become for me a handheld camera—something I use almost exclusively at f/2 (people, objects, shallow DoF) or f/8 (landscapes in abundant light, abstracts). The Auto-ISO setting allows the camera to choose in the range from ISO 50 and 6400 to reach a proper exposure at a given aperture with a 1/80 s shutter speed. I have found this shutter speed ensures a sharp image every time (although photographers with more jittery grips may wish there was the ability to select a different default shutter speed). This strategy works because the RX1 has a delightfully clicky exposure compensation dial just under your right thumb—allowing for fine adjustment to the camera’s metering decision.
So then, if you find me out with the RX1, you’re likely to see me on aperture priority, f/2 and auto ISO. Indeed, many of the photographs on this page were taken in that mode (including lots of the landscape shots!).
Working within constraints.
The RX1 is a wonderful camera to have when you have to work within constraints. When I say this, I mean it is great for photography within two different classes of constraints: 1) physical constraints of time and space and 2) intellectual/artistic constraints.
To speak to the first, as I said earlier, many of the photographs on this page were made possible by having a camera with me at a time that I otherwise would not have been lugging around a camera. For example, some of the images from the Grand Canyon you see were made in a pinch on my way to a Christmas dinner with my family. I didn’t have the larger camera with me and I just had a minute to make the image. Truth be told, these images could have been made with my cell phone, but that I could wring such great image quality out of something not much larger than my cell phone is just gravy. Be it jacket pocket, small bag, bike bag, saddle bag, even fannie pack—you have space for this camera anywhere you go.
Earlier I alluded to the obtrusiveness of a large camera. If you want to travel lightly and make photographs without announcing your presence, it’s easier to use a smaller camera. Here the RX1 excels. Moreover, the camera’s leaf shutter is virtually silent, so you can snap away without announcing your intention. In every sense, this camera is meant to work within physical constraints.
I cut my photographic teeth on film and I will always have an affection for it. There is a sense that one is playing within the rules when he uses film. That same feeling is here in the RX1. I never thought I’d say this about a camera, but I often like the JPEG images this thing produces more than I like what I can push with a RAW. Don’t get me wrong, for a landscape or a cityscape, the RAW processed carefully is FAR, FAR better than a JPEG.
But when I am taking snapshots or photos of friends and family, I find the JPEGs the camera produces (I’m shooting in RAW + JPEG) so beautiful. The camera’s computer corrects for the lens distortion and provides the perfect balance of contrast and saturation. The JPEG engine can be further tweaked to increase the amount of contrast, saturation or dynamic range optimization (shadow boost) used in writing those files. Add in the ability to rapidly compensate exposure or activate various creative modes and you’ve got this feeling you’re shooting film again. Instant, ultra-sensitive and customizable film.
Pro Tip: Focusing
Almost all cameras come shipped with what I consider to be the worst of the worst focus configurations. Even the Nikon D800 came to my hands set to focus when the shutter button was halfway depressed. This mode will ruin almost any photograph. Why? Because it requires you to perform legerdemain to place the autofocus point, depress the shutter halfway, recompose and press the shutter fully. In addition to the chance of accidentally refocusing after composing or missing the shot—this method absolutely ensures that one must focus before every single photograph. Absolutely impossible for action or portraiture.
Sensibly, most professional or prosumer cameras come with an AF-ON button near where the shooter’s right thumb rests. This separates the task of focusing and exposing, allowing the photographer to quickly focus and to capture the image even if focus is slightly off at the focus point. For portraits, kids, action, etc the camera has to have a hair-trigger. It has to be responsive. Manufacturer’s: stop shipping your cameras with this ham-fisted autofocus arrangement.
Now, the RX1 does not have an AF-ON button, but it does have an AEL button whose function can be changed to “MF/AF Control Hold” in the menu. Further, other buttons on the rear of the camera can also be programmed to toggle between AF and MF modes. What this all means is that you can work around the RX1’s buttons to make it’s focus work like a DSLR’s. (For those of you who are RX1 shooters, set the front switch to MF, the right control wheel button to MF/AF Toggle and the AEL button to MF/AF Control Hold and voila!) The end result is that, when powered on the camera is in manual focus mode, but the autofocus can be activated by pressing AEL, no matter what, however, the shutter is tripped by the shutter release. Want to switch to AF mode? Just push a button and you’re back to the standard modality.
Carrying.
I keep mine in a small, neoprene pouch with a semi-hard LCD cover and a circular polarizing filter on the front—perfect for buttoning up and throwing into a bag on my way out of the house. I have a soft release screwed into the threaded shutter release and a custom, red twill strap to replace the horrible plastic strap Sony provided. I plan to gaffer tape the top and the orange ring around the lens. Who knows, I may find an old Voigtlander optical viewfinder in future as well.
早川裕弌・小花和宏之・齋藤 仁・内山庄一郎
※本号掲載総説参照（321-343頁）．
This is an example of 3D point cloud by Structure-from-Motion (SfM) Multi-View Stereo (MVS) photogrammetry. The 3D point cloud was produced from thousands of aerial photographs taken by small unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV), or unmanned aircraft or aerial system (UAS). The spectrum of colors indicates different information given to each point: red-green-blue (RGB) color, normalized differential vegetation index (NDVI) calculated using a near infrared camera data, topographic shade by eye-dome lighting (EDL), morphological roughness, and surface curvature. These data are readily obtained by SfM-MVS photogrammetry, and can be effectively used for various applications in geomorphology and related studies. For more details on SfM-MVS photogrammetry, see our review article in this issue (p. 321-343).
(Yuichi S. Hayakawa, Hiroyuki Obanawa, Hitoshi Saito, Shoichiro Uchiyama)
www.researchgate.net/publication/304674520_SfMduoshidians...
Sony RX1 User Report.
I hesitate to write about gear. Tools are tools and the bitter truth is that a great craftsman rises above his tools to create a masterpiece whereas most of us try to improve our abominations by buying better or faster hammers to hit the same nails at the same awkward angles.
The internet is fairly flooded with reviews of this tiny marvel, and it isn’t my intention to compete with those articles. If you’re looking for a full-scale review of every feature or a down-to-Earth accounting of the RX1’s strengths and weaknesses, I recommend starting here.
Instead, I’d like to provide you with a flavor of how I’ve used the camera over the last six months. In short, this is a user report. To save yourself a few thousand words: I love the thing. As we go through this article, you’ll see this is a purpose built camera. The RX1 is not for everyone, but we will get to that and on the way, I’ll share a handful of images that I made with the camera.
It should be obvious to anyone reading this that I write this independently and have absolutely no relationship with Sony (other than having exchanged a large pile of cash for this camera at a retail outlet).
Before we get to anything else, I want to clear the air about two things: Price and Features
The Price
First things first: the price. The $2800+ cost of this camera is the elephant in the room and, given I purchased the thing, you may consider me a poor critic. That in mind, I want to offer you three thoughts:
Consumer goods cost what they cost, in the absence of a competitor (the Fuji X100s being the only one worth mention) there is no comparison and you simply have to decide for yourself if you are willing to pay or not.
Normalize the price per sensor area for all 35mm f/2 lens and camera alternatives and you’ll find the RX1 is an amazing value.
You are paying for the ability to take photographs, plain and simple. Ask yourself, “what are these photographs worth to me?”
In my case, #3 is very important. I have used the RX1 to take hundreds of photographs of my family that are immensely important to me. Moreover, I have made photographs (many appearing on this page) that are moving or beautiful and only happened because I had the RX1 in my bag or my pocket. Yes, of course I could have made these or very similar photographs with another camera, but that is immaterial.
35mm by 24mm by 35mm f/2
The killer feature of this camera is simple: it is a wafer of silicon 35mm by 24mm paired to a brilliantly, ridiculously, undeniably sharp, contrasty and bokehlicious 35mm f/2 Carl Zeiss lens. Image quality is king here and all other things take a back seat. This means the following: image quality is as good or better than your DSLR, but battery life, focus speed, and responsiveness are likely not as good as your DSLR. I say likely because, if you have an entry-level DSLR, the RX1 is comparable on these dimensions. If you want to change lenses, if you want an integrated viewfinder, if you want blindingly fast phase-detect autofocus then shoot with a DSLR. If you want the absolute best image quality in the smallest size possible, you’ve got it in the RX1.
While we are on the subject of interchangeable lenses and viewfinders...
I have an interchangeable lens DSLR and I love the thing. It’s basically a medium format camera in a 35mm camera body. It’s a powerhouse and it is the first camera I reach for when the goal is photography. For a long time, however, I’ve found myself in situations where photography was not the first goal, but where I nevertheless wanted to have a camera. I’m around the table with friends or at the park with my son and the DSLR is too big, too bulky, too intimidating. It comes between you and life. In this realm, mirrorless, interchangeable lens cameras seem to be king, but they have a major flaw: they are, for all intents and purposes, just little DSLRs.
As I mentioned above, I have an interchangeable lens system, why would I want another, smaller one? Clearly, I am not alone in feeling this way, as the market has produced a number of what I would call “professional point and shoots.” Here we are talking about the Fuji X100/X100s, Sigma DPm-series and the RX100 and RX1.
Design is about making choices
When the Fuji X100 came out, I was intrigued. Here was a cheap(er), baby Leica M. Quiet, small, unobtrusive. Had I waited to buy until the X100s had come out, perhaps this would be a different report. Perhaps, but probably not. I remember thinking to myself as I was looking at the X100, “I wish there was a digital Rollei 35, something with a fixed 28mm or 35mm lens that would fit in a coat pocket or a small bag.” Now of course, there is.
So, for those of you who said, “I would buy the RX1 if it had interchangeable lenses or an integrated viewfinder or faster autofocus,” I say the following: This is a purpose built camera. You would not want it as an interchangeable system, it can’t compete with DSLR speed. A viewfinder would make the thing bigger and ruin the magic ratio of body to sensor size—further, there is a 3-inch LCD viewfinder on the back! Autofocus is super fast, you just don’t realize it because the bar has been raised impossibly high by ultra-sonic magnet focusing rings on professional DSLR lenses. There’s a fantastic balance at work here between image quality and size—great tools are about the total experience, not about one or the other specification.
In short, design is about making choices. I think Sony has made some good ones with the RX1.
In use
So I’ve just written 1,000 words of a user report without, you know, reporting on use. In many ways the images on the page are my user report. These photographs, more than my words, should give you a flavor of what the RX1 is about. But, for the sake of variety, I intend to tell you a bit about the how and the why of shooting with the RX1.
Snapshots
As a beginning enthusiast, I often sneered at the idea of a snapshot. As I’ve matured, I’ve come to appreciate what a pocket camera and a snapshot can offer. The RX1 is the ultimate photographer’s snapshot camera.
I’ll pause here to properly define snapshot as a photograph taken quickly with a handheld camera.
To quote Ferris Bueller’s Day Off, “Life moves pretty fast. If you don't stop and look around once in a while, you could miss it.” So it is with photography. Beautiful photographs happen at the decisive moment—and to paraphrase Henri Cartier-Bresson further—the world is newly made and falling to pieces every instant. I think it is no coincidence that each revolution in the steady march of photography from the tortuously slow chemistry of tin-type and daguerreotype through 120 and 35mm formats to the hyper-sensitive CMOS of today has engendered new categories and concepts of photography.
Photography is a reflexive, reactionary activity. I see beautiful light or the unusual in an every day event and my reaction is a desire to make a photograph. It’s a bit like breathing and has been since I was a kid.
Rather than sneer at snapshots, nowadays I seek them out; and when I seek them out, I do so with the Sony RX1 in my hand.
How I shoot with the RX1
Despite much bluster from commenters on other reviews as to the price point and the purpose-built nature of this camera (see above), the RX1 is incredibly flexible. Have a peek at some of the linked reviews and you’ll see handheld portraits, long exposures, images taken with off-camera flash, etc.
Yet, I mentioned earlier that I reach for the D800 when photography is the primary goal and so the RX1 has become for me a handheld camera—something I use almost exclusively at f/2 (people, objects, shallow DoF) or f/8 (landscapes in abundant light, abstracts). The Auto-ISO setting allows the camera to choose in the range from ISO 50 and 6400 to reach a proper exposure at a given aperture with a 1/80 s shutter speed. I have found this shutter speed ensures a sharp image every time (although photographers with more jittery grips may wish there was the ability to select a different default shutter speed). This strategy works because the RX1 has a delightfully clicky exposure compensation dial just under your right thumb—allowing for fine adjustment to the camera’s metering decision.
So then, if you find me out with the RX1, you’re likely to see me on aperture priority, f/2 and auto ISO. Indeed, many of the photographs on this page were taken in that mode (including lots of the landscape shots!).
Working within constraints.
The RX1 is a wonderful camera to have when you have to work within constraints. When I say this, I mean it is great for photography within two different classes of constraints: 1) physical constraints of time and space and 2) intellectual/artistic constraints.
To speak to the first, as I said earlier, many of the photographs on this page were made possible by having a camera with me at a time that I otherwise would not have been lugging around a camera. For example, some of the images from the Grand Canyon you see were made in a pinch on my way to a Christmas dinner with my family. I didn’t have the larger camera with me and I just had a minute to make the image. Truth be told, these images could have been made with my cell phone, but that I could wring such great image quality out of something not much larger than my cell phone is just gravy. Be it jacket pocket, small bag, bike bag, saddle bag, even fannie pack—you have space for this camera anywhere you go.
Earlier I alluded to the obtrusiveness of a large camera. If you want to travel lightly and make photographs without announcing your presence, it’s easier to use a smaller camera. Here the RX1 excels. Moreover, the camera’s leaf shutter is virtually silent, so you can snap away without announcing your intention. In every sense, this camera is meant to work within physical constraints.
I cut my photographic teeth on film and I will always have an affection for it. There is a sense that one is playing within the rules when he uses film. That same feeling is here in the RX1. I never thought I’d say this about a camera, but I often like the JPEG images this thing produces more than I like what I can push with a RAW. Don’t get me wrong, for a landscape or a cityscape, the RAW processed carefully is FAR, FAR better than a JPEG.
But when I am taking snapshots or photos of friends and family, I find the JPEGs the camera produces (I’m shooting in RAW + JPEG) so beautiful. The camera’s computer corrects for the lens distortion and provides the perfect balance of contrast and saturation. The JPEG engine can be further tweaked to increase the amount of contrast, saturation or dynamic range optimization (shadow boost) used in writing those files. Add in the ability to rapidly compensate exposure or activate various creative modes and you’ve got this feeling you’re shooting film again. Instant, ultra-sensitive and customizable film.
Pro Tip: Focusing
Almost all cameras come shipped with what I consider to be the worst of the worst focus configurations. Even the Nikon D800 came to my hands set to focus when the shutter button was halfway depressed. This mode will ruin almost any photograph. Why? Because it requires you to perform legerdemain to place the autofocus point, depress the shutter halfway, recompose and press the shutter fully. In addition to the chance of accidentally refocusing after composing or missing the shot—this method absolutely ensures that one must focus before every single photograph. Absolutely impossible for action or portraiture.
Sensibly, most professional or prosumer cameras come with an AF-ON button near where the shooter’s right thumb rests. This separates the task of focusing and exposing, allowing the photographer to quickly focus and to capture the image even if focus is slightly off at the focus point. For portraits, kids, action, etc the camera has to have a hair-trigger. It has to be responsive. Manufacturer’s: stop shipping your cameras with this ham-fisted autofocus arrangement.
Now, the RX1 does not have an AF-ON button, but it does have an AEL button whose function can be changed to “MF/AF Control Hold” in the menu. Further, other buttons on the rear of the camera can also be programmed to toggle between AF and MF modes. What this all means is that you can work around the RX1’s buttons to make it’s focus work like a DSLR’s. (For those of you who are RX1 shooters, set the front switch to MF, the right control wheel button to MF/AF Toggle and the AEL button to MF/AF Control Hold and voila!) The end result is that, when powered on the camera is in manual focus mode, but the autofocus can be activated by pressing AEL, no matter what, however, the shutter is tripped by the shutter release. Want to switch to AF mode? Just push a button and you’re back to the standard modality.
Carrying.
I keep mine in a small, neoprene pouch with a semi-hard LCD cover and a circular polarizing filter on the front—perfect for buttoning up and throwing into a bag on my way out of the house. I have a soft release screwed into the threaded shutter release and a custom, red twill strap to replace the horrible plastic strap Sony provided. I plan to gaffer tape the top and the orange ring around the lens. Who knows, I may find an old Voigtlander optical viewfinder in future as well.
Sony RX1 User Report.
I hesitate to write about gear. Tools are tools and the bitter truth is that a great craftsman rises above his tools to create a masterpiece whereas most of us try to improve our abominations by buying better or faster hammers to hit the same nails at the same awkward angles.
The internet is fairly flooded with reviews of this tiny marvel, and it isn’t my intention to compete with those articles. If you’re looking for a full-scale review of every feature or a down-to-Earth accounting of the RX1’s strengths and weaknesses, I recommend starting here.
Instead, I’d like to provide you with a flavor of how I’ve used the camera over the last six months. In short, this is a user report. To save yourself a few thousand words: I love the thing. As we go through this article, you’ll see this is a purpose built camera. The RX1 is not for everyone, but we will get to that and on the way, I’ll share a handful of images that I made with the camera.
It should be obvious to anyone reading this that I write this independently and have absolutely no relationship with Sony (other than having exchanged a large pile of cash for this camera at a retail outlet).
Before we get to anything else, I want to clear the air about two things: Price and Features
The Price
First things first: the price. The $2800+ cost of this camera is the elephant in the room and, given I purchased the thing, you may consider me a poor critic. That in mind, I want to offer you three thoughts:
Consumer goods cost what they cost, in the absence of a competitor (the Fuji X100s being the only one worth mention) there is no comparison and you simply have to decide for yourself if you are willing to pay or not.
Normalize the price per sensor area for all 35mm f/2 lens and camera alternatives and you’ll find the RX1 is an amazing value.
You are paying for the ability to take photographs, plain and simple. Ask yourself, “what are these photographs worth to me?”
In my case, #3 is very important. I have used the RX1 to take hundreds of photographs of my family that are immensely important to me. Moreover, I have made photographs (many appearing on this page) that are moving or beautiful and only happened because I had the RX1 in my bag or my pocket. Yes, of course I could have made these or very similar photographs with another camera, but that is immaterial.
35mm by 24mm by 35mm f/2
The killer feature of this camera is simple: it is a wafer of silicon 35mm by 24mm paired to a brilliantly, ridiculously, undeniably sharp, contrasty and bokehlicious 35mm f/2 Carl Zeiss lens. Image quality is king here and all other things take a back seat. This means the following: image quality is as good or better than your DSLR, but battery life, focus speed, and responsiveness are likely not as good as your DSLR. I say likely because, if you have an entry-level DSLR, the RX1 is comparable on these dimensions. If you want to change lenses, if you want an integrated viewfinder, if you want blindingly fast phase-detect autofocus then shoot with a DSLR. If you want the absolute best image quality in the smallest size possible, you’ve got it in the RX1.
While we are on the subject of interchangeable lenses and viewfinders...
I have an interchangeable lens DSLR and I love the thing. It’s basically a medium format camera in a 35mm camera body. It’s a powerhouse and it is the first camera I reach for when the goal is photography. For a long time, however, I’ve found myself in situations where photography was not the first goal, but where I nevertheless wanted to have a camera. I’m around the table with friends or at the park with my son and the DSLR is too big, too bulky, too intimidating. It comes between you and life. In this realm, mirrorless, interchangeable lens cameras seem to be king, but they have a major flaw: they are, for all intents and purposes, just little DSLRs.
As I mentioned above, I have an interchangeable lens system, why would I want another, smaller one? Clearly, I am not alone in feeling this way, as the market has produced a number of what I would call “professional point and shoots.” Here we are talking about the Fuji X100/X100s, Sigma DPm-series and the RX100 and RX1.
Design is about making choices
When the Fuji X100 came out, I was intrigued. Here was a cheap(er), baby Leica M. Quiet, small, unobtrusive. Had I waited to buy until the X100s had come out, perhaps this would be a different report. Perhaps, but probably not. I remember thinking to myself as I was looking at the X100, “I wish there was a digital Rollei 35, something with a fixed 28mm or 35mm lens that would fit in a coat pocket or a small bag.” Now of course, there is.
So, for those of you who said, “I would buy the RX1 if it had interchangeable lenses or an integrated viewfinder or faster autofocus,” I say the following: This is a purpose built camera. You would not want it as an interchangeable system, it can’t compete with DSLR speed. A viewfinder would make the thing bigger and ruin the magic ratio of body to sensor size—further, there is a 3-inch LCD viewfinder on the back! Autofocus is super fast, you just don’t realize it because the bar has been raised impossibly high by ultra-sonic magnet focusing rings on professional DSLR lenses. There’s a fantastic balance at work here between image quality and size—great tools are about the total experience, not about one or the other specification.
In short, design is about making choices. I think Sony has made some good ones with the RX1.
In use
So I’ve just written 1,000 words of a user report without, you know, reporting on use. In many ways the images on the page are my user report. These photographs, more than my words, should give you a flavor of what the RX1 is about. But, for the sake of variety, I intend to tell you a bit about the how and the why of shooting with the RX1.
Snapshots
As a beginning enthusiast, I often sneered at the idea of a snapshot. As I’ve matured, I’ve come to appreciate what a pocket camera and a snapshot can offer. The RX1 is the ultimate photographer’s snapshot camera.
I’ll pause here to properly define snapshot as a photograph taken quickly with a handheld camera.
To quote Ferris Bueller’s Day Off, “Life moves pretty fast. If you don't stop and look around once in a while, you could miss it.” So it is with photography. Beautiful photographs happen at the decisive moment—and to paraphrase Henri Cartier-Bresson further—the world is newly made and falling to pieces every instant. I think it is no coincidence that each revolution in the steady march of photography from the tortuously slow chemistry of tin-type and daguerreotype through 120 and 35mm formats to the hyper-sensitive CMOS of today has engendered new categories and concepts of photography.
Photography is a reflexive, reactionary activity. I see beautiful light or the unusual in an every day event and my reaction is a desire to make a photograph. It’s a bit like breathing and has been since I was a kid.
Rather than sneer at snapshots, nowadays I seek them out; and when I seek them out, I do so with the Sony RX1 in my hand.
How I shoot with the RX1
Despite much bluster from commenters on other reviews as to the price point and the purpose-built nature of this camera (see above), the RX1 is incredibly flexible. Have a peek at some of the linked reviews and you’ll see handheld portraits, long exposures, images taken with off-camera flash, etc.
Yet, I mentioned earlier that I reach for the D800 when photography is the primary goal and so the RX1 has become for me a handheld camera—something I use almost exclusively at f/2 (people, objects, shallow DoF) or f/8 (landscapes in abundant light, abstracts). The Auto-ISO setting allows the camera to choose in the range from ISO 50 and 6400 to reach a proper exposure at a given aperture with a 1/80 s shutter speed. I have found this shutter speed ensures a sharp image every time (although photographers with more jittery grips may wish there was the ability to select a different default shutter speed). This strategy works because the RX1 has a delightfully clicky exposure compensation dial just under your right thumb—allowing for fine adjustment to the camera’s metering decision.
So then, if you find me out with the RX1, you’re likely to see me on aperture priority, f/2 and auto ISO. Indeed, many of the photographs on this page were taken in that mode (including lots of the landscape shots!).
Working within constraints.
The RX1 is a wonderful camera to have when you have to work within constraints. When I say this, I mean it is great for photography within two different classes of constraints: 1) physical constraints of time and space and 2) intellectual/artistic constraints.
To speak to the first, as I said earlier, many of the photographs on this page were made possible by having a camera with me at a time that I otherwise would not have been lugging around a camera. For example, some of the images from the Grand Canyon you see were made in a pinch on my way to a Christmas dinner with my family. I didn’t have the larger camera with me and I just had a minute to make the image. Truth be told, these images could have been made with my cell phone, but that I could wring such great image quality out of something not much larger than my cell phone is just gravy. Be it jacket pocket, small bag, bike bag, saddle bag, even fannie pack—you have space for this camera anywhere you go.
Earlier I alluded to the obtrusiveness of a large camera. If you want to travel lightly and make photographs without announcing your presence, it’s easier to use a smaller camera. Here the RX1 excels. Moreover, the camera’s leaf shutter is virtually silent, so you can snap away without announcing your intention. In every sense, this camera is meant to work within physical constraints.
I cut my photographic teeth on film and I will always have an affection for it. There is a sense that one is playing within the rules when he uses film. That same feeling is here in the RX1. I never thought I’d say this about a camera, but I often like the JPEG images this thing produces more than I like what I can push with a RAW. Don’t get me wrong, for a landscape or a cityscape, the RAW processed carefully is FAR, FAR better than a JPEG.
But when I am taking snapshots or photos of friends and family, I find the JPEGs the camera produces (I’m shooting in RAW + JPEG) so beautiful. The camera’s computer corrects for the lens distortion and provides the perfect balance of contrast and saturation. The JPEG engine can be further tweaked to increase the amount of contrast, saturation or dynamic range optimization (shadow boost) used in writing those files. Add in the ability to rapidly compensate exposure or activate various creative modes and you’ve got this feeling you’re shooting film again. Instant, ultra-sensitive and customizable film.
Pro Tip: Focusing
Almost all cameras come shipped with what I consider to be the worst of the worst focus configurations. Even the Nikon D800 came to my hands set to focus when the shutter button was halfway depressed. This mode will ruin almost any photograph. Why? Because it requires you to perform legerdemain to place the autofocus point, depress the shutter halfway, recompose and press the shutter fully. In addition to the chance of accidentally refocusing after composing or missing the shot—this method absolutely ensures that one must focus before every single photograph. Absolutely impossible for action or portraiture.
Sensibly, most professional or prosumer cameras come with an AF-ON button near where the shooter’s right thumb rests. This separates the task of focusing and exposing, allowing the photographer to quickly focus and to capture the image even if focus is slightly off at the focus point. For portraits, kids, action, etc the camera has to have a hair-trigger. It has to be responsive. Manufacturer’s: stop shipping your cameras with this ham-fisted autofocus arrangement.
Now, the RX1 does not have an AF-ON button, but it does have an AEL button whose function can be changed to “MF/AF Control Hold” in the menu. Further, other buttons on the rear of the camera can also be programmed to toggle between AF and MF modes. What this all means is that you can work around the RX1’s buttons to make it’s focus work like a DSLR’s. (For those of you who are RX1 shooters, set the front switch to MF, the right control wheel button to MF/AF Toggle and the AEL button to MF/AF Control Hold and voila!) The end result is that, when powered on the camera is in manual focus mode, but the autofocus can be activated by pressing AEL, no matter what, however, the shutter is tripped by the shutter release. Want to switch to AF mode? Just push a button and you’re back to the standard modality.
Carrying.
I keep mine in a small, neoprene pouch with a semi-hard LCD cover and a circular polarizing filter on the front—perfect for buttoning up and throwing into a bag on my way out of the house. I have a soft release screwed into the threaded shutter release and a custom, red twill strap to replace the horrible plastic strap Sony provided. I plan to gaffer tape the top and the orange ring around the lens. Who knows, I may find an old Voigtlander optical viewfinder in future as well.
Sony RX1 User Report.
I hesitate to write about gear. Tools are tools and the bitter truth is that a great craftsman rises above his tools to create a masterpiece whereas most of us try to improve our abominations by buying better or faster hammers to hit the same nails at the same awkward angles.
The internet is fairly flooded with reviews of this tiny marvel, and it isn’t my intention to compete with those articles. If you’re looking for a full-scale review of every feature or a down-to-Earth accounting of the RX1’s strengths and weaknesses, I recommend starting here.
Instead, I’d like to provide you with a flavor of how I’ve used the camera over the last six months. In short, this is a user report. To save yourself a few thousand words: I love the thing. As we go through this article, you’ll see this is a purpose built camera. The RX1 is not for everyone, but we will get to that and on the way, I’ll share a handful of images that I made with the camera.
It should be obvious to anyone reading this that I write this independently and have absolutely no relationship with Sony (other than having exchanged a large pile of cash for this camera at a retail outlet).
Before we get to anything else, I want to clear the air about two things: Price and Features
The Price
First things first: the price. The $2800+ cost of this camera is the elephant in the room and, given I purchased the thing, you may consider me a poor critic. That in mind, I want to offer you three thoughts:
Consumer goods cost what they cost, in the absence of a competitor (the Fuji X100s being the only one worth mention) there is no comparison and you simply have to decide for yourself if you are willing to pay or not.
Normalize the price per sensor area for all 35mm f/2 lens and camera alternatives and you’ll find the RX1 is an amazing value.
You are paying for the ability to take photographs, plain and simple. Ask yourself, “what are these photographs worth to me?”
In my case, #3 is very important. I have used the RX1 to take hundreds of photographs of my family that are immensely important to me. Moreover, I have made photographs (many appearing on this page) that are moving or beautiful and only happened because I had the RX1 in my bag or my pocket. Yes, of course I could have made these or very similar photographs with another camera, but that is immaterial.
35mm by 24mm by 35mm f/2
The killer feature of this camera is simple: it is a wafer of silicon 35mm by 24mm paired to a brilliantly, ridiculously, undeniably sharp, contrasty and bokehlicious 35mm f/2 Carl Zeiss lens. Image quality is king here and all other things take a back seat. This means the following: image quality is as good or better than your DSLR, but battery life, focus speed, and responsiveness are likely not as good as your DSLR. I say likely because, if you have an entry-level DSLR, the RX1 is comparable on these dimensions. If you want to change lenses, if you want an integrated viewfinder, if you want blindingly fast phase-detect autofocus then shoot with a DSLR. If you want the absolute best image quality in the smallest size possible, you’ve got it in the RX1.
While we are on the subject of interchangeable lenses and viewfinders...
I have an interchangeable lens DSLR and I love the thing. It’s basically a medium format camera in a 35mm camera body. It’s a powerhouse and it is the first camera I reach for when the goal is photography. For a long time, however, I’ve found myself in situations where photography was not the first goal, but where I nevertheless wanted to have a camera. I’m around the table with friends or at the park with my son and the DSLR is too big, too bulky, too intimidating. It comes between you and life. In this realm, mirrorless, interchangeable lens cameras seem to be king, but they have a major flaw: they are, for all intents and purposes, just little DSLRs.
As I mentioned above, I have an interchangeable lens system, why would I want another, smaller one? Clearly, I am not alone in feeling this way, as the market has produced a number of what I would call “professional point and shoots.” Here we are talking about the Fuji X100/X100s, Sigma DPm-series and the RX100 and RX1.
Design is about making choices
When the Fuji X100 came out, I was intrigued. Here was a cheap(er), baby Leica M. Quiet, small, unobtrusive. Had I waited to buy until the X100s had come out, perhaps this would be a different report. Perhaps, but probably not. I remember thinking to myself as I was looking at the X100, “I wish there was a digital Rollei 35, something with a fixed 28mm or 35mm lens that would fit in a coat pocket or a small bag.” Now of course, there is.
So, for those of you who said, “I would buy the RX1 if it had interchangeable lenses or an integrated viewfinder or faster autofocus,” I say the following: This is a purpose built camera. You would not want it as an interchangeable system, it can’t compete with DSLR speed. A viewfinder would make the thing bigger and ruin the magic ratio of body to sensor size—further, there is a 3-inch LCD viewfinder on the back! Autofocus is super fast, you just don’t realize it because the bar has been raised impossibly high by ultra-sonic magnet focusing rings on professional DSLR lenses. There’s a fantastic balance at work here between image quality and size—great tools are about the total experience, not about one or the other specification.
In short, design is about making choices. I think Sony has made some good ones with the RX1.
In use
So I’ve just written 1,000 words of a user report without, you know, reporting on use. In many ways the images on the page are my user report. These photographs, more than my words, should give you a flavor of what the RX1 is about. But, for the sake of variety, I intend to tell you a bit about the how and the why of shooting with the RX1.
Snapshots
As a beginning enthusiast, I often sneered at the idea of a snapshot. As I’ve matured, I’ve come to appreciate what a pocket camera and a snapshot can offer. The RX1 is the ultimate photographer’s snapshot camera.
I’ll pause here to properly define snapshot as a photograph taken quickly with a handheld camera.
To quote Ferris Bueller’s Day Off, “Life moves pretty fast. If you don't stop and look around once in a while, you could miss it.” So it is with photography. Beautiful photographs happen at the decisive moment—and to paraphrase Henri Cartier-Bresson further—the world is newly made and falling to pieces every instant. I think it is no coincidence that each revolution in the steady march of photography from the tortuously slow chemistry of tin-type and daguerreotype through 120 and 35mm formats to the hyper-sensitive CMOS of today has engendered new categories and concepts of photography.
Photography is a reflexive, reactionary activity. I see beautiful light or the unusual in an every day event and my reaction is a desire to make a photograph. It’s a bit like breathing and has been since I was a kid.
Rather than sneer at snapshots, nowadays I seek them out; and when I seek them out, I do so with the Sony RX1 in my hand.
How I shoot with the RX1
Despite much bluster from commenters on other reviews as to the price point and the purpose-built nature of this camera (see above), the RX1 is incredibly flexible. Have a peek at some of the linked reviews and you’ll see handheld portraits, long exposures, images taken with off-camera flash, etc.
Yet, I mentioned earlier that I reach for the D800 when photography is the primary goal and so the RX1 has become for me a handheld camera—something I use almost exclusively at f/2 (people, objects, shallow DoF) or f/8 (landscapes in abundant light, abstracts). The Auto-ISO setting allows the camera to choose in the range from ISO 50 and 6400 to reach a proper exposure at a given aperture with a 1/80 s shutter speed. I have found this shutter speed ensures a sharp image every time (although photographers with more jittery grips may wish there was the ability to select a different default shutter speed). This strategy works because the RX1 has a delightfully clicky exposure compensation dial just under your right thumb—allowing for fine adjustment to the camera’s metering decision.
So then, if you find me out with the RX1, you’re likely to see me on aperture priority, f/2 and auto ISO. Indeed, many of the photographs on this page were taken in that mode (including lots of the landscape shots!).
Working within constraints.
The RX1 is a wonderful camera to have when you have to work within constraints. When I say this, I mean it is great for photography within two different classes of constraints: 1) physical constraints of time and space and 2) intellectual/artistic constraints.
To speak to the first, as I said earlier, many of the photographs on this page were made possible by having a camera with me at a time that I otherwise would not have been lugging around a camera. For example, some of the images from the Grand Canyon you see were made in a pinch on my way to a Christmas dinner with my family. I didn’t have the larger camera with me and I just had a minute to make the image. Truth be told, these images could have been made with my cell phone, but that I could wring such great image quality out of something not much larger than my cell phone is just gravy. Be it jacket pocket, small bag, bike bag, saddle bag, even fannie pack—you have space for this camera anywhere you go.
Earlier I alluded to the obtrusiveness of a large camera. If you want to travel lightly and make photographs without announcing your presence, it’s easier to use a smaller camera. Here the RX1 excels. Moreover, the camera’s leaf shutter is virtually silent, so you can snap away without announcing your intention. In every sense, this camera is meant to work within physical constraints.
I cut my photographic teeth on film and I will always have an affection for it. There is a sense that one is playing within the rules when he uses film. That same feeling is here in the RX1. I never thought I’d say this about a camera, but I often like the JPEG images this thing produces more than I like what I can push with a RAW. Don’t get me wrong, for a landscape or a cityscape, the RAW processed carefully is FAR, FAR better than a JPEG.
But when I am taking snapshots or photos of friends and family, I find the JPEGs the camera produces (I’m shooting in RAW + JPEG) so beautiful. The camera’s computer corrects for the lens distortion and provides the perfect balance of contrast and saturation. The JPEG engine can be further tweaked to increase the amount of contrast, saturation or dynamic range optimization (shadow boost) used in writing those files. Add in the ability to rapidly compensate exposure or activate various creative modes and you’ve got this feeling you’re shooting film again. Instant, ultra-sensitive and customizable film.
Pro Tip: Focusing
Almost all cameras come shipped with what I consider to be the worst of the worst focus configurations. Even the Nikon D800 came to my hands set to focus when the shutter button was halfway depressed. This mode will ruin almost any photograph. Why? Because it requires you to perform legerdemain to place the autofocus point, depress the shutter halfway, recompose and press the shutter fully. In addition to the chance of accidentally refocusing after composing or missing the shot—this method absolutely ensures that one must focus before every single photograph. Absolutely impossible for action or portraiture.
Sensibly, most professional or prosumer cameras come with an AF-ON button near where the shooter’s right thumb rests. This separates the task of focusing and exposing, allowing the photographer to quickly focus and to capture the image even if focus is slightly off at the focus point. For portraits, kids, action, etc the camera has to have a hair-trigger. It has to be responsive. Manufacturer’s: stop shipping your cameras with this ham-fisted autofocus arrangement.
Now, the RX1 does not have an AF-ON button, but it does have an AEL button whose function can be changed to “MF/AF Control Hold” in the menu. Further, other buttons on the rear of the camera can also be programmed to toggle between AF and MF modes. What this all means is that you can work around the RX1’s buttons to make it’s focus work like a DSLR’s. (For those of you who are RX1 shooters, set the front switch to MF, the right control wheel button to MF/AF Toggle and the AEL button to MF/AF Control Hold and voila!) The end result is that, when powered on the camera is in manual focus mode, but the autofocus can be activated by pressing AEL, no matter what, however, the shutter is tripped by the shutter release. Want to switch to AF mode? Just push a button and you’re back to the standard modality.
Carrying.
I keep mine in a small, neoprene pouch with a semi-hard LCD cover and a circular polarizing filter on the front—perfect for buttoning up and throwing into a bag on my way out of the house. I have a soft release screwed into the threaded shutter release and a custom, red twill strap to replace the horrible plastic strap Sony provided. I plan to gaffer tape the top and the orange ring around the lens. Who knows, I may find an old Voigtlander optical viewfinder in future as well.
President Barack Obama, right, meets with Vietnamese Communist party secretary general Nguyen Phu Trong in the Oval Office of the White House, on Tuesday, July 7, 2015, in Washington. Trong is the de facto leader of Vietnam despite holding no official government post, and is visiting Washington to boost ties 20 years after the U.S. and Vietnam normalized relations following the Vietnam War. (AP Photo/Evan Vucci)
Hebron (Arabic: الخليل al-Ḫalīl; Hebrew: חֶבְרוֹן , Standard Hebrew: Ḥevron ), is located in the southern West Bank, 30 km (19 mi) south of Jerusalem. Nestled in the Judean Mountains, it lies 930 meters (3,050 ft) above sea level. It is the largest city in the West Bank and home to an estimated 175,000 Palestinians, and over 500 Jewish settlers concentrated in and around the old quarter. The city is most notable for containing the traditional burial site of the biblical Patriarchs and Matriarchs and is therefore considered the second-holiest city in Judaism after Jerusalem. The city is also venerated by Muslims for its association with Abraham and was traditionally viewed as one of the "four holy cities of Islam."
Hebron is a busy hub of West Bank trade, responsible for roughly a third of the area's gross domestic product, largely due to the sale of marble from quarries. It is locally well known for its grapes, figs, limestone, pottery workshops and glassblowing factories, and is the location of the major dairy product manufacturer, al-Junaidi. The old city of Hebron is characterized by narrow, winding streets, flat-roofed stone houses, and old bazaars. The city is home to Hebron University and the Palestine Polytechnic University.
Jewish settlement after the Six-Day War
After the Six-Day War in June 1967, Israel, according to the Allon Plan, was to exchange parts of the West Bank with Jordan in a proposal for trading land for peace, with Israel annexing 45% of the West Bank and Jordan the remainder.
Allon thought settlement would determine the country's borders, and submitted to the cabinet a proposal building a Jewish settlement near Hebron. David Ben-Gurion also considered that Hebron was the one sector of the conquered territories that should remain under Jewish control, and have a large Jewish settlement. Apart from its symbolic message to the international community, settling Hebron had a theological significance of cosmic dimensions in some quarters, in that:-
'David's kingdom was a model for the messianic kingdom. David began in Hebron, so settling Hebron would lead to final redemption.'
Much of the ensuing settlement was planned and financed by the Movement for Greater Israel. Failing to obtain a green light from the government, though with Allon's consent, on Passover in 1968, a group led by Rabbi Moshe Levinger rented the main hotel in Hebron as Swiss tourists, with Haim Drukman presiding over seder, and then refused to leave. A Druze border policeman who had assisted Levinger was shot the next day. The Labor government's survival depended on the National Religious Party, and was reluctant to evacuate the settlers, given the massacre that occurred decades earlier. After heavy lobbying by Levinger, the settlement gained the tacit support of Levi Eshkol and Yigal Allon, while it was opposed by Abba Eban and Pinhas Sapir.After more than a year and a half of agitation, and a bloody attack during Sukkot (October 9, 1968), in which a grenade was thrown, apparently by a Hebron boy, onto the mosque stairs wounding 47 Israeli and foreign visitors, the government agreed to legitimize Levinger's wildcat settlement by establishing a town on the outskirts of the city. in an abandoned military base, which was named Kiryat Arba, 'as if to make the place instantly ancient.' In 1979, a group of settlers led by Miriam Levinger moved into the Dabouia, or former Hadassah Hospital, now Beit Hadassah, in central Hebron, and founded the Committee of The Jewish Community of Hebron near the Abraham Avinu Synagogue. The take-over created severe conflict with Arab shopkeepers in the same area, who appealed twice to the Israeli Supreme Court, without success. With this precedent, in February of the following year, the Government legitimized residency in the city of Hebron proper.The pattern of settlement followed by an outbreak of hostilities with local Palestinians was repeated later at Tel Rumeida. The most violent episode occurred on the 2 May 1980 when 6 yeshiva students died, on the way home from Sabbath prayer at the Tomb of the Patriarchs, in a grenade and firearm attack. The event provided a major motivation for settlers near Hebron to join the Jewish Underground.
Supporters of Jewish resettlement within Hebron see their program as the reclamation of an important heritage dating back to Biblical times, which was dispersed or, it is argued, stolen by Arabs after the massacre of 1929.The purpose of settlement is to return to the 'land of our forefathers', and the Hebron model of reclaiming sacred sites in Palestinian territories has pioneered a pattern for settlers in Bethlehem and Nablus. Many reports, foreign and Israeli, are sharply critical of the settlers
Hebron was the one city excluded from the interim agreement of September 1995 to restore rule over all Palestinian West Bank cities to the Palestinian Authority Since The Oslo Agreement, violent episodes have recurred in the city. The Cave of the Patriarchs massacre took place on February 25, 1994 when Baruch Goldstein, an Israeli physician and resident of Kiryat Arba, opened fire on Muslims at prayer in the Ibrahimi Mosque, killing 29, and wounding 125 before the survivors overcame and killed him This event was condemned by the Israeli Government, and the extreme right-wing Kach party was banned as a result] The Israeli government also tightened restrictions on the movement of Palestinians in H2, closed their vegetable and meat markets, and banned Palestinian cars on Shuhada Street
The Jewish community has been subject to attacks by Palestinian militants, especially during the periods of the Intifadas; which saw 3 fatal stabbings and 9 fatal shootings in between the first and second Intifada (0.9% of all fatalities in Israel and the West Bank) and 17 fatal shootings (9 soldiers and 8 settlers) and 2 fatalities from a bombing during the second Intifada and thousands of rounds fired on it from the hills above the Abu-Sneina and Harat al-Sheikh neighbourhoods. 12 Israeli soldiers were killed (Hebron Brigade commander Colonel Dror Weinberg and two other officers, 6 soldiers and 3 members of the security unit of Kiryat Arba) in an ambush Two Temporary International Presence in Hebron observers were killed by Palestinian gunmen in a shooting attack on the road to Hebron
Israeli organization B'Tselem states that there have been "grave violations" of Palestinian human rights in Hebron because of the "presence of the settlers within the city." The organization cites regular incidents of "almost daily physical violence and property damage by settlers in the city", curfews and restrictions of movement that are "among the harshest in the Occupied Territories", and violence and by Israeli border policemen and the IDF against Palestinians who live in the city's H2 sector According to Human Rights Watch, Palestinian areas of Hebron are frequently subject to indiscriminate firing by the IDF, leading to many casualties. One former IDF soldier, with experience in policing Hebron, has testified to Breaking the Silence, that on the briefing wall of his unit a sign des ribing their mission aim was hung that read:"To disrupt the routine of the inhabitants of the neighbourhood." Hebron mayor Mustafa Abdel Nabi invited the Christian Peacemaker Teams to assist the local Palestinian community in opposition to what they describe as Israeli military occupation, collective punishment, settler harassment, home demolitions and land confiscation.
An international unarmed observer force—the Temporary International Presence in Hebron (TIPH) was subsequently established to help the normalization of the situation and to maintain a buffer between the Palestinian Arab population of the city and the Jews residing in their enclave in the old city. On February 8, 2006, TIPH temporarily left Hebron after attacks on their headquarters by some Palestinians angered by the Jyllands-Posten Muhammad cartoons controversy. TIPH came back to Hebron a few months later. On May 15, 2006, a member of a group who is a direct descendant of the 1929 refugees, urged the government to continue its support of Jewish settlement, and allow the return of eight families evacuated the previous January from homes they set up in emptied shops near the Avraham Avinu neighborhood. Beit HaShalom, established in 2007 under disputed circumstances, was under court orders permitting its forced evacuation All the Jews were expelled on December 3, 2008
Since early 1997, following the Hebron Agreement, the city has been divided into two sectors: H1 and H2. The H1 sector, home to around 120,000 Palestinians, came under the control of the Palestinian Authority. H2, which was inhabited by around 30,000 Palestinians, remained under Israeli military control to protect several hundred Jewish residents in the old Jewish quarter. A large drop has since taken place in the Palestinian population in H2, identified with the impact of extended curfews, strict restrictions on movement with 16 check-points in place, the closure of Palestinian commercial activities near settler areas, and settler harassment Survivors and descendants of that prior community are mixed. Some support the project of Jewish redevelopment, others commend living in peace with Hebronite Arabs, while a third group recommend a full pullout. Descendants supporting the latter views have met with Palestinian leaders in Hebron. In 1997 one group of descendants dissociated themselves from the settlers by calling them an obstacle to peace.
A total of 86 Jewish families now live in Hebron.
Post-Playtex Era Strong In Cullman
Chamber of Commerce weather greeted several dozen lactating women and their families at the Walmart Pavilion inside Heritage Park on Saturday morning.
The gathering celebrated the 4th annual BIG Latch On. This event ran from 10 am until noon.
Cullman County nursing mothers along with their husbands and other support members convened to breastfeed their babies in a supportive, lactation-friendly environment.
Ashley Wright, the lead organizer of this event, invited all area lactating moms as well as their friends, family, and community to come out and participate in the cause.
The BIG Latch On is an annual, global event that celebrates, promotes and supports breastfeeding.
The larger goal of the global BIG Latch On movement is to normalize breastfeeding.
There was a worldwide synchronization latch from 10:30 to 10:31 am Cullman time.
Groups of nursing moms and their supporters around the world either latched their babies, expressed milk or fed breast milk by spoon to their babies all at the same time across the world. It was a sacred, touching and profound moment at Heritage Park.
cullmantoday.com/2017/08/06/post-playtex-era-strong-in-cu...
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The 31st edition of the 2023 FISU Winter World University Games is set for January 11-22, . The preliminary round will be played in Canton, NY, before moving to Herb Brooks Arena Lake Placid NY 2019 - home of the 1980 Winter Olympics 'Miracle on Ice' . for the medal rounds
Unfortunately both Canadian TV networks CBC and CTV will not be televising this event on T.V. to Canadians ?
Results from games played at SUNY Canton Roos House
Thur Jan 12th - UKR 1 vs Canada 6
Fri Jan 13th - SWE 3 vs Canada 10
Sun Jan 15th - Japan 2 vs Canada 8
Tues Jan 17th - Latvia 0 vs Canada 9
Wed Jan 18th - Czech 0 vs Canada 4
Results from Olympic Center Lk Placid : final scores
Sat Jan 21,2023 Men's semis KAZ 1 vs Canada 4
Jan 21, 2023 Women's Gold medal game Japan 0 vs Canada 5
Sun,Jan 22, 2023 Men's bronze medal game KAZ 8 vs Japan 1
Sun Jan 22,2023 Men's Gold medal game USA 2 vs Canada 7
UNB selections: Winter World University Games
Brady Gilmour Forward UNB Grafton, ON #19
Austen Keating Forward UNB Guelph, ON #9
Adam McCormick Defence UNB Waterville, NB #8
AUS selections:
Justin MacPherson Defence SMU East Gwillimbury, ON
Matt Welsh Goaltender SMU Halifax, NS
Andrew Coxhead Forward SMU Bedford,NS
Liam Hawel Forward StFX Arnprior, ON
Matthew Struthers Forward StFX Milton, ON
Kyle Maksimovich Forward UPEI Hamilton, ON
TJ Shea Forward UPEI Tignish, PEI
Matthew Brassard Defence UPEI Barrie, ON
Justin Bergeron Defence UQTR Magog, QC
Kyle Bollers Forward Toronto Oshawa, ON
Brett Davis Forward Manitoba Oakbank, MB
Jared Dmytriw Forward Saskatchewan Craven, SK
Kai Edmonds Goaltender TMU Ottawa, ON
Noah King Defence Calgary Winnipeg, MB
Simon Lafrance Forward UQTR Saint-Eustache, QC
Zachary Lavigne Forward UQTR Drummondville, QC
Jacob Paquette Defence Queen’s Ottawa, ON
Roddy Ross Goaltender Saskatchewan Meadow Lake, SK
Scott Walford Defence McGill Coquitlam, BC
Jonathan Yantsis Forward Queen’s
.2025 TEAM CANADA FISU MEN'S HOCKEY ROSTER
F - Mathieu Bizier, Concordia Stingers
F - Connor Bowie, TMU Bold
F - Benjamin Corbeil, UNB Reds
F - Conor Frenette, UQTR Patriotes
F - Mathieu Gagnon, McGill Rebirds
F - Colson Gengenbach, Calgary Dinos
F - Mikael Huchette, Concordia Stingers
F - Samuel Huo, UBC Thunderbirds
F - Nolan Hutcheson, Queen's Gaels
F - Liam Keeler, Saskatchewan Huskies
F - Simon Lavigne, Concordia Stingers
F - Sasha Mutala, UBC Thunderbirds
F - Kaleb Pearson, UPEI Panthers
F - William Rouleau, McGill Redbirds
D - Charlie Callaghan, StFX X-Men
D - Jack Duff - Queen's Gaels
D - Kurtis Henry, UPEI Panthers
D - Jake Lee, UBC Thunderbirds
D - Kale McCallumn, UNB Reds
D - Loris Rafanomezantsoa, UQTR Patriote
G - Kai Edmonds, TMU Bold
G - Francesco Lapenna, Ottawa Gee-Gees
G - Samuel Richard, UNB Reds
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Some relevant School news clippings,
Feb 24, 2022 - Wolfville, N.S. Acadia University. The Acadia University Professors strike enters its 4th week ?
www.flickr.com/photos/74039487@N02/51901774104
Sept 30th 2022 - Artificial Intelligence has struck the good ole hockey game ? Acadia Axeman hockey at Andrew H. McCain Arena goes paperless ? The Official paper program no longer being handed out to the paying customer ? www.flickr.com/photos/74039487@N02/52395343477
January 22, 2024 - Canada sets two-year cap on foreign students. The cap will result in a decrease of 35% in approved study permits.
www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-68059996
Dec 14,2021 - Don't all members matter ? Discrimination shown towards non-school community members at Acadia Athletics during Covi. A posted official notice at Acadia reads : "The Acadia Athletics complex will be closed to community drop-ins, community memberships, and external rentals until further notice , However,, Acadia staff, faculty and students, with proof of double vaccination, will continue to access the fitness center, pool and the arena for skating. "
www.flickr.com/photos/74039487@N02/51748079885
International student fallout hits the bottom line.. Atlantic universities depend on international students for about 30 per cent of their enrollment.
universityaffairs.ca/news/international-student-fallout-h...
May 11th 2023 - A new race based policy has been announced at Acadia where almost half of seats for a new Course will be set aside and reserved only for members of certain racial or ethnic groups as specified by the University ? The Provincial Government has announced that a new nursing program is to be offered at Acadia University where approximately 50 percent of the seats are reserved only for African, Mi'kmaq and Indigenous students. The total number of annual seats set to increase to 63 ? When bearing in mind the current health care worker crisis and an urgent need for nursing grads, is it really wise or responsible to install race or ethnic restrictions that could eliminate many of those wanting to apply ? www2.acadiau.ca/about-acadia/newsroom/news-reader-page/ac...
Dec 27, 2021 - Playing the race card ? The Liberal Provincial Government could be on a slippery slope by choosing to use race to determine which applicants will get preferential treatment during a short supply emergency situation in an international health crisis ?
www.flickr.com/photos/74039487@N02/51782360402/in/album-7...
The Supreme Court says colleges and universities can no longer take race into consideration as a specific basis for granting admission,
www.cnn.com/2023/06/29/politics/affirmative-action-suprem...
Free University for some ? B.C. university waives tuition for local First Nation students,
bc.ctvnews.ca/that-s-reconciliation-b-c-university-waives...
Aug 2023 - A new physician assistant program at Dalhousie U open to 24 students per year with preference given to applicants from Nova Scotia, atlantic.ctvnews.ca/n-s-invests-5-6-million-for-first-phy...
Oct 10, 2025 - R-Studio plays the race card ?
R-Studio, a local Halifax gym, initiates exclusive low price membership charge that is determined by what race you are ?
www.youtube.com/watch?v=wsHpxm3yb7c&t=20s
June 11, 2025 - Maritime students struggling to find scarce summer jobs in Canada,
www.ctvnews.ca/atlantic/article/mission-impossible-mariti...
Tim Horton's appears to use racial profiling in its hiring policies ? Why aren't the Liberals upset over this inequality ? Kody Bloise Liberal Party, 101A-24 Harbourside drive Wolfville, Nova Scotia B4P 2C1 Telephone: 902-542-4010
www.flickr.com/photos/74039487@N02/54605482350/in/album-7...
Canada's Gen Z can't find jobs,, www.cbc.ca/news/business/youth-unemployment-rate-1.7549979
The Koncerned Kentvillian must ask, " why is it every time you gas up at Milne Court Petro-Can, New Minas Ultramar, KVille Ultramar and now the Big Stop, or go to the KFC for chicken, or Mary Browns, or the Burger King, or Subway, or all of the 3 Timmies for coffee, or Walmart, oe Needs, or receive a parcel from amazon, or attend the cash register post to pay a bill at many other stores, it feels like you're suddenly in a foreign country ? " What has happened to all of the friendly locals that used to hold these positions and were one of the main reasons that we all frequented these establishments ? www.flickr.com/photos/74039487@N02/54418705157/
Kody Bloise Liberal Party, 101A-24 Harbourside drive Wolfville, Nova Scotia B4P 2C1 Telephone: 902-542-4010 Fax: 902-542-4184
Is there an identity crisis looming in Kentville ?
www.flickr.com/photos/74039487@N02/52094330358/in/album-7...
Canada's post-secondary industry predicts storm ahead, as budget cuts shrink courses, staff,
www.cbc.ca/news/canada/post-secondary-cuts-1.7387175
July 1, 2021 - the Prime Minister of Canada will not be celebrating Canada Day this year claiming that for some Canada Day isn't a day to celebrate." Wha-a-a-a-t -t-t ??? www.cbc.ca/news/politics/canada-day-political-reaction-1....
U of T Toronto, Jun 27, 2023 - " She Sung it her Way "
Jully "I Sung it my Way" Black makes up her own personalized and politicized, 'our home on native land' version of the Canadian National anthem in performance at Toronto university graduation. Black was asked to perform her unique way to sing Canada's national anthem to reflect the core values of the U of T law program ? www.cbc.ca/news/canada/toronto/jully-black-tmu-law-school...
Dec 16th 2023 - O Canada is sung in Punjabi at the NHL Jets hockey game in Winnipeg Manitoba,
www.youtube.com/watch?v=TKifMtbbyJg
2026 Calgary Stampede - Punjabi cowboys at the Stampede ?
x.com/CelticAshes/status/2082533482106872200
March 18, 2025 - Professors, students say Nova Scotia university bill threatens academic freedoms,
www.ctvnews.ca/atlantic/nova-scotia/article/professors-st...
March 4th, 2025 - Trump issues a ban on 'illegal' college protests as he threatens students with arrest and deportation,
www.lbc.co.uk/usa/politics/trump-issues-ban-on-illegal-co...
April 9, 2025 - Trump administration freezes $1 billion in funding for Cornell University, $790 million for Northwestern University ,,
www.cnn.com/2025/04/09/us/cornell-northwestern-federal-fu...
Jan 20,2026 - Trump hates wind turbines ? ‘so pathetic and so bad .. You might notice that China makes and sells them but they will never use them .'
www.youtube.com/watch?v=6wkHCSbSwkw
5th Mar 5th, 2025 - U.S. funding freeze affecting both American and international exchange students and major US scholarship funders
monitor.icef.com/2025/03/us-funding-freeze-affecting-both...
Trump protecting historic statues - enacts 10 years in jail penalty for harming or defacing historical statues,, www.cbsnews.com/video/trump-signs-executive-order-enactin...
February 10, 2025 - Acadia University announces permanent pool closure, discontinues varsity swim team - will close its swimming pool on June 15, 2025,
Students chose Acadia because of the swim team and many parents got calls “from their kids – in tears – devastated.”
Acadia Aquatics,
recreation.acadiau.ca/aquatics.html
How not to park at Hennigers farm Market Greenwich,
www.flickr.com/photos/74039487@N02/54788130883
Sept 13th, 2025 - Acadia Axemen and Dal Tigers hockey teams cross the Dal strikers picket line to play an Exhibition game at Dalhousie University ?
www.flickr.com/photos/74039487@N02/54784598896/in/photost...
Town of Wolfville breaking the law, obstructing traffic, while creating a safety hazard ? Making trip to and from hockey games has become a real challenge ?
www.flickr.com/photos/74039487@N02/54710009955/in/photost...
Sep 29, 2025 - Wolfville now studying ways to solve their traffic congestion problem along Main Street ? University access has become challenging ?
www.cbc.ca/news/canada/nova-scotia/wolfville-nova-scotia-...
Gambling in amateur Sport ? CBC has introduced gambling into its coverage of the Olympic games? In a groundbreaking move and for the first time ever, CBC will include gambling in its live coverage of Olympic events ?
Paris Olympics 2024 - It appears that CBC has partnered with one particular online Casino company and BetRivers is running sports betting ads during the televising of Olympic sporting events ? Is the inclusion of a Casino and a Sports betting parlor that runs sports betting during Olympic events appropriate when considering the principles and high moral standard exemplified by the Olympic Games ?
Aug 22 2024, the Minister of hypocrisy, oops, I mean the Minister of Health Mark Holland and his Liberal Government have passed legislation to enable massive gambling in Canada ? And now NHL heros past and present like Wayne Gretzky, Austin Matthews and Connor McDavid can be found in TV gambling commercials, online gambling ads, and pasted onto huge billboards that promote sports gambling ? But Holland seems more worried about Zonnic, a smoking cessation product that helps to quit a bad habit and sold only to those over 19 and always kept hidden away from view under the counter in stores ?
Fans confused ? After Mark Holland comments on Zonnic and vociferously proclaims that, "All the stuff that's clearly designed to target youth — It's over", we are now seeing NHL Superstar heroes play starring roles in glamorous new bet MGM ads to promote gambling ? Numerous complaints were filed. And so they eased away from this image of a Sports hero who encourages and participates in gambling although McDavid's image itself was never seperated from the gambling vice or the lucrative gambling industry ? A new corrected version now shows Connor as an ambassador for safe and responsible gambling when you gamble ? But isn't it still gambling ? see news article, "Connor McDavid's latest gambling ad with Bet MGM sparks outrage among his fans,"
www.sportskeeda.com/us/nhl/news-disgusted-started-gamblin...
Betano - A message to the kids from a sports hero mentor- "are you a good player, or a great player". Betano gambling ads associate words like 'good and great' with gambling ?
Jul 22, 2026 - In their ongoing quest for notoriety, the powers-that-be have ordered cigarette packages to be re engineered and re-designed not to make room for the addition of more product but instead to increase the showcase area size of the package cover ? The added space will be needed to accommodate a fresh new series of 13 upgraded ultra sickening pictures and warnings that are to be added to the existing 73 others now over-crowding current package covers ? Messages will also be added to the extended upper flap hidden inside cigarette packages says Karine LeBlanc.
Do these one track minded people really think they are actually helping find a cure for cancer by continually satisfying their own egos and exercising their own personal vendettas over and over again against one of the thousands of possible causes of cancer that they themselves don't happen to like ?
www.cbc.f ca/news/health/canada-graphic-image-warnings-ciga...
What if they were to advertise a safe way to smoke cigarettes to get more clients ? Sound ridiculous ? But is this not the same as advertising gambling as 'safe'? Don'it these safe gambling ads serve to welcome, endorse and normalize gambling which can be a dangerous and life altering highly addictive habit ?
May 25,2022 - The big gambling companies are running ads that emphasize 'limited play' and 'safe' gambling ? Is this not the same as the alcohol industry running drinking ads that encourage drinking alcohol by telling you how many cocktails to safely drink per day, or, how about the tobacco industry running ads that promote safe smoking by recommending an amount of cigs to safely smoke per day, or the marijuana industry recommending the number of joints to safely get high on each day ? Or, what if they spin : You're 'good' if you drink but You're 'great' if you safe drink, or, you're 'good' if you smoke cigarettes but You're 'great' if you safe smoke only so many cigarettes per day, or , you're 'good' if you smoke pot but you're 'great' if you only smoke this many grams per day ? ref, "All those sports betting ads you're seeing,, It's illegal says the Alberta gaming commission ? www.cbc.ca/player/play/2302654019728
Are University student loans being gambled away ?
www.flickr.com/photos/74039487@N02/54775209530/in/photost...
Targeting youth for gambling ? gambling ads - The aggressive marketing of a highly addictive social vice to sports fans both young and old ? www.cbc.ca/news/marketplace/sports-betting-gambling-adver...
Feb 4th 2025, Bell Let's Talk ? Abandoning your Unionized Maritimes telephone workers, refusing to talk to them and leaving them out on the Street for 5 Months does not contribute to good mental health ? U Ottawa Scotty suggests that the internet, mobile phones and Social media are taking a heavy toll on the mental health and overall mental well being of today's society ? And so maybe there's some hypocrisy shown by the giant media mogul Bell Canada who might just be the biggest contributor and profit taker from a national crisis ? www.youtube.com/shorts/31f3sZndK6w
www.flickr.com/photos/74039487@N02/51844732131/in/album-7...
This year Canadian Taxpayers will pay $1.5 billion dollars to subsidize the CBC ?
site-cbc.radio-canada.ca/documents/impact-and-accountabil...
June 28,2021, O Canada at the Stanley Cup Finals ? CBC plays an upsetting and unflattering version of the Canadian National Anthem ? www.flickr.com/photos/74039487@N02/51829474529/in/album-7...
January 11-22, 2023 - CBC doesn't seem eager to push, promote or publicize male gender hockey like the AHL, WHL, ECHL, U Sports University level or Men's Junior hockey ? www.flickr.com/photos/74039487@N02/52640201721/in/datepos...
Halifax, Canada Jan 2023 - This time around the IIHF men's World Juniors hockey tournament will be held in Canada. No games were shown on CBC, and many Canadians were unable to watch Canada's finest male gender Junior hockey players incl Connor Badard play in their home Country and win the Gold for Canada ?
However, although CBC ignored and failed to televise all IIHF Men's junior hockey games played on public T.V. they did make sure to televise daily news reports and grant loads of air time on an alleged past scandal that had involved a previous men's IIHF Junior hockey team ? cbc.radio-canada.ca/en/media-centre/official-broadcaster-...
Justin says Goodbye Don't cry for me O my Canada.
Jan 06, 2025 - Trudeau resigns as prime minister, Prorogues Parliament until March 24 2025,
www.flickr.com/photos/74039487@N02/54385355629/
Caste system Canada ? The NDP 2023 Leadership Convention - Is this really Canada ? It seems that the NDP Party has adopted a caste system ( like the system they use over in India ) ? Delegates here must wear caste identifiable yellow or white tags ? Master, Mistress, person or whatever of Ceremonies instructs those who declare themselves as white and male gender to get to the back of the line ? Other identities, or those with yellow tags can go to the front of the line and speak first ?
playing the race card ? Apr 3, 2026 - NDP Leadership Convention uses 'racial equity cards' to identify and categorize people by their race and color ? black and red before white after yellow or green etc, etc ?
www.youtube.com/watch?v=OMtHsUTBrt8
www.youtube.com/watch?v=EDV7ImXwTPI
2026 NDP Leadership Convention - Was Hitler's hairdresser here ? Some pretty weird stuff going on,
www.youtube.com/watch?v=pqhIBsaHzCg
Lost in Space________Episode # 1_______Death to Deniers !
Danger - Will Robinson, Danger !
These fine ladies want to see prison sentences handed down to individuals who dare to be themselves and to think independently and are calling anyone with a different opinion from theirs to be a denier or a hater ?
No one denies the existence of residential schools. And so why are Leah Gazan (NDP), Lindsay Mathyssen (NDP), Nahanni Fontaine (NDP) and Kimberley Murray (Liberal Government investigator) so dissatisfied and why are they trying to force their own radical ego-driven personal viewpoints based on as yet unproven allegations on everyone else ? Why do they want you to think the way they think, believe what they believe, and be forced ( by law ) to accept their unique, extreme, selfish and self-serving narrative, (that they get paid for) as being Gods' truth, and,, if you dare resist then you are to be labelled hater or denier and will become a criminal that could be sent to jail for up to life in prison under the law enshrined in Bill C-63 or C-9 that they are all pushing for ?
www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZZU7NEzs3Gk
Sep 27, 2024 - Death to Deniers - Winnipeg Superstar M.P. Leah Gazan wants you to think like she thinks and be just like her,, or else 'watch out' ?
Narcissistic NDP MP Leah Gazan has introduced her bill in Parliament that calls for criminal charges to be laid on all those who ‘deny’ her own Leah Gazan personal narrative regarding the (unproven) discovery of 215 children' bodies found in a well hidden mass grave in Kamloops, and that Canada is a genocidal nation ? Her Bill C-413 calls for the extremely serious charge of spreading hate to be placed on anyone who she says is promoting hatred against the Indigenous peoples by challenging, questioning, denying or disagreeing with Leah Gazan's unique personal position on this subject ?
www.lifesitenews.com/news/new-democrat-mp-introduces-bill...
What Is Truth ?
"If you are strictly one-sided with any opinion, you’re incredibly ignorant".
UBC Jan 22, 2026 - An entire generation of students that grew up attending the Canadian public school system during the Trudeau Liberal era ( 2015 thru 2025 ) have reached post secondary age and are arriving at University in a heavily indoctrinated state of mind with extremely one-sided only, uni-opinion attitudes that they express in a coercive and even physical threatening way ? Violent gangs of young masked and gagged orange shirted student protestors, tribalism, mind control, far left radical activism and propaganda posters hanging in an Authoritarian environment where free will, open debate or speaking truth has become a crime was to be seen recently at the U of B.C. ? This might sound Orwellian, but actually it's the University of B.C. in Vancouver a Canadian institute of higher learning that gets over a billion dollars per year of public funding ? Frances Widdowson, "Without truth and without freedom, our Universities will die." www.youtube.com/watch?v=ihsLPodE9R0
Ace CBC reporter Jordan Tucker ? In her interview assignment for CBC with Professor Widdowson, Jordan says that she thinks around 6000 childrens bodies have been found so far on first nation reservation schools, and that, to her, ( a salaried journalist for CBC ) the truth is not really a top priority ? www.youtube.com/watch?v=5Ik61NGwXas&t=58s
Residential schools. After three years of searching for bodies and a cost to taxpayers of $216.5 million, not a single set of human remains have been found ?
thecatholicherald.com/article/failure-to-find-bodies-ends...
U of Vic claims 215 but Frances and Dallas say Zero ?
What Is Truth ?
Dec 3rd 2025, Frances and Dallas visit the U of Vic in Victoria B.C. and discover a mass indoctrination of impressionable young minds ? Open free thinking and freedom of speech were discouraged here ? Asking questions that ruffle some feathers or challenge the status quo are not wanted on this campus ? Challenging what is taught here can get you abused or even carted off to jail ? www.youtube.com/watch?v=u53G5WBpVmc
www.youtube.com/watch?v=TSRn8BzpvLc
May 28th, 2026 - If we believe massive untruths being told to us, then our democracies will collapse,
www.youtube.com/watch?v=R2pd8-F2p0A&t=17s
Feb 24th, 2026 - Lethbridge, "You're not welcome here !" Welcome to the University of Lethbridge where manners are ignored, physical manhandling is allowed, etiquette is absent, and where students use threats of bodily harm, chant ancient tribal war cries and bang out continuous monotone loud drumming noise to injure ear drums to drown out the opposition during debate ? www.youtube.com/watch?v=-2Moi7VM7xI
Apr 26th, 2026 - A whited sepulchre University set in the windy city of Lethbridge - Following yet another arrest and another trip in the paddy wagon, Frances Widdowson pleads with Alberta Premier Danielle Smith to help re-enforce the basic rule of truth based on free and independent thinking in our public schools once again ? "Without truth and without freedom, our Universities will die."
www.youtube.com/watch?v=kfPix14aMIc
UBC Jan 22,2026 - Counter viewpoint reporters attacked and have to run for their lives ?
UBC zombie apocalypse, Jan 22,2026
www.youtube.com/watch?v=MfIpTnyH_Zg
2021, Major Canadian Party leader Jagmeet Singh attacks his own Country calling it genocidal ? Jag says that he knows of 215 bodies that were found in hidden unmarked mass graves in Kamloops and this clearly shows him that Canada is a genocidal nation ?
www.youtube.com/watch?v=CQb3GZx_ZR0
2021 - Dr. Timothy Rahilly, President Mt. Royal College in Calgary - When Rahilly hears of a story that unmarked graves may have been found at a Kamloops B.C. residential school the President of Mt. Royal College quickly turns on his University PA system and immediately makes an official announcement to the entire student body that 215 children have just been found buried in a mass unmarked grave at the Kamloops B.C. residential school and that a shaken, shameful, and perhaps genocidal nation, is heartbroken ? One of the senior teachers at his University has asked for evidence to support such a monumental and newly discovered horrible allegation and he has fired her ? www.youtube.com/watch?v=esGhB3uNHwA
www.youtube.com/watch?v=esGhB3uNHwA
Mar 23,2026 - Mt. Royal College, " my spider sense is tingling "
Is Mt. Royal College in Calgary making the kids Crazy ?
www.youtube.com/watch?v=bPQNM063-lY
"What are they doing to our kids" ? Many Parents contribute for years into Registered Education Savings Plans that are to be turned over to Universities on behalf of their Children,
www.canada.ca/en/services/benefits/education/education-sa...
Apr 29, 2026 - Vancouver School Board to introduce an Orwellian concept known as 'unlearning' into their system ? They are also re-naming schools from historic English names to instead Indigenous names that cannot be pronounced and use letters not found on the standard keyboard ?
www.youtube.com/watch?v=LrC4GB4wURI
Vancouver March 12, 2026 - Have Liberal backroom land transfer deals with first nations already transpired as the Eby provincial NDP government pretended to look the other way ? The Indians may now own property rights in and around Vancouver ?
www.youtube.com/watch?v=kT2DqPzulos
www.cbc.ca/news/canada/british-columbia/musqueam-rights-r...
March 12, 2026 - treachury or treason ? B.C.'s Eby Government may be giving Canada away while insulting veterans who fought to secure and retain it ? Led by Spencer Herbert it seems the NDP party in B.C. want to give Canada land rights away without first asking Canadians for permission ? www.youtube.com/watch?v=rVTzJWE86go
March 12, 2026 - What NDP Spencer Herbert is trying to do with property rights in B.C. was recently defeated in a fellow Province's Highest Court ? New Brunswick's supreme court ruled that Aboriginal Title Cannot Co-Exist with Fee Simple Title,, www.fasken.com/en/knowledge/2026/01/new-brunswick-court-o...
2025 Canadian Election - Democracy denied by double crossers ?
www.flickr.com/photos/74039487@N02/55228615842
March 09, 2026, Canada’s Bill C-3 "An Act to amend the Citizenship Act" - New Liberal legislation allows Canadian citizenship to be passed down over multiple generations back to as far as caveman days, and means many millions of non vetted individuals are now eligible to automatically be Canadian ? www.cbc.ca/player/play/video/9.7120945
March 14, 2026 - In a completely contrary position to that of Canada, the country of Italy has restricted Italian citizenship for anyone born abroad. Italy has enacted a ruling that tells millions with Italian roots that they have lost the right to their citizenship,
www.ctvnews.ca/world/article/italy-ruling-tells-millions-...
March 12, 2026 - Acadia University reducing staff levels amid ‘financial pressures’? 31 Acadia positions eliminated. University monetary chaos affecting not only the institutions but also the broader economy. Financial difficulties stem from capped international student enrollments, increased costs of high-end employment, and draconian funding cuts by provincial government. These have all led to job cuts, program reductions, and even campus closures. The financial strain on universities is expected to continue, with further announcements of layoffs and program cuts are likely to come soon. www.ctvnews.ca/atlantic/nova-scotia/article/acadia-univer...
Mar 4th, 2026 - Canada grants $100 million in scholarships for students in India ? This comes on the heels of PM Carney's trip to India.
www.youtube.com/post/Ugkx1VHElLBjsSwpz5-CK3P4SsNdrZmGdelS
feb 25, 2026 - Drastic University cuts implemented in latest Nova Scotia Provincial budget. Tim Houston's PC government is reducing funding for all Universities incl the PhD programs in education at Acadia,
www.halifaxexaminer.ca/wp-content/uploads/2026/02/Grant-R...
February 26, 2026 - Vulnerable hard hit starving Nova Scotia university students who struggle daily with the high cost of living in Nova Scotia prepare for a week-long strike to protest the provincial education cut, the cuts to advanced education grants, and they are demanding tuition reductions and divestment from fossil fuel dollars,
globalnews.ca/video/11708934/n-s-university-students-prep...
George Orwell's dark prediction has just come true.
London England, Apr 22,2026 - The British Parliament has just enacted legislation to install a form of Orwellian Totalitarian rule into current democratic English society that allows for the installment of Government social control in the form of mandatory lifetime probationary orders to be placed on certain selected unwary citizens without asking their permission who will then be state monitored from birth to death to insure compliance is met on the legal lifetime probation order that is attached to them ? Rob Cunningham and his Cancer Society are boldly crusading for residents of his democratic home country of Canada to lose their current freedom and also be forced into this Orwellian social control ? www.ctvnews.ca/world/article/uk-agrees-ban-on-cigarette-s...
Dec 13th, 2025 - this could be a bit rich ? The top doctor for Nova Scotia is advertising smoking for the liquor store ? Dr. Robert Strang Chief Medical Officer of Health now appearing in TV ads that endorse the (safe) smoking of pot while he represents Provincially owned liquor stores ? It's also a bit rich that Rob Cunningham and his Canadian Cancer Society don't appear to have any problem at all with these smoking ads ?
www.facebook.com/watch/?v=4190201767960744
May 29th, 2026, Kentville Memorial Park, the ABF Friday night concert, ( Can the good ole days of dollar dogs and bargain Big 8 soda pop be over) ? High level security protocol established for an evening of food wagons and kids bouncy castles ? ( must have taken up most of their budget at the sacrifice of bringing in some quality outside live entertainment) ? Town calls in outside police to reinforce local Kentville police, cordons off entire ground zero event perimeter with road blocks, street barricades and manned guard check posts to enforce maximum level traffic control that, unfortunately, has made patrons including seniors, the disabled, toddlers, and Mothers carrying babies have to park and walk from a fair distance to get to the park gates ? Also, in past years concert organizers always brought in special outside guest rock bands, and always featured interesting games, demonstrations and displays, and there was always a visit from the Queen Annapolisa Royal party following the prestigious coronation ceremony in Wolfville, However, unfortunately, this years event seems to have deteriorated into some kind of a Children's outdoor romper room type family show featuring food trucks, inflatable air bouncy castles and a local band featured as the star main stage performer ? There's not much to do or see for those exceeding the elementary school level other than maybe purchase some food from a food truck that charges upscale restaurant prices and then dine on a paper plate using plastic utensils while standing in a crowd of unruly kids and being lustfully observed by some nearby saliva drooling pet dogs leashed to their owners ? However, thanks to the heightened security and upscale traffic control there was a report of one parking violator being successfully apprehended and a runaway pet was also captured and returned to its owner ? www.flickr.com/photos/74039487@N02/54558198569/in/photost...
A cultural genocide is going on in Kentville ? Why is it always Kentville ? Now it's the library ? First came the loss of the Railway and Day-liner service back in 1989, then Kings council expropriated the local Airport and evicted the many other established aviation schools and businesses, they had tried to take Grand street parade away from Kentville in 2017, and then we lost the famous Cornwallis Inn logo and the 88 yrs old statue in Halifax was torn down, they then terminated Apple Blossom Princess Kentville and ended the 87 consecutive years of the Queen Annapolisa pageant. Kentville lost a huge amount of diversity provided by the many nearby villages that always participated in the Festival, as well as a termination of the Princess teas, the Coronation, and all of the popular mid-week public outdoor entertainment always held at Memorial Park during ABF week ? And now they appear to be after the popular long time Kentville Library ?
After the Town terminated many traditional sources of public enjoyment while never offering any similar replacement, and as Kentville is gradually approaching cultural ghost town status, it is noticable that the downtown business core (in which the Mayor has a major private business interest ) has been totally renovated and restored to pristine condition by way of a complete 100 % makeover beautification program complete with new installations of street paving, street paint, new double sidewalks on both sides, new driveway entrances, new curb and gutter both sides, signage and flower pots ? And the other three surrounding streets making up this downtown business block have also been totally upgraded including Aberdeen Street (twice), Cornwallis Street and Main Street ?
www.cbc.ca/news/canada/nova-scotia/annapolis-valley-libra...
www.ctvnews.ca/atlantic/video/2026/06/02/funding-cuts-lea...
May 09, 2026 A cyberattack has hit universities worldwide, including top Canadian schools. www.cbc.ca/news/canada/canvas-cyber-attack-canadian-unive...
CBC News · Posted: May 12, 2026 - the boys are falling behind the girls in school. A new Quebec report says boys are systemically disadvantaged in the school system ? The high school dropout rate for boys is 27.1 per cent, while for girls it's 19.9 per cent.
www.cbc.ca/news/canada/boys-falling-behind-in-school-9.71...
Kentville - Honey they shrunk the stage ? More downsizing of the historic Memorial Park Friday night rock concert and the ongoing deterioration of the world famous Annapolis Valley Apple Blossom Festival ? Bring back Eddies Basement ? www.flickr.com/photos/74039487@N02/55295377420/in/photost...
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Some relevant main media news clippings,
PWHL - CBC provides new Pro Women's Hockey League with media support, lucrative air time, advertising, coast to coast live game coverage, player bios and game each week complete with hosting and analysis,, "CBC/Radio-Canada is the official broadcaster of the Professional Women's Hockey League". However, CBC has shown a different attitude when it comes to supporting or televising male gender pro sporting events such as the Grey Cup, the Calgary Stampede events, FIFA, Copa America international men's soccer football and men's IIHF World Juniors ? And so, many Canadians unable to watch many male pro athletes like Acadia Axemen Bailey Feltmate in the Grey Cup, or Nova Scotia's Jacob Shaffelburg in the Copa international Men's soccer tournament or Connor Badard in the IIHF World Men's Juniors hockey tournament ?
cbc.radio-canada.ca/en/media-centre/official-broadcaster-... cbc.radio-canada.ca/en/media-centre/official-broadcaster-...
CBC doesn't seem eager to televise any of the Men's soccer or Men's CFL pro football on T.V. ? www.flickr.com/photos/74039487@N02/52512969092/in/album-7...
Jun 11, 2024 - Halifax Tides - CBC really pushing the new Women's Pro soccer league ? CBC providing main media support with full game T.V. coverage for the brand new start-up Women's Pro soccer league. CBC will broadcast eight regular-season matches. A "Game of the Week" will co-stream simultaneously on CBC Gem and NSL.ca,
www.cbc.ca/sports/soccer/cbc-radio-canada-broadcast-agree...
Thanks to CBC, fans are now able to follow female gender University athletes like Mya Harnish, who has just turned Pro . www.flickr.com/photos/74039487@N02/54482565652/in/photost...
This year the Canadian Taxpayer will pay out $1.5 billion dollars to subsidize CBC ?
site-cbc.radio-canada.ca/documents/impact-and-accountabil...
Breathtaking salaries at CBC/Radio-Canada ? CBC President and CEO Catherine Tait had a base salary range of $390,300 to $459,100 in 2019 ? Why should someone who is actually a public servant whose salary is paid by taxpayers make more than the Prime Minister of Canada ? tnc.news/2022/01/26/cbc-salaries-include-125-senior-direc...
Apr 04, 2025 - Mark Carney pledges a $150M boost to the 'underfunded' CBC ? And says a new Liberal government will make CBC funding statutory ? Last year CBC received an all time record 1.4 billion in taxpayer funding and their CEO Catherine Tait, made more than the Prime Minister ?
www.cbc.ca/news/politics/mark-carney-cbc-funding-1.7501902
February 20th 2023 Jully " I Sung it My Way" Black makes headlines when changing the lyrics and singing her own personal 'our home on native land' politicized version of the Canadian National anthem at the NBA All-Star Game in Salt Lake City, Utah ?
www.iheartradio.ca/news/jully-black-sings-o-canada-with-s...
O Canada at the 2023 Calgary Stampede - Crowd sings the original "in all thy Sons command" National anthem before they changed it. www.flickr.com/photos/74039487@N02/53044391089
July 2023 - Katherine Henderson is appointed to take over and thereby become the first female CEO and President of Hockey Canada ,
www.cbc.ca/sports/hockey/katherine-henderson-hockey-canad...
No more hockey fighting : This league now plans to ban them dailyhive.com/vancouver/hockey-fights-ban-qmjhl
Skate Canada Dec 13, 2022 - Canada to revolutionize rules of international Sport ? Canadian trail blazers led by President Karen Butcher push to change historic Patrs and Ice dancing rules from the current male and female only gender roles ?
theprovince.com/sports/other-sports/skate-canada-redefine...
A Federal audit has found that Hockey Canada did not use public funds for legal settlements.
discoverhumboldIcom/articles/federal-audit-finds-hockey-...
NHL moves away from Pride jerseys - advocates are disappointed, www.cbc.ca/news/canada/nhl-special-jersey-announcement-re...
Nov 20th, Grey Cup 2022 - Many Canadian households unable to watch the Toronto Argos win the 2022 Grey Cup game by a score of 24 to 23 because both CBC/Radio-Canada and the Bell media owned CTV did not (and never do) schedule or televise this iconic purely Canadian event for T. V. viewing ? CBC had instead scheduled an unknown variety show being held in the USA for this historic Grey Cup Sunday night time slot ?
www.flickr.com/photos/74039487@N02/52512969092/in/photost...
CBC quits Twitter when Twitter calls them, "a government-funded media" ?
www.cbc.ca/news/world/cbc-twitter-government-funded-media...
Apr 27th 2023 , Bill C-11 - A controversial bill to regulate online streaming becomes law. Bill C-11, which will force streaming platforms to contribute to funding Canadian content. Critics say the bill is too ambiguous, with many issues unresolved.
www.cbc.ca/news/politics/c11-online-streaming-1.6824314
Nov 11th, 2023 - The Liberal Government has ordered Canadian Military not to use or recite Christian prayers like the Lord's Prayer at this year's Remembrance Day ceremonies ? No such order has been given to the other religious denominations ?
www.msn.com/en-ca/news/world/gunter-we-will-always-pray-f...
Jul 31, 2026 - New Canadian military policy discourages mention of God at ceremonies, nationalpost.com/news/canada/new-policy-discourages-relig...
The Grey Cup Nov 19th 2023, Hamilton Canada - Why aren't both Canadian major media moguls CTV and CBC televising the 2023 Grey Cup game on public T.V. for Canadians to view on Grey Cup Sunday in Canada ?
www.flickr.com/photos/74039487@N02/53338415225
Religious intolerance ? Have a very Merry Christmas Canada ? The Canadian Human Rights Commission ( fully funded by the federal Liberal Government) declares that the celebration of Christmas is evidence of Canada’s colonialist religious intolerance. www.youtube.com/watch?v=SWmuDidYTiY
www.youtube.com/watch?v=SWmuDidYTiY
Dec 31 2023 - Question to the CBC about this year's New Years Eve celebrations ? Is New Years Eve a public holiday that has become inappropriate to celebrate in Canada ? For the first time ever in memory, CBC will not be broadcasting the traditional New Years Eve 2024 Party, the stage show or the countdown ? CBC says they can't afford it ? www.msn.com/en-ca/entertainment/other/cbc-to-skip-new-yea...
Bell Canada is a proud Canadian media mogul ? It's time for the Super Bowl LVIII in the USA and prior to the big game CTV has been flooding North American airways with Superbowl ads promoting full CTV coverage of the upcoming game in Las Vegas Nevada. They then broadcast 10 straight hours of prime time uninterrupted live T.V. coverage of the American sporting event to Canadians from the United States ? However, on the other hand, back home in their home country of Canada, they don't broadcast anything at all, nothing (zero) blanco, zilch, silencio, not even 1 minute of TV coverage of their own 2024 Canadian Grey Cup game for fellow Canadians to enjoy ? www.flickr.com/photos/74039487@N02/53523500175/in/datepos...
Feb 2024 - Halifax Nova Scotia,
Bell media has isolated and placed the citizens of Atlantic Canada in jeopardy when choosing cost cutting over public safety ?
Feb 2024 - Halifax Nova Scotia, Bell media and CTV have eliminated many crucial hours of local and community news reporting in Atlantic Canada ?
Recent Bell Canada Corporate decisions have left Maritimers in a weakened and vulnerable position ? The East Coast Provinces of Canada appear to be the target of severe local prime time news cancellations that have left Maritimers without their eagerly anticipated crucial daily Noon hour news updates that are normally broadcast each and everyday during the week ? ATV viewers will now be forced to tune into the other station where CBC tends to mainly run world international news and only a small select choice of Provincial news, along with live news conferences put on by the PM or other members of the Liberal party ?
Aside from terminating the weekday ATV Noon hour news show, CTV has also downsized in half the very popular and iconic , 'ATV live at five' 5 P.M. local community news program, (prompting long time popular host Jason Baxter to seek early retirement) ? Adding to the devastating loss, Bell has also terminated all weekend Saturday and Sunday local news reports that currently run on ATV ? The cancellation and elimination of so many local news broadcasts in Atlantic Canada will surely threaten the safety and security of the people especially now that there's a 24 hour local news blackout for 2 full days each and every weekend and as much as 3 consecutive days on every holiday long weekend ? And so it seems that arch rival CBC has taken over the major share of prime time live local news programming in the Maritimes ? Meanwhile, Bell is blaming the Liberal Government's new Bill C-18 for having to slash many prime time hours of local and Provincial news coverage in the Maritimes ?
broadcastdialogue.com/most-noon-local-ctv-newscasts-cance...
Halifax, Feb 1st 2024 - Bell Canada blames Liberal Government Bill C-18 for having to slash so many hours of critical local and Provincial news coverage in the Maritime area ?
broadcastdialogue.com/most-noon-local-ctv-newscasts-cance...
the CBC Junos 2024, Halifax, Mar 24th - CBC and Liberal Heritage Minister seem more interested in politics than music ? itsthe4thquarter.blogspot.com/2024/03/junos-2024-halifax-...
Angry Canadian - Canadian juno awards ? where ?
www.youtube.com/watch?v=YNieEg-_d1k
Is this a A Stanley Cup cruel joke ? Edmonton, June 2nd, 2024 ? Fans upset after CBC broadcasts the first 5 games of the Men's NHL Dallas vs Oilers series, and then, without warning and for no logical reason, CBC blacked out the critical and most important climactic final game that saw Edmonton win and gain entry into the Stanley Cup finals ? It remains unclear why CBC would do this ? Was it arrogance, or was it to be mean spirited, or was it a gender bias issue due to this being Men's pro hockey, or was it maybe a lesson given out to remind Canadians just who is running this Countries main media and who controls the programming ? www.google.com/url?sa=i&source=web&rct=j&url=...
The Koncerned Kentvillian must ask, "What Country shows sad and upsetting images of itself when playing its National Anthem on the World stage before an international audience ?" www.flickr.com/photos/74039487@N02/44424045874/
July 5th, 2024 Jacob Shaffelburg (Pt Williams Nova Scotia) Men's soccer - Unfortunately, CBC doesn't seem to broadcast or sponsor men's soccer and will not televise the Men's Copa soccer tournament ? However, you can still enjoy women's gender soccer on CBC as they will be giving support and full television coverage to the Women's National team and the new Women's pro soccer league and soon to the new Women's pro basketball league ? www.cbc.ca/sports/soccer/cbc-radio-canada-broadcast-agree... ? -
www.flickr.com/photos/74039487@N02/53839077022/in/photost...;
June 29th, 2024 - Bailey Feltmate (Acadia U, Wolfville N.S.) - CBC doesn't appear to support men's football anymore, and so most Canadians won't be able to watch graduating male gender university athletes like Bailey perform in the pros ? However, fans will be able to watch the graduating female gender athletes perform as CBC will provide cross Canada media support and live coverage of the new start-up Women's pro soccer league, and the new Women's pro hockey league, and also the upcoming Women's pro basketball league ? www.flickr.com/photos/74039487@N02/53855066488/in/datepos...
2024 Paris Olympics - CBC's Olympic coverage seems to favor the female gender when giving full game coverage to female team events while the male gender athletes receive only limited coverage with short clips from their events ?
www.cbc.ca/mediacentre/program/olympic-games-paris-2024
Jul 25, the 2024 Paris Olympics - CBC airs start to finish ganmes including the Women's team soccer games, the Women's beach-ball games, Women's rugby games, Women's basketball games, water polo and more ? Watch CBC live full game coverage of Womems team sports from St-Etienne, France heavy.com/sports/olympics/canada-soccer-bev-priestman-dro...
Grey Cup Nov 17th 2024 - Why does CBC continually boycot the Grey Cup ? Everyone else is here, but where's CBC ?
Once again this year CBC has totally distanced itself from this historic nation uniting sports tradition and will not cover nor live broadcast the long running Grey Cup game to Canadians ? However, CBC has instead covered a relatively unknown Women's tennis sports event named after the Battle of Sexes winner and Women in sports advocate Billie Jean King that is being held overseas in another country ? www.flickr.com/photos/74039487@N02/54147303159/in/album-7...
March 30th Vancouver B.C. - Michael Bublé seems free to plug his private business products while hosting CBC's 2025 Juno Awards ? Is it appropriate for CBC to allow their salaried MC paid for by the taxpayer of Canada to take advantage of freely advertising private outside business products ? www.flickr.com/photos/74039487@N02/54607761592/in/album-7...
2025 2026 Calgary Stampede- CBC's refusal to show the Calgary Stampede on national T.V. ? CBC doesn't broadcast Calgary events including the Parade ? You'll have to subscribe to a specialty channel if you are interested in this famous Canadian standard ? www.tomsguide.com/entertainment/sports/watch-calgary-stam...
July 13th 2025 - Pro Rodeo and chuckwagon fans left out ? CBC Sports programming does not include this years fifty thousand dollar rodeo finals of the world famous Calgary Stampede ?
Jul 13, 2025 - Men's World Cup soccer not broadcast on CBC T.V. ? FIFA Club World Cup Jun 15, 2025 – Jul 13, 2025 - Chelsea beats PSG 3-0 to win 2025 Club World Cup Coldplay and Trump and 81,000 attend the final but it is not scheduled for broadcast by CBC ?
apnews.com/live/psg-chelsea-club-world-cup-updates
2025 Canadian Election - Democracy denied by double crossers ?
www.flickr.com/photos/74039487@N02/55228615842
May 18th, 2026 - CBC speak with forked tongue ? CBC lures unsuspecting RCMP members into a trap set by First Nations ? Ambushed by the CBC and First Nations, a music video ?
www.youtube.com/watch?v=XvZX06xmslA
June 20th, 2026 following the famous firing of Don Cherry a few years back, CBC is now planning to cancel the entire historic NHL Hockey night in Canada show after a 74 year Saturday night run ? Is CBC shifting focus to women's gender sports ? Does CBC plan to move the current Womens's PWHL games held on Saturday afternoon to the newly vacated Saturday evening time slot ?
I did some mokeups for the next arana's makeup, it's the first time I did and was so cool. I don't like them so much cuz I know can change too much in the reality.
▪The first is the initial makeup i designed for her. Works cool on computer games but not on bjd, looks a raccoon.
▪The second is how I imagine is I send her to Darjeeling, I love her works on lips.
▪third I went crazy painting colorful lips. I inspired in some Instagram photo but I can't remember who.
▪ The fourth I changed her eyes to normalized them and enlaged them too. Algo I went crazy again doing something weird hahahha Do you like some or have any new ideas?
After decades of rapid and robust growth, the U.S. economy has lost some of its allure. GDP growth averaged 2 percent over the past 5 years, well below the 3 percent or more rates in the two decades before the global financial crisis. Productivity growth is at historic lows and population aging is weighing on labor supply. Some of the lackluster performance can be blamed on the drawn-out recovery, but there is growing evidence that market dynamism had begun to decline well before the Lehman crisis. Business startup and exit rates have fallen since the early 1990s and the labor market has steadily become less and less fluid. Are the gravitational forces of demographic change and productivity normalization finally pulling down growth, or is another innovative burst around the corner? The seminar examines the reasons behind the U.S. growth slowdown, the prospects for a recovery in productivity and dynamism, and the scope for policies to influence current growth trends.
Kamera: Nikon FM
Linse: Nikkor-N Auto 24mm f2.8 (1970)
Film: Rollei P&R 640 @ box speed
Kjemi: Rodinal (1:25 / 13:30 min. @ 20°C)
Thursday 29 February 2024: Today, at the Nabulsi roundabout just south of Gaza City, Israel committed a horrible massacre shooting into a large crowd of civilians desperate for food who was gathering around humanitarian aid trucks. Israel killed more than 100 people and seriously injured 700 - this is a TOTAL WAR CRIME.
Al Jazeera: Cold-blooded massacre (publ. 29 Feb. 2024) [Requires log-in to see]
Israelis have confirmed that IDF soldiers shot against a ‘violent crowd’ who moved towards them ‘menacingly’. Israel claim they are ‘investigating’ the event. In the American Fox News, these news are reported as a ‘deadly stampede’ and a ‘deadly aid incident’.
Fox News: Deadly stampede over aid in Gaza (publ. 29 Feb. 2024) [Fox changed the title 3 hours later]
There have been so many shocking events happening in the last few days - Aaron Bushnell self-immolating, and today this massacre - that I feel we also need to remind ourselves to keep our eyes seriously steady and hyper-focused on what is happening in the background.
First of all, the ICJ hearing on the legality of Israel´s occupation of Palestine concluded on monday, and it concluded with some of the best presentations held in all the hearings. I would like to highlight the supreme presentation delivered by the Arab League, and also the presentations of Spain and the Maldives. All nations heard presented similar views, with the exception of USA, the UK, Zambia and Fiji. USA, the UK, Zambia and Fiji’s presentations were more focused on the importance of entering private ‘negotiations’ between the parties rather than the court should decide on anything pertaining to the actual legality of Israel’s occupation. USA, UK, Zambia and Fiji wants this matter to be settled outside the court.
In my view, the Palestinians should NEVER EVER enter ANY negotiations on Israel’s occupation led by America and be tricked into settling a ‘deal’ with Israel. There is NOTHING legal about Israel’s occupation of their land. The whole world knows it.
Secondly, as the ICJ hearings were being concluded, prime minister Mohammad Shtayyeh (b. 1958) suddenly announced that the Palestinian government resigns. This smells America a looong way. First of all, the PA government hasn’t really resigned. The corrupt interloper Mahmoud Abbas (b. 1935) is still in reign as their President, and the old government still continues - only now in an administrative role and not in a political role. To me, it sounds very much like the USA is trying to lay the ground for a new government that they - will choose. I say; let the Palestinians themselves choose their own government in free and open elections.
Thirdly, suddenly the geriatric American president Joe Biden (b. 1942) starts talking about his ‘hope’ for a possible hostage deal and a ceasefire within next monday; March 4th. Well dream on, Joe, that ‘deal’ will not be happening because Israel refuses to meet the demands of Hamas of a permanent ceasefire, and the USA does not want to include the resistance movement in Gaza in their future plans for a new Palestinian government.
So that is where we stand today. What atrocities will Israel commit tomorrow? We shall see. In the meanwhile, I will present to you the most excellent presentation in the ICJ held by the League of Arab States, represented by Abdel Hakim El Rifai and Ralph Wilde. If there is ONE presentation you need to see, hear or read - it is this one:
International Court of Justice: Day 6 hearing on the legal consequences of Israel's occupation of Palestinian territories (publ. 26 February 2024) [Video]
International Court of Justice: Legal Consequences arising from the Policies and Practices of Israel in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, including East Jerusalem [Transcripts and Documents]
The PRESIDENT: I thank the delegation of Zambia for its presentation. I invite the next participating delegation, the League of Arab States, to address the Court and I call Mr Abdel Hakim El Rifai to the podium.
Mr EL RIFAI: [ARAB LEAGUE] (26 Feb. 2024)
1. Thank you, Mr President, honourable Members of the Court, it is a great honour and privilege to appear before you today, on behalf of the League of Arab States.
2. I would like to read a statement by His Excellency Mr Ahmed Aboul Gheit (b. 1942), Secretary- General of the League of Arab States.
3. The League of Arab States attaches high importance to the present proceedings, hoping that they contribute to safeguarding the principles of international law, to uphold the inalienable right of the Palestinian people to self-determination, and end the last oppressive, expansionist, apartheid, settler-colonial occupation, still standing in the twenty-first century.
4. The persistence of this occupation, acts of genocide, ethnic cleansing, war crimes, crimes against humanity, displacement of populations, imprisonment of Palestinians behind illegal segregation walls, expansion of illegal settlements, creating new political realities on the ground aiming at complicating the dismantling of the occupation ⎯ all ⎯ will never discourage Palestinians from claiming their legitimate inalienable rights.
5. The insistence on placing Israel above the law, through the politicization of accountability and adopting double standards in the application of justice is a direct threat to international peace and stability.
6. Ending Israel’s total impunity, and subjecting it ⎯ like any other State ⎯ to the universal rules of international law, will help annul its pretexts to systematically reject peace initiatives, the most serious of which is the Arab Peace Initiative of 2002, which offered full normalization of relations with all Arab States, in exchange of Israel only respecting its already established obligations, under the bodies of international law, human rights law, and the United Nations Security Council and General Assembly resolutions.
7. This prolonged occupation is an affront to international justice. The failure to bring it to an end has led to the current horrors perpetrated against the Palestinian people, amounting to genocide. There can be no moral or juridical justification for occupying lands, killing, terrorizing and displacing their populations.
8. The League of Arab States trusts the esteemed Court will confirm the illegality of this occupation and unambiguously rule on the legal consequences for all parties, especially those who turn a blind eye, facilitate, assist or participate in any way in perpetuating this illegal situation.
9. Only the rule of law ⎯ not the prevailing “law of the jungle” ⎯ will pave the way to peace in the whole region. Ending the occupation is the gateway to peaceful coexistence.
10. Thank you very much for your kind attention. I now respectfully request, Mr President, that you call on Dr Ralph Wilde, Senior Counsel and Advocate, to address the legal questions before the Court.
The PRESIDENT: I thank Mr El Rifai. I now give the floor to Mr Ralph Wilde. You have the floor, Sir.
Mr WILDE: [ARAB LEAGUE] (26 Feb. 2024)
1. Mr President, distinguished Members of the Court, it is a great honour and privilege to appear before you, and to represent the League of Arab States.
1. MORE THAN CENTURY-LONG DENIAL OF SELF-DETERMINATION OF, AND WAR AGAINST, THE PALESTINIAN PEOPLE, ON THE BASIS OF RACISM
2. The Palestinian people have been denied the exercise of their legal right to self-determination through the more than century-long violent, colonial, racist effort to establish a nation State exclusively for the Jewish people in the land of Mandatory Palestine.
3. When this began after the First World War, the Jewish population of that land was 11 per cent. Forcibly implementing Zionism in this demographic context has necessarily involved the extermination, or forced displacement of, some of the non-Jewish Palestinian population; the exercise of domination over, and subjugation, dispossession and immiseration of, remaining non-Jewish Palestinians; the emigration to that land of Jewish people, regardless of any direct personal link; and the denial of Palestinian refugees the right to return. All operating through a racist distinction privileging Jewish people over non-Jewish Palestinian people.
4. This has necessitated serious violations of all the fundamental, jus cogens and erga omnes norms of international law — the right of self-determination, the prohibitions on aggression, genocide, crimes against humanity, racial discrimination, apartheid and torture ⎯ and the core protections of international humanitarian law.
5. Today I will address, first, violations of international law arising out of the régime of racial domination — apartheid — perpetrated against the Palestinian people across the entire land of historic Palestine, and then, second, the existential illegality of Israel’s occupation of the Palestinian Gaza Strip and West Bank, including East Jerusalem, since 1967.
6. As a necessary prerequisite, I must begin with the special right granted to the Palestinian people in the League Covenant.
2. PALESTINIAN SELF-DETERMINATION UNDER ARTICLE 22 OF THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS COVENANT
7. The legal right of self-determination of the Palestinian people originates in the “sacred trust” obligations of Article 22 of the League Covenant, part of the Versailles Treaty. Palestine ⎯ an “A” class Mandate under British colonial rule ⎯ was, after the First World War, supposed to have its existence as an independent State “provisionally recognized”: a sui generis right of self-determination. The United Kingdom and other members of the League Council attempted to bypass this, incorporating the 1917 Balfour Declaration commitment to establishing a national home for the Jewish people in Palestine into the instrument stipulating how the Mandate would operate. However, the Council had no legal power to bypass the Covenant in this way. It acted ultra vires, and the relevant provisions were, legally, void. There was and is no legal basis in that Mandate instrument for either a specifically Jewish State in Palestine, or the United Kingdom’s failure to discharge the “sacred trust” obligation to implement Palestinian self-determination.
3. SELF-DETERMINATION IN INTERNATIONAL LAW AFTER THE SECOND WORLD WAR —AN ADDITIONAL RIGHT
8. After the Second World War, a self-determination right applicable to colonial peoples generally crystallized in international law.
9. For the Palestinian people, this essentially corresponded to, and supplemented, the pre-existing Covenant right, regarding the same, single territory. The 1947 proposal to partition Palestine was contrary to this; the Arab rejection an affirmation of the legal status quo.
10. In 1948, then, Palestine was, legally, a single territory with a single population enjoying a right of self-determination on a unitary basis.
4. NAKBA IN 1948 — VIOLATION OF SELF-DETERMINATION AND CREATION OF A RÉGIME INVOLVING AN ONGOING VIOLATION OF THIS RIGHT,
AS WELL AS RACIAL DISCRIMINATION AND APARTHEID
AND A DENIAL OF THE RIGHT TO RETURN
11. Despite this, a State of Israel, specifically for Jewish people, was proclaimed in 1948 by those controlling 78 per cent — more than three quarters — of Palestine, accompanied by the forced displacement of a significant number of the non-Jewish Palestinian population — the Nakba, catastrophe. This illegal secession was an egregious violation of Palestinian self-determination. Israel’s statehood was recognized, and Israel admitted as a United Nations Member, despite this illegality. Israel is not the legal continuation or successor of the Mandate.
12. This violation of Palestinian self-determination is ongoing, and unresolved. Two key elements are:
13. First, Palestinian people not displaced from the land proclaimed to be of Israel in 1948, and their descendants, have been forced to live as citizens— presently they constitute 17.2 per cent — of a State conceived to be of and for another racial group, under the domination of that group, necessarily treated as second class, because of their race.
14. Second, Palestinian people displaced from that land, and their descendants, cannot return.
15. These are serious breaches of the right of self-determination, the prohibitions of racial discrimination and apartheid, and the right of return. They must end, immediately.
5. 1967 ISRAELI CAPTURE OF THE PALESTINIAN GAZA STRIP AND WEST BANK (INCLUDING EAST JERUSALEM)
16. As if this ongoing Nakba was not catastrophic enough, in 1967 Israel captured the remaining 22 per cent of historic Palestine — the Gaza Strip and West Bank, including East Jerusalem — the Naksa. It has maintained that use of force to remain in control for the 57-year period since.
6. ILLEGAL RACIAL DOMINATION — APARTHEID — FROM THE JORDAN RIVER TO THE MEDITERRANEAN SEA
17. For more than half a century, then, a State defined to be of and for Jewish people exclusively has governed the entire land of historic Palestine and the Palestinian people there. And the régime of racial domination — apartheid — and denying return, has been extended throughout. In the case of Palestinians living in the occupied territory, this has involved the same serious violations of international law, supplemented by serious violations of norms applicable in occupied territory.
18. Indeed, these people are subject to an even more extreme form of racist domination, as they are not even citizens of the State exercising authority over them. Even in East Jerusalem, which Israel has purported to annex, the majority non-Jewish Palestinian residents do not have citizenship, whereas Jewish residents, including illegal settlers, are citizens.
19. Just as in territorial Israel, in occupied territory, these serious violations concerning how Israel exercises authority over the Palestinian people must end immediately.
20. However, here, a more fundamental matter must also be addressed. The illegality of the exercise of authority itself.
7. THE GAZA STRIP AND WEST BANK AS PALESTINIAN TERRITORY, WITH THE CONSEQUENCE THAT ISRAEL’S PURPORTED ANNEXATION, AND ATTEMPTED COLONIZATION, ARE ILLEGAL
21. The enduring Palestinian right of self-determination means that the Palestinian people, and the State of Palestine, not Israel, are sovereign over the territory Israel captured in 1967. For Israel, the land is extraterritorial, and, given what I said about the Mandate, territory over which it has no legal sovereign entitlement.
22. Despite this, Israel has purported to annex East Jerusalem and taken various actions there and in the rest of the West Bank constituting de jure and de facto purported annexation, including implanting settlements. It is Israeli policy that Israel should be not only the exclusive authority over the entire land between the river and the sea, but also the exclusive sovereign authority there.
23. This constitutes a complete repudiation of Palestinian self-determination as a legal right, since it empties the right entirely of any territorial content.
24. Actualizing this through de facto and de jure purported annexation is, first, a serious violation of Palestinian self-determination and, second, because it is enabled through the use of force, a violation of the prohibition on the purported acquisition of territory through the use of force in the law on the use of force, and so an aggression. Serious violations of further areas of law regulating the conduct of the occupation are also being perpetrated, notably the prohibitions on implanting settlements and altering, unless absolutely prevented, the legal, political, social and religious status quo.
25. The occupation is, therefore, existentially illegal because of its use to actualize purported annexation. To end this serious illegality, it must be terminated: Israel must renounce all sovereignty claims and all settlements must be removed. Immediately.
26. However, this is not the only basis on which the occupation’s existential legality must be addressed.
27. We need to delve deeper into both the law of self-determination and the law on the use of force.
8. SELF-DETERMINATION AS A RIGHT TO BE SELF-GOVERNING, REQUIRING THE OCCUPATION TO END IMMEDIATELY
28. Beginning with self-determination: this right, when applied to the Palestinian people in the territory Israel captured in 1967, is a right to be entirely self-governing, free from Israeli domination.
29. Consequently, the Palestinian people have a legal right to the immediate end of the occupation. And Israel has a co-relative legal duty to immediately terminate the occupation.
30. This right exists and operates simply and exclusively because the Palestinian people are entitled to it. It does not depend on others agreeing to its realization. It is a right.
31. It is a repudiation of “trusteeship”, whereby colonial peoples were ostensibly to be granted freedom only if and when they were deemed “ready” because of their stage of “development” determined by the racist standard of civilization. The anti-colonial self-determination rule replaced this with a right based on the automatic, immediate entitlement of all people to freedom, without preconditions. In the words of General Assembly resolution 1514, “inadequacy of . . . preparedness should never serve as a pretext for delaying independence”.
32. Some suggest that the Palestinian people were offered, and rejected, deals that could have ended the occupation. And, therefore, Israel can maintain it pending a settlement. Even assuming, arguendo, the veracity of this account, the “deals” involved a further loss of the sovereign territory of the Palestinian people.
33. Israel cannot lawfully demand concessions on Palestinian rights as the price for ending its impediment to Palestinian freedom. This would mean Israel using force to coerce the Palestinian people to give up some of their peremptory legal rights: illegal in the law on the use of force and, necessarily, voiding the relevant terms of any agreement reached. The Palestinian people are legally entitled to reject a further loss of land over which they have an exclusive, legal, peremptory right. Any such rejection makes no difference to Israel’s immediate legal obligation to end the occupation.
9. THE OCCUPATION AS AN ILLEGAL USE OF FORCE IN THE JUS AD BELLUM AS A GENERAL MATTER (BEYOND THE LINK TO PURPORTED ANNEXATION)
34. Turning to the law on the use of force: Israel’s control over the Palestinian territory since 1967, as a military occupation, is an ongoing use of force. As such, its existential legality is determined by the law on the use of force, as a general matter, beyond the specific issue of annexation.
35. Israel captured the Gaza Strip and West Bank from Egypt and Jordan in the war it launched against them and Syria. It claimed to be acting in self-defence, anticipating a non-immediately imminent attack. The war was over after six days. Peace treaties between Israel and Egypt and Jordan were subsequently adopted.
36. Despite this, Israel maintained control of the territory — continuing the use of force enabling its capture.
37. Israel’s 1967 war was illegal in the jus ad bellum — even assuming, arguendo, its claim of a feared attack, States cannot lawfully use force in non-immediately imminent anticipatory self-defence.
38. Alternatively, assuming ⎯ again arguendo ⎯ that the war was lawful, the justification ended after six days. However, the jus ad bellum requirements continued to apply to the occupation as itself a continuing use of force. In 1967, with self-determination well established in international law, States could not lawfully use force to retain control over a self-determination unit captured in war, unless the legal test justifying the initial use of force also justified, on the same basis, the use of force in retaining control. Moreover, this justification would need to continue, not only in the immediate aftermath, but for more than half a century. Manifestly, this legal test has not been met.
39. Israel’s exercise of control over the Gaza Strip and West Bank through the use of force has been illegal in the jus ad bellum since the capture of the territory, or, at least, very soon afterwards.
40. The occupation is, therefore, again existentially illegal in the law on the use of force — an aggression — this time, as a general matter, beyond illegality specific to annexation. To terminate this serious violation, the occupation must, likewise, end immediately.
10. ILLEGAL FORCE DOES NOT BECOME LAWFUL IN RESPONSE TO RESISTANCE TO IT
41. What of Israel’s current military action in Gaza? This is not a war that began in October 2023. It is a drastic scaling-up of the force exercised there, and in the West Bank, on a continual basis, since 1967. A justification for a new phase in an ongoing illegal use of force cannot be constructed solely out of the consequences of violent resistance to that illegal use of force. Otherwise, an illegal use of force would be rendered lawful because those subject to it violently resisted — circular logic, with a perverse outcome.
11. ISRAEL CANNOT LAWFULLY USE FORCE TO CONTROL THE PALESTINIAN TERRITORY FOR SECURITY PURPOSES/PENDING A PEACE AGREEMENT
42. More generally, Israel cannot lawfully use force to control the Palestinian territory for security purposes pending an agreement providing security guarantees. States can only lawfully use force outside their borders in extremely narrow circumstances. Beyond that, they must address security concerns non-forcibly.
43. The United States of America, the United Kingdom and Zambia suggested here that there is a sui generis applicable legal framework, an Israeli-Palestinian lex specialis. This somehow supersedes the rules of international law determining whether the occupation is existentially lawful. Instead, we have a new rule, justifying the occupation until there is a peace agreement meeting Israeli security needs. This is the law as these States would like it to be, not the law as it is. It has no basis in resolution 242, Oslo or any other resolutions or agreements. Actually, you are being invited to do away with the very operation of some of the fundamental, peremptory rules of international law itself. As a result, the matters these rules conceive as rights vested in the Palestinian people would be realized only if agreement is reached, and only on the basis of such agreement. At best, if there is an agreement, this means one that need not be compatible with Palestinian peremptory legal rights, determined only by the acute power imbalance in Israel’s favour. At worst, if there is no agreement, this means that the indefinite continuation of Israeli rule over the Palestinian people in the occupied Palestinian territories, on the basis of racist supremacy and a claim to sovereignty, would be lawful. This is an affront to the international rule of law, to the United Nations Charter imperative to settle disputes in conformity with international law, and to your judicial function as guardians of the international legal system.
44. A final potential basis sometimes invoked to justify continuing the occupation should be addressed. Occupation and human rights law — applicable to illegal and lawful occupations alike — oblige Israel to address security threats in occupied territory. However, they only regulate the conduct of an occupation when it exists. They do not also provide a legal basis for that existence itself. Existential legality is determined by the law of self-determination and the jus ad bellum only. There is no “back door” legal basis for Israel to maintain the occupation through the imperatives of occupation and human rights law.
12. EXISTENTIAL ILLEGALITY OF ISRAEL’S OCCUPATION OF THE PALESTINIAN GAZA STRIP AND WEST BANK, INCLUDING EAST JERUSALEM
45. In sum: the occupation of the Palestinian Gaza Strip and West Bank, including East Jerusalem, is existentially illegal on two mutually reinforcing bases.
46. First, the law on the use of force. Here, the occupation is illegal both as a use of force without valid justification, and because it is enabling an illegal purported annexation. As such, it is an aggression.
47. Second, the law of self-determination. Here, it is illegal again because of the association with illegal purported annexation, and also, more generally, because it is, quite simply, an exercise of authority over the Palestinian people that, by its very nature, violates their right to freedom.
48. This multifaceted existential illegality — involving serious violations of peremptory norms — has two key consequences.
49. First: the occupation must end: Israel must renounce its claim to sovereignty over the Palestinian territory; all settlers must be removed. Immediately. This is required to end the illegality, to discharge the positive obligation to enable immediate Palestinian self-administration, and because Israel lacks any legal entitlement to exercise authority.
50. Second, in the absence of the occupation ending, necessarily, everything Israel does in the Palestinian territory lacks a valid international legal basis and is, therefore (subject to the Namibia exception), invalid, not only those things violating the law regulating the conduct of the occupation. Those norms entitle and require Israel to do certain things. But this does not alter the more fundamental position, from the law on the use of force and self-determination, that Israel lacks any valid authority to do anything, and whatever it does is illegal, even if compliant with or pursuant to the conduct-regulatory rules.
13. THE WORDS OF REFAAT ALAREER
51. I will close by quoting Palestinian academic and poet Refaat Alareer (1979-2023), from his final poem posted 36 days before he was killed by Israel in Gaza on 6 December 2023:
If I must die, you must live to tell my story [...]
If I must die
let it bring hope, let it be a story.
Thank you for your attention.
The PRESIDENT: I thank the delegation of the League of Arab States for its presentation. Before I invite the next delegation to make its oral statement, the Court will observe a break for 10 minutes. The sitting is suspended.
The Court adjourned from 11.25 a.m.to 11.40 a.m.
is a landlocked country in central South America. It is bordered by Brazil to the north and east, Paraguay and Argentina to the south, and Chile and Peru to the west.
Prior to European colonization, the Bolivian territory was a part of the Inca Empire, which was the largest state in Pre-Columbian America. The Spanish Empire conquered the region in the 16th century. During most of the Spanish colonial period, this territory was called "Upper Peru" or "Charcas" and was under the administration of the Viceroyalty of Peru, which included most of Spain's South American colonies. After declaring independence in 1809, 16 years of war followed before the establishment of the republic, named for Simón Bolívar, on August 6, 1825. Bolivia has struggled through periods of political instability, dictatorships and economic woes.
Bolivia is a democratic republic, divided into nine departments. Its geography is varied from the peaks of the Andes in the west, to the eastern lowlands, situated within the Amazon Basin. It is a developing country, with a medium Human Development Index score, and a poverty level around 60%. Its main economic activities include agriculture, forestry, and fishing, mining and manufacturing goods such as textiles, clothing, refined metals, and refined petroleum. Bolivia is very wealthy in minerals especially tin.
The Bolivian population, estimated at 9 million, is multiethnic, including Amerindians, Mestizos, Europeans, Asians and Africans. The main language spoken is Spanish, although the Aymara and Quechua languages are also common. The large number of different cultures within Bolivia has contributed greatly to a wide diversity in fields such as art, cuisine, literature, and music
Etymology
The word Bolivia is derived from Bolívar, the last name of the famous American Libertador Simón Bolívar. The name came about when Antonio Jose de Sucre was given the option by Bolivar to either keep Upper Peru (present-day Bolivia) under the newly formed Republic of Peru, to unite with the United Provinces of Rio de la Plata, or to formally declare its independence from the Viceroyalty of Peru that had dominated most of the region. Sucre opted to create a new nation and, with local support, named it in honor of Simón Bolívar.
However, the original name given to the newly formed country was Republic of Bolívar. The name would not change to Bolivia until some days later when congressman Manuel Martín Cruz proposed: "If from Romulus comes Rome, then from Bolívar comes Bolivia" (Spanish: Si de Rómulo Roma, de Bolívar Bolivia). The name stuck and was approved by the republic on October 3, 1825.
History
The region that is now known as Bolivia has been constantly occupied for over 2000 years, when the Aymara arrived in the region. Present-day Aymara associate themselves with an advanced civilization situated at Tiwanaku, in Western Bolivia. The capital city of Tiwanaku dates as early as 1500 BC as a small agriculturally based village.
The community grew to urban proportions between AD 600 and AD 800, becoming an important regional power in the southern Andes. According to early estimates, at its maximum extent, the city covered approximately 6.5 square kilometres, and had between 15,000 – 30,000 inhabitants. However, satellite imaging was used recently to map the extent of fossilized suka kollus across the three primary valleys of Tiwanaku, arriving at population-carrying capacity estimates of anywhere between 285,000 and 1,482,000 people.
Around AD 400, Tiwanaku went from being a locally dominant force to a predatory state. Tiwanaku expanded its reaches into the Yungas and brought its culture and way of life to many other cultures in Peru, Bolivia, and Chile. However, Tiwanaku was not a violent culture in many aspects. In order to expand its reach Tiwanaku became very political creating colonies, trade agreements (which made the other cultures rather dependant), and state cults.
The empire continued to grow with no end in sight. William H. Isbell states that "Tiahuanaco underwent a dramatic transformation between AD 600 and 700 that established new monumental standards for civic architecture and greatly increased the resident population." Tiwanaku continued to absorb cultures rather than eradicate them. Archaeologists have seen a dramatic adoption of Tiwanaku ceramics in the cultures who became part of the Tiwanaku empire. Tiwanaku gained its power through the trade it implemented between all of the cities within its empire.
The elites gained their status by the surplus of food they gained from all of the regions and then by having the ability to redistribute the food among all the people. This is where the control of llama herds became very significant to Tiwanaku. The llama herds were essential for carrying goods back and forth between the centre and the periphery as well as symbolizing the distance between the commoners and the elites. Their power continued to grow in this manner of a surplus of resources until about AD 950. At this time a dramatic shift in climate occurred.
At this point in time there was a significant drop in precipitation for the Titicaca Basin. Some archaeologists even venture to say that a great drought occurred. As the rain became less and less many of the cities further away from Lake Titicaca began to produce fewer crops to give to the elites. As the surplus of food ran out for the elites their power began to fall. The capital city became the last place of production, due to the resiliency of the raised fields, but in the end even the intelligent design of the fields was no match for the weather. Tiwanaku disappeared around AD 1000 because food production, their main source of power, dried up. The land was not inhabited for many years after that.
Between 1438 and 1527, the Incan empire, on a mass expansion, acquired much of what is now western Bolivia. The Incans wouldn't maintain control of the region for long however, as the rapidly expanding Inca Empire was internally weak. As such, the Spanish conquest would be remarkably easy.
Colonial Period
The Spanish conquest began in 1524 and was mostly completed by 1533. The territory now called Bolivia was then known as "Upper Peru" and was under the authority of the Viceroy of Lima. Local government came from the Audiencia de Charcas located in Chuquisaca (La Plata—modern Sucre). Founded in 1545 as a mining town, Potosí soon produced fabulous wealth, becoming largest city in the New World with a population exceeding 150,000 people.
By the late 16th century Bolivian silver was an important source of revenue for the Spanish Empire. A steady stream of natives served as labor force (the Spanish employed the pre-Columbian draft system called the mita). Upper Peru was bounded to Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata in 1776. Túpac Katari led the indigenous rebellion that laid siege to La Paz in March of 1781, during which 20,000 people died. As Spanish royal authority weakened during the Napoleonic wars, sentiment against colonial rule grew.
Independence and subsequent wars
The struggle for independence started in 1809, and after 16 years of war the republic was proclaimed on August 6, 1825, named for Simón Bolívar.
In 1836, Bolivia, under the rule of Marshal Andrés de Santa Cruz, invaded Peru to reinstall the deposed president, General Luis José de Orbegoso. Peru and Bolivia formed the Peru-Bolivian Confederation, with de Santa Cruz as the Supreme Protector. Following tension between the Confederation and Chile, Chile declared war on December 28, 1836. Argentina, Chile's ally, declared war on the Confederation on May 9, 1837. The Peruvian-Bolivian forces achieved several major victories during the War of the Confederation: the defeat of the Argentinian expedition and the defeat of the first Chilean expedition on the fields of Paucarpata near the city of Arequipa.
On the same field the Paucarpata Treaty was signed with the unconditional surrender of the Chilean and Peruvian rebel army. The treaty stipulated that Chile withdraw from Peru-Bolivia, return captured Confederate ships, economic relations would be normalized, and the Confederation would pay Peruvian debt to Chile. Public outrage over the treaty forced the government to reject it. Chile organized a second attack on the Confederation and defeated it in the Battle of Yungay. After this defeat, Santa Cruz fled to Ecuador, and the Peruvian-Bolivian Confederation was dissolved.
Following the independence of Peru, Peruvian president General Agustín Gamarra invaded Bolivia. The Peruvian army was decisively defeated at the Battle of Ingavi on November 20, 1841, where Gamarra was killed. The Bolivian army under General José Ballivián then mounted a counter-offensive managing to capture the Peruvian port of Arica. Later, both sides signed a peace treaty, the Declaration of Independence of Bolivia, in 1842, putting a final end to the war.
Geography of Bolivia
The geography of Bolivia is unique among the nations of South America. Bolivia is one of two landlocked countries on the continent, and also has the highest average altitude. The main features of Bolivia's geography include the Altiplano, a highland plateau of the Andes, and Lake Titicaca (Lago Titicaca), the largest lake in South America and the highest commercially navigable lake on Earth (which it shares with Peru.
The most prominent feature of the Altiplano is the large lake at its northern end, Lake Titicaca. At 3,810 m (12,500 ft) above sea level, it is the highest commercially navigable body of water in the world. With a surface area of 9,064 km2 (3,500 sq mi), it is larger than Puerto Rico and is South America's largest lake. Lake Titicaca is also deep, about 370 m (1,214 ft) at its deepest, but with an average depth of 215 m (705 ft); its volume of water is large enough to maintain a constant temperature of 10 °C (50 °F). The lake actually moderates the climate for a considerable distance around it, making crops of maize and wheat possible in sheltered areas.
Lake Titicaca drains southward through the slow-moving, reed-filled Desaguadero River to Lake Poopó. In contrast to the freshwater Lake Titicaca, Lake Poopó is salty and shallow, with depths seldom more than four meters. Because it is totally dependent on seasonal rainfall and the overflow from Lake Titicaca, Lake Poopó's size varies considerably. Several times in the twentieth century, it nearly dried up when rainfall was low or the Desaguadero River silted. In years of heavy rainfall, however, Lake Poopó has overflowed to the west, filling the Coipasa Saltpan with shallow water.
The Cordillera Occidental is a chain of dormant volcanoes and solfataras, volcanic vents emitting sulfurous gases. Bolivia's highest peak, the snowcapped Nevado Sajama (6,542 m), is located here. The entire cordillera is of volcanic origin and an extension of the volcanic region found in southern Peru. Most of the northern part of this range has an elevation of about 4,000 meters; the southern part is somewhat lower. Rainfall, although scanty everywhere, is greater in the northern half, where the land is covered with scrub vegetation. The southern area receives almost no precipitation, and the landscape consists mostly of barren rocks. All of the Cordillera Occidental region is sparsely populated, and the south is virtually uninhabited, except for the Body Clack.
The Altiplano, the high plateau between the two cordilleras, comprises four major basins formed by mountainous spurs that jut eastward from the Cordillera Occidental about halfway to the Cordillera Oriental. Along the Altiplano's eastern side is a continuous flat area, which has served as Bolivia's principal north-south transportation corridor since colonial times. The entire Altiplano was originally a deep rift between the cordilleras that gradually filled with highly porous sedimentary debris washed down from the peaks. This sedimentary origin explains its gradual slope from north to south; greater rainfall in the north has washed a larger quantity of debris onto the platform floor.
Rainfall in the Altiplano decreases toward the south, and the scrub vegetation grows more sparse, eventually giving way to barren rocks and dry red clay. The land contains several salt flats, the dried remnants of ancient lakes. The largest of these - and the world's largest salt concentration - is the Uyuni Saltpan, which covers over 9,000 square kilometers. The salt is more than five meters deep in the center of this flat. In the dry season, the lake bed can be traversed by heavy trucks. Near the Argentine border, the floor of the Altiplano rises again, creating hills and volcanoes that span the gap between the eastern and western cordilleras of the Andes.
The much older Cordillera Oriental enters Bolivia on the north side of Lake Titicaca, extends southeastward to approximately 17 south latitude, then broadens and stretches south to the Argentine border. The northernmost part of the Cordillera Oriental, the Cordillera Real, is an impressive snow-capped series of granite mountains. Some of these peaks exceed 6,000 meters, and two - Illimani (6,462 m), which overlooks the city of La Paz, and Illampu (6,424 m)- have large glaciers on their upper slopes. South of 17 south latitude, the range changes character. Called the Cordillera Central here, the land is actually a large block of the earth's crust that has been lifted and tilted eastward. The western edge of this block rises in a series of steep cliffs from the Altiplano. The backbone of the cordillera is a high, rolling plain, with elevations from 4,200 to 4,400 meters, interspersed with irregularly spaced high peaks. Too high to be exploited for large-scale commercial grazing, this area takes its name from the predominant vegetation type, the puna.
The northeastern flank of the Cordillera Real is known as the Yungas, from the Aymara word meaning "warm valleys." The steep, almost inaccessible slopes and peaks of this mainly semitropical valley area northeast of La Paz offer some of the most spectacular scenery in Bolivia. Rainfall is heavy, and lush vegetation clings to the sides of narrow river valleys. The land is among the most fertile in Bolivia, but poor transportation has hindered its agricultural development. The government attempted to build a railroad through the Yungas in 1917 to connect La Paz with the eastern lowlands. The railroad was abandoned, however, after completion of only 150 kilometers.
The eastern slopes of the Cordillera Central descend gradually in a series of complex north-south ranges and hills. Rivers, draining to the east, have cut long narrow valleys; these valleys and the basins between the ranges are favorable areas for crops and settlement. Rich alluvial soils fill the low areas, but erosion has followed the removal of vegetation in some places. The valley floors range from 2,000 to 3,000 meters above sea level, and this lower elevation means milder temperatures than those of the Altiplano. Two of Bolivia's most important cities, Sucre and Cochabamba, are located in basins in this vast region.
The eastern lowlands include all of Bolivia north and east of the Andes. Although comprising over two-thirds of the national territory, the region is sparsely populated and, until recently, has played a minor role in the economy.
Differences in topography and climate separate the lowlands into three areas. The flat northern area, made up of Beni and Pando Departments and the northern part of Cochabamba Department, consists of rainforest. Because much of the topsoil is underlain by claypan, drainage is poor, and heavy rainfall periodically converts vast parts of the region to swamp. The central area, comprising the northern half of Santa Cruz Department, has gently rolling hills and a drier climate than the north. Forests alternate with savanna, and much of the land has been cleared for cultivation. Santa Cruz, the largest city in the lowlands, is located here, as are most of Bolivia's petroleum and natural gas reserves. The southeastern part of the lowlands is part of the Gran Chaco. Virtually rainless for nine months of the year, this area becomes flooded for the three months of heavy rains. The extreme variation in rainfall supports only thorny scrub vegetation and cattle grazing, although recent discoveries of natural gas and petroleum near the foothills of the Andes have attracted some settlers to the region.
Most of Bolivia's important rivers are found in the water-rich northern parts of the lowlands, particularly in the Alto Beni (Upper Beni), where the land is suitable for crops such as coffee and cacao. The northern lowlands are drained by wide, slow-moving rivers, the three largest of which—the Mamoré, Beni, and Madre de Dios—all flow northward into the Madeira River in Brazil and eventually into the Amazon. Riverboats along the Beni and the Mamoré carry both passenger and freight traffic; rapids on the Madeira provide river traffic farther into Brazil. Near the Paraguayan border, shallow sandy streams carry the seasonal runoff into the Pilcomayo or Paraguay rivers.
Other Info
Oficial name:
República de Bolivia
Bulibya Mamallaqta
Wuliwya Suyu
Tetã Volívia
Independence:
August 6, 1825
Area:
1.098.581km2
Inhabitants:
9.500.000
Capital city:
La Paz and Sucre
Languages:
Araona Aymara, Ayoreo ,Baure ,Bolivian Sign Language ,Callawalla, Cavineña ,Chácobo ,Chipaya ,Chiquitano ,Chorote, Ese ,Ejja ,Guaraní, Guarayu ,Ignaciano ,Itonama ,Leco ,Movima ,Pacahuara ,Plautdietsch,Quechua,Reyesano ,Sirionó ,Spanish ,Tacana ,Tapieté ,Toba ,Toromono, Trinitario ,Tsimané ,Uru ,Wichí Lhamtés Nocten, Yaminahua ,Yuqui ,Yuracare
Meaning of the country name:
Named after Simón Bolívar (1783-1830), an anti-Spanish militant and first president of Bolivia the country after gained its independence in 1825. His surname comes from La Puebla de Bolibar, a village in Biscay, Spain. The etymology of Bolibar may be bolu- (mill) + -ibar (river). Thus, it ultimately may mean a mill on a river.
Description Flag:
The current flag of Bolivia was originally adopted by Bolivia in 1851. The state flag and ensign (and war flag) is a horizontal tricolor of red, yellow, and green with the Bolivian coat of arms in the center. The civil flag and ensign of Bolivia omits the coat of arms.
According to one source, the red stands for Bolivia's animals and its liberating army, while the green symbolizes fertility and yellow the nation's mineral deposits.
Coat of arms:
The Coat of Arms of Bolivia has a central crest surrounded by Bolivian flags, muskets, laurel branches, and has an Andean condor on top.
The central crest has a border with ten stars in the bottom, which symbolize the nine Departamentos and the former province Cobija that was taken over by Chile in 1879, and the name of Bolivia in the top section. Within the border the silver mountain Potosí — recognized by a mine entrance — is depicted, with a sun rising above it, and with an alpaca standing next to a tree and some wheat. The alpaca stands on a plain that contrasts with the mountain. The mountain and its contrast with the plains are indicative of the geography of Bolivia. The alpaca is the national animal, and the items next to it are symbolic of the resources of the nation.
Around the shield there are three Bolivian flags on each side. Behind these are two pairs of crossed muskets that symbolize the struggle for independence. Next to the muskets there are an axe and a red Phrygian hood, which is the symbol of liberty or freedom. The laurel branches are symbolic of peace, and the condor perched upon the shield is symbolic of a willingness to defend the nation and its liberty.
In some depictions of these coat of arms, the two pairs of muskets are replaced by two cannons. Other depictions also have more realistic symbols in the shield.
Motto: "Unity is strength!"
National Anthem: Himno Nacional de Bolivia, Bolivianos, el Hado Propicio
Bolivianos: el hado propicio
coronó nuestros votos y anhelos.
Es ya libre, ya libre este suelo,
ya cesó su servil condición.
Al estruendo marcial que ayer fuera
y al clamor de la guerra horroroso,
siguen hoy, en contraste armonioso,
dulces himnos de paz y de unión.
Siguen hoy, en contraste armonioso,
dulces himnos de paz y de unión.
De la Patria, el alto nombre,
en glorioso esplendor conservemos.
Y en sus aras de nuevo juremos:
¡Morir antes que esclavos vivir!
¡Morir antes que esclavos vivir!
¡Morir antes que esclavos vivir!
Loor eterno a los bravos guerreros,
cuyo heroico valor y firmeza,
conquistaron las glorias que empieza
hoy Bolivia feliz a gozar.
Que sus nombres, en mármol y en bronce,
a remotas edades transmitan,
y en sonoros cantares repitan:
¡Libertad, Libertad, Libertad!
Y en sonoros cantares repitan:
¡Libertad, Libertad, Libertad!
De la Patria, el alto nombre,
en glorioso esplendor conservemos.
Y en sus aras de nuevo juremos:
¡Morir antes que esclavos vivir!
¡Morir antes que esclavos vivir!
¡Morir antes que esclavos vivir!
Aquí alzó la justicia su trono
que la vil opresión desconoce,
y en su timbre glorioso legose
libertad, libertad, libertad.
Esta tierra inocente y hermosa
que ha debido a Bolívar su nombre
es la patria feliz donde el hombre
goza el bien de la dicha y la paz.
Es la patria feliz donde el hombre
goza el bien de la dicha y la paz.
De la Patria, el alto nombre,
en glorioso esplendor conservemos.
Y en sus aras de nuevo juremos:
¡Morir antes que esclavos vivir!
¡Morir antes que esclavos vivir!
¡Morir antes que esclavos vivir!
Si extranjero poder alqún día
sojuzgar a Bolivia intentare,
al destino fatal se prepare
que amenaza a soberbio invasor.
Que los hijos del grande Bolívar
hayan mil y mil veces jurado:
morir antes que ver humillado
de la Patria el augusto pendón.
Morir antes que ver humillado
de la Patria el augusto pendón.
De la Patria, el alto nombre,
en glorioso esplendor conservemos.
Y en sus aras de nuevo juremos:
¡Morir antes que esclavos vivir!
¡Morir antes que esclavos vivir!
¡Morir antes que esclavos vivir!
English
Bolivians, a most favorable destiny
has at long last crowned our vows and longings;
This land is free, free at last.
Its servile state has now finally ceased.
The martial turmoil of yesterday,
and the horrible clamor of war,
are followed today, in harmonious contrast,
by sweet hymns of peace and unity.
Are followed today, in harmonious contrast,
by sweet hymns of peace and unity.
Let us keep the lofty name of our country
in glorious splendor.
And, on its altars, once more we must swear:
to die before we would live as slaves.
To die before we would live as slaves.
To die before we would live as slaves.
Eternal praise to the brave warriors
whose heroic valor and firmness
conquered the freedom and glories that now
a happy Bolivia justly begins to enjoy!
Let their names, preserved forever in marble and bronze,
transmit their glory to remote future ages.
And in resounding song let them repeat their simple call:
Freedom! Freedom! Freedom!
And in resounding song let them repeat their simple call:
Freedom! Freedom! Freedom!
Let us keep the lofty name of our country
in glorious splendor.
And, on its altars, once more we must swear:
to die before we would live as slaves.
To die before we would live as slaves.
To die before we would live as slaves.
Here has Justice erected its Throne
which vile oppression ignores
and, on its glorious stamp let us rejoice
Freedom, freedom, freedom
This innocent and beautiful land,
which owes its name to Bolívar,
is the happy homeland where mankind
enjoys the benefits of good fortune and peace.
Is the happy homeland where mankind
enjoys the benefits of good fortune and peace.
Let us keep the lofty name of our country
in glorious splendor.
And, on its altars, once more we must swear:
to die before we would live as slaves.
To die before we would live as slaves.
To die before we would live as slaves.
If a foreigner may, any given day
even attempt to subjugate Bolivia,
let him prepare for a fatal destiny,
which menaces such brave aggressor.
For the sons of the mighty Bolívar
have sworn, thousands upon thousands of times,
to die rather than see the country's
majestic banner humiliated.
To die rather than see the country's
majestic banner humiliated.
Let us keep the lofty name of our country
in glorious splendor.
And, on its altars, once more we must swear:
to die before we would live as slaves.
To die before we would live as slaves.
To die before we would live as slaves.
Internet Page: www.bolivia.com
Bolivia in diferent languages
eng | ast | bre | cos | dan | fao | fin | fry | glg | ina | ita | jav | lat | lim | lin | lld | mlg | nld | nor | roh | ron | rup | scn | sme | spa | sqi | swa | swe:
Bolivia
cat | hun | oci | por | slk | tet: Bolívia
fra | frp | fur | jnf | nrm: Bolivie
crh | kaa | uzb: Boliviya / Боливия
deu | ltz | nds: Bolivien / Bolivien
hau | kin | run: Boliviya
hrv | lit | slv: Bolivija
arg | eus: Bolibia
cor | hat: Bolivi
dsb | hsb: Boliwiska
est | vor: Boliivia
ind | msa: Bolivia / بوليۏيا
smo | ton: Polivia
tur | zza: Bolivya
afr: Bolivië; Bolivia
aym: Wuliwya
aze: Boliviya / Боливија
bam: Bɔliwi
bos: Bolivija / Боливија
ces: Bolívie
cym: Bolifia
epo: Bolivio
gla: Boilibhia; Bolibhia
gle: An Bholaiv / An Ḃolaiv; An Bhoilibhe / An Ḃoiliḃe
glv: Yn Volivia
grn: Volívia
ibo: Bọlivia
isl: Bólivía
kmr: Bolîvî / Боливи / بۆلیڤی
kur: Bolîvya / بۆلیڤیا
lav: Bolīvija
mlt: Bolivja
mol: Bolivia / Боливия
nah: Bolivtlān
pol: Boliwia
que: Bulibya
rmy: Boliviya / बोलिविया
slo: Bolivia / Боливиа
smg: Bolivėjė
som: Boliifiya
srd: Bolìvia
szl: Boliwja
tgl: Bulibya; Bolibya
tuk: Boliwiýa / Боливия
vie: Bô-li-vi-a
vol: Bolivän
wln: Boliveye
wol: Boliibi
alt | bul | kir | kjh | kom | krc | kum | rus | tyv | udm: Боливия (Bolivija)
che | chv | mon | oss: Боливи (Bolivi)
abq: Боливия (Bołivija)
bak: Боливия / Boliviya
bel: Балівія / Balivija
chm: Боливий (Bolivij)
kaz: Боливия / Bolïvïya / بوليۆيا
kbd: Боливие (Bolivie)
mkd: Боливија (Bolivija)
srp: Боливија / Bolivija
tat: Боливия / Boliviä
tgk: Боливия / بالیویه / Bolivija
ukr: Болівія (Bolivija)
ara: بوليفيا (Būlīfiyā)
fas: بولیوی (Bolīvī); بولیویا (Bolīviyā)
prs: بولیویا (Bōlīviyā)
pus: بوليويا (Bolīwiyā)
uig: بولىۋىيە / Boliwiye / Боливия
urd: بولیویا (Bolīviyā)
div: ބޮލީވިއާ (Bolīvi'ā)
heb: בוליויה / בוליוויה (Bôlîvyah); בוליביה (Bôlîṿyah)
lad: בוליב'יה / Bolivia
yid: באָליװיע (Bolivye)
amh: ቦሊቪያ (Boliviya); ቦሊቭያ (Bolivya)
ell: Βολιβία (Volivía)
hye: Բոլիվիա (Bolivia)
kat: ბოლივია (Bolivia)
hin: बोलीविया (Bolīviyā); बोलिविया (Boliviyā)
mar: बोलिविया (Boliviyā)
ben: বলিভিয়া (Bôlibʰiyā); বোলিভিয়া (Bolibʰiyā)
guj: બોલિવિયા (Boliviyā)
pan: ਬੋਲੀਵੀਆ (Bolīvīā)
kan: ಬೊಲಿವಿಯ (Boliviya)
mal: ബൊളീവിയ (Boḷīviya)
tam: பொலீவியா (Polīviyā); பொலிவியா (Poliviyā)
tel: బొలీవియా (Bolīviyā)
zho: 玻利維亞/玻利维亚 (Bōlìwéiyà)
jpn: ボリヴィア (Borivia); ボリビア (Boribia)
kor: 볼리비아 (Bollibia)
mya: ဘုိလစ္ဗီးယား (Bʰoliʿbìyà)
tha: โบลิเวีย (Bōliwiya)
lao: ໂບລີວີ (Bōlīvī)
khm: បូលីវី (Būlīvī)
On Explore/Flickr Top 500, Jan. 31, 2009
__________________________________________________________________
More colors appearing, later into the competition... painting the night sky. If Van Gogh have seen this much firecrackers, for sure, he might probably paing another version of "The Starry Night".
I'm a little busy for now, I'll just upload and run. My connection is so slow. Will normalize next week.
January 17, 2009
Sinulog 2009 Fireworks Competition
Reclamation Area, Cebu City
Cebu, Philippines
U.S. Secretary of State John Kerry speaks with Vietnamese Deputy Prime Minister and Foreign Minister Pham Binh Minh at the Daewoo Hotel in Hanoi, Vietnam, before the Secretary delivered a speech on August 7, 2015, commemorating the 20th anniversary of the normalization of diplomatic relations between the United States and Vietnam. [State Department photo/ Public Domain]
Statue of Egerton Ryerson on Gould Street. In the grounds of Ryerson University which is named after him. Toronto, Canada. Spring afternoon, 2021. Pentax K1 II.
The following from Wikipedia gives the good, the bad, and the ugly about Egerton Ryerson en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egerton_Ryerson
Adolphus Egerton Ryerson (1803–1882) was a Canadian Methodist minister, educator, politician, and public education advocate in Upper Canada. He was a prominent opponent of the closed oligarchy that ran the province, and coined the term Family Compact for it. He was a prominent contributor to the design of the Canadian Indian residential school system. In the field of education, Ryerson succeeded in winning free elementary education for girls, but opposed the education of women as a class beyond the elementary level due to a belief that their role was to be wives and mothers. Ryerson University is named after him.
Early years
Ryerson was born on 24 March 1803 in Charlotteville Township, Upper Canada, to Joseph Ryerson (1761–1854), a United Empire Loyalist, a Lieutenant in the Prince of Wales' American Volunteers[1] from Passaic County, New Jersey, and Sarah Mehetable Ryerson (néé Stickney). He was one of six siblings.
Methodist
He joined the Methodist Episcopal Church at 17, and was forced to leave the home by his Anglican father. After leaving home, Ryerson worked as an usher in a London grammar school, before his father sent for him to return home. He did so and farmed for a small period of time before leaving again, this time to Hamilton to attend Gore District Grammar School. In Hamilton, he studied Latin and Greek with such fervour that he became ill with a fever that almost claimed his life. This enabled him to become a Methodist missionary or circuit rider. His first post was the York region surrounding Yonge Street. The circuit took four weeks to complete on foot or horseback, as it encompassed areas with roads in extremely poor condition. However, the experience gave Ryerson a first hand look at the life of the early pioneer.
In 1826, sermons from John Strachan, Anglican Archdeacon of York, Upper Canada, were published asserting that the Anglican church was, by law, the established church of Upper Canada. Methodists were singled out as American and therefore disloyal. Money was requested of the crown to allow the Anglican church to maintain ties to Great Britain. As Ryerson was the son of a Loyalist, this was an abomination. He emerged as Episcopal Methodism's most articulate defender in the public sphere by publishing articles (at first anonymously) and later books that argued against the views of Methodism's chief rival John Strachan and other members of the powerful Family Compact.
Ryerson was also elected (by one vote) to serve as the founding editor of Canadian Methodism's weekly denominational newspaper, the Christian Guardian, established in York, Upper Canada, in 1829 and which was also Canada's first religious newspaper. Ryerson used the paper to argue for the rights of Methodists in the province and, later, to help convince rank-and-file Methodists that a merger with British Wesleyans (effected in 1833) was in their best interest. Ryerson was castigated by the reformist press at that time for apparently abandoning the cause of reform and becoming, at least as far as they were concerned, a Tory. Ryerson resigned the editorship in 1835 only to assume it again at his brother John's urging from 1838 to 1840. In 1840 Ryerson allowed his name to stand for re-election one last time but was soundly defeated by a vote of 50 to 1 in favour of his co-religionist Jonathan Scott.
Educator
In April 1831, Ryerson wrote in The Christian Guardian newspaper,
"On the importance of education generally we may remark, it is as necessary as the light – it should be as common as water and as free as air. Education among the people is the best security of a good government and constitutional liberty; it yields a steady, unbending support to the former, and effectually protects the latter... The first object of a wise government should be the education of the people...Partial knowledge is better than total ignorance. If total ignorance be a bad and dangerous thing, every degree of knowledge lessens both the evil and the danger."
This quote is a fore-telling of Ryerson's contribution to education in Upper Canada.
Ryerson helped found the Upper Canada Academy in Cobourg in the 1830s. When it was incorporated in 1841 under the name Victoria College Ryerson assumed the presidency. Victoria College continues to exist as part of the University of Toronto. Ryerson also fought for many secularization reforms, to keep power and influence away from any one church, particularly the Church of England in Upper Canada which had pretensions to establishment. His advocacy of Methodism contributed to the eventual sale of the Clergy Reserves—large tracts of land that had been set aside for the "maintenance of the Protestant clergy" under the Constitutional Act of 1791. In honour of his achievements on behalf of the Methodist Church, Egerton Ryerson received a Doctor of Divinity degree from the Wesleyan University in Connecticut and served as President of the Church in Canada from 1874 to 1878.
Such secularization also led to the widening of the school system into public hands. Governor General Sir Charles Metcalfe asked him to become Chief Superintendent of Education for Upper Canada in 1844. It is in this role that Ryerson made his historical mark.
Ryerson's also played a part in the implementation of the Canadian residential school system. It was his study of Native education commissioned in 1847 by the Assistant Superintendent General of Indian Affairs that would become the model upon which residential schools were built.
The Normal School at St. James Square was founded in Toronto in 1847, and became the province's foremost teacher's academy. It also housed the Department of Education as well as the Museum of Natural History and Fine Arts, which became the Royal Ontario Museum. The school operated by the Ontario Society of Artists at the Normal School would become the Ontario College of Art & Design. An agricultural laboratory on the site led to the later founding of the Ontario Agricultural College and the University of Guelph. St. James Square went through various other educational uses before it eventually became part of Ryerson University.
He was also a writer, farmer, and sportsman. He retired in 1876 and died on 19 February 1882 having left an indelible mark on Canada's education system. He is buried in Mount Pleasant Cemetery, Toronto.
Ryerson University (Toronto), Ryerson Press (McGraw-Hill Ryerson), and the Township of Ryerson in the Parry Sound District, Ontario, were named after him, as well as the small park, Ryerson Park, in the city of Owen Sound, at the northeast corner of 8th Street East and 5th Avenue East. There is also an intersection of two small streets in Toronto, Egerton Lane and Ryerson Avenue, between Spadina and Bathurst north of Queen Street West.
Legislation
Common School Bill of 1846
Ryerson's study of educational systems elsewhere in the Western world led to three school acts, which would revolutionize education in Canada. His major innovations included libraries in every school, an educational journal and professional development conventions for teachers, a central textbook press using Canadian authors, and securing land grants for universities.
The Common School Bill of 1846, was an act that had established the First General School Board, where it would consist of Seven Members, that would each have their own responsibilities. Ryerson set the groundwork for compulsory education, which is what it has become today, he ensured that curriculums were made and that teaching and learning materials were provided and delivered to Schools, in the result of the best possible education. Ryerson did not believe that caucasian and Aboriginal children should not be taught in the same schools due to their different civilization and their upbringings.
Superintendent of Schools for Upper Canada
Ryerson observed that previous educational legislation, most notably the Common School Act of 1843, was ineffective due to the limited powers of authority of the Superintendent of Schools. By comparing the office of the Superintendent to a corresponding office in New York State, namely the "State Superintendent", he noted that the 1843 Act allowed the Superintendent to draw up rules and responsibilities but no one was required to follow them. In his draft of the bill, he included several responsibilities of the Superintendent for Upper Canada: apportioning Legislature funds among the twenty district councils (in existence at that point in time), discouragement of unsuitable texts for classroom and school library usage (no common texts were the norm), provide direction for normal schools, prepare recommended plans for school houses and school libraries, dissemination of information, and annual reporting to the Governor General. This considerably expanded the role of Superintendent and placed significantly more responsibility upon the office.
Further, he established the first General Board of Education (the one established in 1823 was by order of the Lieutenant Governor not by legislation). The board consisted of the Superintendent and six other members nominated by the Governor General.
District superintendents
The bill provided provision for a new office, that of the District Superintendent. Ryerson recommended, although it did not become part of the legislation that followed from the 1846 bill, that as a savings measure the offices of Clerk of the District and District Superintendent be combined.
The District Superintendents became important civil servants, apportioning District School Funds in proportion of the number of students, teacher payment, visit all schools in their district; reporting on progress, advising teachers on school management, examining teachers' qualifications, revoking unqualified teachers, and preventing the use of unauthorized textbooks.
Common textbooks
Ryerson advocated for uniform school textbooks across Upper Canada. Again, benchmarking the New York system, he noted that an Act passed in 1843 provided authority to the State Superintendent of Schools and county superintendents to reject any book in a school library. That system utilized University Regents to create a list of acceptable texts from which the schools purchased books. Ryerson did not propose absolute authority on book selection, rather, recommended that the Board of Education "make out a list of School Text Books, in each branch of learning that they would recommend, and another list they would not permit leaving Trustees to select from these lists."
Free schools
With the intent of providing education for all children, Ryerson began lobbying for the idea of free schools in 1846. His convictions on the matter were strengthened after studying systems of education in New York State and Massachusetts where financial provision for education was a cardinal one. Proving his point that education was a necessity, he was able to show, for example, in Toronto alone, less than half of the 4,450 children in the city were regular school attendees.
In his Circular to the County Municipalities, in 1846, he argued the following:
"The basis of this only true system of universal Education is two fold":
1. that every inhabitant of a Country is bound to contribute to the support of its Public Institutions, according to the property which he acquires, or enjoys, under the Government of the Country.
2. That every child born, or brought up in the Country, has a right to that education which will fit him for the duties of a useful citizen of the Country, and is not to be deprived of it, on account of the inability, or poverty, of his parents, or guardians."
Among other noble intentions, he was determined to provide education to those less privileged, as a means of improving the opportunities of all; or as he so eloquently described it as the "only effectual remedy for the pernicious and pauperizing system which is at present. Many children are now kept from school on the alleged grounds of parental poverty." Ryerson was persuasive in his arguments such that principle for free education, in a permission form, was embodied into the School Law of 1850. Subsequent debate followed until 1871 when free school provision was included in the Comprehensive School Act of 1871.
Common School Bill of 1850
The Common School Act updated 1847 legislation creating school boards across Canada West. It required that municipalities meet the funding needs stated by their local school board and allows for schools to be paid for through provincial and municipal funds alone, allowing individual boards to eliminate school fees but not making this compulsory. The Act also allowed for the creation of separate schools leading to provincially funded Catholic schools and to racially segregated schools.
The School Act of 1871
The School Act made elementary education compulsory and free up to age 12. The Act also created two streams of secondary education: high schools, the lower stream, and collegiate institutes, the higher stream. Extra funding was provided for collegiate institutes “with a daily average attendance of sixty boys studying Latin and Greek under a minimum of four masters.”
Ryerson and girls' education
While celebrated for achievements in winning free elementary education, Ryerson's opposition to schooling for girls is less well-known. While Ryerson did not oppose female heads of household voting in school board elections, he did not support the education of women as a class beyond the elementary level due to a belief that their role was to be wives and mothers. He ended co-education instruction at the Upper Canada Academy and opposed the participation of girls at grammar schools in the province. He also insisted on the separation of boys and girls in common schools.
Ryerson and residential schools
Egerton Ryerson is recognized as a key architect in the design of the Canadian Indian residential school system. His expert advice was sought by the Department of Indian Affairs in 1847 and those recommendations for Aboriginal schools were appended to the first publication in 1898 of "Statistics Respecting Residential Schools" since the Indian Act (1876); "Agriculture being the chief interest, and probably the most suitable employment of the civilized Indians, I think the great object of industrial schools should be to fit the pupils for becoming working farmers and agricultural labourers, fortified of course by Christian principles, feelings and habits."
Ryerson's argument that "Indians should be schooled in separate, denominational, boarding, English-only and agriculturally-oriented (industrial) institutions" was the framework used in Canada's residential school system. Ryerson University's Aboriginal Education Council issued a statement regarding this involvement in 2010 calling for the university to acknowledge Ryerson's role in the conceptualization of residential schools and to create an environment welcoming to Aboriginal peoples as part of the truth and reconciliation process. Senator Murray Sinclair has declared that Ryerson University has shown leadership in its commitment to equity and diversity and is clearly dedicated to righting the wrongs of the past. Sinclair lauded the university for its response to the Truth and Reconciliation Commission's Calls to Action.
On June 25, 2018 there was an official installation of a plaque that contextualizes and acknowledges Egerton Ryerson's involvement in the history of residential schools beside the statue of his likeness on Ryerson University campus. The plaque contains the following text:
"This plaque serves as a reminder of Ryerson University's commitment to moving forward in the spirit of truth and reconciliation. Egerton Ryerson is widely known for his contributions to Ontario's public educational system. As Chief Superintendent of Education, Ryerson's recommendations were instrumental in the design and implementation of the Indian Residential School System. In 2015, the Truth and Reconciliation Commission reported that children in the schools were subjected to unthinkable abuse and neglect, to medical experimentation, punishment for the practice of cultures or languages and death. The aim of the Residential School System was cultural genocide.”
Beneath this text are the following two quotes:
“Let us put our minds together to see what kind of lives we can create for our children” – Chief Sitting Bull
“For the child taken, for the parent left behind” – Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada
On July 18, 2020, three people were arrested for splattering pink paint on the Egerton Ryerson statue - in addition to two others of John A. Macdonald and King Edward VII at the Ontario Legislature - as part of a demand to tear down the monuments. Black Lives Matter Toronto claimed responsibility for the actions stating that "The action comes after the City of Toronto and the Province of Ontario have failed to take action against police violence against Black people." Jenna Reid, Danielle Smith and Daniel Gooch were each charged with three counts of mischief under $5000 and conspiracy to commit a summary offence.
Personal
Ryerson and his daughter Sophia had collected forms of art (buying a total of 236 paintings by more than one hundred artists) in Europe to add to The Educational Museum (which was to be affiliated with the Normal School) in Toronto, this museum would be open to teachers and the public. This resulted in the opening of cultural education and expanded urban centres. He did this to elevate cultural perspectives, Ryerson ensured that the paintings he came across. while travelling was touching in the sense that it would get the public to use their mind and spirit - throughout this trip with his daughter (Sophia) he kept in touch with John George Hodgins, his Deputy Superintendent in the Ontario Education Department.
Egerton Ryerson was instrumental in building our current education system in Canada. His most notable achievement was the creation of the Normal School in Toronto which was a college for in-class training of teachers. The normal school was also home to the department of education and a museum which introduced people to art and different scientific activities that normalized publicly funded art galleries, museums and other places in Canada.
Cultural education lead Ryerson to coin a theory in which he believed that family was the "link between individual and the society" – the family is where individuals learn who they are and what role they will play in civilization.
Ryerson had thought society in terms of a "union of individuals" people showed their basic premise to society. He strongly believed that a strong, well-intact government was important to society, because without individuals passions will cause chaos, so it was, therefore, important that interests were preserved for the greater good.
Ryerson was a believer that rising in social scale depends on the work you put into society and with the rise in this social scare; individuals would gain respect from others. Individuals needed to learn about this at a young age so they would have a stronger likelihood of being successful. He strongly suggested that the well-being of an individual and their scale in terms of society go hand-in-hand, he, therefore, did not develop any desire to have a strong footing in society for his benefit. Ryerson suggested that many societies problems are fixed by sharing historical experiences, from this Political Leaders would decide what their next decision would be. Due to the way Ryerson viewed how to solve for a societal problem he was viewed as a leader who strongly believed in symbolism and history.
The Common School Bill of 1846, was an act that had established the First General School Board, where it would consist of Seven Members, that would each have their own responsibilities. Ryerson set the groundwork for compulsory education, which is what it has become today, he ensured that curriculums were made and that teaching and learning materials were provided and delivered to Schools, in the result of the best possible education.
The common school act of 1871 was created in hopes to improve the education system Ontario had at the time. This act was supposed to ensure free and standardized education for all. Religious teachings were made illegal in order to let people from all kinds of different religious backgrounds have access to proper education. This act also made it mandatory for kids to be in school until the age of 14. Egerton Ryerson believed by creating this act he would be closer to defeating issues in Ontario such as poverty, deviance and people being uneducated.
Egerton Ryerson was also well known as an advocate for freedom of religion. He believed that freedom of religion and proper education were the keys to improving people and society as a whole.
Family
Ryerson was married twice and had several children. In 1828, he married Hannah Aikman. She died in 1832, soon after the birth of their second child. Their children were John and Lucilla Hannah. John died of dysentery in 1835 at age six, and Lucilla died of consumption in 1849 at age 17.
In 1833, Ryerson married Mary Armstrong in York (Toronto). Together they had two children, Sophia in 1837 and Charles Egerton in 1847:
Charles Egerton Ryerson (July 5, 1847 – June 4, 1909) - secretary-treasurer and assistant librarian of Toronto; his children with Emily Eliza Beatty (1850- ) were:
Egerton Ryerson (1876– ), a missionary priest in Japan
Edward Stanley Ryerson (1879–1963)
Stanley Bréhaut Ryerson (1911-1998), historian and Communist politician
Mary Ella Ryerson (1882– )
Isabel Louise Ryerson (1884– )
John Egerton Ryerson (1887–1916)
Sophie Ryerson Harris
Chris Ryerson, an engineer from Ottawa, is a descendant of Ryerson and a Ryerson University graduate.
Here is another source of information on the life of Egerton Ryerson with a somewhat different focus: www.biographi.ca/en/bio.php?BioId=39939
I've been getting back into vintage Mego Pocket Heroes lately, and I had no idea there were so many manufacturing variations during their run in the 70's.
I grew up with the "more normalized" version on the far right, but recently acquired the other two versions. Including the middle one which I didn't even know existed!
Located within the park Seldensate remains the foundations and some rising wall work of the last castle. Those foundations are reached via the driveway and the restored gatehouse with pigeon tower. This gatehouse consists of two one-story angled wings, of which the actual gate has a gabled roof. The smaller wing has a stepped gable, but no roof. At the corner formed by the two wings, the pigeon tower is attached. This is an irregular, hexagonal tower with ditto slate spire. The house itself is a ruin. Dove tower and gatehouse have been restored. Of the castle, only the foundations remain. Whether these are actually the foundations of the castle that stood here before 1631 is not known to me.
Construction history:
The castle probably built between 1440 and 1468; that is when there is mention of a farmstead and a stone playhouse. In 1596 it was a walled stone building. Shortly afterwards, the dovecote tower was built. After the Peace of Munster, the building fell into disrepair. Restoration began in 1893. The house was largely demolished and rebuilt. Furthermore, the house and gatehouse were expanded and modernized. In 1920, Seldensate was abandoned and decay set in again. This process was accelerated by normalization of the Aa, which caused large differences in groundwater. World War II also left its mark. Demolition followed in 1961. In 1973 the ruin was purchased by the municipality. Between 1976 and 1980, the gatehouse and pigeon tower were restored. Furthermore, there are plans to rebuild the house.
Property history:
In 1304 there is mention of a farmstead, property of jonker Geerlingh van den Bossche. The Rycoutss family sold the property in 1440 to Goossen Toelinc, priest in 's-Hertogenbosch. He built the castle and left it to his niece Mechteld in 1481. Through inheritance through the female line it came into the hands of the Prouninck family of Deventer. After the death of the last descendant, Seldensate was sold in 1596. Those who bought the house resold it to Count Adolph van den Bergh in 1608. It then passed into the hands of the counts of East Friesland, lords of Heeswijk. Joost van Hedickhuijsen, drossaard of Berlicum and Middelrode settled on Seldensate, and in 1631 it became his property. His daughter had to sell the house 1679 due to financial problems. The next series of owners were seldom on the property and left it neglected, until in 1833 Johannes Cornelis Bosch inherited the property and took up residence there himself. His son Valerius Andringa Bosch restored the castle. Daughter Constantia, married to squire Christiaan Laman Trip inherited the estate. After their divorce in 1920, he and their daughter Valerie continued to live at Seldensate. In 1973, Valerie Russell-Laman Trip sold the dilapidated estate to the municipality of Berlicum, which had it largely demolished.
⊙
ИN
Deflowering Eyes
Igigi
www.saatchiart.com/print/New-Media-Deflowering-Eyes-Inna-...
Igigi are the gods of heaven in the mythology of Mesopotamia.
The name has unknown origin. The signs for the names, and one of the options for the etymology of the igigi are i2-gi3-gi3, which are the same signs for 5-1-1 or 5-60-60 5*(60+60)=600 which are by some traditions All the gods.
Another option is to try to interpret the words themselves. Igi means (eye) in the Sumerian language, and it used as logogram in the Akkadian language, gi stands for (penetrate sexually). Therefore, Igigi could be translated to (Eyes in the sky, the watchers, who deflower).
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Igigi/Igigu (a group of gods)
This Semitic term describes a group of possibly seven or eight gods. It is likely that the god Marduk was one of them, but the total membership in this group is unclear and likely changed over time.
Functions
Like the term Anunna, the term Igigu is equally complicated and in need of a comprehensive new study. Igigu, which is likely of Semitic origin, indicates a group of gods in the Mesopotamian pantheon. It is, however, not entirely clear what distinguishes the Igigu from the Anunna.
The story of Atrahasis, the Babylonian story of the Flood and a precursor to the flood story in the Gilgameš Epic (Tablet XI), offers some evidence on the relationship between the Annunaki and the Igigu. The poem begins with the lines "When the gods like men bore the work and suffered the toil, the toil of the gods was great, the work was heavy, the distress was much" (lines 1-4) (Lambert and Millard 1999 [1969]: 43). The composition continues: "The Seven great Anunnaki were making the Igigu suffer the work" (lines 5-6) (Lambert and Millard 1969 [1999]: 43). What follows is partly fragmentary, but seems to indicate that the Igigu gods did not want to work any more and therefore the Anunnaki had to find a solution. Ultimately, this led to the creation of humans, who from then on had to bear the gods' work. In this story it appears that the Igigu were subordinate to the Anunnaki (von Soden 1989: 341-2). It is unclear which deities were included in the Igigu group.
In the prologue to the famous Code of Hammurabi it is indicated that the Anunnaki elevated the god Marduk among the Igigu gods (for a translation see Roth 1997: 76-142; also see von Soden 1966: 144), but it is difficult to assess the significance of this passage.
Some mythological texts, such as the Anzu myth, speak of an assembly of the Igigu gods, but whether this might be an institutionalized assembly, as suggested by Kienast 1965: 146, remains doubtful.
Divine Genealogy and Syncretisms
As mentioned above, it is not clear how many and which gods belonged to the Igigu, although the god Marduk appears to belong to this group for certain. It is possible that the group included only seven (von Soden 1966), eight (Kienast 1965: 144) or ten (Black and Green 1998: 106) gods, but this is uncertain as well.
Other gods who may belong to this group are Ištar, Asarluhi, Naramṣit, Ninurta, Nuska, and Šamaš (Kienast 1965: 149). Some gods seem to belong to both the Anunnaki and the Igigu (Kienast 1965: 152), yet more research is needed to gain a better understanding of this situation in the first millennium BCE.
Cult Place(s)
We currently know of no cult places for the Igigu. Kienast (1965; 1976-80) has repeatedly suggested that the Igigu are only attested in literary and mythological texts. However, von Soden (1966) has brought forth some evidence that might indicate that there are very few theophoric personal names TT which invoke the Igigu, thus offering some evidence for their veneration.
Time Periods Attested
The term Igigu is first attested in texts from the Old Babylonian period (Kienast 1976-80: 40; von Soden 1989: 340) and only occurs in Akkadian contexts (Edzard 1976-80: 37). A Sumerian logographic equivalent of the term Igigu is nun-gal-e-ne, to be translated as "the great princes/sovereigns." This term is mentioned in a literary text that has been ascribed to the princess Enheduanna, daughter of king Sargon, the founder of the Old Akkadian dynasty (Inana C, ETCSL 4.7.3 l. 2). This particular composition is only attested in Old Babylonian manuscripts and it is unclear whether an older date can be proven. According to Edzard (1976-80: 39) it is possible that nun-gal-e-ne was originally an epithet of the Anunna gods that later became identified with the Igigu under influence from Akkadian.
The Igigu and Anunnaki are frequently attested in literary, mythological, and religious (incantations and prayers) texts until the end of the cuneiform tradition. The Igigu are mentioned, among others, in the Anzu myth (Foster 2005: 555-578), in Enāma eliš TT (Foster 2005: 436-486), and the Erra poem (Foster 2005: 880-913), all of which are attested in manuscripts of the first millennium BCE.
Iconography
Because this term describes a group of gods, there are no known images of the Igigu.
Name and Spellings
The etymology of this term is unclear. It has been suggested the term is of Old Akkadian (Kienast 1965: 157; 1976-80: 40) or of (Old) Amorite (von Soden 1966: 144) or possibly Arabic origins (von Soden 1989: 340). For the various spellings see Kienast 1965: 142.
Written forms:
logographic: dnun gal-e-ne, dnun-gal-meš;
syllabic and pseudo-logographic: i-gi-gu, i-gi-gi, di-gi4-gi4, di-gi4-gi4-ne, i-gi4-gu, dí-gì-gì (the latter appears first in ninth century BCE);
cryptographic: dgéš-u
Normalized forms:
Igigu, Igigi
Igigu in Online Corpora
The Corpus of Ancient Mesopotamian Scholarship
Nungalene in Online Corpora
The Electronic Text Corpus of Sumerian Literature
Further Reading
Edzard 1976-80, "[Igigu], Anunna und."
Kienast 1965, "Igigu und Anunnakku nach den akkadischen Quellen."
Kienast 1976-80, "Igigu, Anunnakku und."
von Soden 1966, "Die Igigu-Götter."
von Soden 1989, "Die Igigu-Götter in altbabylonischer Zeit."
Nicole Brisch
Nicole Brisch, 'Igigi/Igigu (a group of gods)', Ancient Mesopotamian Gods and Goddesses, Oracc and the UK Higher Education Academy, 2012 [oracc.museum.upenn.edu/amgg/listofdeities/igigi/]
Released under a Creative Commons Attribution Share-Alike license 3.0, 2011.
The Pennsylvania
Sumerian Dictionary
igi [EYE] (1133x: ED IIIb, Old Akkadian, Lagash II, Ur III, Early Old Babylonian, Old Babylonian, unknown) wr. igi; i-bi2; i-gi "eye; carved eye (for statues)" Akk. īnu
psd.museum.upenn.edu/epsd/epsd/e2510.html
The Pennsylvania Sumerian Dictionary Project is carried out in the Babylonian Section of the University of Pennsylvania Museum of Anthropology and Archaeology. It is funded by the National Endowment for the Humanities and private contributions.
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Cycles of the earth, winds, Igigi it's all here and no wonder the church has been hiding the text. The smoke sedates the Elohim (judges) they have their Territories, Not demons nor angels but IGIGI; the Watchers the little big eyed guys who have been stealing my eggs while I sleep 1-4.
archive.org/details/bookofenochproph00laur
ia802707.us.archive.org/10/items/bookofenochproph00laur/b...
The book of Enoch the prophet
by Laurence, Richard, 1760-1838
Publication date 1883
Publisher London : Kegan Paul, Trench
Collection Princeton; americana
Digitizing sponsor Internet Archive
Contributor Princeton Theological Seminary Library
Language English.
Addeddate 2008-11-12 13:13:18
Call number 185459
Camera Canon 5D
External-identifier urn:oclc:record:1041620576[WorldCat (this item)]
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Identifier bookofenochproph00laur
Identifier-ark ark:/13960/t16m3hr86
Lcamid
Missingpages
Openlibrary_edition OL23282189M
Openlibrary_work OL16734660W
Pages 244
Possible copyright status NOT_IN_COPYRIGHT
Ppi 500
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Scandate 20081117214436
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en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watcher_(angel)#Grigori
Philo
According to PrEv 1.10.1-2 of Philo of Byblos, Sanchuniathon mentioned "some living beings who had no perception, out of whom intelligent beings came into existence, and they were called Zophasemin (Heb. șōpē-šāmayim, that is, 'Watchers of Heaven'). And they were formed like the shape of an egg."
The Old Testament Pseudepigrapha, volume 1, Apocalyptic Literature and Testaments
EDITED BY JAMES H. CHARLES WORTH, DUKE UNIVERSITY
DOUBLEDAY & COMPANY, INC. GARDEN CITY, NEW YORK
Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: ISBN: 0-385-09630-5 Copyright © 1983 by James H. Charlesworth All Rights Reserved Printed in the United States of America Designed by Joseph P. Ascherl Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Main entry under title: Old Testament pseudepigrapha.
eclass.uoa.gr/modules/document/file.php/THEOL264/James%20...
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Livius.org Articles on ancient history
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The Epic of Atraḥasis
The Epic of Atraḥasis is the fullest Mesopotamian account of the Great Flood, with Atraḥasis in the role of Noah. It was written in the seventeenth century BCE
The text is known from several versions: two were written by Assyrian scribes (one in the Assyrian, one in the Babylonian dialect), a third one (on three tablets) was written during the reign of king Ammi-saduqa of Babylonia (1647-1626 BCE). Parts are quoted in Tablet XI of the Epic of Gilgameš; other influences are in the Babylonian History by Berossus (quote). These texts can be used to reconstruct the lost parts of the Epic of Atraḥasis, while the overall structure is, of course, known from the Bible.
Summary
The conditions immediately after the Creation: the Lower Gods have to work very hard and start to complain
Revolt of the Lower Gods
Negotiations with the Great Gods
Proposal to create humans, to relieve the Lower Gods from their labor
Creation of the Man
Man's noisy behavior; new complaints from the gods
The supreme god Enlil's decision to extinguish mankind by a Great Flood
Atraḥasis is warned in a dream
Enki explains the dream to Atraḥasis (and betrays the plan)
Construction of the Ark
Boarding of the Ark
Departure
The Great Flood
The gods are hungry because there are no farmers left to bring sacrifices, and decide to spare Atraḥasis, even though he is a rebel
Regulations to cut down the noise: childbirth, infant mortality, and celibacy
The translation offered here is adapted from the one by B.R. Foster.
Translation
Complaints of the Lower Gods
[1] When the gods were man
they did forced labor, they bore drudgery.
Great indeed was the drudgery of the gods,
the forced labor was heavy, the misery too much:
[5] the seven great Anunna-gods were burdening
the Igigi-godsnote with forced labor.
[Lacuna]
[21] The gods were digging watercourses,
canals they opened, the life of the land.
The Igigi-gods were digging watercourses
canals they opened, the life of the land.
[25] The Igigi-gods dug the Tigris river
and the Euphrates thereafter.
Springs they opened from the depths,
wells ... they established.
...
They heaped up all the mountains.
[Several lines missing]
[34] ... years of drudgery.
[35] ... the vast marsh.
They counted years of drudgery,
... and forty years, too much!
... forced labor they bore night and day.
They were complaining, denouncing,
[40] muttering down in the ditch:
"Let us face up to our foreman the prefect,
he must take off our heavy burden upon us!
Enlil, counsellor of the gods, the warrior,
come, let us remove him from his dwelling;
[45] Enlil, counsellor of the gods, the warrior,
come, let us remove him from his dwelling!"
[Several lines missing]
[61] "Now them, call for battle,
battle let us join, warfare!"
The gods heard his words:
they set fire to their tools,
[65] they put fire to their spaces,
and flame to their workbaskets.
Off they went, one and all,
to the gate of the warrior Enlil's abode.
...
Insurrection of the Lower Gods
[70] It was night, half-way through the watch,
the house was surrounded, but the god did not know.
It was night, half-way through the watch,
Ekur was surrounded, but Enlil did not know!
[Several lines missing; the great gods send a messenger]
The Great Gods Send a Messenger
[132] Nusku opened his gate,
took his weapons and went ... Enlil.
In the assembly of all the gods,
[135] he knelt, stood up, expounded the command,
"Anu, your father,
your counsellor, the warrior Enlil,
your prefect, Ninurta,
and your bailiff Ennugi have sent me to say:
[140] 'Who is the instigator of this battle?
Who is the instigator of these hostilities?
Who declared war,
that battle has run up to the gate of Enlil?
In ...
[145] he transgressed the command of Enlil.'"
Reply by the Lower Gods
"Everyone of us gods has declared war;
...
We have set ... un the excvation,
excessive drudgery has killed us,
[150] our forced labor was heavy, the misery too much!
Now, everyone of us gods
has resolved on a reckoning with Enlil."
[The great gods decide to create man, to relieve the lower gods from their misery.]
Proposals by Ea, Belet-ili, and Enki
[a1] Ea made ready to speak,
and said to the gods, his brothers:
"What calumny do we lay to their charge?
Their forced labor was heavy, their misery too much!
[a5] Every day ...
the outcry was loud, we could hear the clamor.
There is ...
Belet-ili, the midwife, is present.note
Let her create, then, a human, a man,
[a10] Let him bear the yoke!
Let him bear the yoke!
Let man assume the drudgery of the god."
Belet-ili, the midwife, is present.
[190] Let the midwife create a human being!
Let man assume the drudgery of the god."
They summoned and asked the goddess
the midwife of the gods, wise Mami:note
"Will you be the birth goddess, creatress of mankind?
[195] Create a human being, that he bear the yoke,
let him bear the yoke, the task of Enlil,
let man assume the drudgery of the god."
Nintu made ready to speak,note
and said to the great gods:
[200] "It is not for me to do it,
the task is Enki's.
He it is that cleanses all,
let him provide me the clay so I can do the making."
Enki made ready to speak,
[205] and said to the great gods:
"On the first, seventh, and fifteenth days of the month,
let me establish a purification, a bath.
Let one god be slaughtered,
then let the gods be cleansed by immersion.
[210] Let Nintu mix clay with his flesh and blood.
Let that same god and man be thoroughly mixed in the clay.
Let us hear the drum for the rest of the time.
[215] From the flesh of the god let a spirit remain,
let it make the living know its sign,
lest he be allowed to be forgotten, let the spirit remain."
The great Anunna-gods, who administer destinies,
[220] answered "yes!" in the assembly.
The Creation of Man
On the first, seventh, and fifteenth days of the month,note
he established a purification, a bath.
They slaughtered Aw-ilu, who had the inspiration, in their assembly.
[225] Nintu mixed clay with his flesh and blood.
That same god and man were thoroughly mixed in the clay.
For the rest of the time they would hear the drum.
From the flesh of the god the spirit remained.
It would make the living know its sign.
[230] Lest he be allowed to be forgotten, the spirit remained.
After she had mixed the clay,
she summoned the Anunna, the great gods.
The Igigi, the great gods, spat upon the clay.
[235] Mami made rady to speak,
and said to the great gods:
"You ordered me the task and I have completed it!
You have slaughtered the god, along with his inspiration.
[240] I have done away with your heavy forced labor,
I have imposed your drudgery on man.
You have bestowed clamor upon mankind.
I have released the yoke, I have made restoration."
They heard this speech of hers,
[245] they ran, free of care, and kissed her feet, saying:
"Formerly we used to call you Mami,
now let your name be Belet-kala-ili:"note
[The human population increases and their noise disturbs the gods, who decide to wipe out mankind. The god Enki, however, sends a dream to Atrahasis. When the text resumes, Enki is still speaking.]
Enki explains Atraḥasis' dream
[i.b35] "Enlil committed an evil deed against the people."
[i.c11] Atraḥasis made ready to speak,
and said to his lord:
"Make me know the meaning of the dream.
let me know, that I may look out for its consequence."
[i.c15] Enki made ready to speak,
and said to his servant:
"You might say, 'Am I to be looking out while in the bedroom?'
Do you pay attention to message that I speak for your:
[i.c20] 'Wall, listen to me!
Reed wall, pay attention to all my words!
Flee the house, build a boat,
forsake possessions, and save life.
[i.c25] The boat which you build
... be equal ...
...
...
Roof her over like the depth,
[i.c30] so that the sun shall not see inside her.
Let her be roofed over fore and aft.
The gear should be very strong,
the pitch should be firm, and so give the boat strength.
I will shower down upon you later
[i.c35] a windfall of birds, a spate of fishes.'"
He opened the water clock and filled it,
he told it of the coming of the seven-day deluge.
Atraḥasis and the Elders
Atraḥasis received the command.
He assembled the Elders at his gate.
[i.c40] Atraḥasis made ready to speak,
and said to the Elders:
"My god does not agree with your god,
Enki and Enlil are constantly angry with each other.
They have expelled me from the land.
[i.c45] Since I have always reverenced Enki,
he told me this.
I can not live in ...
Nor can I set my feet on the earth of Enlil.
I will dwell with my god in the depths.
[i.c50] This he told me: ..."
Construction of the Ark
[ii.10] The Elders ...
The carpenter carried his axe,
the reedworker carried his stone,
the rich man carried the pitch,
the poor man brought the materials needed.
[Lacuna of about fifteen lines; the word Atraḥasis can be discerned.]
Boarding of the Ark
[ii.29] Bringing ...
[ii.30] whatever he had ...
Whatever he had ...
Pure animals he slaughtered, cattle ...
Fat animals he killed. Sheep ...
he choose and and brought on board.
[ii.35] The birds flying in the heavens,
the cattle and the ... of the cattle god,
the creatures of the steppe,
... he brought on board
...
[ii.40] he invited his people
... to a feast
... his family was brought on board.
While one was eating an another was drinking,
[ii.45] he went in and out; he could not sit, could not kneel,
for his heart was broken, he was retching gall.
Departure
The outlook of the weather changed.
Adadnote began to roar in the clouds.
[ii.50] The god they heard, his clamor.
He brought pitch to seal his door.
By the time he had bolted his door,
Adad was roaring in the clouds.
The winds were furious as he set forth,
[ii.55] He cut the mooring rope and released the boat.
[Lacuna]
The Great Flood
[iii.5] ... the storm
... were yoked
Anzu rent the sky with his talons,
He ... the land
[iii.10] and broke its clamor like a pot.
... the flood came forth.
Its power came upn the peoples like a battle,
one person did not see another,
they could not recognize each other in the catastrophe.
[iii.15] The deluge belowed like a bull,
The wind resounded like a screaming eagle.
The darkness was dense, the sun was gone,
... like flies.
[iii.20] the clamor of the deluge.
[Lacuna. The gods find themselves hungry because there are no farmers left and sacrifices are no longer brought. When they discover that Atrahasis has survived, they make a plan to make sure that the noise will remain within limits: they invent childbirth, infant mortality, and celibacy.]
Mankind Punished
[iii.45] Enki made ready to speak,
and said to Nintu the birth goddess:
"You, birth goddess, creatress of destinies,
establish death for all peoples!
[iii.d1] "Now then, let there be a third woman among the people,
among the people are the woman who has borne
and the woman who has not borne.
Let there be also among the people the pasittu (she-demon):
[iii.d5] Let her snatch the baby from the lap who bore it.
And etablish high priestesses and priestesses,
let them be taboo,note and so cut down childbirth."
This page was created in 2007; last modified on 12 October 2020.
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Brain Magick: Exercises in Meta-Magick and Invocation by Philip H. Farber
archive.org/details/BrainMagic/Brain%20Magic
archive.org/stream/BrainMagic/mega-book-two-volumes-in-on...
"Satana-il was the supreme leader of an extraterrestrial race that accompanied the Anunnaki in their second landing on earth.
This galactic race was physically and genetically different from the An unna ki and the Igigi. Their duty was to serve the Anu nna ki.
They rebelled against the An unna ki and broke the laws of their leader by breeding with the women of the Earth.
Contrary to the general belief, the An unna ki were not the first extraterrestrial race to marry, or the have sexual relations with the women of earth."
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archive.org/details/img20190908220021901
Ancient Creation Myths
by Alberta Parish
Publication date 2019-09-08
Topics Enlil, Enki, Anunnaki, Sumerians, ancient myths, Babylonians, Enuma Elish, Atrahasis, Noah, Genesis Flood, Sumerian flood myth
God: The Original Slavemaster by Alberta Parish
Ever since I was a child, I have always believed in a benevolent God called Yahweh and Jehovah that biblical writers claimed created mankind for the express purpose of his will. In a Christianized Western culture, I was taught that only through Jesus Christ could I have eternal life with him and Yahweh. The epic of Atrahasis, an Akkadian tablet dating from the 18th Century BCE, gives a completely different account of mankind's creation and how the universe was formed beginning with the primordial waters.
Atrahasis was the last Sumerian king before the Great Deluge who was saved from the flood by the Anunnaki god Enki who had rulership of the great deep. According to Atrahasis, Homo Sapiens were created to serve the Anunnaki, which were extraterrestrials that landed in the Persian Gulf region about 450,000 years ago in search of gold to repair their home planet Nibiru's ozone.They made the Igigi gods, who were lower gods, mine for gold. Enlil, the ruler of earth and sky, who is also the equivalent of the biblical God Yahweh, also made the Igigi build canals, reedbeds, rivers and mountains. They built the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, and after 3,600 years, rebelled against their oppressor, Enlil.
Atrahasis had recorded that the Igigi cast off their work tools and surrounded Enlil's temple demanding to be relieved of their hard labor. It was later decided that the Anunnaki would make a species that were intelligent enough to do the work that the Igigi had refused to do. This was mankind's original purpose for being created by these extraterrestrials. It was also decided that an Anunnaki had to be sacrificed to make mankind.
The epic of Atrahasis states, "They slaughtered Aw-ilu, who had the inspiration, in their assembly.
Nintu mixed clay with his flesh and blood.
That same god and man were thoroughly mixed in the clay...After she had mixed the clay, she summoned the Anunna, the great gods.
The Igigi, the great gods, spat upon the clay.
Mami made ready to speak, and said to the great gods: "You ordered me the task and I have completed it!
You have slaughtered the god, along with his inspiration.
I have done away with your heavy forced labor,
I have imposed your drudgery on man.
You have bestowed clamor upon mankind."
With the help of Enki, half-brother of Enlil, the mother goddess Nintu (i.e., Mami) formed seven males and seven females from fourteen pieces of clay. It was also after this event that the human population grew, because the first seven males and females were given the ability to reproduce. When the human population grew, Enlil complained of their noise. He then set about to reduce the population. First, he caused a drought and mankind was destroyed. But it did nothing to reduce the population. Then, pestilence followed. Still, the population continued to grow. Lastly, Enlil caused a great famine. Eventually, the people turned cannibal as a result of the famine. Finally, Enlil proposed a solution to destroy the human population through a flood.
Read the remainder of my essay at www.ancientcreationmyths.com.
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ETCSLtranslation
etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk/cgi-bin/etcsl.cgi?charenc=gcirc&...
© Copyright 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006 The ETCSL project, Faculty of Oriental Studies, University of Oxford
Updated 2006-12-19 by JE
Igigi Search the English translations
Result: 3 paragraph(s)
A hymn to Marduk for Abī-Ešuḫ (Abī-Ešuḫ A): c.2.8.5.1
King who gathers up the divine powers of heaven and earth, foremost son of Enki, Marduk, mighty lord, perfect hero, foremost of the Great Princes (a name for the Igigi gods), strong one of the Anuna, the great gods who have given him justice and judgment! Great prince, descendant of holy An, lord who decides destinies, who has everything in his grasp (?), wise, august knower of hearts, whose divinity is manifest, who shows concern for all that he looks upon! Your ancestor An, king of the gods, has made your lordship effective against the armies of heaven and earth.
A hymn to Inana (Inana C): c.4.07.3
The great-hearted mistress, the impetuous lady, proud among the Anuna gods and pre-eminent in all lands, the great daughter of Suen, exalted among the Great Princes (a name of the Igigi gods), the magnificent lady who gathers up the divine powers of heaven and earth and rivals great An, is mightiest among the great gods -- she makes their verdicts final. The Anuna gods crawl before her august word whose course she does not let An know; he dare not proceed against her command. She changes her own action, and no one knows how it will occur. She makes perfect the great divine powers, she holds a shepherd's crook, and she is their magnificent pre-eminent one. She is a huge shackle clamping down upon the gods of the Land. Her great awesomeness covers the great mountain and levels the roads.
The debate between Bird and Fish: c.5.3.5
"You are like a watchman living on the walls (?), ……! Fish, you kindled fire against me, you planted henbane. In your stupidity you caused devastation; you have spattered your hands with blood! Your arrogant heart will destroy itself by its own deeds! But I am Bird, flying in the heavens and walking on the earth. Wherever I travel to, I am there for the joy of its …… named. ……, O Fish, …… bestowed by the Great Princes (a name for the Igigi). I am of first-class seed, and my young are first-born young! …… went with uplifted head …… to the lustrous E-kur. …… until distant days. …… the numerous people say. How can you not recognise my pre-eminence? Bow your neck to the ground."
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A song to Ninimma (Ninimma A): translation
web.archive.org/web/20060925024833/http://www-etcsl.orien...
SEGMENT A
1-18You are the seal-holder of the treasury of the ....... You are the caretaker of the great gods, you are ....... Ninimma, you are the lady of all the great rites in the E-kur. Lady, you are the ...... of Enlil, you are the heavenly scribe. You ...... the tablet of life.
1 line fragmentary
You, who bring the best corn, are the lady of the E-sara. The surveyor's gleaming line and the measuring rod suit you perfectly. You can hold your head high among the great princes. You are ....... You are ......, the cherished one.
1 line fragmentary
......; you are exceptional in wisdom. ...... joy ....... My lady, you were exalted already in the womb; you are resplendent like the sunlight. You are suited to the lapis-lazuli crown (?); you are the heavenly ....... ...... adorned with loveliness .......
1 line fragmentary
approx. 10 lines missing
SEGMENT B
1-11...... like a strong (?) ....... ...... of the E-kur ...... lady ....... ...... the forceful one of Nanna ....... You are profoundly intelligent, one who knows everything. You are the shining light which fills the exalted sanctuary. You are she who ...... by Enlil. You are ....... You are ....... You are most apt for the holy susbu rites and lustration rites.
1 line unclear
Ninimma of the holy divine plans, it is sweet to praise you!
SEGMENT C
1You are .......
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Revision history
22.x.1999 : GZ : adapting translation
06.xii.1999 : JAB : proofreading
13.xii.1999 : GC : tagging
22.xii.1999 : ER : proofreading SGML
22.xii.1999 : ER : converting to HTML 4.0
7.ix.2001 : ER : header and footer reformatted; substantive content of file not changed
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Inly, Bohdan
The Coca-Cola “Sprite Boy” first appeared in advertising in late 1942, and his main period of use ran through the 1940s into the early 1950s. He was a whimsical advertising mascot created by Coca-Cola to help consumers understand the difference between Coca-Cola (the drink) and “Coke” (the nickname). By the early 1940s, “Coke” was widely used in speech but not yet fully embraced in formal advertising. Sprite Boy’s job was to bridge that gap with charm and a wink.
Sprite Boy was created by Haddon Sundblom (the same illustrator who created the modern Santa Claus for Coca-Cola). He appears as “Bottle Cap” Sprite wearing a crownlike Coca-Cola cap, and “Soda Jerk” Sprite in a white fountain-service cap. Both versions emphasize Coca-Cola’s dual identity as a bottled drink and a soda fountain tradition. “Bottle Cap” Sprite appears frequently in travel themed ads, especially those celebrating roadside coolers, vending machines, and the expanding American highway culture.
Sprite Boy faded from national ads by the mid 1950s as “Coke” becomes fully normalized and no longer needs explanation.
[Source: Microsoft Copilot]
I edited her to make her look more like a bratz. You could say I normalized her:-).
I know I've really lacked on good photo's recently but I really don't seem to have the time! Tell me what you think on my first edit of a bratzilla. NAME SUGGESTIONS PLEASE,
Edited :
BOTH EYES -
Left - Darkened
Right - Used to be brown;-0
JOINTS
TATTOO
HAIR -
Darkened it, what girl has pink, black and white hair?
LIPS -
Omg, this was hard.
JEWLERY + HEADBAND -
Lightened the gold on them.
EYE MAKEUP.