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Entrance towards the "building X", the former home of the Renault direction (1922-1975).
2016 ©MichelleCourteau
Le Trapeze, the ground occupied by the former Renault Manufacture, Boulogne-Billancourt.
Architects: www.sauerbruchhutton.de/en/project/bb4
The Auburn Speedster is an American car, manufactured by the Auburn Automobile Company of Auburn, Indiana and manufactured in Union City, Indiana. A total of 887 cars were manufactured between 1928 and 1936, across 3 series (1928-1930 with "eight" and "big eight" engines, 8 cylinder 1931-1933, 12 cylinder 1932-1934, and the dramatic, iconic 1935-36 Supercharged 8 ). The first two series were designed by stylist Alan Leamy. The Auburn 851 Speedster of 1935 was styled by designer Gordon Buehrig, who also was responsible for the Cord Model 810. Al Jenkins broke 70 American speed records in the 1935 car.
History
In 1924 Auburn output was down to six cars a day, Errett Lobban Cord—a successful automobile salesman—took over the distressed company, and brought in James Crawford to design and develop a new range of vehicles. Other companies had already produced cars with 'boat tail" styling (Peerless, Packard, Hudson) but Auburn wanted to have an image leader in the segment. The Speedster had a fixed windshield, but no side windows, no interior door release, an optional roof, a cockpit for only two in an aerodynamic body.
First Series, 1928-1930 Auburn Eight (Eight-In-Line / 8-88 / Speedster 115, 120 and 125)
The first Auburn eight model was introduced in 1925, as the "Auburn Eight-In-Line". In the following year, it received an ungraded 4.8-liter side-valve 68 bhp Lycoming engine and was renamed "8-88".
1929 Auburn 120 Boattail Speedster
That powertrain remained in use until 1930, when it developed 115 bhp, hence the "Speedster 115" model name. The car was of a straightforward and stout design. Suspension was by semi-elliptic springs all round,[1] and after experiments with hydraulic brakes, Auburn opted for mechanical brakes. The three-speed gearbox was in unit with the engine. The open two-seater body styled by Count Alexis de Sakhnoffsky featured a boat-tail and a vee windscreen.
The "Auburn Speedster 120" with the so-called "big eight" 268 cubic inch, 120 hp engine were built in 1928 and 1929. On a longer chassis and with a longer hood than the 8-88, 100 were built and today only maybe 8 are known to survive.
In 1930, the Auburn Speedster was upgraded and it was renamed "Speedster 125". The Speedster 125 was advertised as a "racing car with comfort of a closed car" with a 125 bhp version of the Lycoming eight giving it a top speed of over 100 mph. It came with models such as "cabin speedster" and others. Wikipedia
They used to manufacture furniture here.
Part of Naperville Historic District on the National Register of Historic Places
Naperville, Illinois
April 2007
e070414c033a-wb
Copyright 2007 by JimFrazier All Rights Reserved. This may NOT be used for ANY reason without written consent.
A woman who weaves fabric like in old times. Only with hands to turn the thread on a spindle and with the feet will be set the wheel in motion. As a rule, 10 hours are worked here every day.
Strumble Head Lighthouse stands on Ynys Meicel (St. Michael's Island), also known as Strumble Head, a rocky island at the northwest corner of Pencaer area, five miles west of the town of Fishguard, in northern Pembrokeshire, Wales.
The present lighthouse was erected in 1908, but the first proposal to build a lighthouse here was made in 1825 by Trinity House. The lighthouse replaces a light-vessel previously moored in the south of Cardigan Bay.
The circular stone tower is 55 ft high and still contains the original lantern complete with fresnel lens manufactured by Chance Brothers, using a mercury bath as a low-friction bearing. Illumination was updated from paraffin to electricity in 1949. The Lighthouse was fully automated in 1980 and is now monitored from the Trinity House Operations Control Centre at Harwich with regular visits made by an attendant.
a monument to the New Year?? … hopefully not a false one, but this is the shadow of my phone whilst welcoming in the New Year up on Sharpenhurst Hill … fireworks all around … very nice to see … and warm enough to be only wearing shorts and a t-shirt!! :-)
Manufacture des Gobelins
Depuis 1662, année où Colbert décida de regrouper les ateliers parisiens en un même lieu, la Manufacture des Gobelins, célèbre dans le monde entier, n’a cessé de marquer de sa signature l’histoire de la tapisserie.
www.mobiliernational.culture.gouv.fr/fr/nous-connaitre/le...
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Shot with my 1964 Carl Zeiss Jena Pancolar 50mm F/1.8 rare 8 aperture blade version.
This East German Zeiss was manufactured until 1991 and was usually found attached to Praktikas via the M42 mount.
This lens was produced with rare-earth compounds containing lanthanum are extensively used in carbon lighting applications, especially by the motion picture industry for studio lighting and projection. Lanthanum (III) oxide is used in some camera lenses. It’s added to reduce dispersion and improve the clarity of images.
© All Rights Reserved
A shot taken at Xintang Clothing Wholesale Centre, Guangzhou
Xintang is a manufacturing township near Guangzhou dedicated to manufacturing, wholesaling and worldwide marketing of jeans.
廣州新塘國際牛仔服裝城商場
IN ENGLISH BELOW THE LINE
Fotografia presa amb una càmera Rolleiflex Automat (RF 111A), fabricada el 1938; Ilford HP5+ 400 revelat amb HC110. Aquesta càmera és contemporanea amb Auschwitz-Birkenau.
Una de les zones més vistes i terribles de Birkenau és la plataforma de les vies, la "Judenrampe", on els SS decidien qui vivia i qui moria entre els desgraciats acabats d'arribar en tren al camp. Les conegudes "seleccions". Tots els infants, ancians, malalts, ferits etc andaven directament cap al final de les vies, cap a les càmeres de gas. Els "supervivents" (destinats a treballar fins a morir, sovint en setmanes), eren enviats a la "Centralsauna", l'edifici d'arribades del camp. Poca gent sap que els trens només entraren dins Birkenau a partir de maig de 1944. Anteriorment la via no hi arribava, i els descarregaven uns 2 km enfora, a la "Alte Judenrampe".
Auschwitz. Què més puc dir més enllà d’aquest toponim en alemany d’una vila polonesa. Tots ja sabeu què fou, de 1940 a 1945. Aquí es creà un camp de concentració per la explotació salvatge i mortal dels enemics del III Reich. Però sobretot a partir de 1943 i a la seva extensió (i futur camp independent) de Birkenau: l’extermini dels jueus europeus a nivell industrial.
Birkenau, o Auschwitz II, fou la expansió massiva del camp original (després conegut com Auschwitz I) a partir de 1942, inicialment amb el proposit d'explotar l'influx massiu de presoners de guerra sovietics, però que aviat va canviar cap a camp d'extermini per als jueus europeus, francesos, holandesos, grecs i sobretot, polonesos i hongaresos. Les cambres de gas de Birkenau començaren a funcionar el març de 1942 i no pararen fins octubre de 1944. Finalment, el camp fou alliberat el 21 de gener de 1945. Els nazis hi assassinaren més de 1.300.000 persones, la gran majoria just baixar dels trens, i la gran majoria, jueus...
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auschwitz_concentration_camp#Auschw...
www.auschwitz.org/en/history/kl-auschwitz-birkenau/
70.auschwitz.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=ar...
auschwitz.camp/en/traces/judenrampe/
=====================================
Picture taken with a Rolleiflex Automat camera (RF 111A), manufactured in 1938; Ilford HP5+ 400 film developed in HC110. This camera is of the same era than Auschwitz-Birkenau itself.
One of the most visible and terrible areas of Birkenau is the platform between the tracks, the "Judenrampe", where the SS decided who lived and who died among the unfortunates who had just arrived by train in the camp. The well-known "selections". All the children, the elderly, the sick, the wounded, etc. went straight to the end of the tracks, to the gas chambers. The "survivors" (destined to work until death, often within weeks), were sent to the "Centralsauna", the camp's arrivals building. Note that the trains only entered the camp from May 1944 till October, more or less. Before that, there was to track, and since 1942 the trains stoped a couple of km outside, on the "Alte Judenrampe".
Auschwitz. What else can I say beyond this toponym in German of a Polish town. You all know what it was, from 1940 to 1945. Here a concentration camp was created for the savage and deadly exploitation of the enemies of the Third Reich. But especially from 1943 and in its extension (and future independent camp) of Auschwitz II - Birkenau. The extermination of European Jews at an industrial level.
Birkenau, or Auschwitz II, was the massive expansion of the original camp (later known as Auschwitz I) from 1942, initially with the purpose of exploiting the massive influx of Soviet prisoners of war, but which soon changed to a camp of extermination for the European Jews, French, Dutch, Greek and above all, Polish and Hungarian. The Birkenau gas chambers began operating in March 1942 and did not stop until October 1944. Finally, the camp was liberated on January 21, 1945. The Nazis murdered more than 1,300,000 people there, the vast majority just of the trains, and the great majority, Jews...
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auschwitz_concentration_camp#Auschw...
www.auschwitz.org/en/history/kl-auschwitz-birkenau/
No correspondence. "Real Photo Series. British Manufacture."
Vesta Tilley was born Matilda Powles in 1864, in a road off Commandery Street in Worcester. Her father worked at Worcester Royal Porcelain, but he was also a performer and encouraged her early career.
She began performing as male characters, such as Burlington Bertie, and became one of the biggest music hall stars of the period. After a brief retirement she returned to the stage during WWI to support recruitment drives and perform for servicemen.
Following the outbreak of World War I and before conscription, Vesta and her husband Sir Abraham Walter de Frece joined other peers from the entertainment sector on a campaign to support the war effort. They embarked on a series of fund raising activities for war related charities. They also set about actively recruiting men for the armed forces. During this period Vesta’s stage characters mainly depicted soldiers and all her songs were patriotic in nature. She played the role of ‘Tommy in the Trench’ and ‘Jack Tar Home from Sea’ and encouraged men in the audience to join her on the stage and enlist during her show. She also sang such songs as 'Jolly Good Luck to the Girl Who Loves a Soldier', 'The Army of Today's All Right', ‘A Bit of a Blighty One’ and 'Six Days' Leave'. At this point in her career, Vesta was a great music hall star acclaimed around the country, and she was very capable of influencing peoples’ opinion. Additionally, variety theatres were hugely popular and were often used as a hub for war propaganda.
Vesta chose to sing cheerful songs, not only with the aim of being patriotic but also to raise the morale of her audience. ‘The Army of To-day’s all right’ was especially successful in encouraging new recruits to join up the war effort and even the War Office used the title for a poster asking for volunteers.
In one week alone, while performing in Hackney, she managed to enlist a whole battalion, ‘The Vesta Tilley Platoon’, supported by Mr Horatio Bottomley (1860-1933) the politician, self-proclaimed ‘Unofficial Recruiting Agent to the British Empire’ and credited with conducting twenty recruiting meetings and 340 patriotic war lectures across the country. The impact of her work during World War I gained Vesta the nickname of ‘Britain’s greatest recruiting sergeant’.
Her performances were also aimed at serving men, who often gave her tips on how to improve her military characters. Vesta enjoyed working with soldiers as she liked to appear as realistic as possible on stage. Throughout the war Vesta became a popular symbol of home for soldiers on the Front, who used to send her requests for her costumes and make-up to use in their own military concerts on war camps, and she was only too happy to comply.
Car: Austin-Healey Sprite Mark 1.
Engine: 1275cc in-line 4.
Year of manufacture: 1959.
Date of first registration in the UK: 1st March 1959.
Place of registration: Leeds.
Date of last MOT: 12th August 2010.
Mileage at last MOT: 6,901.
Date of last change of keeper: 1st July 2010.
Number of previous keepers: 5.
Date taken: 17th September 2023.
Basuto is a Clyde puffer built in 1902 by William Jacks & Co. in Port Dundas in Scotland for its own use on the Forth and Clyde Canal. The Basuto was sold in 1919 to a coal merchant in Belfast by J. Kekky & Co. In the 1920s, she was acquired by Cooper & Sons of Widnes and was converted into a sailing barge to transport sand and gravel.
She was later bought by Manchester Dry Docks Ltd and was retrofitted with a steam engine. Her boiler dates from 1961 and was manufactured by the Cradley Boiler Company. In 1981, she was acquired by the National Waterways Museum in Ellesmere Port where she has been exhibited ever since. 29.8.25.
Manufactured by Buuper Torsckil Abbey Device, the Porax-42 Gunship was produced during the last year's of the Empire. It aimed to provide a compact powerful assault platform.
This model is based on the concept art seen at the end of The Mandalorian, episode 6. It is a bit different from the one we see on-screen during the episode.
Nikon F90 + 20mm F2.8 - Film Adox CHS II
Développement Kodak D76
Reflecta RPS 7200 Filmscanner
Tous droits réservés
Manufacture des Gobelins
Depuis 1662, année où Colbert décida de regrouper les ateliers parisiens en un même lieu, la Manufacture des Gobelins, célèbre dans le monde entier, n’a cessé de marquer de sa signature l’histoire de la tapisserie.
www.mobiliernational.culture.gouv.fr/fr/nous-connaitre/le...
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Nocturnal manufacturing, unable to find out what it was...
Textures: (5) Les Brumes and Skeletalmess.
my workshop on my Facebook just like ;-) Clic Here
my 500px Clic Here
Origins
Although there are no historical records that deal directly with the founding of Venice,[10] tradition and the available evidence have led several historians to agree that the original population of Venice consisted of refugees from Roman cities near Venice such as Padua, Aquileia, Treviso, Altino and Concordia (modern Portogruaro) and from the undefended countryside, who were fleeing successive waves of Germanic and Hun invasions.[11] Some late Roman sources reveal the existence of fishermen on the islands in the original marshy lagoons. They were referred to as incolae lacunae ("lagoon dwellers"). The traditional founding is identified with the dedication of the first church, that of San Giacomo at the islet of Rialto (Rivoalto, "High Shore"), which is said to have been at the stroke of noon on 25 March 421.[12][13]
The last and most enduring immigration into the north of the Italian peninsula was that of the Lombards in 568, leaving the Eastern Roman Empire a small strip of coast in the current Veneto, including Venice. The Roman/Byzantine territory was organized as the Exarchate of Ravenna, administered from that ancient port and overseen by a viceroy (the Exarch) appointed by the Emperor in Constantinople, but Ravenna and Venice were connected only by sea routes and with the Venetians' isolated position came increasing autonomy. New ports were built, including those at Malamocco and Torcello in the Venetian lagoon. The tribuni maiores, the earliest central standing governing committee of the islands in the Lagoon, dated from c. 568.[14]
The traditional first doge of Venice, Paolo Lucio Anafesto, was actually Exarch Paul, and his successor, Marcello Tegalliano, Paul's magister militum (General; literally, "Master of Soldiers.") In 726 the soldiers and citizens of the Exarchate rose in a rebellion over the iconoclastic controversy at the urging of Pope Gregory II. The Exarch was murdered and many officials put to flight in the chaos. At about this time, the people of the lagoon elected their own leader for the first time, although the relationship of this ascent to the uprisings is not clear. Ursus would become the first of 117 "doges" (doge is the Venetian dialect development of the Latin dux ("leader"); the corresponding word in English is duke, in standard Italian duce.) Whatever his original views, Ursus supported Emperor Leo's successful military expedition to recover Ravenna, sending both men and ships. In recognition, Venice was "granted numerous privileges and concessions" and Ursus, who had personally taken the field, was confirmed by Leo as dux[15] and given the added title of hypatus (Greek for "Consul".)[16]
In 751, the Lombard King Aistulf conquered most of the Exarchate of Ravenna, leaving Venice a lonely and increasingly autonomous Byzantine outpost. During this period, the seat of the local Byzantine governor (the "duke/dux", later "doge"), was situated in Malamocco. Settlement on the islands in the lagoon probably increased in correspondence with the Lombard conquest of other Byzantine territories as refugees sought asylum in the lagoon city. In 775/776, the episcopal seat of Olivolo (Helipolis) was created. During the reign of duke Agnello Particiaco (811–827), the ducal seat was moved from Malamocco to the highly protected Rialto, the current location of Venice. The monastery of St. Zachary and the first ducal palace and basilica of St. Mark, as well as a walled defense (civitatis murus) between Olivolo and Rialto, were subsequently built here. Winged lions, which may be seen throughout Venice, are a symbol for St. Mark.
Charlemagne sought to subdue the city to his own rule. He ordered the Pope to expel the Venetians from the Pentapolis along the Adriatic coast,[17] and Charlemagne's own son Pepin of Italy, king of the Lombards under the authority of his father, embarked on a siege of Venice itself. This, however, proved a costly failure. The siege lasted six months, with Pepin's army ravaged by the diseases of the local swamps and eventually forced to withdraw. A few months later, Pepin himself died, apparently as a result of a disease contracted there. In the aftermath, an agreement between Charlemagne and Nicephorus in 814 recognized Venice as Byzantine territory and granted the city trading rights along the Adriatic coast.
In 828, the new city's prestige was raised by the acquisition of the claimed relics of St. Mark the Evangelist from Alexandria, which were placed in the new basilica. The patriarchal seat was also moved to Rialto. As the community continued to develop and as Byzantine power waned, it led to the growth of autonomy and eventual independence.[18]
Expansion
Piazza San Marco in Venice, with St Mark's Campanile and Basilica in the background
These Horses of Saint Mark are a replica of the Triumphal Quadriga captured in Constantinople in 1204 and carried to Venice as a trophy.
From the 9th to the 12th century, Venice developed into a city state (an Italian thalassocracy or Repubblica Marinara, the other three being Genoa, Pisa, and Amalfi). Its strategic position at the head of the Adriatic made Venetian naval and commercial power almost invulnerable. With the elimination of pirates along the Dalmatian coast, the city became a flourishing trade center between Western Europe and the rest of the world (especially the Byzantine Empire and the Islamic world).
The Republic of Venice seized a number of places on the eastern shores of the Adriatic before 1200, mostly for commercial reasons, because pirates based there were a menace to trade. The Doge already carried the titles of Duke of Dalmatia and Duke of Istria. Later mainland possessions, which extended across Lake Garda as far west as the Adda River, were known as the "Terraferma", and were acquired partly as a buffer against belligerent neighbours, partly to guarantee Alpine trade routes, and partly to ensure the supply of mainland wheat, on which the city depended. In building its maritime commercial empire, the Republic dominated the trade in salt,[19] acquired control of most of the islands in the Aegean, including Cyprus and Crete, and became a major power-broker in the Near East. By the standards of the time, Venice's stewardship of its mainland territories was relatively enlightened and the citizens of such towns as Bergamo, Brescia and Verona rallied to the defence of Venetian sovereignty when it was threatened by invaders.
Venice remained closely associated with Constantinople, being twice granted trading privileges in the Eastern Roman Empire, through the so-called Golden Bulls or 'chrysobulls' in return for aiding the Eastern Empire to resist Norman and Turkish incursions. In the first chrysobull, Venice acknowledged its homage to the Empire but not in the second, reflecting the decline of Byzantium and the rise of Venice's power.[20][21]
Venice became an imperial power following the Fourth Crusade, which, having veered off course, culminated in 1204 by capturing and sacking Constantinople and establishing the Latin Empire. As a result of this conquest, considerable Byzantine plunder was brought back to Venice. This plunder included the gilt bronze horses from the Hippodrome of Constantinople, which were originally placed above the entrance to St Mark's cathedral in Venice, although the originals have been replaced with replicas and are now stored within the basilica. Following the fall of Constantinople, the former Roman Empire was partitioned among the Latin crusaders and the Venetians. Venice subsequently carved out a sphere of influence in the Mediterranean known as the Duchy of the Archipelago, and captured Crete.[22]
The seizure of Constantinople would ultimately prove as decisive a factor in ending the Byzantine Empire as the loss of the Anatolian themes after Manzikert. Although the Byzantines recovered control of the ravaged city a half century later, the Byzantine Empire was terminally weakened, and existed as a ghost of its old self until Sultan Mehmet The Conqueror took the city in 1453.
View of San Giorgio Maggiore Island from St. Mark's Campanile
Situated on the Adriatic Sea, Venice always traded extensively with the Byzantine Empire and the Muslim world. By the late 13th century, Venice was the most prosperous city in all of Europe. At the peak of its power and wealth, it had 36,000 sailors operating 3,300 ships, dominating Mediterranean commerce. During this time, Venice's leading families vied with each other to build the grandest palaces and support the work of the greatest and most talented artists. The city was governed by the Great Council, which was made up of members of the noble families of Venice. The Great Council appointed all public officials and elected a Senate of 200 to 300 individuals. Since this group was too large for efficient administration, a Council of Ten (also called the Ducal Council or the Signoria), controlled much of the administration of the city. One member of the great council was elected "Doge", or duke, the ceremonial head of the city, who normally held the title until his death.
The Venetian governmental structure was similar in some ways to the republican system of ancient Rome, with an elected chief executive (the Doge), a senate-like assembly of nobles, and a mass of citizens with limited political power, who originally had the power to grant or withhold their approval of each newly elected Doge. Church and various private properties were tied to military service, although there was no knight tenure within the city itself. The Cavalieri di San Marco was the only order of chivalry ever instituted in Venice, and no citizen could accept or join a foreign order without the government's consent. Venice remained a republic throughout its independent period, and politics and the military were kept separate, except when on occasion the Doge personally headed the military. War was regarded as a continuation of commerce by other means (hence, the city's early production of large numbers of mercenaries for service elsewhere, and later its reliance on foreign mercenaries when the ruling class was preoccupied with commerce).
Francesco Guardi, The Grand Canal, 1760 (Art Institute of Chicago)
The chief executive was the Doge, who theoretically held his elective office for life. In practice, several Doges were forced by pressure from their oligarchical peers to resign the office and retire into monastic seclusion when they were felt to have been discredited by perceived political failure.
Although the people of Venice generally remained orthodox Roman Catholics, the state of Venice was notable for its freedom from religious fanaticism and it enacted not a single execution for religious heresy during the Counter-Reformation. This apparent lack of zeal contributed to Venice's frequent conflicts with the Papacy. In this context, the writings of the Anglican Divine, William Bedell, are particularly illuminating. Venice was threatened with the interdict on a number of occasions and twice suffered its imposition. The second, most famous, occasion was in 1606, by order of Pope Paul V.
Venetian ambassadors sent home still-extant secret reports of the politics and rumours of European courts, providing fascinating information to modern historians.
The newly invented German printing press spread rapidly throughout Europe in the 15th century, and Venice was quick to adopt it. By 1482, Venice was the printing capital of the world, and the leading printer was Aldus Manutius, who invented the concept of paperback books that could be carried in a saddlebag. His Aldine Editions included translations of nearly all the known Greek manuscripts of the era.[23]
Decline
The Grand Canal in Venice
Venice's long decline started in the 15th century, when it first made an unsuccessful attempt to hold Thessalonica against the Ottomans (1423–1430). It also sent ships to help defend Constantinople against the besieging Turks (1453). After Constantinople fell to Sultan Mehmet II he declared war on Venice. The war lasted thirty years and cost Venice much of its eastern Mediterranean possessions. Next, Christopher Columbus discovered the New World. Then Portugal found a sea route to India, destroying Venice's land route monopoly. France, England and the Dutch Republic followed them. Venice's oared galleys were at a disadvantage when it came to traversing the great oceans, and therefore Venice was left behind in the race for colonies.
The Black Death devastated Venice in 1348 and once again between 1575 and 1577.[24] In three years the plague killed some 50,000 people.[25] In 1630, the plague killed a third of Venice's 150,000 citizens.[26] Venice began to lose its position as a center of international trade during the later part of the Renaissance as Portugal became Europe's principal intermediary in the trade with the East, striking at the very foundation of Venice's great wealth, while France and Spain fought for hegemony over Italy in the Italian Wars, marginalising its political influence. However, the Venetian empire was a major exporter of agricultural products and, until the mid-18th century, a significant manufacturing center.
Modern age[edit source | editbeta]
A map of the sestiere of San Marco
The Republic lost independence when Napoleon Bonaparte conquered Venice on 12 May 1797 during the First Coalition. The French conqueror brought to an end the most fascinating century of its history: during the 18th century, Venice became perhaps the most elegant and refined city in Europe, greatly influencing art, architecture and literature. Napoleon was seen as something of a liberator by the city's Jewish population, although it can be argued they had lived with fewer restrictions in Venice. He removed the gates of the Ghetto and ended the restrictions on when and where Jews could live and travel in the city.
Venice became Austrian territory when Napoleon signed the Treaty of Campo Formio on 12 October 1797. The Austrians took control of the city on 18 January 1798. It was taken from Austria by the Treaty of Pressburg in 1805 and became part of Napoleon's Kingdom of Italy, but was returned to Austria following Napoleon's defeat in 1814, when it became part of the Austrian-held Kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia. In 1848–1849, a revolt briefly reestablished the Venetian Republic under Daniele Manin. In 1866, following the Third Italian War of Independence, Venice, along with the rest of the Veneto, became part of the newly created Kingdom of Italy.
During the Second World War, the historic city was largely free from attack, the only aggressive effort of note being Operation Bowler, a successful Royal Air Force precision strike on the German naval operations there in March 1945. The targets were destroyed with virtually no architectural damage done the city itself.[27] However the industrial areas in Mestre and Marghera and the railway lines to Padua, Trieste and Trento were repeatedly bombed.[28] On 29 April 1945, New Zealand troops under Freyberg reached Venice and relieved the city and the mainland, which were already in partisan hands.[29]
Subsidence[edit source | editbeta]
Further information: Acqua alta
Acqua alta or high water in Venice.
Venice and surroundings in false colour, from Terra. The picture is oriented with North at the top.
Foundations
The buildings of Venice are constructed on closely spaced wooden piles. Most of these piles are still intact after centuries of submersion. The foundations rest on the piles, and buildings of brick or stone sit above these footings. The piles penetrate a softer layer of sand and mud until they reach a much harder layer of compressed clay.
Submerged by water, in oxygen-poor conditions, wood does not decay as rapidly as on the surface.
Most of these piles were made from trunks of alder trees,[30] a wood noted for its water resistance.[31] The alder came from the westernmost part of today's Slovenia (resulting in the barren land of the Kras region), in two regions of Croatia, Lika and Gorski kotar (resulting in the barren slopes of Velebit) and south of Montenegro.[citation needed] Leonid Grigoriev has stated that Russian larch was imported to build some of Venice's foundations.[32] Larch is also used in the production of Venice turpentine.[33]
History[edit source | editbeta]
The city is often threatened by flood tides pushing in from the Adriatic between autumn and early spring. Six hundred years ago, Venetians protected themselves from land-based attacks by diverting all the major rivers flowing into the lagoon and thus preventing sediment from filling the area around the city. This created an ever-deeper lagoon environment.
In 1604, to defray the cost of flood relief, Venice introduced what could be considered the first example of a 'stamp tax'. When the revenue fell short of expectations in 1608, Venice introduced paper with the superscription 'AQ' and imprinted instructions, which was to be used for 'letters to officials'. At first, this was to be a temporary tax, but it remained in effect until the fall of the Republic in 1797. Shortly after the introduction of the tax, Spain produced similar paper for general taxation purposes, and the practice spread to other countries.
During the 20th century, when many artesian wells were sunk into the periphery of the lagoon to draw water for local industry, Venice began to subside. It was realised that extraction of water from the aquifer was the cause. The sinking has slowed markedly since artesian wells were banned in the 1960s. However, the city is still threatened by more frequent low-level floods (called Acqua alta, "high water") that creep to a height of several centimetres over its quays, regularly following certain tides. In many old houses, the former staircases used to unload goods are now flooded, rendering the former ground floor uninhabitable.
Some recent studies have suggested that the city is no longer sinking,[34][35] but this is not yet certain; therefore, a state of alert has not been revoked. In May 2003, the Italian Prime Minister Silvio Berlusconi inaugurated the MOSE project (Modulo Sperimentale Elettromeccanico), an experimental model for evaluating the performance of hollow floatable gates; the idea is to fix a series of 78 hollow pontoons to the sea bed across the three entrances to the lagoon. When tides are predicted to rise above 110 centimetres, the pontoons will be filled with air, causing them to float and block the incoming water from the Adriatic Sea. This engineering work is due to be completed by 2014.[36]
Geography
Sestieri of Venice:
Cannaregio
Castello
Dorsoduro
San Marco
San Polo
Santa Croce
The historical city is divided into six areas or "sestiere" (while the whole comune (municipality) is divided into 6 boroughs of which one is composed of all 6 sestiere). These are Cannaregio, San Polo, Dorsoduro (including the Giudecca and Isola Sacca Fisola), Santa Croce, San Marco (including San Giorgio Maggiore) and Castello (including San Pietro di Castello and Sant'Elena). Each sestiere was administered by a procurator and his staff. Nowadays each sestiere is a statistic and historical area without any degree of autonomy.
These districts consist of parishes – initially seventy in 1033, but reduced under Napoleon and now numbering just thirty-eight. These parishes predate the sestieri, which were created in about 1170.
Other islands of the Venetian Lagoon do not form part of any of the sestieri, having historically enjoyed a considerable degree of autonomy.
Each sestiere has its own house numbering system. Each house has a unique number in the district, from one to several thousand, generally numbered from one corner of the area to another, but not usually in a readily understandable manner.
Climate
According to the Köppen climate classification, Venice has a Humid subtropical climate (Cfa), with cool winters and very warm summers. The 24-hour average in January is 2.5 °C (36.5 °F), and for July this figure is 22.7 °C (72.9 °F). Precipitation is spread relatively evenly throughout the year, and averages 801 millimetres (31.5 in).
Zeta is a model of motor car produced in Australia from 1963 to 1965 by South Australian manufacturing company Lightburn & Co.
The first Zeta was £595.
Lightburn’s factory was in the Adelaide suburb of Camden Park.
Lightburn was an established company that also made cement mixers and washing machines.
Diamond Match Factory, Sivakasi, Tamil Nadu, South India, 23rd of August 1979. I digitalised my black and white photo by photographing it again. One of the best-known bhajans of the 16th century saint-singer Meera Bai of Rajput was addressed to Krishna: "Oh Lord, take away the pain from mankind."
Driven by here for years, never on foot, just had to get a shot a few weeks ago when we got the light.
TVR Manufacturing Limited
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Toronto Triumph Club, British Car Day, Bronte Creek Provincial Park
P9165384 Anx2 Q90 1024h
Vieille femme balinaise détachant les différentes parties de clous de Girofle.
J'avais déjà posté cette photo mais le post-traitement que j'y avais effectué ne me convenais pas.
Je voulais y illustrer les difficultés de la vie locale; où des personnes travaillent à même le sol quelque soit leur âge.
Malgré tout, ils semblent heureux.
Hollem, Howard R.,, photographer.
One of the girls of Vilter [Manufacturing] Co. filing small gun parts, Milwaukee, Wisc. One brother in Coast Guard, one going to Army.
1943 Feb.
1 transparency : color.
Notes:
Title from FSA or OWI agency caption.
Transfer from U.S. Office of War Information, 1944.
Subjects:
Vilter Manufacturing Company
Women--Employment
Gunsmithing
World War, 1939-1945
United States--Wisconsin--Milwaukee
Format: Transparencies--Color
Rights Info: No known restrictions on publication.
Repository: Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division, Washington, D.C. 20540 USA, hdl.loc.gov/loc.pnp/pp.print
Part Of: Farm Security Administration - Office of War Information Collection 12002-21 (DLC) 93845501
General information about the FSA/OWI Color Photographs is available at hdl.loc.gov/loc.pnp/pp.fsac
Higher resolution image is available (Persistent URL): hdl.loc.gov/loc.pnp/fsac.1a34973
Call Number: LC-USW36-467
Nikon F90 + 20mm F2.8 - Film Adox CHS II
Développement Kodak D76
Reflecta RPS 7200 Filmscanner
Tous droits réservés
Car: Jaguar E Type Series 1 Coupe.
Year of manufacture: 1962.
Date of first registration in the UK: 10th July 1985.
Region of registration: Kinrossshire.
Latest recorded mileage: 68,115 (MOT 18th January 2019).
Date of last V5 issued: 3rd April 2019.
Date taken: 8th March 2015.
Location: Queen Square, Bristol, UK.
Originally posted on Ipernity: Here's Hoping Santa Won't Forget You.
"Here's hoping Santa won't forget you. Santa Claus Warehouse."
Info on the back of this postcard: "Genuine Frees Animal Series. Photographs of real live pets. No. 765. Christmas Comics. 6 designs....Publ'd by the Nyce Manufacturing Co., Vernfield, Pa."
This printed postcard reproduces a photo by Harry Whittier Frees (1879-1953), who posed cats, dogs, and other animals in amusing scenes like this. For additional information about Frees, see All My Christmas Dreams Came True.
Manufactured by the Sunderer Conglomerate Firm in their Jupiter mega-factory for the Futuron Federation Security Inc., the TLN-2 Armored Personnel Carrier vehicle unit is able to transport 10 units with 1 pilot and drone units.
The Front section is where the cockpit is located - the diamond shaped windscreen gives the pilot full visibility while driving yet is protected at the same time from assaults with covering side plates and light anti-assault weaponry. Behind it, a communications and surveillance station is active during missions, used to contact squad units or the nearest Futuron Security Inc. vehicle units or HQ to report mission status updates or request backups.
The Middle section is where the 2 loading doors are, reinforced in Uranium alloy armor plating just like the rest of this heavy-duty vehicle, the pilot controls their opening and closure. On the top, a Long-Range SOUNDEON Radar system is placed to aid the pilot with constant GPS updates.
The Rear section is where the troop cargo area is located, as well as the drone unit station, where the 2 top roof doors open, and the drones can take off. A small cargo compartment is also included at the back of the vehicle.
Car: BMW Z3.
Year of manufacture: 1999.
Date of first registration in the UK: 1st September 1999.
Place of registration: London North-West.
Date of last MOT: 31st July 2021.
Mileage at last MOT: 58,364.
Date of last V5 issued: 6th September 2020.
Date taken: 2nd June 2021.
Album: Carspotting 2021
Phoenix, AZ
6/14/16
While in Arizona, I had the opportunity to visit the DaDee Manufacturing facility. I met Refuse Arizona the week before at Waste Expo and we were able to arrange a tour at the DaDee Manufacturing facility. On my way to their facility I saw The Scorpion FE Mack LR from Waste Expo pull into the Mack dealership in Phoenix, it was neat seeing that truck twice in one week in two different states. Once I arrived at DaDee Manufacturing Refuse Arizona gave me a tour that started at prefabrication and went all the way to final assembly. I had a great time learning more about the DaDee products and seeing them in person.
Big thank you to everyone at DaDee Manufacturing, they are truly an innovative company with products of the highest quality. And a special thank you to Refuse Arizona for the amazing tour, it was an honor meeting you and Waste Expo and talking about the Waste Industry.