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I took this picture in advance especially for Marmalade's birthday ^_^
Here there is someone who wants to give you something... Espero que hayas tenido un día genial. Sabes que te deseo lo mejor ;D y que todo te vaya llegando poco a poco ñ_ñ Wiiiii~~
Tent care for homeless animals.
Chernivtsi, Ukraine.
SLR Camera: Nikon F5
Lens: MC Volna-3 80mm f2.8 (for medium format camera)
Film: Kodak Pro Image 100
Filter: Promaster Spectrum 7 UV
Film was processed and scanned by "Mark" Studio Lab. in Chernivtsi. I am happy with the results.
To see the pictures taken with this camera click here.
Thank you for your comments and Fav's.
52/52 for the group 2022 Weekly Alphabet Challenge
This week's theme was: Z is for Zone
The light wasn't good, but it's going to pour down all week, so I won't get a better shot of the sign.
This is the sign as you approach the local school. I really like the child's drawing of a snail which is at the bottom. The sign is bilingual in English and Welsh.
Just a bit of fun last evening. Trying to capture the swallows flying about over the Nottawasaga River at Wasaga Beach. I did catch him- in the Rt-hand corner. I kind of liked the colors in this.
Feeple 65 Chloe RECAST in NS by Luo
Has a faceup by me which is well sealed, lashes and she will come with the eyes in the pictures, which are by Candy Kitten and are stunning.
As far as I could tell when putting her together and through playing with her over time and from an inspection recently, there is nothing wrong with her.
She's sturdy, tough, very well made and doesn't seem to have any chips, scratches, stains.
There's minor casting blemishes as you get with recasts, some seams but they aren't that noticeable.
She can stand, as you can see, I haven't posed her in the best pose ever, it was to show she can stand...even like that.
Asking: $230.00 that price includes economy shipping. I am based in the UK so shipping outside of Europe is going to be expensive.
Canada and Australia, I'm afraid I will HAVE to charge extra for shipping due to how expensive even economy is.
If you want a different type of shipping, I will need to put a charge on top, but I will discount it. Just send me a message and I'll try and get you a quote.
This is for you today .....
তোমায় দিলাম আজ ......
Do we need a Valentine day to give a Rose?? Its for you .... any day any time...
Thanks In Advance for not Inviting me to any Group and Attaching Graphics to this picture as a part of your comments. I appreciate your comments and Favs if you like it.
A new project for Alicia who want something around my Little Red Riding Hood... So I plan to make a new variation of this theme, with a lot of assorted machine embroideries by combining some designs.
This set will include a dress, a corseted over-dress, removable puffed sleeves, a jacket, a petticoat and socks.
See you soon!
For her month in Bee Unique Bee Knotty Elizabeth asked for blocks made in the theme of "Hanging Quilts" (inspired by a theme used in the Ringo Pie Bee, "Quilts on a Line.") She provided each of us a piece of Kona Snow to use as the background and asked for a 14.5" (unfinished) block.
Elizabeth indicated that the hanging quilts could be hanging on anything. I fear I might be stretching the theme a bit too much but, inspired by The Walking Quilted group, I decided to make a block showing someone holding the quilt with just her feet and hands showing.
For the mini quilt I knew that I wanted to make a tiny version of my most recent finish, City Green. I used the scraps from that quilt and it took me three tries to get it right (I had to abandon the idea of putting the super skinny sashing in between each block once I realized that was insane.) The quilt is about 5" square. The individual squares are 1/2" finished. I sewed the quilt together, turned under the edge and then appliquéd it to the block using a tiny zigzag. All other appliqué is raw-edge.
For the trees I used the same technique that I used for this mosaic tree block. Everything was temporarily attached using a washable glue stick and then I used a tiny zigzag stitch to appliqué everything. I added the pink bird because I thought the the block needed a pop of something that wasn't green.
PS. The quilt holder isn't unclothed -- it's summer time so she's wearing shorts!
For my video; youtu.be/OKIslUR252o,
Trincomali Channel,
Galiano Island, British Columbia, Canada
A Tug, sailing under the flag of Canada. Her length overall (LOA) is 15 meters and her width is 6 meters.
Built in 1994
After the fool heard of Medusa, he was searching for a spear that would be strong enough. But sadly it seems that there's no spear that fits.
Maybe the last one will resist?
(LEGO Kingdoms "Gaukler" 7953)
Photography & Editing:© Ange Harper Photography
Model: The Druidess Of Midian
Hair Dressing, Headdress and Props & Set © Jane Hunter of Im-permanence
Costume design © www.thedarkangel.co.uk Facebook Fan Page
☆ Like ☆ Comment ☆ Share ☆ Enjoy! ☆
© All Rights Reserved.
No unauthorised use without prior written consent.
☆★☆
A forzuto for Jan!
French postcard by Edition Chantal, Paris, no. 33. Photo: Studio Rudolph.
Handsome Samson Fainsilber (1904 – 1983) was a French, Romanian born actor. He appeared in several films of Abel Gance in the 1930’s and of Alain Resnais in the 1970’s.
Samson Fainsilber was born in Iaşi, Romania in 1904. He was the son of journalist Matei Rusu. His brother was the film critic Benjamin Fainsilber. His Jewish family fled the country and found refuge in France. Samson grew up in Paris. In 1924 he made his stage debut in Les Cadets at the Theatre des Mathurins. He went to Italy, where he acted with Ida Rubinstein. He also played in Histoires de France (1929), written and directed by Sacha Guitry at the Théâtre Pigalle. From then on, Samson also started to appear in the cinema. Among his first films were Le Requin/The Shark (1929, Henri Chomette), the first full-length French sound film, and the Sci-Fi Disaster film La Fin du monde/End of the World (1930, Abel Gance) with Victor Francen. Hal Erickson at AllMovie: “Never one to do anything by halves, director Abel Gance delivers just what the title La Fin du Monde promises: The End of the World. As a comet speeds along on a collision course with Planet Earth, the world prays for a miracle. (…) Once all hope is abandoned, virtually all of civilization degenerates into a drunken orgy, replete with rape and bestiality. The worst is reserved for last, as the ever-approaching comet causes a plethora of natural disasters before the final ‘Big Bang.’ For its premiere engagements in 1929, La Fin du Monde was outfitted with a primitive but effective stereophonic-sound system, the aural equivalent to Abel Gance's Cinerama-like ‘Triptychs’ in his 1927 masterpiece Napoleon. With his typical flair for the messianic, Gance originally released his film as Abel Gance's La Fin du Monde.” Fainsilber would work for Abel Gance again in the melodrama Mater Dolorosa/The Pledge (1932, Abel Gance) in which he had an affair with his brother’s wife (Line Noro). For Napoléon Bonaparte (1935, Abel Gance), a re-edited sound version of Abel Gance's silent masterpiece Napoleon (1927), he did the voice of Danton. Finally, he co-starred with Georges Milton in Gance’s Jérôme Perreau/The Queen and the Cardinal (1935, Abel Gance).
In the early 1930s Fainsilber was extremely active in the young French sound cinema. In one of the many adaptations of Lamartine's Jocelyn (Pierre Guerlais, 1933), he was a runaway seminarist who is tempted by a girl he finds in a cave (Marguerite Weintenberger). In the Sardou adaptation Odette (1935, Jacques Houssin, Giorgio Zambon), the handsome Fainsilber was the love interest of Italian diva Francesca Bertini. Fainsilber could also be seen in popular genre films like the lavish swashbuckler Les Trois Mousquetaires/The Three Musketeers (1932, Henri Diamant-Berger) in which he played the power-hungry Cardinal Richelieu, the Jules Mary adaptation Roger-la-Honte (Gaston Roudès, 1933) with Constant Rémy, and Le Bossu/The Hunchback (1934, René Sti) with Josseline Gael. After this busy period followed a few years in which he did not make films. In the late 1930s he returned on the screen in Retour à l'aube/She Returned at Dawn (1938, Henri Decoin) with Danielle Darrieux, and Tourbillon de Paris/Whirlwind of Paris (1939, Henri Diamant-Berger). Then the occupation of France by the Nazis, once again interrupted the career of the Jewish actor. The Vichy government took away his French nationality, which he previously had acquired. He used the time to write a book, L'acteur de théâtre (The stage actor, 1944) and survived the war. After the war, Samson Fainsilber made a come-back in the cinema with the comedy Dorothée cherche l'amour/Dorothy Looks For Love (1945, Edmond T. Gréville) featuring Suzy Carrier. He also appeared in the resistance film Les Clandestins/Clandestine (1946, André Chotin). Hal Erickson reviews at AllMovie: “French ‘underground’ films were as common as the measles in 1946. Among the better efforts was Les Clandestins, directed with realism and conviction by Andre Chotin. A romantic subplot involving two resistance fighters can be forgotten; the film's strong suit is its vivid recreations of the horrors and deprivations suffered by the French under Nazi domination. Particularly heart-wrenching is the ordeal of a philosophical Jewish doctor, played by Samson Fainsilber. Commendably, the Nazis are not depicted as caricatures; their matter-of-fact behavior while committing the most heinous of atrocities is far more frightening because of its ‘normalcy’.” In 1948 Fainsilber slapped a theater critic and was not aware of the consequences. The Association of critics decided to no longer mention Fainsilber in reviews. However, he continued to appear in plays and films, some made by noted directors.
Fainsilber appeared for Sacha Guitry uncredited as Cardinal Mazarin in the films Si Versailles m'était conté/Affairs in Versailles (1953, Sacha Guitry) and Si Paris nous était conté/If Paris Were Told to Us (1955, Sacha Guitry). A curiosity was the album 32 poèmes d'amour (32 Love Poems), which he recorded for Pathé. He continued to appear in the theatre. A success was Madame Sans-Gêne by Victorien Sardou and Émile Moreau, directed by Alfred Pasquali. In 1960 it was staged in the Théâtre de l'Ambigu and retaken in 1962 at the Théâtre des Célestins. He also worked for television. A huge success was Janique Aimée (1963, Jean-Pierre Desagnat), a drama series of 52 episodes of 13 minutes for the ORTF. Another TV success was the mini-series Docteur Teyran (1981, Jean Chapot) starring Michel Piccoli. His later film credits include Don Juan 73/Don Juan (Or If Don Juan Were a Woman) (1973, Roger Vadim) starring Brigitte Bardot in her last film, and the action comedy L’animal/Stuntwoman (1977, Claude Zidi) featuring Jean-Paul Belmondo and Raquel Welch. Fainsilber played supporting parts in three films by Alain Resnais. The crime drama Stavisky (1974, Alain Resnais) featured Belmondo as a historic financier, con-man and swindler who was arrested in 1934 for selling phony stock but was never brought to trial. In the psychological drama Providence (1977, Alain Resnais) starred Dirk Bogarde and John Gielgud. The film swept the Cesar Awards, France's Oscar equivalent, winning seven including Best Director for Resnais. In their last cooperation La vie est un roman/Life is a Bed of Roses (1982, Alain Resnais) Fainsilber supported André Dussolier and Vittorio Gassman. It was his last film. A year later, Samson Fainsilber died in 1983 in Paris following a heart attack. He was married to actress Simone Paris.
Sources: Hal Erickson (AllMovie), Der Spiegel (German), AllMovie, Wikipedia (French and Romanian) and IMDb.
“Most of my images are grounded in people. I look for the unguarded moment, the essential soul peeking out, experience etched on a person’s face. I try to convey what it is like to be that person, a person caught in a broader landscape, that you could call the human condition.” - Steve McCurry
Photographing Day of the Dead (Dia de los Muertos) celebration in Oaxaca City, Mexico put my skills as a travel photographer to the test. The fast paced action of the spontaneous street parades, the wild Banda bands and joyous spirit of the Mexican people made for a memorable week.
While I spent a good portion of that time behind the lens, I also found time to step out from behind it and be an active participant in the celebrations and meet the locals.
I met Alejandro, a college student, on my second evening in town and he invited me to join his group of girlfriends and dance the night away on the streets of Oaxaca.
I had a unique cultural experience getting my haircut from Carlos the barber. Although I took four years of Spanish in college, it was still a task to communicate with him to make sure I would not go bald. In the end, I still had my hair and he taught me about futbol and I shared my passion for American football.
I met Cesar while enjoying my morning coffee at a sidewalk cafe on Oaxaca’s zocalo (public square). He shared some great tips on where to photograph the best street parades and the small cemeteries, without tourists, where I could get an intimate feel for the Mexican tradition of Day of the Dead.
Now that I have returned to the United States, looking at my photographs brings both happiness and sadness. As much as I cherished meeting, photographing, and understanding the Mexican people, I also know that I may never meet these people again in my lifetime.
Everyone I met on my journey had a story to tell and storytelling is the essence of a travel photographer.
Come join me on my journey....
Happy Travels!
Text and photo copyright by ©Sam Antonio Photography
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Model, Styling, Makeup: Helena
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Now I'm on Facebook too.
Wanna see more pictures of Helena on Flickr?
This image is protected by copyright. Don't use it without my permission.
Black Painted Parts For Kenworth W900 Accessories Pack (V1.1)
atsmods.lt/black-painted-parts-for-kenworth-w900-accessor...
atsmod.net/american-truck-simulator-mods/black-painted-pa...
Review video:
KCR 58 (Game)
ATS Mods:
drive.google.com/drive/folders/
ETS2 Mods:
drive.google.com/drive/folders/
Game Shots:
www.flickr.com/photos/tags/kcr58game
Game Videos:
www.youtube.com/c/WongGordon_kcr58game
------
Tested in ETS2 V1.38
Always check for updates before download.
Please report faults in the review video, Thank you.
V1.1 (2020-08-14)
Black texture path corrected.
Edited the following parts to work also on Freightliner FLC by XBS:
– Special Transport Accessories+Caterpillar skins made by SirBlackyAlot
– – Heavy bumpers
– Kenworth W900 Accessories Pack made by pete379jp
– – Front bumpers
------
Playlist:
Byron Bay. Population 9,300.
Captain James Cook sighted and named Cape Byron in May 1770 as he sailed past it. A couple of days later he named Mount Warning as the coast has dangerous rocks there for sailing ships. Cape Byron is the most easterly point of Australia. The Colonial Architect James Barnet designed the lighthouse in the 1870s but it was not proceeded with until 1899 when another architect designed a lighthouse for the cape. It was completed in 1901 at a cost of over £18,000 which would equate to millions of dollars these days. The lens with 760 pieces of prismatic glass reflected the light into the ocean from a six wick light. This was updated in 1922 and again in 1956 when the light was electrified. The lighthouse was fully automated in 1989 and the last lighthouse keeper left at that time. The white light can be seen 50 kms out to sea. In 1954 a new whaling station was built at Byron Bay to capture and process humpback whales. The whale oil was first used in the Australian margarine industry and the flesh was sold for livestock fodder. A quota of around 120 whales a year was set for the factory. The whaling station closed in 1962 and over those eight years 1,146 whales were slaughtered. Australia ceased all whaling in 1978. The old lighthouse keeper’s house built in 1899 is now a small museum. For those with time to spend you might see humpback whales on their annual migration northwards from Cape Byron, between June and November.
Although red cedar cutters went into the hinterland in the 1840s and 1850s permanent settlers as such did not begin to arrive until around 1870. The first white land purchaser arrived in 1881 and the town was not surveyed until 1883. Town land sales began in 1886 when the first postal service began, several stores and a hotel opened and the government began work on a jetty which was completed in 1888. The first official Post Office opened in 1888. The town grew and by 1890 the surrounding farmers were growing bananas, pineapples, corn and potatoes. They grazed cattle and soon had dairy herds. The railway from Casino reached its terminus here in 1894. In 1895 Norco opened a factory and cold storage facility to handle dairy and meat products. By 1925 Norco had the largest butter factory in Australia at Byron Bay. Sadly it closed in 1975 after Britain joined the European Common Market and vegetable oil based margarines entered the Australian market place in competition with butter. What you see in Byron Bay today is largely an early 20th century town. Although the railway from Casino closed decades ago the old tracks have been turned into a tourist railway. Fares are $8 for a return trip to north beach and they run hourly from 10:15 am using NSW carriages built from 1949 to 1970. A round trip with a 35 minute stop at North Beach takes just under an hour.
In the 1970s when Nimbin became popular with down-at-heal hippies Byron Bay went in a different direction and became popular with the wealthy escaping city life but still with people with an interest in the “alternate lifestyle”. Some celebrities including Paul Hogan, Elle MacPherson, Johnny Young and Olivia Newton-John have purchased properties here. Other artistic and literary people moved here too including Craig McGregor author of several novels and many social critiques of Australian society. The annual Blues and Roots Festival is the major music event of the northern rivers each year. The residents and politically green dominated Byron Shire Council has prevented Club Med from establishing here as well as McDonalds and other drive in take away food outlets. Buildings are limited to three storeys as the locals do not want any crass Gold Coast style development!
i’ve been messing around with veggie burgers on and off for some time and i think i got pretty close to what i wanted out of it. you might notice there are a couple spots where i add a little oil, to give the burger just a little better mouthfeel. i guess if i really wanted it juicy i could have added lard, but that would have been a bit naughty! The egg is important too, vegans, so you’ll just have to suck it up or do without (it’ll probably work that way too, though), as this is vegetarian, not vegan, if i’m understanding the political divide correctly.
1- 1.5 cups chickpeas. i expect you made your own in a pressure cooker- canned is evil and expensive
about a half cup of sticky rice, cooked
i slice stale bread (which i expect you baked yourself, as store-bought is expensive too), chopped fine. the bread is super duper important- it helps bind everything together and retains moisture
about a teaspoon of potato starch- this too helps bind everything and retain moisture
i large egg
a couple scallions, chopped fine
about .25 cups curly parsley chopped fine
half a portabella cap, nasty black gills scraped off, washed, and chopped fine
a splash of olive oil, with more for spritzing
a splash of worstershire sauce (oops, there *is* anchovy in worstershire, use tamari and a smear of dark colored miso)
a squirt of siracha
pinches of paprika, salt, ground pepper, sugar, cumin, and herbs de provence
throw everything but the chickpeas together and swirl it all together, then add the chickpeas and start crushing it together with a potato masher. you want it lumpy, with some of the chickpeas still in big chunks- this’ll keep it chewy. i think if you mashed it into a paste the resulting burger would end up mushy- you don’t wanna bite into this and have it squirt out the sides of the bun.
divide the mixture 4 ways and form 4 burger sized patties with your hands- put them on a sheet tray lined with parchment paper, spritz them with more oil, and bake at 350º for a half hour. you can use them as burger now, or wrap them in the parchment paper and stash it it the fridge until the next day or whatever. if you reheat them, try and let them warm up to room temp if possible. fry them (at medium) in a covered non stick skillet (with a little oil), two minutes on a side. these burgers have enough structural integrity to survive flipping with a spatula( the right kind for nonstick surfaces), though i wouldn’t risk them on a grill. when you flip them over the first time, lay some cheese on top if you so desire.
For FGR: Mirrors that are off the wall...I'm using my compact mirror here...much more challenging that I thought it would be...I needed more hands!
Day 304
~Explored~
"Searching for the Enemy: Marine Private First Class John R. Hofstrand (Vallejo, California), a radio operator with A Company, 1st Military Police Battalion, follows a trail while on a search and clear operation south of the massive Da Nang air field. The Marines, in conjunction with Vietnamese soldiers, conduct day and night patrols and ambushes in the villages and hamlets surrounding the military installation to detect enemy activity in the area (official USMC photo by Sergeant Mike Teramoto)."
From the Jonathan Abel Collection (COLL/3611), Marine Corps Archives & Special Collections.
OFFICIAL USMC PHOTOGRAPH
Lucastudio-Art
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For those of you who wanted to see what this thing looked like from the inside.
You can download the LDD file here.
Dedicated to the people of the UAE who are not able to access flickr because the phone company blocked it FOR NO GOOD REASON.
Please help the feedback grow, comment, fav and tag the other images you may find in : Flickr Block In The UAE pool
NOW TIME TO SIGN THE REAL PETITION PLEASE FOLLOW THE LINK
Together we stand,divided we fall.
DEAR FLICKR USERS
SIGN THE ONLINE PETITION PLEASE!
SPREAD THIS TEXT TO EVERYBODY
THANK YOU.
www.petitiononline.com/flickr/petition.html
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For me, it is simply a joy to live this life and being a Tgirl is a beautiful gift that I embrace and love..
..I know many struggle with their feelings but once you find a way to accept this gift and fit it into your life then it really can be a lot of fun and a source of true happiness and amazing friendships..
To all my Flickr friends you are another amazing part of this life, thank you all so much for your fabulous love, support and friendship..
Love and hugs to each and every one of you.. THANK YOU 😘💋💖🌈🌸💃
For my dog Jake
Another favourite quotation this one from May Sarton
"there are griefs so loud they could bring down the sky
and there are griefs so still no one knows how deep they lie"
OH my goodness - this painting (tiny bit of collage) nearly killed me and I'm not sure why I needed to be "so" complicated but I guess I was wanting to do one of those complicated, lots going on pieces. Originally I was planning to use a very sombre monotone muted palette, mostly greys and black - just can't seem to leave the colour alone. Phew !! happy to be fini and aiming to try simplicity Week 5. ;-) Wonder if the tears were a mistake ??? Wonder if it's all just a little contrived feeling, although I have really loved allowing myself to play & experiment, something I don't often let myself do ... I've come to realize through this fantastic course. Love any and all thoughts, feedback etc...such a great class. Merci !!
**** Pushing feedback please ****
Food store with regional products in Palma de Mallorca, Spain.
Many thanks for your visits / comments / faves!
I have created virtual Safety Pins for avatars in big, tiny and dinkie sizes in the InWorldz grid. They are free to wear and share. Why? Its small, simple act to show compassion, tolerance and support for those who now feel embattled by hate. It started in the UK after Brexit and Americans are adopting it after our elections. More information here:
motto.time.com/4567844/safety-pin-hillary-trump-election/
Pick up at Wind River Homes, inIW.net Hub, Teal's Tiny Shoppe - InWorldz grid. Wear & share.
This is Camille Symone entering BratzSwedish's contest :D Season three of BNDM.
Camille loves to act and she is a natural born beauty!
For Our Daily Challenge topic 'First' - This is the first one to bloom in my yard this year. Its a surprise to see it. Its blooming months early and it worries me. I also have a small rose with new blooms and new hips at the same time. Global warming?
This is for The Hills Are Alive - because she loves them so much. They are called Arum lilies where she lives. www.flickr.com/photos/hills_alive/8234464030/in/contacts/
Richmond Castle in Richmond, North Yorkshire, England, stands in a commanding position above the River Swale, close to the centre of the town of Richmond. It was originally called Riche Mount, 'the strong hill'. The castle was constructed by Alan Rufus from 1071 onwards following the Norman Conquest of England, and the Domesday Book of 1086 refers to 'a castlery' at Richmond.
In the 12th century, his great-nephew Conan expanded the castle and built the keep. Although it was derelict by 1540, it was restored centuries later. The property is the best-preserved early Norman castle in England and an important tourist attraction.
Richmond Castle consists of four main parts: a triangular main enclosure, an outer enclosure to the east, a keep at the northern corner of the main enclosure, and a small enclosure around the keep.
In 1069 William the Conqueror had put down a rebellion at York which was followed by his "harrying of the North" – an act of ethnic cleansing which depopulated large areas for a generation or more. As a further punishment, he divided up the lands of North Yorkshire among his most loyal followers. Alan Rufus, of Brittany, received the borough of Richmond and began constructing the castle to defend against further rebellions and to establish a personal power base. His holdings, called the Honour of Richmond, covered parts of eight counties and amounted to one of the most extensive Norman estates in England.
A 100-foot (30 m)-high keep of honey-coloured sandstone was constructed at the end of the 12th century by Duke Conan IV of Brittany. The Earldom of Richmond was seized in 1158 by Henry II of England. It was King Henry II who probably completed the keep which had 11-foot (3.4 m)-thick walls. Modern visitors can climb to the top of the keep for magnificent views of the town of Richmond. At the same time that the keep was probably completed, Henry II considerably strengthened the castle by adding towers and a barbican. Henry III and King Edward I spent more money on the site including Edward's improvements to the keep interior.
In addition to the main circuit of the wall, there was the barbican in front of the main gate which functioned as a sealed entry space, allowing visitors and wagons to be checked before they gained entry to the castle itself. On the other side of the castle, overlooking the river, was another enclosure or bailey called the Cockpit, which may have functioned as a garden and was overlooked by a balcony. A drawing of 1674 suggests there was another longer balcony overlooking the river side of Scolland's Hall, the great hall.
Richmond Castle had fallen out of use as a fortress by the end of the 14th century and it did not receive major improvements after that date. A survey of 1538 shows it was partly in ruins, but paintings by Turner and others, together with the rise of tourism and an interest in antiquities, led to repairs to the keep in the early 19th century.
In 1855 the castle became the headquarters of the North Yorkshire Militia, and a military barracks block was constructed in the great courtyard. For two years, from 1908 to 1910, the castle was the home of Robert Baden-Powell, later founder of the Boy Scouts, while he commanded the Northern Territorial Army but the barracks building was demolished in 1931.
The castle was used during the First World War as the base of the Non-Combatant Corps made up of conscientious objectors – conscripts who refused to fight. It was also used to imprison some conscientious objectors who refused to accept army discipline and participate in the war in any way. These included the "Richmond Sixteen" who were taken to France from the castle, charged under Field Regulations, and then sentenced to death, but their death sentences were commuted to ten years' hard labour.
The original 11th-century main gate arch is now in the basement of the later 12th century keep which was built in front of it; the original arch was unblocked in the 19th century.
The castle is a scheduled monument, a "nationally important" historic building and archaeological site which has been given protection against unauthorised change. It is also a Grade I listed building.
According to legend, King Arthur and his knights are sleeping in a cave underneath the castle. It is said that they were once discovered by a potter named Thompson, who ran away when they began to awake. Another legend tells that a drummer boy was lost while investigating a tunnel, and that his ghostly drumming is sometimes heard around the castle.
The cell block at the castle contains 2,300 examples of graffiti left by those imprisoned there, from the mid-nineteenth century to the 1970s. Perhaps the most significant of the mark makers were the Richmond Sixteen, who were conscientious objectors imprisoned there during the First World War.
Alan Rufus, alternatively Alanus Rufus (Latin), Alan ar Rouz (Breton), Alain le Roux (French) or Alan the Red (c. 1040 – 1093), 1st Lord of Richmond, was a Breton nobleman, kinsman and companion of William the Conqueror (Duke William II of Normandy) during the Norman Conquest of England. He was the second son of Eozen Penteur (also known as Eudon, Eudo or Odo, Count of Penthièvre) by Orguen Kernev (also known as Agnes of Cornouaille).[b] William the Conqueror granted Alan Rufus a significant English fief, later known as the Honour of Richmond, in about 1071.
Biography
Alan Rufus is first mentioned as a witness (along with his mother Orguen and brothers Gausfridus, Willelmus, Rotbertus, Ricardus) to a charter dated to 1056/1060, issued by his father Eozen to the Abbey of Saint-Aubin in Angers (q.v. Albinus of Angers).
Alan already held some property in Rouen, the capital of Normandy, and was lord of Richemont in Upper Normandy before September 1066. In 1066 or 1067, William of Normandy assented to the gift by Alan Comes (i.e. Alan Rufus) to St-Ouen de Rouen of the church of Saint-Sauveur without Rouen, and of the nearby church of Sainte Croix des Pelletiers, which had been his gift to Alan.
Alan was probably present at the Battle of Hastings in October 1066. On the journey to the battle site near Hastings, the Breton forces formed the vanguard, arriving a good half-hour before the rest of William's army. In the battle formation, Bretons are mentioned variously as in the left-wing or in the rear-guard of the army. Geoffrey Gaimar's L'Estoire des Engles and Wace's Roman de Rou both assert Alan Rufus's presence as Breton commander in the battle,[c] and praise his contribution: Gaimar says "Alan and his men struck well" and Wace states that they did the English "great damage".
A column of Norman cavalry swept into the Cambridge area in late 1066 and built a castle on the hill just north of the river crossing. Alan's first possessions in England were in Cambridgeshire, so he may have obtained them about this time. The Cambridgeshire town of Bourn, west of Cambridge and due north of London, along with several other towns in the area were according to the Domesday Book held in 1066 by the royal thane Almer of Bourn as a tenant of Edith the Fair. Alan's early acquisitions in England included many land titles that had been in the possession of King Harold's wife Edith the Fair, including all but one of her holdings in Cambridgeshire) Alan later favored Almer by giving him two additional manors.
In 1067, Alan witnessed a charter of King William to the monks of St Peter's at Westminster.
In January 1069, Earl Edwin in Yorkshire and his brother Earl Morcar in Northumberland rebelled. In late 1069, the King brought an army north to combat the rebels and recover York. According to the Register of Richmond, it was at the instigation of Queen Matilda, during the Siege of York, that King William conceded to Alan the Honour of Richmond (the Hundred of the "Land of Count Alan" in Yorkshire) in North Yorkshire. Unusually, within the land of Count Alan, King William himself and his half-brother Robert, Count of Mortain received only one manor each: William sharing one with Alan at Ainderby Steeple, on the eastern fringe of the Land, while Robert held one on its southern edge. The wording of the proclamation is:
Ego Wil(el)mus cognomine Bastardus Rex Anglie do et concedo tibi Nepoti meo Alano Britannie Comiti et heredibus tuis imperpetuum omnes uillas et terras que nuper fuerunt Comitis Edwyni in Eboraschira cum feodis Militum et ecclesiis et aliis libertat(ibus) et consuetudinibus ita libere et honorifice sicut idem Edwinus ea tenuit. Dat(um) in obsidione coram Ciuitate Ebor(aci).
Philemon Holland's English translation of William Camden's "Brittania" (1607) renders the proclamation:
I William surnamed Bastard, King of England, doe give and grant unto thee my Nephew[d] Alane Earle of Britaine, and to thine heires for ever, all and every the manour houses and lands which late belonged to Earle Eadwine in Yorkeshire, with the knights fees and other liberties and customes, as freely and in as honorable wise as the said Eadwin held the same. Given at our leaguer before the City of Yorke.
Alan Rufus began construction on Richmond Castle in 1071, to be the principal manor and center of his honour. As the first constable of his new castle, Alan chose Enisant Musard, the husband of one of his half-sisters. Richmond Castle overlooks the old Roman fort at Catterick, North Yorkshire. Alan's properties extended over the entire length of Earningas Street, the old Roman road from London to the North, heading to Edinburgh; this road was renamed Ermine Street.
In folklore, Alan has an association with King Arthur: in the tale of Potter Thompson, Arthur and his knights are said to lie at rest under Richmond Castle.
In Richmondshire, the Domesday Book's "Land of Count Alan", many of the Anglo-Dane lords, or their heirs, were retained in their pre-1066 positions of authority. The locations where this was done were complementary to those owned by the deceased Edwin, Earl of Mercia, whereas many of those where Edwin had been Overlord were given to Alan's Breton relatives: his half-brothers Ribald, Lord of Middleham, Bodin, Lord of Bedale, and Bardolf, Lord of Ravensworth, and their wet-nurse, Orwen. Other tenants of Alan in Yorkshire were English lords from East Anglia.
In the 1080s, Alan witnessed several documents of King William in England and Ghent, and one of Queen Matilda in England.
For the period from about 1083-1086 (the exact dates are uncertain) the formidable Sainte-Suzanne Castle was besieged by the king's army. King William I established a fortified camp at Beugy, about 800 metres north of the castle, manned by William's best household knights under the command of Alan Rufus. The siege did not go well, the castle proving to be well-defended. Wealthy Norman and English lords were frequently captured. After a year, Alan handed command to another Breton, who was later slain, along with many of the king's knights, aggrieving William sufficiently to come to terms with the commander of the castle.
It is likely that Alan was with King William I and the other members of the King's Council at Gloucester in Christmas 1085 when they discussed preparations for the extensive survey of England, later known as the Domesday Survey. On this survey was based the Domesday Book, which comprises two volumes, Little Domesday and Great Domesday.
Through 1086, Alan and Robert of Mortain attended on King William, e.g. at Fécamp in Normandy and in Wiltshire in south-west England.
By 1086 Alan had become one of the richest and most powerful men of England. Alan is mentioned as a lord or tenant-in-chief in 1,017 entries of the Domesday Book, behind only King William I and Robert, Count of Mortain in the number of holdings. The most powerful magnate in East Anglia and Yorkshire, he also possessed property in London, in Normandy (e.g. in Rouen and Richemont), and in Brittany. Alan Rufus is third (not including the King and his immediate family) among the barons in terms of annual income, which was about £1,200. His income in the year of his death, 1093, was £1,100.
Alan donated large sums to a number of religious houses, but most famously founded, with King William II, the Benedictine St Mary's Abbey in York in early 1088.
Alan was among the first four magnates to support William II of England against the Rebellion of 1088 in favour of the Duke of Normandy, Robert Curthose. The uprising was led by the recently freed Odo, Earl of Kent, Bishop of Bayeux, and joined by several major magnates. Beginning in March 1088, Alan was granted additional territory by King William from the confiscated lands of his neighbours who had rebelled. In or before 1089, Alan Rufus issued a charter at Rochester, Kent, Bishop Odo's former principal manor.
William de St-Calais had been in the army led by the king against Bishop Odo, but suddenly fled north to his castle at Durham. After the rebellion was defeated, Roger of Poitou, Alan Rufus, Odo of Champagne, and Walter d'Aincourt were sent to persuade St-Calais to surrender. After a lengthy parley during which they waited outside the castle, St-Calais agreed to surrender his person and stand trial, but only once they signed a complex document promising safe conduct before, during, and after the trial. Alan Rufus played a significant role in the subsequent trial of St-Calais, which commenced on 2 November 1088 at Salisbury in Wiltshire.
Wilmart's interpretation is that in exchange for St-Calais agreeing to submit to the King's judgement, Alan and the other royal officers signed a document guaranteeing St-Calais's safety before and after the trial. When St-Calais cited this in court, there was uproar, but Alan calmly confirmed St-Calais's statement and then said that if there were any fault here, it was his (Alan's). Alan concluded by begging the king not to attempt to coerce him into committing perjury; otherwise, he (Alan) would believe himself obliged to refuse to serve the king.
St-Calais was held in custody at Wilton Abbey until 14 November. Alan escorted St-Calais to Southampton to await passage to Normandy and exile.
According to Christopher Clarkson, in 1089 Count Alan persuaded King William II to convene ("assemble") England's very first "High Court of Parliament" ("under that name") at York.
Saint Anselm, in two letters addressed (perhaps in 1093–1094) to Gunnhild the youngest daughter of King Harold II and Edith the Fair, reprimanded her for abandoning her vocation as a nun at Wilton Abbey to live with Alan Rufus, intending to marry him, and after his death living with his brother Alan Niger ("the Black"). The historian Richard Sharpe has theorised that Matilda d'Aincourt, wife of Walter d'Aincourt, was the natural daughter of Alan Rufus and Gunnhild. In the same article, Sharpe also cited Trevor Foulds's suggestion that Matilda may have been a daughter of King William I and Queen Matilda; although Orderic Vitalis does not mention her name in his list of their daughters, Domesday does name a "Matilda, the King's daughter".
Wilmart thought Alan Rufus's death was sudden and unexpected. There are conflicting sources for the year of its occurrence. Two medieval sources (the 12th century Margam Annals and Stephen of Whitby's brief history of St Mary's, York) indicate that he died in 1089 or shortly thereafter, but scholars have concluded that 1093, perhaps on 4 August, is more likely. His body was transported to the abbey at Bury St Edmunds in Suffolk where he was buried in the cemetery outside the south door. Subsequently, his family and the monks of the Abbey of St Mary in York succeeded in their petition to have him reburied inside Bury Abbey.
Alan Rufus died childless. As Lord of Richmond, Alan Rufus was succeeded by his younger brothers: Alan Niger who also died without issue, followed by Stephen, Count of Tréguier.
Other activities of Count Alan Rufus
Beneath Richmond Castle, Alan founded the town of Richmond, North Yorkshire. He also built the original manor house of Costessey Hall, Alan's caput at Costessey in Norfolk, on the north side of the River Tud in Costessey Park.
Other media
In 2019 Magneto dayo Released a song titled "Alan Rufus" referencing the Count.
English Heritage (officially the English Heritage Trust) is a charity that manages over 400 historic monuments, buildings and places. These include prehistoric sites, medieval castles, Roman forts and country houses.
The charity states that it uses these properties to "bring the story of England to life for over 10 million people each year". Within its portfolio are Stonehenge, Dover Castle, Tintagel Castle and the best preserved parts of Hadrian's Wall. English Heritage also manages the London blue plaque scheme, which links influential historical figures to particular buildings.
When originally formed in 1983, English Heritage was the operating name of an executive non-departmental public body of the British Government, officially titled the Historic Buildings and Monuments Commission for England, that ran the national system of heritage protection and managed a range of historic properties. It was created to combine the roles of existing bodies that had emerged from a long period of state involvement in heritage protection. In 1999, the organisation merged with the Royal Commission on the Historical Monuments of England and the National Monuments Record, bringing together resources for the identification and survey of England's historic environment.
On 1 April 2015, English Heritage was divided into two parts: Historic England, which inherited the statutory and protection functions of the old organisation, and the new English Heritage Trust, a charity that would operate the historic properties, and which took on the English Heritage operating name and logo. The British government gave the new charity an £80 million grant to help establish it as an independent trust, although the historic properties remain in the ownership of the state.
History
Non-departmental public body
Over the centuries, what is now called "heritage" has been the responsibility of a series of state departments. There was the "Kings Works" after the Norman Conquest, the Office of Works (1378–1832), the Office of Woods, Forests, Land Revenues and Works (1832–1851), and the Ministry of Works (1851–1962). Responsibility subsequently transferred to the Ministry of Public Building and Works (1962–1970), then to the Department of the Environment (1970–1997), and it is now with the Department for Digital, Culture, Media and Sport (DCMS). The state's legal responsibility for the historic environment goes back to the Ancient Monuments Protection Act 1882. The central government subsequently developed several systems of heritage protection for different types of assets, introducing listing for buildings after World War II, and for conservation areas in the 1960s.
In 1983, Secretary of State for the Environment Michael Heseltine gave national responsibility for the historic environment to a semi‑autonomous agency (or "quango") to operate under ministerial guidelines and to government policy. The Historic Buildings and Monuments Commission was formed under the terms of the National Heritage Act 1983 on 1 April 1984. The 1983 Act also dissolved the bodies that had previously provided independent advice – the Ancient Monuments Board for England and the Historic Buildings Council for England – and incorporated those functions into the new body. Soon after, the commission was given the operating name of English Heritage by its first chairman, Lord Montagu of Beaulieu.
A national register of historic parks and gardens, (e.g. Rangers House, Greenwich) was set up in 1984, and a register for historic battlefields (e.g. the Battle of Tewkesbury) was created in March 1995. 'Registration' is a material consideration in the planning process. In April 1999 English Heritage merged with the Royal Commission on the Historical Monuments of England (RCHME) and the National Monuments Record (NMR), bringing together resources for the identification and survey of England's historic environment. By adoption, that included responsibility for the national record of archaeological sites from the Ordnance Survey, the National Library of Aerial Photographs, and two million RAF and Ordnance Survey aerial photographs. Those, together with other nationally important external acquisitions, meant that English Heritage was one of the largest publicly accessible archives in the UK: 2.53 million records are available online, including more than 426,000 images. In 2010–11, it recorded 4.3 million unique online user sessions and over 110,000 people visited NMR exhibitions held around the country in 2009–10. In 2012, the section responsible for archive collections was renamed the English Heritage Archive.
As a result of the National Heritage Act 2002, English Heritage acquired administrative responsibility for historic wrecks and submerged landscapes within 12 miles (19 km) of the English coast. The administration of the listed building system was transferred from DCMS to English Heritage in 2006. However, actual listing decisions still remained the responsibility of the Secretary of State for Digital, Culture, Media and Sport, who was required by the Planning (Listed Buildings and Conservation Areas) Act 1990 to approve a list of buildings of special architectural or historic interest.
Following the Public Bodies Reform in 2010, English Heritage was confirmed as the government's statutory adviser on the historic environment, and the largest source of non-lottery grant funding for heritage assets. It was retained on grounds of "performing a technical function which should remain independent from Government". However, the department also suffered from budget cuts during the recession of the 2010s, resulting in a repairs deficit of £100 million