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Westclox Manufacturing Plant in the Westclox Manufacturing Plant Historic District, Peru, IL (originally c. 1885, major expansion c. 1920). Westclox was founded as the United Clock Company in 1885 by Charles Stahlberg. Stalberg and other founders came to Peru from Waterbury, Connecticut. Stahlberg had identified a technological innovation for watches and wanted to start his own brand to take advantage of it. However, shortly after its founding, the company went bankrupt. In 1887, it was reorganized as the Western Clock Company. It again went bankrupt, and was purchased by F. W. Matthiessen in 1888 as the Western Clock Manufacturing Company. The company finally hit its stride, and in 1908, it patented its most famous clock--the Big Ben. The design fused the case with the alarm bell, allowing faster manufacture. It was the first alarm clock sold nationally. The company's name was shortened back to the Western Clock Company in 1912. "Westclox" began appearing on the backs of alarm clocks in 1910, and became a popular nickname for the company. In 1916, the company officially adopted the name. The company was incorporated in 1912, and in 1931, it merged with the Seth Thomas Clock Company. The consolidated companies became a division of the General Time Corporation. Shortly before World War II, the company introduced a portable version of the alarm clock. During the war, they made aviation instrumentation and compasses for the Army. From 1942 to 1945, Westclox exclusively produced for the war effort. In 1959, they introduced the first electric alarm clock which was also the first to include a "snooze" function. Quartz movements were introduced in 1972. Operations ceased at the plant in 1980. Salton, Inc. acquired the rights to the name during a bankruptcy organization in 2001. The name was sold to NYL Holdings in 2007.
A fire broke out at this factory on January 1, 2012, destroying over 25% of the factory. Two teenagers were charged with aggravated arson.
Manufactured by Franke & Heidecke, Braunschweig, Germany
Model: c. 1947, Type K4B2 = Model 3, (produced between 1945-1949)
all Rolleiflex Automat produced between 1937-1956
according to Rolleiclub
TLR film camera, film: 120 roll (B2), picture size 6x6cm
Taking lens: Schneider-Kreuznach Xenar 75mm f/3,5 filter size: Bayonet I, serial no.1987202
Franke & Heidecke Braunschweig engravings under taking lens
Aperture: f/3.5 - f/22 setting: via a thumb wheel between the lenses, scale in the small indicator window, on top of the lens plate
Finder lens: Heidoscop Anastigmat f/2,8 75mm
Focus range: 0.85-20m +inf
Focusing: matte glass screen, via a big knob on the left side of the camera, w/ distance and DOF scales
Viewfinder: waist level finder, opens by a latch on the back, w/ magnifying loop and sports eye level magnifier.
For using the latter, there is a reflector in the hood and opens by a small knob on the left side of the finder,
Shutter: Compur - Rapid, speeds: 1 - 1/250 +T & B,
setting: via a thumb wheel between the lenses, scale in the small indicator window, on top of the lens plate
Cocking lever: also winds the film, on the right side, with auto double exposure prevention, you must return the lever to its resting position after the cocking for making the next cocking
Shutter release: on the left lower front corner of the camera, w/ a locking cap
Cable release socket: on the right lower front corner of the camera
Frame counter: auto reset, above the winding lever, not works without the film in the camera
Self-timer: on the left upper corner of the camera
Back cover: hinged, also removable with bottom plate by latches on the sides, w/ exposure guide table, opens by a latch on the bottom of the camera
Film loading: insert the take-up spool into the upper side by pulling-out the knob right upper side of the camera, then insert the film into the lower side, move the film leader under the chrome cylinder and pull and insert to the take-up spool; close the cover and turn the cocking lever untill number 1 seen in the frame counter window
Tripod socket: 3/8''; Strap lugs
Body: metal; Weight: 928g
Engravings beneath the Rolleiflex logo: D.R.P. and serial no.1079399
(D.R.P. means Deutsches Reichs Patent stating that this design or part of it was patented sometime between 1890-1945)
The camera could be used with Rolleikin I to use 35mm film or with the special glass plate film adapter. More info:
Kitchen - New manufactured home on display at the 2014 Tunica Show. 3 Bedroom / 2 Bath, 32x80, Approx. 2280 Sq. Ft. DV-80324
For more information or to see other models of Deer Valley homes, contact Cumberland Homes at CumberlandHomes.mhvillage.com
Recueil factice non daté. Pagination discontinue. Constitué d'au moins deux séries incomplètes (?) de spécimen. 32 x 25 cm. 176 pages.
The Postcard
A postcard published by Sunny South Photographers, D.&W.,B. They state on the back of the card: 'British Manufacture Throughout'.
The card was posted in Curry Rivel on Thursday the 6th. July 1933 to:
Mrs. Goozee,
152, Leighton Road,
Kentish Town,
London NW.
The message on the back of the card was as follows:
"Curry Rivel.
My Dear Blanche & All,
Thought you would like a
card from us.
We are having grand weather,
but it's soon getting to
Saturday now.
We have had two days at
Weymouth, and yesterday we
went to Burnham for the day.
Hope you are all well.
Love from us both,
Midge".
Dachau Concentration Camp
So what else happened on the day that Midge posted the card?
Well, on the 6th. July 1933, the German National People's Party was dissolved.
The coalition government of the German National People's Party and the the National Socialist German Worker's Party (Nazi Party) established the first concentration camp to be built by Nazi Germany - Dachau.
Dachau opened on the 22nd. March 1933. The camp was initially intended to intern Hitler's political opponents who consisted of communists, social democrats, and other dissidents.
The camp was located in the grounds of an abandoned munitions factory northeast of the medieval town of Dachau, about 16 km (10 mi) northwest of Munich in the state of Bavaria, in southern Germany.
After its opening by Heinrich Himmler, its purpose was enlarged to include forced labor, and, eventually, the imprisonment of Jews, Romani, German and Austrian criminals, and, finally, foreign nationals from countries that Germany occupied or invaded.
The Dachau camp system grew to include nearly 100 sub-camps, which were mostly work camps or Arbeitskommandos, and were located throughout southern Germany and Austria.
The main camp was liberated by U.S. forces on the 29th. April 1945.
Prisoners lived in constant fear of brutal treatment and terror detention, including standing cells, floggings, the so-called tree or pole hanging, and standing at attention for extremely long periods in very cold weather.
There were 32,000 documented deaths at the camp, and thousands that were never documented. Approximately 10,000 of the 30,000 remaining prisoners were sick at the time of liberation.
General Overview
Dachau served as a prototype and model for the other German concentration camps that followed. Almost every community in Germany had members taken away to these camps. Newspapers continually reported:
"The removal of the enemies of
the Reich to concentration camps."
As early as 1935, a jingle went around:
"Lieber Herr Gott,
Mach mich stumm,
Das ich nicht nach Dachau komm".
This translates as:
"Dear God,
Make me dumb,
That I may not to Dachau come".
('Dumb' means 'Silent' in this context.)
The camp's layout and building plans were developed by Commandant Theodor Eicke, and were applied to all later camps. He devised a separate, secure camp near the command center, which consisted of living quarters, administration and army camps.
Eicke became the chief inspector for all concentration camps, responsible for organizing others according to his model.
The Dachau complex included the prisoners' camp which occupied approximately 5 acres, and the much larger area of SS training school including barracks, factories plus other facilities of around 20 acres.
The entrance gate used by prisoners carries the phrase "Arbeit macht frei" which translates as "Work shall set you free". This phrase was also used in several other concentration camps such as Theresienstadt and Auschwitz.
Dachau was the concentration camp that was in operation the longest, from March 1933 to April 1945, nearly all twelve years of the Nazi regime. Dachau's close proximity to Munich, where Hitler came to power and where the Nazi Party had its official headquarters, made Dachau a convenient location.
From 1933 to 1938, the prisoners were mainly German nationals detained for political reasons. After Kristallnacht, 30,000 male Jewish citizens were deported to concentration camps. More than 10,000 of them were interned in Dachau.
As the German military occupied other European states, citizens from across Europe were sent to concentration camps. Subsequently, the camp was used for prisoners of all sorts, from every nation occupied by the forces of the Third Reich.
In the postwar years, the camp continued in use. From 1945 through 1948, the camp was used by the Allies as a prison for SS officers awaiting trial.
After 1948, when hundreds of thousands of ethnic Germans were expelled from eastern Europe, it held Germans from Czechoslovakia until they could be resettled.
It also served as a military base for the United States, which maintained forces in the country. The camp finally closed in 1960. At the insistence of survivors, various memorials have been constructed and installed there.
Statistics vary but they are in the same general range. It will never be known exactly how many people were interned or murdered there, due to periods of disruption.
One source gives a general estimate of over 200,000 prisoners from more than 30 countries during Nazi rule, of whom two-thirds were political prisoners, including many Catholic priests, and nearly one-third were Jews.
25,613 prisoners are believed to have been murdered in the camp and almost another 10,000 in its subcamps, primarily from disease, malnutrition and suicide.
In late 1944, a typhus epidemic occurred in the camp caused by poor sanitation and overcrowding, and this caused more than 15,000 deaths. It was followed by an evacuation, in which large numbers of the prisoners died.
Toward the end of the war, death marches to and from the camp caused the deaths of numerous unrecorded prisoners.
After liberation, prisoners weakened beyond recovery by starvation continued to die. Two thousand cases of "the dread black typhus" had already been identified by the 3rd. May, and the U.S. Seventh Army was:
"Working day and night to alleviate
the appalling conditions at the camp".
Prisoners with typhus, a louse-borne disease with an incubation period from 12 to 18 days, were treated by the 116th. Evacuation Hospital, while the 127th. was the general hospital for the other illnesses.
Over the 12 years of use as a concentration camp, the Dachau administration recorded the intake of 206,206 prisoners and deaths of 31,951.
Crematoria were constructed to dispose of the deceased. Visitors may now walk through the buildings and view the ovens used to cremate bodies, which hid the evidence of many deaths.
It is claimed that in 1942, more than 3,166 prisoners in weakened condition were transported to Hartheim Castle near Linz, and were executed by poison gas because they were deemed unfit.
The gas chamber at Dachau bore a "Brausebad" sign, meaning "Shower Bath".
Between January and April 1945 11,560 detainees died at Dachau according to a U.S. Army report of 1945, though the Dachau administration registered 12,596 deaths from typhus at the camp over the same period.
Dachau was the third concentration camp to be liberated by British or American Allied forces.
History of the Camp
After the takeover of Bavaria on the 9th. March 1933, Heinrich Himmler, then Chief of Police in Munich, began to speak with the managers of an unused gunpowder and munitions factory.
Himmler toured the site to see if it could be used for quartering protective-custody prisoners. The concentration camp at Dachau was opened on the 22nd. March 1933, with the arrival of about 200 prisoners from Stadelheim Prison in Munich and the Landsberg fortress (where Hitler had written Mein Kampf during his own imprisonment).
Himmler announced that the camp could hold up to 5,000 people, and described it as "the first concentration camp for political prisoners" to be used to restore calm to Germany.
The press statement given at the opening stated:
"On Wednesday the first concentration camp is to be
opened in Dachau with an accommodation for 5000
people. All Communists and—where necessary—
Reichsbanner and Social Democratic functionaries who
endanger state security are to be concentrated here,
as in the long run it is not possible to keep individual
functionaries in the state prisons without overburdening
these prisons, and on the other hand these people
cannot be released because attempts have shown that
they persist in their efforts to agitate and organize as
soon as they are released."
Whatever the publicly stated purpose of the camp, the SS men who arrived there on the 11th. May 1933 were left in no illusion as to its real purpose by the speech that was given on that day by Johann-Erasmus Freiherr von Malsen-Ponickau:
"Comrades of the SS!
You all know what the Fuehrer has called us to do.
We have not come here for human encounters with
those pigs in there. We do not consider them human
beings, as we are, but as second-class people.
For years they have been able to continue their criminal
existence. But now we are in power. If those pigs had
come to power, they would have cut off all our heads.
Therefore we have no room for sentimentalism.
If anyone here cannot bear to see the blood of
comrades, he does not belong and had better leave.
The more of these pig dogs we strike down, the fewer
we need to feed."
Jehovah's Witnesses, homosexuals and emigrants were also sent to Dachau after the 1935 passage of the Nuremberg Laws which institutionalized racial discrimination.
In early 1937, the SS, using prisoner labor, initiated the construction of a large complex capable of holding 6,000 prisoners. The construction was completed in August 1938.
More political opponents, and over 11,000 German and Austrian Jews were sent to the camp after the annexation of Austria and the Sudetenland in 1938.
Sinti and Roma in the hundreds were sent to the camp in 1939, and over 13,000 prisoners were sent to the camp from Poland in 1940.
Representatives of the International Committee of the Red Cross inspected the camp in 1935 and in 1938, and documented the harsh conditions.
Investigation of the First Deaths in 1933
Shortly after the SS was commissioned to supplement the Bavarian police overseeing the Dachau camp, the first reports of prisoner deaths at Dachau began to emerge.
In April 1933, Josef Hartinger, an official from the Bavarian Justice Ministry, and physician Moritz Flamm, a part-time medical examiner, arrived at the camp to investigate the deaths in accordance with the Bavarian penal code.
The two men noted many inconsistencies between the injuries on the corpses and the camp guards' accounts of the deaths.
Over a number of months, Hartinger and Flamm uncovered clear evidence of murder, and compiled a dossier of charges against Hilmar Wäckerle, the SS commandant of Dachau, Werner Nürnbergk the camp doctor, and Josef Mutzbauer, the camp's chief administrator (Kanzleiobersekretär).
In June 1933, Hartinger presented the case to his superior, Bavarian State Prosecutor, Karl Wintersberger. Initially supportive of the investigation, Wintersberger became reluctant to submit the resulting indictment to the Justice Ministry, increasingly under the influence of the SS.
Hartinger accordingly reduced the scope of the dossier to the four clearest cases, and Wintersberger signed it, after first notifying Himmler as a courtesy.
The killings at Dachau suddenly stopped (temporarily); Wäckerle was transferred to Stuttgart and replaced by Theodor Eicke.
The indictment and related evidence reached the office of Hans Frank, the Bavarian Justice Minister, but was intercepted by Gauleiter Adolf Wagner and locked away in a desk, only to be discovered by the US Army.
In 1934, both Hartinger and Wintersberger were transferred to provincial positions. Dr. Flamm was no longer employed as a medical examiner, and was to survive two attempts on his life before his suspicious death in the same year.
Flamm's thoroughly gathered and documented evidence within Hartinger's indictment ensured that it achieved convictions of senior Nazis at the Nuremberg trials in 1947. Wintersberger's complicit behaviour is documented in his own evidence to the Pohl Trial.
Forced Labor
The prisoners of Dachau concentration camp originally were to serve as forced labor for a munition factory, and to expand the camp. It was used as a training center for the SS-Totenkopfverbände guards, and was a model for other concentration camps.
The camp was about 300 m × 600 m (1,000 ft × 2,000 ft) in rectangular shape. The prisoners' entrance was secured by an iron gate with the motto "Arbeit macht frei" ("Work will make you free"). This reflected Nazi propaganda, which described concentration camps as labor and re-education camps.
This was their original purpose, but the focus was soon shifted to using forced labor as a method of torture and murder. The original slogan was left on the gates.
As of 1938, the procedure for new arrivals occurred at the Schubraum, where prisoners had to hand over their clothing and possessions. One former Luxembourgian prisoner, Albert Theis, reflected about the room:
"There we were stripped of all our clothes.
Everything had to be handed over: money,
rings, watches. One was now stark naked".
The camp included an administration building that contained offices for the Gestapo trial commissioner, SS authorities, the camp leader and his deputies. These administration offices consisted of large storage rooms for the personal belongings of prisoners, the bunker, roll-call square where guards would also inflict punishment on prisoners (especially those who tried to escape).
There was also a canteen where prisoners served SS men with cigarettes and food, a museum containing plaster images of prisoners who suffered from bodily defects, the camp office, the library, the barracks, and the infirmary, which was staffed by prisoners who had previously held occupations such as physicians or army surgeons.
Operation Barbarossa
Over 4,000 Soviet prisoners of war were murdered by the Dachau commandant's guard at the SS shooting range located at Hebertshausen, two kilometers from the main camp, in the years 1941/1943. These murders were in clear violation of the provisions laid down in the Geneva Convention for prisoners of war.
The SS used the euphemism Sonderbehandlung ("Special Treatment") for these criminal executions. The first of these executions took place on the 25th. November 1941.
After 1942, the number of prisoners being held at the camp continued to exceed 12,000. Dachau originally held communists, leading socialists and other "enemies of the state", but over time, the Nazis began to send German Jews to the camp.
In the early years of imprisonment, Jews were offered permission to emigrate overseas if they "voluntarily" gave their property to enhance Hitler's public treasury.
Once Austria was annexed and Czechoslovakia was dissolved, the citizens of both countries became the next prisoners at Dachau.
In 1940, Dachau became filled with Polish prisoners, who continued to be the majority of the prisoner population until Dachau was officially liberated.
The prisoner enclosure at the camp was heavily guarded to ensure that no prisoners escaped. A 3-metre-wide (10 ft) no-man's land was the first marker of confinement for prisoners; an area which, upon entry, would elicit lethal gunfire from guard towers.
Guards tossed inmates' caps into this area, resulting in the death of the prisoners when they attempted to retrieve the caps. Despondent prisoners committed suicide by entering the zone.
A four-foot-deep and eight-foot-broad (1.2 × 2.4 m) creek, connected with the river Amper, lay on the west side between the "neutral-zone" and the electrically charged, and barbed wire fence which surrounded the entire prisoner enclosure.
In August 1944 a women's camp opened inside Dachau. The first shipment of women came from Auschwitz-Birkenau.
In the last months of the war, the conditions at Dachau deteriorated. As Allied forces advanced toward Germany, the Germans began to move prisoners from concentration camps near the front to more centrally located camps. They hoped to prevent the liberation of large numbers of prisoners.
Transports from the evacuated camps arrived continually at Dachau. After days of travel with little or no food or water, the prisoners arrived weak and exhausted, often near death. Typhus epidemics became a serious problem as a result of overcrowding, poor sanitary conditions, insufficient provisions, and the weakened state of the prisoners.
Owing to repeated transports from the front, the camp was constantly overcrowded, and the hygiene conditions were beneath human dignity. Starting from the end of 1944 up to the day of liberation, 15,000 people died, about half of all the prisoners held at Dachau.
Final Days of the Camp
As late as the 19th. April 1945, prisoners were sent to Dachau; on that date a freight train from Buchenwald with nearly 4,500 prisoners was diverted to Nammering.
SS troops and police confiscated food and water that local townspeople tried to give to the prisoners. Nearly three hundred dead bodies were ordered removed from the train, and carried to a ravine over 400 metres (1⁄4 mile) away.
The 524 prisoners who had been forced to carry the dead to this site were then shot by the guards, and buried along with those who had died on the train. Nearly 800 bodies went into this mass grave.
The train continued on to Dachau.
During April 1945, as U.S. troops drove deeper into Bavaria, the commander of Dachau suggested to Himmler that the camp be turned over to the Allies.
Himmler, in signed correspondence, prohibited such a move, adding that:
"No prisoners shall be allowed to
fall into the hands of the enemy
alive."
On the 24th. April 1945, just days before the U.S. troops arrived at the camp, the commandant and a strong guard forced between 6,000 and 7,000 surviving inmates on a death march from Dachau south to Eurasburg, then eastwards towards the Tegernsee. Any prisoners who could not keep up on the six-day march were shot. Many others died of exhaustion, hunger and exposure. Months later a mass grave containing 1,071 prisoners was found along the route.
Though at the time of liberation the death rate had peaked at 200 per day, after the liberation by U.S. forces the rate eventually fell to between 50 and 80 deaths per day.
In addition to the direct abuse of the SS and the harsh conditions, people died from typhus epidemics and starvation.
Between the years 1933 and 1945, more than 3.5 million Germans were imprisoned in such concentration camps or prison for political reasons.
Approximately 77,000 Germans were killed for one or another form of resistance by Special Courts, courts-martial, and the civil justice system. Many of these Germans had served in government, the military, or in civil positions, and these roles were thought to allow them to engage in subversion and conspiracy against the Nazis.
Organization of the Camp
Dachau was divided into two sections: the camp area and the crematorium. The crematorium was next to, but not directly accessible from within the camp, and was erected in 1942.
The camp area consisted of 32 barracks, including one for clergy imprisoned for opposing the Nazi regime, and one reserved for medical experiments.
The Dachau complex included other SS facilities beside the concentration camp—a leader school of the economic and civil service, the medical school of the SS, etc. The camp was originally called a "Protective Custody Camp," and occupied less than half of the area of the entire complex.
The courtyard between the prison and the central kitchen was used for the summary execution of prisoners. The camp was surrounded by an electrified barbed-wire fence, a ditch, and a wall with seven guard towers.
In early 1937, the SS, using prisoner labor, initiated construction of a large complex of buildings in the grounds of the original camp. The construction was completed in mid-August 1938, and the camp remained essentially unchanged and in operation until 1945. Dachau was therefore the longest running concentration camp of the Third Reich.
Medical Experimentation
Hundreds of prisoners suffered and died, or were executed in medical experiments conducted at Dachau, of which Sigmund Rascher was in charge.
Hypothermia experiments involved being immersed in vats of icy water, in some cases wearing Luftwaffe flying gear, or being strapped down naked outdoors in freezing temperatures.
Attempts at reviving the subjects included scalding baths, and forcing naked women to have sex with the unconscious victim.
There was extensive communication between the investigators and Heinrich Himmler, head of the SS, regarding the experiments, although the original records of the experiments were destroyed in an attempt to conceal the atrocities.
During 1942, "high altitude" experiments were conducted. Victims were subjected to rapid decompression to pressures found at 4,300 metres (14,100 ft), and experienced spasmodic convulsions, agonal breathing, and eventual death.
Agonal breathing is when someone who is not getting enough oxygen is gasping for air. It is not true breathing - it is a natural reflex that happens when your brain is not getting the oxygen it needs to survive. Agonal breathing is a sign that a person is near death.
A Camp of Many Colours
The camp was originally designed for holding German and Austrian political prisoners and Jews, but in 1935 it began to be used also for ordinary criminals. Inside the camp there was a sharp division between the two groups of prisoners; those who were there for political reasons, and the "professional" criminals, who has been sent there by the criminal courts.
The political prisoners who had been arrested by the Gestapo and were there because they disagreed with Nazi Party policies, or with Hitler, naturally did not consider themselves criminals.
Dachau was used as the chief camp for Christian (mainly Catholic) clergy who were imprisoned for not conforming with the Nazi Party line.
Poles constituted the largest ethnic group in the camp during the war, followed by Russians, French, Yugoslavs, Jews, and Czechs.
Many Poles met their deaths with the "invalid trains" sent out from the camp; others were liquidated in the camp and given bogus death certificates. Some died of cruel punishment for misdemeanors—beaten to death or run to exhaustion.
The average number of Germans in the camp during the war was 3,000. Just before the liberation many German prisoners were evacuated, but 2,000 of these Germans died during the evacuation transport.
Prisoners were divided into categories. At first, they were classified by the nature of the crime for which they were accused, but eventually were classified by the specific authority-type under whose command a person was sent to camp.
-- Those who were there for political reasons wore a red tag.
-- "Professional" criminals wore a green tag.
-- Cri-Po prisoners arrested by the criminal police wore a brown badge.
-- "Work-shy and asocial" people sent by the welfare authorities or the Gestapo wore a black badge.
-- Jehovah's Witnesses arrested by the Gestapo wore a violet badge.
-- Homosexuals sent by the criminal courts wore a pink badge.
-- Emigrants arrested by the Gestapo wore a blue badge.
-- "Race polluters" arrested by the criminal court or Gestapo wore badges with a black outline.
-- Second-termers arrested by the Gestapo wore a bar matching the color of their badge.
-- "Idiots" wore a white armband with the label Blöd (Stupid).
-- Romani wore a black triangle.
-- Jews, whose incarceration in the Dachau concentration camp dramatically increased after Kristallnacht, wore a yellow badge, combined with another color.
The Priest Barracks of Dachau Concentration Camp
In an effort to counter the strength and influence of spiritual resistance, Nazi security services monitored clergy very closely.
Priests were frequently denounced, arrested and sent to concentration camps, often simply on the basis of being "Suspected of activities hostile to the State" or that there was "Reason to suppose that his dealings might harm society".
Despite SS hostility to religious observance, the Vatican and German bishops successfully lobbied the regime to concentrate clergy in one camp, and obtained permission to build a chapel for the priests to live communally and for time to be allotted to them for their religious and intellectual activity.
Priest Barracks at Dachau were established in Blocks 26, 28 and 30, though only temporarily. 26 became the international block, and 28 was reserved for Poles – the most numerous group.
Of a total of 2,720 clergy recorded as imprisoned at Dachau, the overwhelming majority, some 2,579 (or 95%) were Catholic. Among the other denominations, there were 109 Protestants, 22 Greek Orthodox, 8 Old Catholics and Mariavites and 2 Muslims.
R. Schnabel's 1966 investigation, 'Die Frommen in der Hölle' ("The Pious Ones in Hell") found an alternative total of 2,771, and included the fate all the clergy listed, with 692 noted as deceased and 336 sent out on "invalid trainloads" and therefore presumed dead.
Over 400 German priests were sent to Dachau. Total numbers incarcerated are difficult to ascertain, for some clergy were not recognised as such by the camp authorities, and some—particularly Poles—did not wish to be identified as such, fearing they would be mistreated.
Priest Friedrich Hoffman testified at the trial of former camp personnel. He stated that hundreds of priests died at the camp after being exposed to malaria during Nazi medical experiments.
The Nazis introduced a racial hierarchy—keeping Poles in harsh conditions, while favoring German priests. Poles arrived in December 1941, and a further 500 of mainly elderly clergy arrived in October the following year. Inadequately clothed for the bitter cold, of this group, only 82 survived.
A large number of Polish priests were chosen for Nazi medical experiments. In November 1942, 20 were given phlegmons. A phlegmon is an inflammation of soft tissue that spreads under the skin or inside the body. It is usually caused by an infection, and generally produces pus.
120 priests were used by Dr. Schilling for malaria experiments between July 1942 and May 1944.
Dachau Staff
The camp staff consisted mostly of male SS, although 19 female guards served at Dachau as well, most of them until liberation. Female guards were also assigned to the Augsburg Michelwerke, Bureau, Kaufering, Mühldorf, and Munich Agfa Camera Werke subcamps.
Several Norwegians worked as guards at the Dachau camp.
In the major Dachau war crimes case (United States of America v. Martin Gottfried Weiss et. al.), forty-two officials of Dachau were tried from November to December 1945.
All 42 were found guilty – thirty-six of the defendants were sentenced to death on the 13th. December 1945, of whom 23 were hanged on the 28th.–29th. May 1946, including the commandant, SS-Obersturmbannführer Martin Gottfried Weiss, SS-Obersturmführer Freidrich Wilhelm Ruppert and camp doctors Karl Schilling and Fritz Hintermeyer.
Camp commandant Weiss admitted in affidavit testimony that:
"Most of the deaths at Dachau during my administration
were due to typhus, TB, dysentery, pneumonia, pleurisy,
and body weakness brought about by lack of food."
His testimony also admitted to deaths by shootings, hangings and medical experiments.
Ruppert ordered and supervised the deaths of innumerable prisoners at Dachau main and subcamps, according to the War Crimes Commission official trial transcript. He testified about hangings, shootings and lethal injections, but did not admit to direct responsibility for any individual deaths.
An anonymous Dutch prisoner contended that British Special Operations Executive (SOE) agent Noor Inayat Khan was cruelly beaten by SS officer Wilhelm Ruppert before being shot from behind; the beating may have been the actual cause of her death.
Satellite Camps and Sub-Camps of Dachau
Satellite camps under the authority of Dachau were established in the summer and autumn of 1944 near armaments factories throughout southern Germany to increase war production.
Dachau alone had more than 30 large subcamps, and hundreds of smaller ones, in which over 30,000 prisoners worked almost exclusively on armaments.
Overall, the Dachau concentration camp system included 123 sub-camps and Kommandos which were set up in 1943 when factories were built near the main camp to make use of forced labor of the Dachau prisoners.
Of the 123 sub-camps, eleven of them were called Kaufering. All Kaufering sub-camps were set up to specifically build three underground factories (Allied bombing raids made it necessary for them to be underground) for a project called Ringeltaube (wood pigeon). This was planned to be the location in which the German jet fighter plane, Messerschmitt Me 262, was to be built.
In the last days of war, in April 1945, the Kaufering camps were evacuated and around 15,000 prisoners were sent up to the main Dachau camp. Typhus alone was estimated to have caused 15,000 deaths between December 1944 and April 1945:
"Within the first month after the arrival of the American
troops, 10,000 prisoners were treated for malnutrition
and kindred diseases. In spite of this, one hundred
prisoners died each day during the first month from
typhus, dysentery or general weakness".
As U.S. Army troops neared the Dachau sub-camp at Landsberg on the 27th. April 1945, the SS officer in charge ordered that 4,000 prisoners be murdered. The windows and doors of their huts were nailed shut. The buildings were then doused with gasoline and set afire. Prisoners who were naked or nearly so were burned to death, while some managed to crawl out of the buildings before dying.
Earlier that day, as Wehrmacht troops withdrew from Landsberg am Lech, townspeople hung white sheets from their windows. Infuriated SS troops dragged German civilians from their homes and hanged them from trees.
The Winding-Down of the Camps
As the Allies began to advance on Nazi Germany, the SS began to evacuate the first concentration camps in the summer of 1944. Thousands of prisoners were killed before the evacuation due to illness or being unable to walk. At the end of 1944, the overcrowding, the unhygienic conditions and the lack of food rations became disastrous. In November a typhus fever epidemic broke out that took thousands of lives.
In the second phase of the evacuation, in April 1945, Himmler gave direct evacuation routes for the remaining camps. Prisoners who were from the northern part of Germany were to be directed to the Baltic and North Sea coasts to be drowned.
The prisoners from the southern part were to be gathered in the Alps, which was the location in which the SS wanted to resist the Allies. On the 28th. April 1945, an armed revolt took place in the town of Dachau. Both former and escaped concentration camp prisoners, and a renegade Volkssturm (civilian militia) company took part. At about 8:30 am the rebels occupied the Town Hall. The SS gruesomely suppressed the revolt within a few hours.
Being fully aware that Germany was about to be defeated in World War II, the SS invested its time in removing evidence of the crimes it had committed in the concentration camps. They began destroying incriminating evidence in April 1945, and planned on murdering the prisoners using codenames "Wolke A-I" (Cloud A-1) and "Wolkenbrand" (Cloud fire).
However, these plans were not carried out. In mid-April, plans to evacuate the camp started by sending prisoners toward Tyrol. On the 26th. April, over 10,000 prisoners were forced to leave the Dachau concentration camp on foot, in trains, or in trucks. The largest group of some 7,000 prisoners was driven southward on a foot-march lasting several days. More than 1,000 prisoners did not survive this march. The evacuation transports cost many thousands of prisoners their lives.
The Liberation of Dachau
On the 26th. April 1945, prisoner Karl Riemer fled the Dachau concentration camp to get help from American troops, and on the 28th. April Victor Maurer, a representative of the International Red Cross, negotiated an agreement to surrender the camp to U.S. troops.
That night a secretly formed International Prisoners Committee took over the control of the camp. American units commanded by Lieutenant Colonel Felix L. Sparks were ordered to secure the camp. On the 29th. April Sparks led part of his battalion as they entered the camp over a side wall.
At about the same time, Brigadier General Henning Linden led the 222nd. Infantry Regiment including his aide, Lieutenant William Cowling, to accept the formal surrender of the camp from German Lieutenant Heinrich Wicker at an entrance between the camp and the compound for the SS garrison.
Linden was traveling with Marguerite Higgins and other reporters; as a result, Linden's detachment generated international headlines by accepting the surrender of the camp.
More than 30,000 Jews and political prisoners were freed, and ever since 1945, adherents of the 42nd. and 45th. Division have argued over which unit was the first to liberate Dachau.
Satellite Camps Liberation
The first Dachau sub-camp to be discovered by advancing Allied forces was Kaufering IV, by the 12th. Armored Division on the 27th. April 1945. Sub-camps subsequently liberated by the 12th. Armored Division included: Erpting, Schrobenhausen, Schwabing, Langerringen, Türkheim, Lauingen, Schwabach, and Germering.
During the liberation of the sub-camps surrounding Dachau, advance scouts of the U.S. Army's 522nd. Field Artillery Battalion liberated the 3,000 prisoners of the "Kaufering IV Hurlach" slave labor camp:
"They found the camp afire and a stack of some four
hundred bodies burning ... American soldiers then
went into Landsberg and rounded up all the male
civilians they could find and marched them out to
the camp.
The former commandant was forced to lie amidst a
pile of corpses. The male population of Landsberg
was then ordered to walk by, and ordered to spit on
the commandant as they passed.
The commandant was then turned over to a group
of liberated camp survivors".
The 522nd's personnel later discovered the survivors of a death march headed generally southwards from the Dachau main camp to Eurasburg, then eastwards towards the Austrian border on the 2nd. May, just west of the town of Waakirchen.
Weather at the time of liberation was unseasonably cool; on the 2nd. May, the area received a snowstorm with 10 centimetres (4 in) of snow at nearby Munich. Proper clothing was still scarce, and film footage from the time (as seen in The World at War) shows naked, gaunt people either wandering on snow or dead under it.
Due to the number of sub-camps over a large area that comprised the Dachau concentration camp complex, many Allied units have been officially recognized by the United States Army Center of Military History and the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum as liberating units of Dachau.
The Killing of Camp Guards at Dachau
A photograph taken by the U.S. Army on the 29th. April 1945 exists which appears to show an unauthorized execution of SS troops in a coal yard in the area of the Dachau concentration camp during its liberation—part of the Dachau liberation reprisals.
American troops killed some of the camp guards after they had surrendered. The number is disputed, as some were killed in combat, some while attempting to surrender, and others after their surrender was accepted. In 1989, Brigadier General Felix L. Sparks, the Colonel in command of a battalion that was present, stated:
"The total number of German guards killed at Dachau
during that day most certainly does not exceed fifty,
with thirty probably being a more accurate figure.
The regimental records of the 157th. Field Artillery
Regiment for that date indicate that over a thousand
German prisoners were brought to the regimental
collecting point.
Since my task force was leading the regimental attack,
almost all the prisoners were taken by the task force,
including several hundred from Dachau."
An Inspector General report resulting from a US Army investigation conducted between the 3rd. and 8th. May 1945 found that 21 plus "a number" of presumed SS men were killed, with others being wounded after their surrender had been accepted.
In addition, 25 to 50 SS guards were estimated to have been killed by the liberated prisoners. Lee Miller visited the camp just after liberation, and photographed several guards who were killed by soldiers or prisoners.
According to Sparks, court-martial charges were drawn up against him and several other men under his command, but General George S. Patton, who had recently been appointed military governor of Bavaria, chose to dismiss the charges.
Colonel Charles L. Decker, an acting deputy judge advocate, concluded in late 1945 that:
"While war crimes had been committed at Dachau
by Germany, certainly, there was no such systematic criminality among United States forces as pervaded
the Nazi groups in Germany."
American troops also forced local citizens to the camp to see for themselves the conditions there and to help bury the dead. Many local residents were shocked about the experience, and claimed no knowledge of the activities at the camp.
The Post-Liberation Easter
The 6th. May 1945 was the day of Pascha, Orthodox Easter. In a cell block used by Catholic priests to say daily Mass, several Greek, Serbian and Russian priests and one Serbian deacon, wearing makeshift vestments made from towels of the SS guard, gathered with several hundred Greek, Serbian and Russian prisoners to celebrate the Paschal Vigil. A prisoner described the scene:
"In the entire history of the Orthodox Church there
has probably never been an Easter service like the
one at Dachau in 1945.
Greek and Serbian priests together with a Serbian
deacon adorned the makeshift 'vestments' over their
blue and gray-striped prisoners' uniforms.
Then they began to chant, changing from Greek to
Slavic, and then back again to Greek.
The Easter Canon, the Easter Sticheras—everything
was recited from memory.
The Gospel—In the beginning was the Word—also
from memory. And finally, the Homily of Saint John—
also from memory.
A young Greek monk from the Holy Mountain stood
up in front of us and recited it with such infectious
enthusiasm that we shall never forget him as long as
we live. Saint John Chrysostomos himself seemed to
speak through him to us and to the rest of the world
as well!"
There is a Russian Orthodox chapel at the camp today, and it is well known for its icon of Christ leading the prisoners out of the camp gates.
After Liberation
Authorities worked night and day to alleviate conditions at the camp immediately following the liberation as an epidemic of black typhus swept through the prisoner population. Two thousand cases had already been reported by the 3rd. May.
By October of the same year the camp was being used by the U.S. Army as a place of confinement for war criminals, the SS and important witnesses. It was also the site of the Dachau Trials for German war criminals, a site chosen for its symbolism.
In 1948, the Bavarian government established housing for refugees on the site, and this remained for many years.
The Kaserne quarters and other buildings used by the guards were converted and served as the Eastman Barracks, an American military post. Since the closure of the Eastman Barracks in 1974, these areas are now occupied by the Bavarian Bereitschaftspolizei (rapid response police unit).
Deportation of Soviet Nationals
By January 1946, 18,000 members of the SS were being confined at the camp along with an additional 12,000 persons, including deserters from the Russian army and a number who had been captured in German Army uniform.
The occupants of two barracks rioted as 271 of the Russian deserters were to be loaded onto trains that would return them to Russian-controlled lands, as agreed at the Yalta Conference.
Inmates barricaded themselves inside two barracks. While the first was able to be cleared without too much trouble, those in the second building, set fire to it, tore off their clothing in an effort to frustrate the guards, and linked arms to resist being removed from the building.
Tear gas was used by the American soldiers before rushing the barrack, only for them to find that many had committed suicide. The American services newspaper Stars and Stripes reported:
“The GIs quickly cut down most of those who had
hanged themselves from the rafters. Those still
conscious were screaming in Russian, pointing first
at the guns of the guards, then at themselves,
begging to us to shoot.”
Ten of the soldiers were successful in their bid to commit suicide during the riot, while another 21 attempted suicide, apparently with razor blades. Many had "cracked heads" inflicted by 500 American guards, in the attempt to bring the situation under control.
Dachau in the Media
-- In his 2013 autobiography, 'Moose: Chapters from My Life', in the chapter entitled, "Dachau", author Robert B. Sherman chronicles his experiences as an American Army serviceman during the initial hours of Dachau's liberation.
-- In Lewis Black's first book, 'Nothing's Sacred', he mentions visiting the camp as part of his tour of Europe, and how it looked all cleaned up and spiffy, "like some delightful holiday camp", and only the crematorium building showed any sign of the horror that went on there.
-- In Maus, Vladek describes his time interned at Dachau, as well as other concentration camps. He describes the journey to Dachau in over-crowded trains, trading rations for other goods and favors to stay alive, and contracting typhus.
-- Frontline: "Memory of the Camps" (7 May 1985) is a 56-minute television documentary that addresses Dachau and other Nazi concentration camps.
DAVOS/SWITZERLAND, 20JAN16 - Graphics at the Annual Meeting 2016 of the World Economic Forum in Davos, January 20, 2016.
WORLD ECONOMIC FORUM/Benedikt von Loebell
CDME Director of Additive Manufacturing Edward Herderick displays 3D printed padding for Ohio State football helmets
A 'historical' marker, on the property of sculptor/performance artist Clark Ashton, in ...
DeKalb County (North Druid Hills), Georgia, USA.
17 July 2018.
▶ The other side: here.
***************
▶ "Psychic Unity Manufactured
July 4, 1996
On this site, psychic unity was manufactured for the first time in a unique process with the 'Faith in Industry' industrial complex, through the ritual practice of work utilizing raw materials acquired from the mechanical river adjacent to the property. Here, a 'Bearing of the Burden' and a 'Consecration of Commuters' preceded the application of a 'Sky Saw' to create a psychic opening. Souls were then harvested from chaos with a 'Control Tower,' and a 'Sky Stitcher' sealed detrimental openings. Established in 1989 by mass minister and venture spiritualist John Clark Ashton Cornelius Farmer, The Commuter Gallery at Druid Hill served as a conduit between the known and the unknown through the latter years of the 2nd millennium A.D. and into the 21st century."
— Mechanical Riverfront Kingdom
****************
▶ Photo by Yours For Good Fermentables.com.
— Follow on Twitter: @Cizauskas.
— Follow on Facebook: YoursForGoodFermentables.
— Follow on Instagram: @tcizauskas.
▶ For a larger image, type 'L' (without the quotation marks).
▶ Camera: Olympus Pen E-PL1.
---> Lens: Canon 50mm ƒ/1.4 FD
---> Focal length: 50 mm
---> Aperture: ƒ/11
---> Shutter speed: 1/30
---> ISO: 200
---> Edit: Photoshop Elements 15.
▶ Commercial use requires explicit permission, as per Creative Commons.
This plan was later altered and resubmitted. 8 Stafford Street today. DCC Archives, Building Permit 4109, Year 1918
New manufactured home on display at the 2014 Tunica Show. 3 Bedroom / 2 Bath, 32x80, Approx. 2280 Sq. Ft. DV-80324
For more information or to see other models of Deer Valley homes, contact Cumberland Homes at CumberlandHomes.mhvillage.com
Manufactured by MMZ (Minsk Mechanical Factory), Minsk, former USSR
After 1971 made by BeLomo
Чайка means Seagull
Model: c.1968 Type 1a
All Chaika-II produced between 1967-72 with quantity 1.250.000 units
There are 6 types and 9 sub-types of the Chaika-II
As to Alexander Komarov
35mm film half frame Viewfinder camera, picture size 18x24mm
Lens: Industar-69 (ИНДУСТАР) 28mm f/2.8 filter slip-on serial no.none
MMZ logo on the lens
Aperture: up to f/16; setting: ring and scale on front of the lens
Focus range: 0.8-5m +inf
Focusing: manual front cell focusing; ring, distance scale with symbols and DOF scale on the lens shutter barrel
Shutter: leaf shutter; speeds: 1/30-1/250 +B setting: by a ring and small window on the top-plate
Shutter release: on front of the top-plate, w/cable release socket
Cocking lever: also winds the film, short stroke, on the back of the top-plate
Frame counter: additive type, auto-reset, window on the top-plate
Viewfinder: reverse telescopic finder, vertical quadrangle
Re-wind knob: on the bottom plate, pull out and turn to arrow direction
Re-wind release: by re-wind knob
Flash PC socket: on front of the camera
Cold-shoe: none
Memory dial: on the re-wind knob
Self-timer: none
Back cover: opens by a latch on the right side of the camera
Tripod socket: ¼”
Strap lugs
Body: metal; Weight: 388g
Serial no. 2928620 in the back cover
Chaika was the call sign of the first Russian female cosmonaut, Valentina Vladimirovna Tereshkova. She became extremely famous for her achievements and is still considered a hero in Russia. It's very likely that this line of cameras were at least partly named in honor of her. Her famous flight took place 1963 and the first Chaika camera was sold in 1965.
The difference between Chaika-I and Chaika-2 is addd a removable screw mount lens which could be used as the lens for an enlarger that was apparently never made available. The threads are the same as those for a Leica lens, but the focusing distance is different, so the lenses are not compatible.
More info: in Sovietcams by Aidas Pikiotas, in Fotoua by Alaxander Komarov, in Camerapedia, in Flickr group Russian Cameras
Today, the Department of Labor announced that the economy added 243,000 jobs in January and the unemployment rate fell to 8.3 percent. With 257,000 jobs added by private businesses, this marks the 23rd consecutive month of private sector job growth.
Manufactures and Electricity Buildings, from Squatters Huts. Wooded Island Large photographic print from The White City (As It Was), photographs by William Henry Jackson. World's Columbian Exposition 1893.
Digitial Identifier: GN90799d_JWH_062w
GoServ Global Development Director Chris Caswell talks about GoServ and Sukup Manufacturing Company's Safe T Home® and the 500 Safe T Homes that survived the earthquake in Haiti, how Sukup employees gladly work to produce the parts and how charitable groups help with the costs and labor to build the homes where needed around the world and nationally, while at the Farm Progress Show in Boone, IA, on August 31, 2022. They showcase a highly modified grain bin resistant to earthquakes, termites, and moisture. Grain bin houses or silo homes have provided disaster relief to families worldwide with day-to-day shelter for those who need a safe place to live.
A devastating earthquake hit Haiti in 2010, destroying homes, businesses, and facilities. During the recovery period, their teams saw an opportunity to build cost-effective refugee housing that would withstand natural disasters.
These homes have withstood Hurricane Matthew's 145-mile-per-hour winds for the 8-hour duration with minimal damage. Since then, they have provided nearly 300 silo homes in Haiti, as well as homes in Uganda for refugee children fleeing from South Sudan, Peru, and Kenya.
A Safe T Home® costs $5,700 for nonprofits intending to use the grain bin house for humanitarian efforts. Approximately ten homes fit on one shipping container. Other installation costs for shipping and building the cement foundation can bring the prices to roughly $7,500 for one of these homes.
The overall round design withstands high winds, while the near-zero seismic load is virtually earthquake-proof. Inside, 254 sq. ft. provides families with long-term refugee housing or short-term disaster relief.
These homes made of 20-gauge galvanized steel have a 75-year life expectancy. These silo homes measure 18 ft. in diameter with eight ft. sidewalls. They stand 13.5 ft. from the bottom to the roof peak.
The double roof system deflects heat, redirects rainwater, and ventilates the interior space regardless of wind direction. The roof can support 5,000 pounds for families who wish to add a sleeping or storage loft. Outside, three container spaces for cement and other heavy material provide up to 18,000 pounds of ballast to weigh the structure down against wind or waves. Window gardens can grow on the ballast material.
The galvanized building material provides 100 percent termite, fire, and weatherproof. The metal windows have lockable covers for security and 16-gauge, galvanized steel screens. Each home includes a solar panel, giving families renewable energy for lighting.
Homes also have water collection potential. Louvers in the heat shield capture rainwater for cooking, bathing, or growing crops.
GoServ Global is a nonprofit organization.
The Farm Progress Show allows visitors to see the latest equipment and more in Boone, IA, on August 31, 2022.
National and international farmers and ranchers can see agriculture's latest product introductions, meet face-to-face with agribusiness professionals, and gain hands-on knowledge. On hand are educational and U.S. Department of Agriculture USDA agencies such as the National Agricultural Statistics Service NASS, Risk Management Agency RMA, Farm Services Agency FSA, and Natural Resources Conservation Service NRCS.
For more information about these organizations, go to:
nass.usda.gov
rma.usda.gov
fsa.usda.gov
nrcs.usda.gov
USDA Media by Lance Cheung.
Master bathroom - new manufactured home on display at the 2014 Tunica Show. 3 Bedroom / 2 Bath, 32x80, Approx. 2280 Sq. Ft. DV-80324
For more information or to see other models of Deer Valley homes, contact Cumberland Homes at CumberlandHomes.mhvillage.com
Manufactured by by Arsenal Factory (=Zavod Arsenal, Завод Арсенал ), Kiev, Ukraine, former USSR
Киев = Kiev
Model: 1992 type 1a, produced between 1985-94
Series of the camera Kiev-17
There are 4 types and one subtypes of the camera as to Alexander Komarov
35mm SLR film camera,
Lens: Helios-81H MC 50mm f/2
Mount: Nikon Bayonet mount, filter thread: 50mm serial no . 9206479
You can use Nikon lenses with this camera
Lens release: lever on the lens flange
Aperture: up to f/16setting: ring and scale on the lens
DOF preview: lever on the lens flange, also activates the metering
Focus range: 0.55-10m +inf
Focusing: Fresnel matte screen with split image rangefinder
Shutter: vertically travelling cloth shutter; speeds: 1/2-1/500 +B; setting: dial on front of the camera
Shutter release: on the top-plate
Cocking lever: also winds the film, short stroke, retractable
Frame counter: additive type, auto-reset, window beside the cocking lever
Viewfinder: eye level SLR pentaprism
Exposure meter: CdS TTL metering, stop down way
Film speed range: 25-400 ASA setting: d,al beneath the re-wind button, for setting press the small silver button beside it
Exposure setting: The metering system is automatically turned on by depressing the depth of field preview lever. The exposure is set by adjusting the exposure time and aperture until both the red minus and plus led are lit. Only plus or minus means over and under exposure.
Re-wind lever: folding crank, on the right of the top plate
Re-wind release: button, on the bottom plate
Flash PC socket: on the right of the prism, flash sync 1/60
Hot-shoe
Self-timer: none
Back cover: opens by lifting the re-wind lever, w/ memory slot; stamping Made in CCCP on it
Tripod socket: ¼"
Strap lugs
Body: metal; Weight: 911g
Battery: two LR44
Battery chamber: on the bottom plate
On/off switch: pressing the DOF lever
serial no. 92 01492, the first two digits show the production year
More info: in Sovietcams by Aidas Pikiotas, in Fotoua by Alexander Komarov, Manual Kiev 19M in Butkus org, Manual in Spanish in Butkus org, in Wikipedia, in Camerapedia
Manufactured by Ihagee Kamerawerk, Steenbergen & Co., Dresden, Germany
Model: c.1936, Ihagee Catalog no.2860,
produced between 1933-39,
all Ultrix series produced between 1922-39
Folder film camera, film 120 roll, picture sizes 6x9cm and 6x4.5 cm by a mask
Engravings on top of the camera and the camera leg: Ihagee
Note: The writing of Ihagee looks like Jhagee because it is written with an old German capital letter "I" which resembles a "J", pronounced Ihagee, and later changed with the new form of the "I" (in 1937?) info from: Old German Letters
Lens: Ihagee-Sol-Anastigmat 105mm f/4.5
Aperture: f/4.5 - f/32, no click stops, setting: lever and scale on the lens-shutter barrel
Focusing: manual helical focusing by a lever behind the lens-shutter barrel, guess the distance, scale on the lens standard
Focus range: 2.5-15m +inf
Shutter: Compur leaf shutter,
Manufacturer's logo engraved on front of the lens-shutter barrel: F.Deckel-München,
speeds: 1-1/250 no click stops, +T, B setting: ring and scale on the lens-shutter barrel,
For time exposures the shutter need not to be set, use release lever only
Shutter cocking lever: on the lens-shutter barrel
Shutter release lever: on the lens-shutter barrel
Cable release socket: on the lens-shutter barrel
Viewfinders:
1) Waist level Brilliant Finder on top of the lens, turning 90 degrees left on its own axis for landscape pictures
2) Eye level optical sports finder, folding, on the left side of the camera, w/ a sliding mask in the back frame for 6x9 and 6x4.5 (glasses were lost !)
Winding lever: folding, on the right side of the camera
Self timer button: on the lens-shutter barrel
Bellows: self erecting with the lens standard, opening button: on the right side of the camera, very rigid arrangement of struts, closing: press the handles on the struts
Flash PC socket: none
Back cover: Hinged, opens by a latch on top of the camera
Red windows: Two, for 6x9 and 6x4.5, w/ built in lids
Tripod sockets: old type 3/8'', Two, on the front cover and on the right side of the camera
Lugs for Leather hand grip
Serial no. 475062 (inside of the camera)
Body: metal, ribbed plastic covering and chromed trim, Weight: 550g
The known serial numbers for Zwei Format Ultrix 2860 are between 406720 - 591630.
Production years and serials data for estimating the manufacturing year of this camera is from Ihagee
Ihagee Kamerawerk is well known due to the famous Exacta cameras.
Before WW2 Ihagee produced a vast range of folding cameras with the name Ultrix.
Principal Ultrix models:
*Ultrix (1923) standard first model
*Ultrix-Duplex Nr.1560 (1924)
*Ultrix-Simplex (1924)
*Ultrix-Automat Nr.1250 (1925)
*Auto-Ultrix 6x9cm. Nr.2860 ( 1931)
*Auto-Ultrix mit Plattenrückwand Nr.3860 (1931)
*Auto-Ultrix 4x6.5cm Nr.2850 (1932)
*Zweiformat-Auto-Ultrix Nr.2860 (1933), same catalog Nr. with Auto-Ultrix 6x9cm
*Auto-Ultrix-Junior (1935) Simple version of Zweiformat-Auto-Ultrix Nr.2860
Too many varieties of lenses and shutters were used on Ultrix series. The shutters usually from Gauthier, like the Ibsor, Vario, Pronto and Prontor. The lenses labelled Ihagee Anastigmat. But Ihagee never made any lenses of their own, they were all bought from several lens makers. It is possible that the glasses may have been mounted by Ihagee.
Ihagee folders seem to have died with the WW2 and have been forgotten, even among Exakta collectors. more info: Peter's Ihagee page , Sylvain Halgand Collection
Country Rubble - Manufactured Stone has subtle chiseled textures with hand-crafted edges which create a rustic effect. Country Rubble can be installed tightly-fitted or with a mortar joint.
Bath in new manufactured home on display at the 2014 Tunica Show. 3 Bedroom / 2 Bath, 32x80, Approx. 2280 Sq. Ft. DV-80324
For more information or to see other models of Deer Valley homes, contact Cumberland Homes at CumberlandHomes.mhvillage.com
Amphora ceramics manufactured in the mosaic panel is embossed, all pieces are hand-cut, 37 / 47cm.
Manufactured by Johann.
Manufactured by: Zeiss Ikon, Dresden, Germany
Model: 1935, Zeiss catalog no.520, Produced between 1932-1938
Folding film camera, film 120 roll, picture size 6x4.5 cm , 16 frames
Lens: Novar - Anastigmat f: 3,5 / 7 cm, serial no.1310428
Aperture: f/3.5 - f/16, no click stops,
setting by a pointer and dial on the front lower side of the lens-shutter barrel
Focusing: manual front focusing, guess the distance,
Focus range: 1.2 -10m, +inf.
Shutter: Compur leaf shutter, speeds: 1-1/300 +T, B, no click stops,
setting: dial and ring on the lens-shutter barrel
T and B not cock via the shutter lever, they works only via pressing shutter release
Shutter cocking lever: on the shutter
Shutter release lever: on the shutter
Cable release screw: a separate screw on the top of the shutter
Winding knob: on the right of the bottom plate
Viewfinder: folding optical finder, self-erecting, on the top plate
Landscape shot: when the camera on vertical position (reverse due to the frame size)
Portrait shot: when the camera on horizontal position (reverse due to the frame size)
Viewfinder release button: on the top plate, beside the finder
Bellows release: Automatic opening, by a button on the top plate, right side of the finder
Bellows closing: by pressing two small silver handles on top of the struts
Flash PC socket: none
Back cover: Hinged, opens by a latch on the right side of the camera
Engravingson the back cover leatherette: Zeiss Ikon logo and 520
Red windows: Two, due to the old, not standardized numbering of the 120 roll films, at that time no numbers for half frames, so with two windows you can use 6x9 numbering: To start, the film is wound until the numeral "1" is seen in the first window. After the exposure, the same numeral is advanced to the second window for the second exposure. You must do some exercise for not winding past the mark as the film is traveling a very short lateral distance.
Hand strap: leather, w/ strap lugs
Tripod socket: old type 3/8''
Body: metal, Weight: 442g, Dimensions: 11.5x8.5x3.5cm (folded)
Serial no. 1229521 (on the shutter)
Ikonta A catalog number 520, the 4.5 x 6cm format not receiving a suffix to it's number.
The first of the Ikonta cameras were the 520 series. They were available as 520 (4.5 x 6cm), 520/2 (6 x 9cm), 520/14 (5 x 7.5cm), 520/15 (6.5 x 11cm), 520/16 (6 x 6cm) and 520/18 (3 x 4cm). Ikonta 520 is the smallest Ikonta camera, and the letter designation to its size is A.
Manufactured by Voigtländer & Sohn AG, Braunschweig, Germany
Model: 1939, very early model, manufactured for un-perforated 135 film,
produced in 1939/40, all Vito produced between 1939/40, 1947-50
35mm film Folder camera, picture size: 24x36mm
Engraving on the front cover: V on a disc
Lens: Scopar 50mm f/3.5, anastigmat Tessar type,
Filter: Hinged on front of the the lens, Voigtländer Moment 25-29 Yellow filter, lens serial no. 2479400 ( on the back of the lens, inside the body)
Aperture: f/3.5-f/16, setting: lever and scale on the lens
Focusing: guess the distance manual front focusing, distance and DOF scales on the lens, Focus range: 1-20m +inf
Shutter: Compur leaf shutter, speeds:1-1/300, setting: ring and scale on the lens
Cocking lever: on the lens-shutter barrel
Shutter release: a bar shape, on top of the front cover
Double exposure prevention: for the operation of the interlock the film must be loaded before, shutter not works before the winding one frame, also the winding is impossible before the picture taking
Cable release socket: on top of the front cover
Frame counter: window on the top plate, additive type, manuel setting by a thumb wheel just behind rewind release lever on the back side of the top plate, works when wilm in the camera
Viewfinder: simple reverse telescopic finder, very small but bright
Front cover and bellows opening: automaticaly opens by a small button on the bottom plate,
closing: simultaneously press the handles on the front plate, then push in
Winding knob: on the right of the top plate
Re-wind knob: on the left of the top plate,
Re-wind release: by a lever, on the back of the top plate,
lift up and hold it on this position when re-winding
Flash PC socket: none
Cold-shoe: none
Self-timer: none
Back cover: Hinged, opens by lifting up the ledge on the left side of the camera
Film loading: with a feeler shaft but no sprockets and a special take up-spool,
do not forget to lift up the re-wind release lever, then turn film counter to F, and let re-wind release lever fall back, then turn the winding knob till stops, then lift up and fall back the lever once more !
Engraving on the back cover: Voigtländer Vito Germany
Tripod socket: old type 3/8'', on the bottom plate
There is a small camera leg on the bottom of the front plate
Strap lugs: none
Body: metal, Weight: 371g
serial no. none
Vito was the first 35mm camera of the Voigtländer brand. Vito is known as Vito I also.
The first, early Vito was produced in small numbers in 1939/40, (some sources say the beginning was in 1939, others say 1940), until war disrupted the production. Vito was originally designed for newly introduced un-perforated 35mm film to get 30x40mm picture frames thus there are no sprocket wheels. Shortly before the production started, this kind of film's production stopped due to beginning of the WW2. Thus the camera equipped with a feeler shaft for film transport, but fitted 24x36mm picture aperture and then marketed. Hinged filter is also a feature of very early models of Vito. In later models the filter is slip-on. After the WW2 the Vito I production resumed and made between 1947-50, then replaced by Vito II. All Vito series were produced from 1939/40 to 1971.
More info: Vito Guide in Butkus Manuals, Voigtländer Collection, UK Camera, Camera-wiki, Marriott world
Manufactured by Ihagee Kamerawerk Steenbergen & Co, Dresden, East Germany
Model: c.1962, version 5.2 (A&R 1.1,1.2, Hummel 063)
Produced between 1960-63 with quantity 88700 units
as to Andrzej Wrotniak
35mm SLR film camera
Engraving on the top plate: Ihagee Dresden
BODY
Lens release: lever on the lens flange
Focusing: simple matte glass screen, ring and scale on the lens
Shutter: Focal plane cloth vertical shutter; speeds: in geometric progression 1/2-1/250,
Setting: dial on the left of the top plate
Shutter lock lever: on the back of the top plate
Shutter release: on front of the camera, w/ cable release socket
Cocking lever: also winds the film, on the right of the top plate
Frame counter: decreasing type, manual reset, on the winding knob
Viewfinder: eye level SLR pentaprism, fixed
Mirror: not instant return
Re-wind knob: on the left of the top plate, on the shutter speeds dial
Re-wind release: near the cocking lever
Flash PC socket: on front of the camera, bulb and electronic flash markings near the speeds dial
Cold-shoe: none
Memory dial : on the winding knob
Self-timer: none
Back cover: hinged, opens bya latch on the left of the camera
Special removable take-up spool
Tripod socket: ¼"
Strap lugs
Body: metal; Weight:
serial no. 237208, on the bottomplate
Exa II line are fixed finder cameras.
The Exa II line was introduced earlier than Exa I, in 1959, and manufactured concurrently with first Exa, and then Exa I models until 1963, to be replaced with Exa IIa and later, IIb.
The prism is permanently fixed (with a plain groundglass, at least in this one), and the camera has a regular focal-plane shutter running vertically. The wind lever is not as smooth as that of Exa Ia, probably because of a different shutter mechanism.
The body shape, size, and weight are similar to those of the Exa I line, and the feel and finish
somewhat better.
LENS
Standard lens:
Carl Zeiss Jena Tessar 50mm f/2.8, 4 elements, (black), fully automatic type, (no internal aperture coupling, diaphragm always in open position, pressing the plunger on the lens closes the aperture to the pre-set f number then the shutter releases),
Exakta bayonet mount, filter thread 49mm, serial no. 6860863 (introduced in 1961)
Aperture: f/2.8 - f/22, setting: ring and scale on the lens
Focus range : 0.50 - 15m +inf
More info :Andrzej Wrotniak, Captain Jack, Maurizio Frizziero, in Photo.net
The development of arc-based additive manufacturing (AM) is being driven by the need for increased manufacturing efficiency of engineering structures. Its ability to produce very near net shape preforms without the need for complex tooling, moulds, dies or furnaces offers potential for significant cost and lead time reductions, increased material efficiency and improved component performance.
For more information please visit www.twi-global.com/technical-knowledge/job-knowledge/arc-...
If you wish to use this image each use should be accompanied by the credit line and notice, "Courtesy of TWI Ltd".
View from kitchen to third bedroom - new manufactured home on display at the 2014 Tunica Show. 3 Bedroom / 2 Bath, 32x80, Approx. 2280 Sq. Ft. DV-80324
For more information or to see other models of Deer Valley homes, contact Cumberland Homes at CumberlandHomes.mhvillage.com
General shots of shopkeepers and street hawkers in different markets in Delhi, India.
© ILO/J. Urmila 2018
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 IGO License. To view a copy of this license, visit creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/igo/deed.en_US.
Manufactured by Voigtländer & Sohn AG, Braunschweig, Germany
Model: 1939, very early model, manufactured for un-perforated 135 film,
produced in 1939/40, all Vito produced between 1939/40, 1947-50
35mm film Folder camera, picture size: 24x36mm
Engraving on the front cover: V on a disc
Lens: Scopar 50mm f/3.5, anastigmat Tessar type,
Filter: Hinged on front of the the lens, Voigtländer Moment 25-29 Yellow filter, lens serial no. 2479400 ( on the back of the lens, inside the body)
Aperture: f/3.5-f/16, setting: lever and scale on the lens
Focusing: guess the distance manual front focusing, distance and DOF scales on the lens, Focus range: 1-20m +inf
Shutter: Compur leaf shutter, speeds:1-1/300, setting: ring and scale on the lens
Cocking lever: on the lens-shutter barrel
Shutter release: a bar shape, on top of the front cover
Double exposure prevention: for the operation of the interlock the film must be loaded before, shutter not works before the winding one frame, also the winding is impossible before the picture taking
Cable release socket: on top of the front cover
Frame counter: window on the top plate, additive type, manuel setting by a thumb wheel just behind rewind release lever on the back side of the top plate, works when wilm in the camera
Viewfinder: simple reverse telescopic finder, very small but bright
Front cover and bellows opening: automaticaly opens by a small button on the bottom plate,
closing: simultaneously press the handles on the front plate, then push in
Winding knob: on the right of the top plate
Re-wind knob: on the left of the top plate,
Re-wind release: by a lever, on the back of the top plate,
lift up and hold it on this position when re-winding
Flash PC socket: none
Cold-shoe: none
Self-timer: none
Back cover: Hinged, opens by lifting up the ledge on the left side of the camera
Film loading: with a feeler shaft but no sprockets and a special take up-spool,
do not forget to lift up the re-wind release lever, then turn film counter to F, and let re-wind release lever fall back, then turn the winding knob till stops, then lift up and fall back the lever once more !
Engraving on the back cover: Voigtländer Vito Germany
Tripod socket: old type 3/8'', on the bottom plate
There is a small camera leg on the bottom of the front plate
Strap lugs: none
Body: metal, Weight: 371g
serial no. none
Vito was the first 35mm camera of the Voigtländer brand. Vito is known as Vito I also.
The first, early Vito was produced in small numbers in 1939/40, (some sources say the beginning was in 1939, others say 1940), until war disrupted the production. Vito was originally designed for newly introduced un-perforated 35mm film to get 30x40mm picture frames thus there are no sprocket wheels. Shortly before the production started, this kind of film's production stopped due to beginning of the WW2. Thus the camera equipped with a feeler shaft for film transport, but fitted 24x36mm picture aperture and then marketed. Hinged filter is also a feature of very early models of Vito. In later models the filter is slip-on. After the WW2 the Vito I production resumed and made between 1947-50, then replaced by Vito II. All Vito series were produced from 1939/40 to 1971.
More info: Vito Guide in Butkus Manuals, Voigtländer Collection, UK Camera, Camera-wiki, Marriott world
This business may have been here long before zoning laws declared this a residential area. Such enterprises are commonly "grandfathered" - allowed to stay but create no precedent for similar ones to start up nearby.
It may have a long history of skilled wood workers, whose grandchildren perhaps are acquiring MBAs and going into finance.
Money is manufactured in the United States Mint on Spring Garden St, which was built 1898-1901 after designs by James Knox Taylor. The Community College of Philadelphia acquired the property in 1971.
Rep. Tom Reed (R-N.Y.) with The Hill's A.B. Stoddard during a policy briefing entitled "Smart Work: American Manufacturing in the Digital Age" sponsored by ABB and The Hill at the Newseum in Washington, D.C., on Wednesday, March 23, 2016.
General shots of shopkeepers and street hawkers in different markets in Delhi, India.
© ILO/J. Urmila 2017
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 IGO License. To view a copy of this license, visit creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/igo/deed.en_US.