View allAll Photos Tagged Multan
Visit of Multan.
Visits:
-Tomb of Shah Rukn-e-Alam
-Mausoleum of Baha-ud-Din Zakaria
-Ghanta Ghar Clock Tower
-Shah Shams Tabriz Complex.
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mausoleums_of_Multan
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomb_of_Shah_Rukn-e-Alam
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahauddin_Zakariya
Pottery in the Indian subcontinent has an ancient history and is one of the most tangible and iconic elements of regional art. Evidence of pottery has been found in the early settlements of Mehrgarh from the Indus Valley Civilisation. Today, it is a cultural art that is still practiced in India and Pakistan -though not such extensively as the modernization of living customs as effected this sector most.
This form of art is generally used nowadays to decorate the drawing or the living rooms where many of the articles of this craft are used extensively.
Few of the professionals from Karachi, Hala, Multan and other cities are of great skill and are so proficient that their workmanship is liked abroad as well and they export their product abroad which is a plus for this industry.
HISTORY FORTMINRO
God has blessed Fortminro with natural beauty. Northern areas of
Pakistan are famous because of their unique identification. And a
large numbers of Pakistani and feigners come there to enjoy these
beautiful places. And that’s why Pakistan earns a large amount. In
this context FORTMINRO is the beautiful place witch is called
“MURRE OF SOUTHERN PANJAB”. Fortminro is situated 186 Km from
the Multan city and 90 Km from D.G.Khan on the longer chain of Koh
Sulaiman with 6470 feet from surface of sea. Its height is nearly equal
to Murree. In summer its temperature is 16 to 30C and in winter its
down to –6 C. With the passage of time it is developing by administration.
Before 200 years, British army officer named “MINRO” discovered this place .
in that age its was just an army place and after that this place is names
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Part of a large photo album of 1930's India and areas now in modern day Pakistan. The photos were taken by a British Soldier (name not known) and capture the some of the final years of the British Empire in India, prior to independence in 1947 partitioning establishing modern day India and Pakistan.Many photos are named and many seem to be related to the Leicestershire Regiment . Album Cover below
The Muhurram Celebrations were in Multan City now modern day Pakistan.
School of Pharmacy, Hajvery University has organized a very knowledge worthy and successful one day scientific conference entitled “International Conference on Pharmaceutics and Neuropharmacology” on 24th April 2013 in collaboration with Department of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, UK and Pakistan Pharmacist Association. Funding body for this entire event was PPQP, National Talent Pool, Ministry of Education and Training, Government of Pakistan. In this conference, Hajvery University has brought together not only pharmacist community of Pakistan but also doctors. It has provided a platform to them to interact with each other for amelioration of health status of people. Two international and twenty national speakers has shared their original research work and their personal experiences with audience. International speakers from university of Cambridge, UK (Dr. Sohail Ejaz) and University of Eastern Philipine (Prof. Dr. Gerry Armor Camer) and national speakers from Hajvery University Lahore, University of Punjab Lahore, UVAS Lahore, University of Lahore, Shaukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital and Research Center Lahore, University of South Asia Lahore, Lahore College for Women University Lahore, Bhauddin Zakria University Multan and Islamia University Bahawalpur have presented their papers which is a record number of presenters, presenting their research work in a single day conference. A handsome number of participants from medical and health field have attended and highly appreciated the event management and Hajvery University in their remarks. This was an enormous International Conference in which Pharmaceutical industries were invited for the exhibition to promote their products and new research inventions which has contributed towards the awareness of community. Hajvery University (HU) is one of the leading Universities in Pakistan. HU is Chartered by Govt. Of Pakistan, Accredited by Higher Education Commission of Pakistan (HEC) and rated W category. HU is a progressive, Student Centric University, focused on offering rigorous, market driven courses in Business, Fashion, Engineering, Computer sciences, Textile Design, Media Studies, Economics, Commerce, Pharmacy & English For details: Web: www.hup.edu.pk, UAN: 042-111-777-007 Email: info@hup.edu.pk
Multan is considered as one of the ancient and historical city of the world famous for the tombs and shrines of Sufis and Oliya-e-ikrams. Multan is generally known as the “city of Sufis”, city of saints and also it is honored as “Madina Tul Oliya.” The very first name of the city which is available in the ancient books is Mooltan. The Multan is also famous for its sweets mangoes in all over the world. The city is full of masques and tombs; also the historical bazaars and many handcrafted products are available which is usually made by camel skins.
The people of Multan are sweet like cotton and mangoes because of the very huge production of cotton and mangoes in Multan. The Multan is also famous for its Sohan Halwa and its franchises are also in the European countries. The cotton of Multan is also famous in all over the world that’s why the cotton industry is much flourished in Multan. This is all due to the reason that Multan is situated on the bend created by five rivers of Punjab, the province of
Multan is considered as one of the ancient and historical city of the world famous for the tombs and shrines of Sufis and Oliya-e-ikrams. Multan is generally known as the “city of Sufis”, city of saints and also it is honored as “Madina Tul Oliya.” The very first name of the city which is available in the ancient books is Mooltan. The Multan is also famous for its sweets mangoes in all over the world. The city is full of masques and tombs; also the historical bazaars and many handcrafted products are available which is usually made by camel skins.
The people of Multan are sweet like cotton and mangoes because of the very huge production of cotton and mangoes in Multan. The Multan is also famous for its Sohan Halwa and its franchises are also in the European countries. The cotton of Multan is also famous in all over the world that’s why the cotton industry is much flourished in Multan. This is all due to the reason that Multan is situated on the bend created by five rivers of Punjab, the province of
The Multan Fort, a Pakistani military installation, was a landmark of Indian defence and architecture. It was built near the city of Multan, in Punjab province, on a hillock separated from the city by the Ravi River. The fort was destroyed by British forces during the British occupation of India.
The fort was notable both for its effectiveness as a defence installation and for its architecture. Contemporary reports put the walls of the fort at 40 to 70 feet (21 m) high and 6,800 feet (2 km) in circumference. The fort's 46 bastions included two flanking towers at each of the four gates (the De, Sikki, Hareri and Khizri Gates). A ditch 25 feet (7.6 m) deep and 40 feet (12 m) wide and an 18-foot (5.5 m) glacis protected the fort from intruders.
Within the fort stood a citadel flanked by 30 towers, enclosing mosques, a Hindu temple and a Khan's palace. The citadel was severely damaged by the battering it got from the guns of Maharaja Ranjit Singh in 1818.
The Fort was originally known as Katochgarh and is attributed to have been built by the Katoch Dynasty.
Mausoleum of Shah Rukn-e-Alam situated in Multan, the city of Saints. From whichever side the city is approached, the most prominent thing that can be seen from miles all around is a huge dome. The tomb is located on the southwest side of the Fort premises. the mausoleum is also of considerable archaeological value as its dome is reputed to be the second largest in the world. The mausoleum is built entirely of red brick, bounded with beams of shisham wood, which have now turned black after so many centuries. The whole of the exterior is elaborately ornamented with glazed tile panels, string-courses and battlements. Colors used are dark blue, azure, and white, contrasted with the deep red of the finely polished bricks.
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View of Multan.
Visits:
-Tomb of Shah Rukn-e-Alam
-Mausoleum of Baha-ud-Din Zakaria
-Ghanta Ghar Clock Tower
-Shah Shams Tabriz Complex.
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mausoleums_of_Multan
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomb_of_Shah_Rukn-e-Alam
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahauddin_Zakariya
A Pakistani woman shows new 500 (6.4 Euros) Rupee and 100 (1.3 Euros) Rupee currency notes released by State Bank of Pakistan. --- 11 Nov 2006, Multan , Pakistan ---
Multan, January 21, 2013 - the USAID Power Distribution Program with the collaboration of MEPCO, held an Energy Conservation Seminar Beaconhouse School System, Multan
The purpose of the seminar was to:
• Inform students about the USAID Power Distribution Program and the role of Distribution companies in Pakistan.
• Educate students and teachers about the effective energy saving methods they can apply at homes, schools and workplaces.
More than 1000 students along with principal & teachers attended the seminar & participated actively in the quiz session. For the better know how of the students regarding MEPCO & energy sector of Pakistan, a documentary was played during the seminar
AGAHI to address the gaps in media ethics and reporting on investigative journalism on terrorism financing, socio-economic issues, new media, anti-money laundering and safety training
Mishal Pakistan, a strategic communication policy design social enterprise in collaboration with the Center for International Media Ethics, Zigron Training, Center for Investigative Journalists in Bosnia-Sarajevo, Naya Jeevan launched “Agahi’’, an initiative which will increase the capacity of Investigative Journalism and Responsible Reporting at the Multan Press Club.
The programme covered areas such as; Investigative Journalism and Ethics, Anti-Money Laundering and Terrorist Organisation Funding, Journalism and Society “Millennium Development Goals’’, Reporting in Terrorism and Conflict, Social Media, Journalism and Safety Training. The sessions were designed to be interactive with the audience to improve the understanding related to investigative journalism and responsible reporting.
Agahi, aims to utilize institutionalized, sustainable media structures in Pakistan to raise the bar of journalistic standards through training to increasing responsible, balanced reporting and investigative journalism said Puruesh Chaudhary, CIME Ambassador to Pakistan and the Chief Strategy Officer to the project.
The session in Multan underscored the need for a joint code of conduct to agree upon basic guidelines for reporters and cameramen. Journalists proactively discussed the issues they face as the threats remain real. Journalists not only fear for their own safety but for the safety of their families and relatives as well. The basic problems highlighted were lack of training, non-supportive managements, little or no backup by editorial teams, unavailability of basic resources, pressure groups (criminal and commercial), and absence of a unified code of conduct.
Mishal Pakistan and Multan Press Club, signed a memorandum of understanding on capacity building and training initiatives earlier this year. The MoU envisages empowering the media by capacity building initiatives for the members of the Multan Press Club by creating learning platform through interactive workshops, seminars and courses in specific sectors.
The initiative is being carried in collaboration with the Press Clubs in Punjab, Sindh, Khyber Pukhtoonkhwa and Azad Jammu and Kashmir; in the series of interactions with the stakeholders a special Journalism Awards is being created to identify the most respectful and responsible journalists in investigative journalism said Amir Jahangir, Chief Executive Officer Mishal Pakistan.
Teresa Allen, representative for CIME joining the Multan Press Club journalists from California via video conference stressed on the need for continuous educational programmes for journalists in the field and the formulation of an Ethics Policy for the entire journalistic community.
Osama Bin Javaid, News Editor with DAWNNEWS highlighted that every day social issues that impact the community should be part of the news content. He further identified that the millennium development goals (MDGs) as the best tool that flags significance content development to Pakistan. The journalists discussed best practices for issues such as gender/social discrimination, health, education etc. The MDGs provide areas and in those areas specific entities to be investigated.
Asaf Akhtar, an expert in financial sector specializing in frauds and anti-money laundering gave firsthand knowledge on Anti-Money Laundering and Terrorist Organisation Funding techniques and methodologies while giving references to the abduction of Daniel Pearl, the cases of transactions through non-banking channels such hundi and the case of NICL.
The session on Investigative Journalism and Responsible Reporting dealt with the problem being faced by journalists in far-flung conflict areas that are not major cities and where the dynamics of investigation and threats are different. Pakistan remains the most dangerous place on earth for journalists. Dr. Kamran Akmal, representing Naya Jeevan a not-for-profit organization facilitating micro-healthcare instruments encouraged journalists to take precautionary measures while covering incidents and briefed them about basic life support.
The Agahi initiative plans to engage the journalists from other parts of the country as well and it will build the capacity of the press clubs and its members to undertake initiatives on investigative journalism for responsible reporting in Pakistan.
Multan, November 21, 2019: United States Agency for International Development (USAID) Mission Director Julie Koenen signed a tripartite MoU with Mundri Sheep Breeders Welfare Society and DG Khan Chamber of Commerce and Industry to formally launch the second phase of the Women Empowerment in South Punjab through Investment in Rural Economy (WEinSPIRE) during a three-day trip to Multan and Bahawalpur.
“The enterprising women of South Punjab, who have previously made WEinSPIRE successful in Bahawalpur have set an example for the resilient women of DG Khan. I am confident that with the support of our partners, the dynamic women entrepreneurs from DG Khan will become successful livestock farmers – contributing to their families, communities and the country,” said Mission Director Koenen.
Advisor to Chief Minister Punjab Sardar Ahmed Ali Khan Dareshak received the U.S. delegation highlighting the U.S.-Pakistan partnership and the potential that this program represents for women farmers in south Punjab.
WEinSPIRE is an initiative by the USAID’s Punjab Enabling Environment Project (PEEP) to support women livestock farmers that will be implemented over the next year. WEinSPIRE Bahawalpur trained 2,000 women in animal husbandry best practices, and provided loans through micro-finance institutions to over 35,000 women livestock farmers to start or expand their businesses.
book launcing ceremony of razi-ud-din razi,s book
right to left
bushra rehman,razi-ud-din razi,aasi karnali,aslam ansari,dr anwaar ahmad,samina irum sirla,anwar jamal,hussain sahar,abbas birmani,qamar raza shehzad,ali tanha,......,aziz ahmad khan,azhar saleem majoka,shakir hussain shakir
Multan City History
Multan is a city in south central Punjab province. It is built just east of the Chenab River. About 966 km from Karachi and more or less right in the center of the country lie the ancient city of Multan. Multan, the 'City of Pirs and Shrines' is a prosperous city of bazaars, mosques, shrines and superbly designed tombs.
A circular road around the rampart gave access to the city through thirteen gates. Some of the imposing structures of these gates are still preserved. In the bazaars of the Old City one still comes across tiny shops where craftsmen can be seen busy turning out master-pieces in copper, brass, silver as well as textiles in the traditional fashion.
The old city has narrow colorful bazaars full of local handicrafts and narrow winding lanes. There are many places of historical, cultural and recreational interest in the city.
Multan is a commercial and industrial center, it is connected by road a rail with Lahore and Karachi and by air with Karachi, Quetta, and Faisalabad. Industries include fertilizer, soap, and glass factories; foundries; cotton, woolen and silk textile mills; flour, sugar and oil mills; and a large thermal-power station. It is famous for its handicrafts (ceramics and camel-skin work) and cottage industries. There are hospitals, public gardens, and several colleges affiliated with the University of the Punjab. The University of Multan was established in 1975. Large, irregular suburbs have grown outside the old walled town, and two satellite towns have been set up. The numerous shrines within the old city offer impressive examples of workmanship and architecture.
The Shams-e Tabriz shrine is built
rashid aziz bhutta,chief editor news inter national network news agency pakistan,
email:daily_such@yahoo.com,
rashid_aziz786@hotmail.com,
mob no,03005578856
web site:www.seraikistan.org
Multan, Pakistan.
In Pakistan, it was an emotional meeting between the son and the mother after four years. While I was paddling somewhere in the mountains in Turkey on my birthday, my mum was fighting for her life in the hospital in Multan.
Mum's condition gradually improved after the surgery.
Originally from Multan, Maryam has lived in many places inside and outside of Pakistan as her father is in the military. She started as an intern here last October and works on the scaffolding, helping with the hands on work such as glaze stabilisation whereby silicon dioxide/liquid silica is injected into the wall to prevent further deterioration and help preserve the tiles. She graduated last year in Jewellery Design and Gemmology.
“I’ve always be interested in history, as a little kid I would read about it. Not just Pakistan’s history but about the whole world. My cousin works here and she was always telling me about the project and I thought, I want to be a part of this. It’s amazing, isn’t it? It’s a wall that’s hundreds of years old and thousands of craftsmen have worked on it. There are layers and layers and layers - the Mughals, the Sikhs, the British all added something to the wall and now its our turn to work on it. This is all the evidence we have left of a bygone era. To preserve it is a lesson I guess, a reminder that this used to exist.”
Multan City History
Multan is a city in south central Punjab province. It is built just east of the Chenab River. About 966 km from Karachi and more or less right in the center of the country lie the ancient city of Multan. Multan, the 'City of Pirs and Shrines' is a prosperous city of bazaars, mosques, shrines and superbly designed tombs.
A circular road around the rampart gave access to the city through thirteen gates. Some of the imposing structures of these gates are still preserved. In the bazaars of the Old City one still comes across tiny shops where craftsmen can be seen busy turning out master-pieces in copper, brass, silver as well as textiles in the traditional fashion.
The old city has narrow colorful bazaars full of local handicrafts and narrow winding lanes. There are many places of historical, cultural and recreational interest in the city.
Multan is a commercial and industrial center, it is connected by road a rail with Lahore and Karachi and by air with Karachi, Quetta, and Faisalabad. Industries include fertilizer, soap, and glass factories; foundries; cotton, woolen and silk textile mills; flour, sugar and oil mills; and a large thermal-power station. It is famous for its handicrafts (ceramics and camel-skin work) and cottage industries. There are hospitals, public gardens, and several colleges affiliated with the University of the Punjab. The University of Multan was established in 1975. Large, irregular suburbs have grown outside the old walled town, and two satellite towns have been set up. The numerous shrines within the old city offer impressive examples of workmanship and architecture.
The Shams-e Tabriz shrine is built
Mayadevi Temple also called Chhayadevi Temple is located in the Konark temple complex. This temple is dedicated to Godess Chayadevi, believed to have been on The temple facing east, consists of a sanctum (deul) and a porch (Jagamohana) standing over a raised platform, façade of which is relieved with ornamentation. The superstructures of the sanctum and porch are missing. The interior of the porch is notable for their sculptural treatment while the sanctum is devoid of any deity. Stylistically, the temple is assignable to circa late eleventh century AD.
________________________________________
Konark Sun Temple ([koɳarəkə]; also Konârak) is a 13th-century Sun Temple at Konark in Odisha, India. It is believed that the temple was built by king Narasimhadeva I of Eastern Ganga Dynasty around 1250 CE. The temple is in the shape of a gigantic chariot elaborately carved stone wheels, pillars and walls. A major part of the structure is now in ruins. The temple is a UNESCO World Heritage Site and has also featured on various list of Seven Wonders of India.
ETYMOLOGY
The name Konark derives from the combination of the Sanskrit words, Kona (corner) and Arka (sun), in reference to the temple which was dedicated to the Sun god Surya.
The monument was also called the Black Pagoda by European sailors. In contrast, the Jagannath Temple in Puri was called the White Pagoda. Both temples served as important landmarks for the sailors.
ACHITECTURE
The temple was originally built at the mouth of the river Chandrabhaga, but the waterline has receded since then. The temple has been built in the form of a giant ornamented chariot of the Sun god, Surya. It has twelve pairs of elaborately carved stone wheels which are 3 meters wide and is pulled by a set of seven horses (4 on the right and 3 on the left). The temple follows the traditional style of Kalinga architecture. It is carefully oriented towards the east so that the first rays of sunrise strikes the principal entrance. The temple is built from Khondalite rocks.
The original temple had a main sanctum sanctorum (vimana), which was supposedly 70 m tall. Due to the weight of the super structure and weak soil of the area the main vimana fell in 1837. The audience hall (Jagamohana), which is about 30 m tall, still stands and is the principal structure in the surviving ruins. Among the structures, which have survived to the current day, are the dance hall (Nata mandira) and dining hall (Bhoga mandapa).
The Konark temple is also known for its erotic sculptures of maithunas.
Two smaller ruined temples have been discovered nearby. One of them is called the Mayadevi Temple and is located southwest from the entrance of the main temple. It is presumed to have been dedicated to Mayadevi, one of the Sun god's wives. It has been dated to the late 11th century, earlier than the main temple. The other one belongs to some unknown Vaishnava deity. Sculptures of Balarama, Varaha and Trivikrama have been found at the site, indicating it to be a Vaishnavite temple. Both temples have their primary idols missing.
A collection of fallen sculptures can be viewed at the Konark Archaeological Museum which is maintained by the Archaeological Survey of India.
HISTORY
ANCIENT TEXTS
According to Bhavishya Purana and Samba Purana, there may have been a sun temple in the region earlier than current one, dating to the 9th century or earlier. The books mention three sun temples at Mundira (possibly Konark), Kalapriya (Mathura), and Multan.
According to the scriptures, Samba, the son of Krishna, was cursed with leprosy. He was advised by the sage, Kataka, to worship the sun god to cure his aliment. Samba underwent penance for 12 years in Mitravana near the shores of Chandrabhaga. Both the original Konark temple and the Multan temple have been attributed to Samba.
The Periplus of the Erythraean Sea (1st Century CE) mentions a port called Kainapara, which has been identified as current day Konark.
SUN DIAL AND TIME
The wheels of the temple are sundials which can be used to calculate time accurately to a minute including day and night.
SECOND TEMPLE
According to the Madala Panji, there was another temple in the region. It was built by one Pundara Kesari. He may have been Puranjaya, the 7th century ruler, of the Somavasmi Dynasty.
NARASIMHADEVA I
The current temple is attributed to Narasimhadeva I of the Eastern Ganga Dynasty. His reign spanned from 1238 to 1264 CE. The temple may have been a monument to his victory against Tughral Tughan Khan.
DHARMAPADA´S TALE
According to local folklore, Narasimhadeva I had hired a chief architect called Bisu Maharana to build the temple. After a period of twelve years, a workforce of twelve thousand almost finished the construction. But, they failed to mount the crown stone. The impatient king ordered the temple to be finished in three days or the artisans be put to death. At the time, Bisu Maharana's twelve-year-old son, Dharmapada arrived at the site. Bisu Maharana had never seen his son, as he had left his village when his wife was still pregnant. Dharmapada successfully proposed a solution to mount the crown stone. But, the artisans were still apprehensive that the king will be displeased to learn that a boy succeeded where his best artisans failed. Dharmapada climbed onto the temple and leapt into the water to save his father and his co-workers.
COLLAPSE
There have been several proposed theories for the collapse of the main sanctum. The date of the collapse is also not certain.
The Kenduli copper plates of Narasimha IV (Saka 1305 or 1384 CE) states the temple to be in a perfect state.
In the 16th century Ain-i-Akbari, Abul Fazl also mentions Konark being in a proper state. The account also mentions the cost of construction being 12 years of revenue.
The cause of collapse is also placed on Kalapahad who invaded Odisha in 1568.
In 1627, the then Raja of Khurda had removed the sun idol from Konark and moved it to the Jagannath temple in Puri.
James Fergusson (1808–1886) had the opinion that marshy foundation had caused the collapse. But, the structure has shown no sign of sinking into its foundation. Fergusson, who visited the temple in 1837, recorded a corner of the main sanctum still standing. It also fell down in 1848 due to a strong gale.
According to Percy Brown (1872–1955), the temple was not properly completed and so it collapsed. This contradicts earlier recorded accounts of the temple being in a proper state.
In 1929, an analysis of a moss covered rock estimated the date of abandonment at around 1573.
Other proposed causes include lightning and earthquake.
ARUNA STAMBHA
In the last quarter of the 18th century, when worship had ceased in the temple, the Aruna stambha (Aruna pillar) was removed from the entrance of Konark temple and placed at the Singha-dwara (Lion's Gate) of the Jagannath temple in Puri by a Maratha Brahmachari called Goswain (or Goswami). The pillar is made of monolithic chlorite and is 10.26 m tall . It is dedicated to Aruna, the charioteer of the Sun god.
PRESERVATION EFFORTS
In 1803, requests were made for conservations by the East India Marine Board, but only removal of stones from the site was prohibited by the Governor General. As a result, a part of the main tower, which was still standing, collapsed in 1848.
The then Raja of Khurda removed some stones and sculptures to use in a temple he was building in Puri. A few gateways and some sculptures were destroyed in the process. In 1838, after the depredation of the Raja of Khurda, Asiatic Society of Bengal requested conservation, but the requests were denied and only preventative of human-caused damages were guaranteed. The Raja was forbidden to remove any more stones.
In 1859, Asiatic Society of Bengal proposed moving an architrave depicting the navagraha to the Indian Museum in Calcutta. The first attempt in 1867 was abandoned as the funds ran out.
In 1894, thirteen sculptures were moved to the Indian Museum.
In 1903 when a major excavation was attempted nearby, the then Lieutenant governor of Bengal, J. A. Baurdilon, ordered the temple to be sealed and filled with sand to prevent the collapse of the Jagamohana.
In 1906, casuarina and punnang trees were planted facing the sea to buffer the site against sand-laden winds.
In 1909, the Mayadevi temple was discovered while removing sand and debris.
The temple was granted World Heritage Site status by the UNESCO in 1984.
WIKIPEDIAMayadevi Temple also called Chhayadevi Temple is located in the Konark temple complex. This temple is dedicated to Godess Chayadevi, believed to have been on The temple facing east, consists of a sanctum (deul) and a porch (Jagamohana) standing over a raised platform, façade of which is relieved with ornamentation. The superstructures of the sanctum and porch are missing. The interior of the porch is notable for their sculptural treatment while the sanctum is devoid of any deity. Stylistically, the temple is assignable to circa late eleventh century AD.e of the wives of Lord Surya.
________________________________________
Konark Sun Temple ([koɳarəkə]; also Konârak) is a 13th-century Sun Temple at Konark in Odisha, India. It is believed that the temple was built by king Narasimhadeva I of Eastern Ganga Dynasty around 1250 CE. The temple is in the shape of a gigantic chariot elaborately carved stone wheels, pillars and walls. A major part of the structure is now in ruins. The temple is a UNESCO World Heritage Site and has also featured on various list of Seven Wonders of India.
ETYMOLOGY
The name Konark derives from the combination of the Sanskrit words, Kona (corner) and Arka (sun), in reference to the temple which was dedicated to the Sun god Surya.
The monument was also called the Black Pagoda by European sailors. In contrast, the Jagannath Temple in Puri was called the White Pagoda. Both temples served as important landmarks for the sailors.
ACHITECTURE
The temple was originally built at the mouth of the river Chandrabhaga, but the waterline has receded since then. The temple has been built in the form of a giant ornamented chariot of the Sun god, Surya. It has twelve pairs of elaborately carved stone wheels which are 3 meters wide and is pulled by a set of seven horses (4 on the right and 3 on the left). The temple follows the traditional style of Kalinga architecture. It is carefully oriented towards the east so that the first rays of sunrise strikes the principal entrance. The temple is built from Khondalite rocks.
The original temple had a main sanctum sanctorum (vimana), which was supposedly 70 m tall. Due to the weight of the super structure and weak soil of the area the main vimana fell in 1837. The audience hall (Jagamohana), which is about 30 m tall, still stands and is the principal structure in the surviving ruins. Among the structures, which have survived to the current day, are the dance hall (Nata mandira) and dining hall (Bhoga mandapa).
The Konark temple is also known for its erotic sculptures of maithunas.
Two smaller ruined temples have been discovered nearby. One of them is called the Mayadevi Temple and is located southwest from the entrance of the main temple. It is presumed to have been dedicated to Mayadevi, one of the Sun god's wives. It has been dated to the late 11th century, earlier than the main temple. The other one belongs to some unknown Vaishnava deity. Sculptures of Balarama, Varaha and Trivikrama have been found at the site, indicating it to be a Vaishnavite temple. Both temples have their primary idols missing.
A collection of fallen sculptures can be viewed at the Konark Archaeological Museum which is maintained by the Archaeological Survey of India.
HISTORY
ANCIENT TEXTS
According to Bhavishya Purana and Samba Purana, there may have been a sun temple in the region earlier than current one, dating to the 9th century or earlier. The books mention three sun temples at Mundira (possibly Konark), Kalapriya (Mathura), and Multan.
According to the scriptures, Samba, the son of Krishna, was cursed with leprosy. He was advised by the sage, Kataka, to worship the sun god to cure his aliment. Samba underwent penance for 12 years in Mitravana near the shores of Chandrabhaga. Both the original Konark temple and the Multan temple have been attributed to Samba.
The Periplus of the Erythraean Sea (1st Century CE) mentions a port called Kainapara, which has been identified as current day Konark.
SUN DIAL AND TIME
The wheels of the temple are sundials which can be used to calculate time accurately to a minute including day and night.
SECOND TEMPLE
According to the Madala Panji, there was another temple in the region. It was built by one Pundara Kesari. He may have been Puranjaya, the 7th century ruler, of the Somavasmi Dynasty.
NARASIMHADEVA I
The current temple is attributed to Narasimhadeva I of the Eastern Ganga Dynasty. His reign spanned from 1238 to 1264 CE. The temple may have been a monument to his victory against Tughral Tughan Khan.
DHARMAPADA´S TALE
According to local folklore, Narasimhadeva I had hired a chief architect called Bisu Maharana to build the temple. After a period of twelve years, a workforce of twelve thousand almost finished the construction. But, they failed to mount the crown stone. The impatient king ordered the temple to be finished in three days or the artisans be put to death. At the time, Bisu Maharana's twelve-year-old son, Dharmapada arrived at the site. Bisu Maharana had never seen his son, as he had left his village when his wife was still pregnant. Dharmapada successfully proposed a solution to mount the crown stone. But, the artisans were still apprehensive that the king will be displeased to learn that a boy succeeded where his best artisans failed. Dharmapada climbed onto the temple and leapt into the water to save his father and his co-workers.
COLLAPSE
There have been several proposed theories for the collapse of the main sanctum. The date of the collapse is also not certain.
The Kenduli copper plates of Narasimha IV (Saka 1305 or 1384 CE) states the temple to be in a perfect state.
In the 16th century Ain-i-Akbari, Abul Fazl also mentions Konark being in a proper state. The account also mentions the cost of construction being 12 years of revenue.
The cause of collapse is also placed on Kalapahad who invaded Odisha in 1568.
In 1627, the then Raja of Khurda had removed the sun idol from Konark and moved it to the Jagannath temple in Puri.
James Fergusson (1808–1886) had the opinion that marshy foundation had caused the collapse. But, the structure has shown no sign of sinking into its foundation. Fergusson, who visited the temple in 1837, recorded a corner of the main sanctum still standing. It also fell down in 1848 due to a strong gale.
According to Percy Brown (1872–1955), the temple was not properly completed and so it collapsed. This contradicts earlier recorded accounts of the temple being in a proper state.
In 1929, an analysis of a moss covered rock estimated the date of abandonment at around 1573.
Other proposed causes include lightning and earthquake.
ARUNA STAMBHA
In the last quarter of the 18th century, when worship had ceased in the temple, the Aruna stambha (Aruna pillar) was removed from the entrance of Konark temple and placed at the Singha-dwara (Lion's Gate) of the Jagannath temple in Puri by a Maratha Brahmachari called Goswain (or Goswami). The pillar is made of monolithic chlorite and is 10.26 m tall . It is dedicated to Aruna, the charioteer of the Sun god.
PRESERVATION EFFORTS
In 1803, requests were made for conservations by the East India Marine Board, but only removal of stones from the site was prohibited by the Governor General. As a result, a part of the main tower, which was still standing, collapsed in 1848.
The then Raja of Khurda removed some stones and sculptures to use in a temple he was building in Puri. A few gateways and some sculptures were destroyed in the process. In 1838, after the depredation of the Raja of Khurda, Asiatic Society of Bengal requested conservation, but the requests were denied and only preventative of human-caused damages were guaranteed. The Raja was forbidden to remove any more stones.
In 1859, Asiatic Society of Bengal proposed moving an architrave depicting the navagraha to the Indian Museum in Calcutta. The first attempt in 1867 was abandoned as the funds ran out.
In 1894, thirteen sculptures were moved to the Indian Museum.
In 1903 when a major excavation was attempted nearby, the then Lieutenant governor of Bengal, J. A. Baurdilon, ordered the temple to be sealed and filled with sand to prevent the collapse of the Jagamohana.
In 1906, casuarina and punnang trees were planted facing the sea to buffer the site against sand-laden winds.
In 1909, the Mayadevi temple was discovered while removing sand and debris.
The temple was granted World Heritage Site status by the UNESCO in 1984.
WIKIPEDIA
"When a man sees his end he wants to know that there has been some purpose to his life." That line, delivered by the late actor Richard Harris in his role as Emperor Marcus Aurelius in the movie Gladiator, seems almost to define the Brian Lara we are seeing now in Pakistan.
It isn't just the runs, although any innings of substance from him is a sight to behold. His demolition of the potentially lethal Danish Kaneria, firstly in Lahore and now in Multan, are just a continuation of what he did to the legspinner in the Caribbean last year, although it is no less enjoyable to see such a champion daring to touch the heights of perfection in his quest for dominance over a respected opponent.
And it is not merely a parochial sort of enjoyment, restricted to West Indians, fiercely loyal Trinis and the die-hard brethren up in the gloriously lush surroundings of Cantaro. The fan who held up a placard nearing the end of the third day's play, advising that he had come from Saudi Arabia to see Lara at his best is the personification of that pure appreciation of a maestro at the height of his game.
No doubt he and most of the spectators at the Multan Cricket Stadium would like to see the home team do well, but in the same way that Caribbean fans down the years have surged through the gates to see the visiting champions in full flow, while at the same time willing their team to victory, Lara's batsmanship is an experience that transcends the petty boundaries of nationalism and it would have left them with an empty feeling had he completed his final tour of Pakistan without leaving a lasting impression.
His last two innings have put those fears to rest, but it is the combination of serenity and paternalism that have offered a different complexion to his leadership - as captain and premier batsman - in this series. As always, it is a perilous exercise to read too much into what is picked up off the television screen or gleaned from interviews, but Lara's overall demeanour seems to be that of a man increasingly at peace with himself and ever more comfortable with the role as mentor and father figure in the last years of a long and outstanding career.
From turning his back on Dwayne Bravo after his careless dismissal on the opening day of the series to constantly cajoling, advising and even openly coaching him during the course of a record-breaking fifth-wicket partnership yesterday, Lara is looking way beyond his own personal ambitions, even though he still has new frontiers to conquer.
There may be a collective responsibility in making the decision, but it is almost beyond question that the dropping of Ramnaresh Sarwan for this second Test was primarily a move by Lara to send a clear and equivocal message to his heir apparent that he cannot continue to play fast and loose with such abundant talent and expect to escape unscathed.
Maybe it's a case of the pot calling the kettle black, given that when Lara was 26 years old, as Sarwan is now, he was in the throes of arguably his most turbulent year in the game, a period that included walking out on the squad during the tour of England, choosing at the very last minute not to tour Australia and then issuing a public front-page apology in a local newspaper for his conduct at the end of the 1996 World Cup campaign on the Indian subcontinent.
But only a fool allows others to commit the same mistakes that he has, and while it can be argued that he is only selfishly trying to polish up his image for the sake of posterity, it is more productive to welcome Lara's approach in his third term as captain as better late than never, and as a chance to belatedly instill the lessons that he would have benefited from in earlier days. One of those lessons is that cricket has given him more opportunities in life than he could have ever dreamed of, and that it is up to the likes of Sarwan and others to make the most of chances they would never have gotten otherwise.
Far from ruining his life (he has since conceded that the comment made in 1995 was ill-advised and came in the midst of his own inability to cope with the fame and fortune of his world record feats), cricket has been his saviour, and really his only fear now is to be remembered as an outrageously gifted man who disrespected the game and used it for his own ends.
That is probably why Lara's batting milestones so far in this series have been acknowledged, not with exuberance and clenched fists, but with an almost polite reluctance, as if to say his achievement is just a piece of a much bigger picture. There have been, so far, no fiery verbal confrontations, just a quiet serenity that breaks into the occasional smile, whether touching gloves in mid-pitch or smashing another six over long on.
Age does indeed bring wisdom, and it is up to Lara's younger teammates to absorb all that they can from this seasoned gladiator, even as he continues to delight us all by the manner in which he wields his scything blade .
Fazeer Mohammad cricinfo.
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