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Saab’s Rapid 3D Mapping solution provides a tactical advantage by enabling the rapid generation and production of highly detailed three-dimensional maps of the actual terrain.
Mapping workshop in Nakhon, Kassena Nankana District - Ghana.
Photo by Axel Fassio/CIFOR
If you use one of our photos, please credit it accordingly and let us know. You can reach us through our Flickr account or at: cifor-mediainfo@cgiar.org and m.edliadi@cgiar.org
This rare and lovingly coloured map – drawn and engraved by J Dower c1850-1854 – has a common spelling error. The misspelling of Van ‘Dieman’s’ Land crept into maps, artworks, and books published in the 19th century.
The map also includes a helpful statistic for prospective emigrants – ’The estimated average importation of convicts into Van Diemans Land is 1,709 per annum.’ (Though the total number of convicts transported in that year was closer to 2,527).
Find this item: stors.tas.gov.au/ILS/SD_ILS-1338075
Tasmanian Archives and State Library of Tasmania heritage images may be freely used for research or private study purposes. They may also be shared on private websites or blogs. When using or sharing the images please ensure that a clear attribution is included. For commercial use, please contact the State Library and Archives Service libraries.tas.gov.au/how-to/Pages/writers-publishers.aspx
Participants captured at the World Economic Forum on ASEAN in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, June 2, 2016. Copyright by World Economic Forum / Sikarin Fon Thanachaiary
Sebastian Munster - Tabula novarum insularum, Quas Diversis Respectibus Occidentales & Indianas uocant.
"A cartographic milestone by Sebastian Munster that is noted for a number of firsts:
* It is earliest collectible map which shows the recently discovered Western Hemisphere.
* The map names the Pacific Ocean, Mare pacificum.
* The large island of Zipangri, here seen just off the coast of California, is one of the earliest attempts to depict Japan on a map.
* This map clearly depicts the New World as a distinct insular landmass and clearly shows the continuity between North and South America.
* This map's inclusion in Munster's Cosmography, first published in 1544, (a widely read book along with the Geography from 1540) helped to seal the fate of America as the name for the New World.
The flags of Spain and Portugal fly over their respective possessions in the Caribbean and South Atlantic. The large galleon sailing west in the Pacific is a representation of Magellan's ship Victoria, the first to circumnavigate the world. The flags of Spain and Portugal fly over their respective possessions in the Caribbean and South Atlantic. North America is almost separated by an inland sea reflecting Verazanno's voyage of 1524 in which he incorrectly assumed that Pimlico Sound, across the Outer Banks, was actually the Pacific Ocean. This depiction of the supposed Verazzano Sea extending through North America to within a short distance of the Atlantic helped to perpetuate the belief that a route could easily be found across the new continent to the rich Spice Islands of the east. This misconception helped to stimulate further exploration of the region. Munster's imaginative drawing of "canbali" in the area of present day Brazil shows the European fascination with reports of cannibalism. Besides Zipangri are the "Archipelagus 7448 insularum", the 7,448 island off the coast of Asia that Marco Polo refers to in his book and the same islands that Christopher Columbus thought he had reached in 1492.
Munster's map was widely considered to be the standard map of the Americas until the publication of Ortelius' Americas map in 1570."
Info from mapmogul.com/catalog/product_info.php+manufacturers_id+15...
This choropleth map is part of a series that were made for CIFAS, the UK’s fraud prevention service. All the maps were styled consistently so that they compliment each other and they were published in Fraudscape: a report analysing fraud in 2012.
Alsea Falls Recreation Area is nestled along the South Fork Alsea River National Back Country Byway, between the small communities of Alsea and Alpine. The Alsea Falls Recreation Area offers 16 overnight camp sites and 22 day use sites along the pristine South Fork Alsea River that is located in a lush coastal forest. The campground offers potable water, tent pads, fire rings, picnic tables, and vault toilets. The day use area offers potable water, BBQ grills, picnic tables, and vault toilets. The Alsea Falls Recreation Area also offers hiking trails that will provide you with a scenic hike through the forest and several waterfalls.
The Alsea Falls Trail System and Fall Creek Trailhead is located within minutes from the campground by bike. For more information call 503-375-5646.
Pre-game shots at Dillon Memorial Stadium in Dillon, South Carolina in Dillon County. The Dillon Wildcats defeated the Latta Vikings 49 - 0 on September 9, 2019.
Moderne Kameras bieten heute eine stufenlose Dynamikbereichskorrektur an, die eigentlich ganz gut funktioniert. Die Kamera, egal ob in manuellem oder einem Automatikmodus ausgelöst, beaufschlagt dann intern einfach zu dunkle Bildbereiche mit einem höheren ISO-Wert, resp. dem Helligkeits- und leider auch dem Rauschäquivalent des entspr. höheren ISO-Wertes. Das macht sie dynamisch, je nachdem wie sie eine Szene einschätzt und welche Stufe der Nutzer vorwählt.
Im Grunde mache ich hier nichts anderes. Ich belichte zuerst im Histogramm relativ weit nach links, bzw. ausschließlich für die hellen Bildbereiche. Dann später am Computer reiße ich einfach nach Lust und Laune oder Bedarf die Tiefen auf, um so einen insgesamt genehmen, der Dynamik eines modernen Monitors angemessenen Bildeindruck zu vermitteln. Besonders bei dynamisch sehr delikaten Szenen, etwa im Gegenlicht, an Sonnentagen im Wald oder eben in engen schattigen Gassen, mit den jeweils sehr grellen Sonnenlichtspotts, ist diese Technik das Mittel der Wahl. Alles was man nachträglich aufhellt ist nicht schlechter, als hätte man es zuvor bei gleicher Belichtungszeit, aber einem entspr. höheren ISO-Wert fotografiert. Würde man mittig oder gar rechts belichten, so hätte man sich sehr wohl bessere Tiefen erkauft, aber nur um den Preis von ausgebrannten Lichtspots. Genau das gilt es aber zu vermeiden, möchte man aus einem RAW die mögliche Sensordynamik umfänglich nutzen, ohne zuviel Qualität in den Tiefen einzubüßen und diese Technik reicht heute auch für die meisten Situationen. Sie hat darüber noch den Vorteil, dass man etwaige Verwackler durch längeres Rechtsbelichten vermeidet.
Da hier ja wegen der unberechenbaren Lichtverteilung in den Motiven auch ein Verlaufsfilter überfordert wäre, hätte man früher bei diesem schwierigem Licht noch Belichtungsreihen gebraucht, so man denn abgeschnittene Höhen und Tiefen hätte vermeiden wollen, weiße und schwarze Bereiche in einem tolerablen Rahmen können ja auch ein Stilmittel sein. Aber seit ein paar Jahren, seit es iso-invariante Sensoren gibt, die die Signalwandlung noch vor der Signalverstärkung auf dem Sensor implementiert haben, sind Belichtungsreihen weitgehend obsolet, da man beim händischen, nachträglichen Nachbelichten nicht länger Gefahr läuft, das Verstärkerrauschen mit aufzuziehen und damit zu potentieren. Allerdings ist das stark vereinfacht dargestellt, denn es gibt noch andere Störquellen in jedem Prozessschritt von der Fotozelle bis zur fertigen RAW-Datei.
Es ist trotzdem zumindest näherungsweise möglich, von der Postproductiongängigkeit und Tone Mapping Toleranz einer RAW-Datei auf die Qualität eines Sensors und Bildprozessors zu schließen. Es gibt im Sensorlayout wohl immer Zielkonflikte zwischen einem guten Signalrauschabstand und hohem Basis-ISO-Dynamikumfang, guter Hoch-ISO-Stabilität für den Sport und der entspr. Auslesegeschwindigkeit, die ja bei Sportkameras auch nicht ohne ist und ebenfalls thermische Frickeleien macht. Wenn man mit 4k über die ganze Sensordiagonale filmen, 10 Bilder in der Sekunde bei immerhin gut 40MP auslesen, 15 Stops Basisdynamikumfang haben und trotzdem bei ISO6400 noch verwertbare Bilder erhalten will, dann fordert das eine Fab ganz schön heraus, dann wird die Produktion eines Sensors schnell sehr, sehr teuer und aufwändig.
Oder man macht es einfach wie Canon. Man verbaut wesentlich schlechtere Sensoren, die nur einen Bruchteil kosten, dafür um Potenzen mehr ausgemappte Defekte mitbringen und macht dann alles über die 'Skintones' und 'Menues' wieder gut. Das kann man tun, wenn der Markt es mit sich machen lässt. Ja, man wäre vielleicht sogar blöde, würde man das Geld der Shareholder in zu guten Sensoren verbrennen, die der Markt augenscheinlich gar nicht vermisst oder einfordert. Gute Sensoren sind was für Toycams wie meine.
Share Mind Mapping with friends, family & colleagues with this FREE "Try Mind Mapping" example Mind Map.
A FREE promotional pack is available in Word & PDF containing an A4 poster, A5 Big Bookmarks with space to make notes, perhaps even for adding keywords if a Mind Map is going to be created of a book, standard Bookmarks, plus a postcard sized version.
Download a free copy here: www.mindmapinspiration.co.uk/#/try-mind-mapping/4532486456
You can subscribe to the Mind Map Inspiration Blog to receive new Mind Maps at www.mindmapinspiration.com/ and follow me on Twitter @mindmapdrawer twitter.com/mindmapdrawer
Also available: E-Books designed to help you create stylish and artistic mind maps of your own - visit the Mind Map Inspiration Website for more details: www.mindmapinspiration.co.uk/
Chuck Frey, the author of the MIndmapping Software Blog, published rencently an article entitled " The Future of Mind Mapping Software". It summarizes the essential fratures that should be incorporated in tomorrow's mind mapping software. I found this article very interesting and mindmapped the article's 7 key points. I used iMindmap V3, a really powerful Mind Mapping Software to create the Mind Map.
Infographic of Science Hack Day SF project:
Grassroots Mapping
Balloons! Many feet in the air! Cameras strapped to them! Photo stitching! Aerial map!
blog.edenisawesomeawwwwyeah.com/2010/11/15/grassroots-map...
Hackers:
Stephanie Vacher
Eden Sherry
Paul Mison
Brett Heliker
I brought my camera with me coz it was a good day to shoot..
I had errands to finish.. and I was looking for subjects... and it was traffic! so I experimented shooting inside my car!..
This is what I got... ^_^
3 shots handheld...
HDR using a Canon 7D and Tokina 11-16mm F2.8 lens. AEB +/-3 total of 7 exposures at F8. Processed with Photomatix.
High-dynamic-range imaging (HDRI) is a high dynamic range (HDR) technique used in imaging and photography to reproduce a greater dynamic range of luminosity than is possible with standard digital imaging or photographic techniques. The aim is to present a similar range of luminance to that experienced through the human visual system. The human eye, through adaptation of the iris and other methods, adjusts constantly to adapt to a broad range of luminance present in the environment. The brain continuously interprets this information so that a viewer can see in a wide range of light conditions.
HDR images can represent a greater range of luminance levels than can be achieved using more 'traditional' methods, such as many real-world scenes containing very bright, direct sunlight to extreme shade, or very faint nebulae. This is often achieved by capturing and then combining several different, narrower range, exposures of the same subject matter. Non-HDR cameras take photographs with a limited exposure range, referred to as LDR, resulting in the loss of detail in highlights or shadows.
The two primary types of HDR images are computer renderings and images resulting from merging multiple low-dynamic-range (LDR) or standard-dynamic-range (SDR) photographs. HDR images can also be acquired using special image sensors, such as an oversampled binary image sensor.
Due to the limitations of printing and display contrast, the extended luminosity range of an HDR image has to be compressed to be made visible. The method of rendering an HDR image to a standard monitor or printing device is called tone mapping. This method reduces the overall contrast of an HDR image to facilitate display on devices or printouts with lower dynamic range, and can be applied to produce images with preserved local contrast (or exaggerated for artistic effect).
In photography, dynamic range is measured in exposure value (EV) differences (known as stops). An increase of one EV, or 'one stop', represents a doubling of the amount of light. Conversely, a decrease of one EV represents a halving of the amount of light. Therefore, revealing detail in the darkest of shadows requires high exposures, while preserving detail in very bright situations requires very low exposures. Most cameras cannot provide this range of exposure values within a single exposure, due to their low dynamic range. High-dynamic-range photographs are generally achieved by capturing multiple standard-exposure images, often using exposure bracketing, and then later merging them into a single HDR image, usually within a photo manipulation program). Digital images are often encoded in a camera's raw image format, because 8-bit JPEG encoding does not offer a wide enough range of values to allow fine transitions (and regarding HDR, later introduces undesirable effects due to lossy compression).
Any camera that allows manual exposure control can make images for HDR work, although one equipped with auto exposure bracketing (AEB) is far better suited. Images from film cameras are less suitable as they often must first be digitized, so that they can later be processed using software HDR methods.
In most imaging devices, the degree of exposure to light applied to the active element (be it film or CCD) can be altered in one of two ways: by either increasing/decreasing the size of the aperture or by increasing/decreasing the time of each exposure. Exposure variation in an HDR set is only done by altering the exposure time and not the aperture size; this is because altering the aperture size also affects the depth of field and so the resultant multiple images would be quite different, preventing their final combination into a single HDR image.
An important limitation for HDR photography is that any movement between successive images will impede or prevent success in combining them afterwards. Also, as one must create several images (often three or five and sometimes more) to obtain the desired luminance range, such a full 'set' of images takes extra time. HDR photographers have developed calculation methods and techniques to partially overcome these problems, but the use of a sturdy tripod is, at least, advised.
Some cameras have an auto exposure bracketing (AEB) feature with a far greater dynamic range than others, from the 3 EV of the Canon EOS 40D, to the 18 EV of the Canon EOS-1D Mark II. As the popularity of this imaging method grows, several camera manufactures are now offering built-in HDR features. For example, the Pentax K-7 DSLR has an HDR mode that captures an HDR image and outputs (only) a tone mapped JPEG file. The Canon PowerShot G12, Canon PowerShot S95 and Canon PowerShot S100 offer similar features in a smaller format.. Nikon's approach is called 'Active D-Lighting' which applies exposure compensation and tone mapping to the image as it comes from the sensor, with the accent being on retaing a realistic effect . Some smartphones provide HDR modes, and most mobile platforms have apps that provide HDR picture taking.
Camera characteristics such as gamma curves, sensor resolution, noise, photometric calibration and color calibration affect resulting high-dynamic-range images.
Color film negatives and slides consist of multiple film layers that respond to light differently. As a consequence, transparent originals (especially positive slides) feature a very high dynamic range
Tone mapping
Tone mapping reduces the dynamic range, or contrast ratio, of an entire image while retaining localized contrast. Although it is a distinct operation, tone mapping is often applied to HDRI files by the same software package.
Several software applications are available on the PC, Mac and Linux platforms for producing HDR files and tone mapped images. Notable titles include
Adobe Photoshop
Aurora HDR
Dynamic Photo HDR
HDR Efex Pro
HDR PhotoStudio
Luminance HDR
MagicRaw
Oloneo PhotoEngine
Photomatix Pro
PTGui
Information stored in high-dynamic-range images typically corresponds to the physical values of luminance or radiance that can be observed in the real world. This is different from traditional digital images, which represent colors as they should appear on a monitor or a paper print. Therefore, HDR image formats are often called scene-referred, in contrast to traditional digital images, which are device-referred or output-referred. Furthermore, traditional images are usually encoded for the human visual system (maximizing the visual information stored in the fixed number of bits), which is usually called gamma encoding or gamma correction. The values stored for HDR images are often gamma compressed (power law) or logarithmically encoded, or floating-point linear values, since fixed-point linear encodings are increasingly inefficient over higher dynamic ranges.
HDR images often don't use fixed ranges per color channel—other than traditional images—to represent many more colors over a much wider dynamic range. For that purpose, they don't use integer values to represent the single color channels (e.g., 0-255 in an 8 bit per pixel interval for red, green and blue) but instead use a floating point representation. Common are 16-bit (half precision) or 32-bit floating point numbers to represent HDR pixels. However, when the appropriate transfer function is used, HDR pixels for some applications can be represented with a color depth that has as few as 10–12 bits for luminance and 8 bits for chrominance without introducing any visible quantization artifacts.
History of HDR photography
The idea of using several exposures to adequately reproduce a too-extreme range of luminance was pioneered as early as the 1850s by Gustave Le Gray to render seascapes showing both the sky and the sea. Such rendering was impossible at the time using standard methods, as the luminosity range was too extreme. Le Gray used one negative for the sky, and another one with a longer exposure for the sea, and combined the two into one picture in positive.
Mid 20th century
Manual tone mapping was accomplished by dodging and burning – selectively increasing or decreasing the exposure of regions of the photograph to yield better tonality reproduction. This was effective because the dynamic range of the negative is significantly higher than would be available on the finished positive paper print when that is exposed via the negative in a uniform manner. An excellent example is the photograph Schweitzer at the Lamp by W. Eugene Smith, from his 1954 photo essay A Man of Mercy on Dr. Albert Schweitzer and his humanitarian work in French Equatorial Africa. The image took 5 days to reproduce the tonal range of the scene, which ranges from a bright lamp (relative to the scene) to a dark shadow.
Ansel Adams elevated dodging and burning to an art form. Many of his famous prints were manipulated in the darkroom with these two methods. Adams wrote a comprehensive book on producing prints called The Print, which prominently features dodging and burning, in the context of his Zone System.
With the advent of color photography, tone mapping in the darkroom was no longer possible due to the specific timing needed during the developing process of color film. Photographers looked to film manufacturers to design new film stocks with improved response, or continued to shoot in black and white to use tone mapping methods.
Color film capable of directly recording high-dynamic-range images was developed by Charles Wyckoff and EG&G "in the course of a contract with the Department of the Air Force". This XR film had three emulsion layers, an upper layer having an ASA speed rating of 400, a middle layer with an intermediate rating, and a lower layer with an ASA rating of 0.004. The film was processed in a manner similar to color films, and each layer produced a different color. The dynamic range of this extended range film has been estimated as 1:108. It has been used to photograph nuclear explosions, for astronomical photography, for spectrographic research, and for medical imaging. Wyckoff's detailed pictures of nuclear explosions appeared on the cover of Life magazine in the mid-1950s.
Late 20th century
Georges Cornuéjols and licensees of his patents (Brdi, Hymatom) introduced the principle of HDR video image, in 1986, by interposing a matricial LCD screen in front of the camera's image sensor, increasing the sensors dynamic by five stops. The concept of neighborhood tone mapping was applied to video cameras by a group from the Technion in Israel led by Dr. Oliver Hilsenrath and Prof. Y.Y.Zeevi who filed for a patent on this concept in 1988.
In February and April 1990, Georges Cornuéjols introduced the first real-time HDR camera that combined two images captured by a sensor3435 or simultaneously3637 by two sensors of the camera. This process is known as bracketing used for a video stream.
In 1991, the first commercial video camera was introduced that performed real-time capturing of multiple images with different exposures, and producing an HDR video image, by Hymatom, licensee of Georges Cornuéjols.
Also in 1991, Georges Cornuéjols introduced the HDR+ image principle by non-linear accumulation of images to increase the sensitivity of the camera: for low-light environments, several successive images are accumulated, thus increasing the signal to noise ratio.
In 1993, another commercial medical camera producing an HDR video image, by the Technion.
Modern HDR imaging uses a completely different approach, based on making a high-dynamic-range luminance or light map using only global image operations (across the entire image), and then tone mapping the result. Global HDR was first introduced in 19931 resulting in a mathematical theory of differently exposed pictures of the same subject matter that was published in 1995 by Steve Mann and Rosalind Picard.
On October 28, 1998, Ben Sarao created one of the first nighttime HDR+G (High Dynamic Range + Graphic image)of STS-95 on the launch pad at NASA's Kennedy Space Center. It consisted of four film images of the shuttle at night that were digitally composited with additional digital graphic elements. The image was first exhibited at NASA Headquarters Great Hall, Washington DC in 1999 and then published in Hasselblad Forum, Issue 3 1993, Volume 35 ISSN 0282-5449.
The advent of consumer digital cameras produced a new demand for HDR imaging to improve the light response of digital camera sensors, which had a much smaller dynamic range than film. Steve Mann developed and patented the global-HDR method for producing digital images having extended dynamic range at the MIT Media Laboratory. Mann's method involved a two-step procedure: (1) generate one floating point image array by global-only image operations (operations that affect all pixels identically, without regard to their local neighborhoods); and then (2) convert this image array, using local neighborhood processing (tone-remapping, etc.), into an HDR image. The image array generated by the first step of Mann's process is called a lightspace image, lightspace picture, or radiance map. Another benefit of global-HDR imaging is that it provides access to the intermediate light or radiance map, which has been used for computer vision, and other image processing operations.
21st century
In 2005, Adobe Systems introduced several new features in Photoshop CS2 including Merge to HDR, 32 bit floating point image support, and HDR tone mapping.
On June 30, 2016, Microsoft added support for the digital compositing of HDR images to Windows 10 using the Universal Windows Platform.
HDR sensors
Modern CMOS image sensors can often capture a high dynamic range from a single exposure. The wide dynamic range of the captured image is non-linearly compressed into a smaller dynamic range electronic representation. However, with proper processing, the information from a single exposure can be used to create an HDR image.
Such HDR imaging is used in extreme dynamic range applications like welding or automotive work. Some other cameras designed for use in security applications can automatically provide two or more images for each frame, with changing exposure. For example, a sensor for 30fps video will give out 60fps with the odd frames at a short exposure time and the even frames at a longer exposure time. Some of the sensor may even combine the two images on-chip so that a wider dynamic range without in-pixel compression is directly available to the user for display or processing.
Participants during the during the Session: "Mapping the World" at the World Economic Forum - Annual Meeting of the New Champions in Dalian, People's Republic of China, July 1, 2019. Copyright by World Economic Forum / Jakob Polacsek
MAPPING NATURAL AND UNNATURAL DISASTERS
The Notary Public (Erika Hennebury and Laura Nanni)
The Notary Public invite audiences to explore the secret emotional topography of our city. Our approach to psychogeography takes, from the participating viewers, a sampling of fragile and often hilarious incidents and physically imprints them on a map of the city where we are; highlighting a complex web of human interactions. Negotiating with a projected image, audiences are invited to physcially deposit their own personal memories and interactions on a living landscape of Toronto using a legend that indicates sites of mishap, phenomenas of love and landmarks of our everyday lives to create a new urban cartography.
Olajumoke Adekeye, Founder The Young Business Agency, Nigeria, speaking during the Session "Mapping Data Dominance" at the Annual Meeting 2019 of the World Economic Forum in Davos, January 24, 2019. Congress Centre - Situation Room.Copyright by World Economic Forum / Ciaran McCrickard
Testing mobile mapping of carbon-dixoide (CO2) in cities using the prototype DIYSCO2 sensor on car-sharing vehicles.
Part of album Urban CO2 Emission Mapping.
This method to map carbon dioxide emissions using mobile sensors on vehicles is described in: Lee J.K., Christen A., Ketler R., Nesic Z. (2017): 'A mobile sensor network to map carbon dioxide emissions in urban environments'. Atmospheric Measurement Techniques, doi:10.5194/amt-2016-200.
Hallway wall-painting at Charles Correa's Jawahar Kala Kendra in Jaipur, designed in 1993. Each of it's 9 enclosed sections is named after a planet and display a variety of textiles, crafts, weapons, etc.
© Villagers of Tecknaf, Bangladesh
Published in: Community Eye Health Journal Vol. 26 No. 82 2013 www.cehjournal.org
Testing mobile CO2 Mapping in cities using the prototype DIYSCO2 sensor on car-sharing vehicles.
Part of album Urban CO2 Emission Mapping.
This method to map carbon dioxide emissions using mobile sensors on vehicles is described in: Lee J.K., Christen A., Ketler R., Nesic Z. (2017): 'A mobile sensor network to map carbon dioxide emissions in urban environments'. Atmospheric Measurement Techniques, doi:10.5194/amt-2016-200.