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Graz, Styria (the art of very important institutions of Graz), Landesgericht (regional court, tribunal) für Strafsachen (matière pénale, criminal matters, materia penale, sprawach karnych), Conrad-von-Hötzendorf-Straße by Alfred Lex

Provincial Criminal Court

Object ID: 57028, Conrad-von-Hötzendorf street 41, 43

Cadastral Community: Jakomini. The monumental three-storey building block with late historic-old German facades was built between 1890 and 1895.

Landesgericht für Strafsachen

Objekt ID: 57028, Conrad-von-Hötzendorf-Straße 41, 43

Katastralgemeinde: Jakomini. Der monumentale dreigeschoßige Baublock mit späthistoristisch-altdeutschen Fassaden wurde zwischen 1890 und 1895 errichtet.

During the National Socialist dictatorship from 1938 to 1945 was in this building the place of execution, in which women and men from Austria as well as from many other European countries were beheaded for their political beliefs, national origin or because of their faith. Honor to all of the Victims! The city of Graz in 1988. Austrian League for Human Rights

Während der Nationalsozialistischen Gewaltherrschaft von 1938 bis 1945 befand sich in diesem Gebäude jene Hinrichtungsstätte, in der Frauen und Männer aus Österreich wie aus vielen anderen Europäischen Ländern wegen ihrer politischen Überzeugung, nationalen Herkunft oder wegen ihres Glaubens enthauptet wurden. Ehre Allen Opfern! Die Stadt Graz 1988. Österreichische Liga für Menschenrechte

(further information you can see by clicking on the link at the end of page!)

History and judicial organization

The Revolution of 1848 marked also the Austria jurisdiction of that time in a substantial manner with manifestations that act to the present day. The with this associated judicial organization brought then - here particularly interesting - most of all four court levels or court types: District Courts, Higher Civil Courts (Landesgerichte), Higher Regional Courts (Oberlandesgerichte) and a Supreme Court. To those four kinds of courts, the procedures of first instance - differentiated by sum in dispute or seriousness of the offense - and the review of judicial decisions on appeal were distributed in a manageable manner. That in the course of this the (only) Supreme Court already at the time of the monarchy could be found in Vienna is understandable, that it remained there from 1918 until today (apart from the period of National Socialism) is known.

The next level below the Supreme Court was and is formed by the High Regional Courts. In 1855 there were in the whole Empire nineteen, today there are four in Austria, namely in Vienna, Linz, Innsbruck and Graz. They act primarily as appellate courts. Next come the so-called courts of first instance. This generic term was necessary because there were, besides the regional courts also district courts - partly later - special courts for commercial, youth, labor and social welfare cases or should be. Of all these existed at the time of the monarchy, of course, already a significant number, in the area of present-day Austria were originally seventeen, today there are twenty after the Juvenile Court in Vienna had been dissolved in 2003 (Federal Law Gazette 30/2003). The district of the Higher Regional Court of Graz accounts for the Regional Court for Civil Matters and the National Criminal Court in Graz, the Klagenfurt Regional Court and the Regional Court of Leoben. The lowest level eventually was formed by the district courts. "Lowest" in this context is of course no rating but merely an expression of the position in the structure of jurisdiction. In Styria there were initially 45 district courts, including the district of the Provincial Court of Leoben 22 (Reich Law Gazette 339/1849). Those were merged over time. District courts are now still in Schladming, Liezen, Murau, Judenburg, Mürzzuschlag, Bruck/Mur and Leoben. Aside from court consolidations, modifications of the district sizes, responsibility shifts caused by changes in the value limits and also renamings there were naturally in the past 160 years repeatedly also suggestions or ideas for actual substantive changes of this Court System. For example, there was talk of dissolving the Courts of First Instance and to distribute their agendas to the district courts. Or these courts should be strengthened and therefore waived of the Higher Regional Court. Nothing of it gained majority, the from the mid-19th Century stemming basic system remained established and is valid until today .

THE REGIONAL COURT LEOBEN

After creating the legal basis for the new judicial organization, it was now about to implement them. It arose the familiar question of "where" and "with whom". The decision for Leoben was already on 25th July in 1849 published (Reich Law Gazette 339/1849) and also the top management for Upper Styria was very soon decided. As of 28/12/1849 the previous "Council of the Styrian state law" Dr. Heinrich Perissutti was appointed President of the Provincial Court of Leoben. He took on 18 February 1850 in Graz his oath of office and actually was taking up activities on 4 April 1850. He moved - then granted - to Leoben, there is evidence that he had lived at Unteren Platz, house number 121 (today Timmerdorfer lane 2). The accommodation question for the court in Leoben also could be settled successfully in a short time. This should move into the former Dominican monastery (now Land Registry 60327, Leoben register number 103), a building that was owned by the city of Leoben and the judiciary has been left to everlasting time for its own purposes (Treaty of 11 August 1853). This had to be adapted but only for the new task and it did take some time but, that is to say early summer 1856.

The aforementioned modifications of the judicial organization were in the first years in Leoben area relatively noticeable. Firstly, the High Regional Courts of Graz and Klagenfurt were merged with headquarters in Graz (1852 enacted and 1854 implemented) and on the other hand it came to a "downgrating" as to the label of the Provincial Court Leoben to a "district court" (19 January 1853).

The First World War, the downfall of the monarchy, the First Republic and the Corporate State brought in Upper Styria as to judicial organization only one significant, lasting change. The district courts Aflenz, Mautern and Obdach were merged with neighboring courts (Federal Law Gazette 187/1923, 276/1923). With the seizure of power by the Nazis in 1938 but went down the country's independent judiciary. Justice solely "In the name of the German people" should be distributed and probably to some extend it had a different status than before. Pure terminologically, the county court became a Higher District Court, the district courts have mutated into local courts (Journal of Laws for the country Austria 350/1938). What changed further was the area of the district. The Ausseerland was separated from Styria and the Gau (administrative district) of "Upper Danube" and thus to the district of the Higher District Court in Wels assigned.

After the end of the Second World War it came to the restoration of the on 13 March 1938 existing judicial organization, Bad Aussee, therefore, returned to the district of the Court of Leoben (State Gazette 47/1945). There were other changes. The most significant over time was probably that the1946 set up labor courts, which had replaced the earlier commercial courts, together with the arbitration courts of the Social Insurance and the mediation courts on 1 January 1987 merged in the ordinary jurisdiction (Federal Law Gazette 104/1985).

As already indicated, the terminology of the Leoben Court of Justice was subject to alterations. Beginning of 1849 had been created among other things the "Higher District Court" Leoben. With Order of 19 January 1853 (Reich Law Gazette 10/1853) to "District Court" downgraded, the Nazis transformed the term from 13 August 1938 (Journal of Laws for the country of Austria 350/1938 ) into "Higher District Court". The Court Organization Act of 3 July 1945 (State Gazette 47/1945) re-established the "District Court", until on the first of March 1993 the time came that the most original denomination "Higher District Court" was again brought back to life (Federal Law Gazette 91/1993). Without that during the whole period of the responsibilities and tasks anything really notheworthy would have changed, the Court in Leoben got three different names in five time periods.

de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liste_der_denkmalgesch%C3%BCtzten_O...

www.justiz.gv.at/web2013/html/default/2c94848540b9d489014...

Active Matter Summit by Arts at MIT

In recent decades, developments in software and hardware technologies have created dramatic shifts in design, manufacturing and research. Software technologies have facilitated automated process and new solutions for complex problems. Computation has also become a platform for creativity through generative art and design. New hardware platforms and digital fabrication technologies have similarly transformed manufacturing, offering more efficient production and mass customization. Such advances have helped catalyzed the maker-movement, democratizing design and maker culture. This influx of new capabilities to design, compute and fabricate like never before, has sparked a renewed interest in material performance.

We are now witnessing significant advances in active matter, 3D/4D Printing, materials science, synthetic biology, DNA nanotechnology and soft robotics, which have led to the convergence of software, hardware and material technologies and the growing field of programmable materials.

This conference was about the emerging field of active matter and programmable materials that bridges the worlds of art, science, engineering and design, demonstrating new perspectives for computation, transformation and dynamic material applications.

If over the past few decades we have experienced a software revolution, and more recently, a hardware revolution, this conference aims to discuss the premises, challenges and innovations brought by today’s materials revolution. We can now sense, compute, and actuate with materials alone, just as we could with software and hardware platforms previously. How does this shift influence materials research, and how does it shape the future of design, arts, and industrial applications? What tools and design processes do we need to advance, augment and invent new materials today? What are the key roles that industry, government, academic and public institutions can play in catalyzing the field of programmable materials?

This two-day conference consisted of a range of talks and lively discussion from leading researchers in materials science, art & design, synthetic biology and soft-robotics along with leaders from government, public institutions and industry.

Learn more at activemattersummit.com

All photos ©L. Barry Hetherington

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issues that matter by david silver

issues that matter according to the university of utah community on september 11, 2007

(left to right):

green

darfur

sex education

zebra mussels

increased recycling

lower drinking age to 18 ... if people can die for the US at 18, but not drink a beer ... thats crazy.

city/campus planning

Every Drop Matters by United Nations Development Programme in Europe and CIS

On average, every US dollar invested in water and sanitation provides an economic return of eight US dollars

Alma Matters by bandashing

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