Quorn.

The first European squatters and pastoralists arrived in the Quorn area in the 1850s when White and Polhill established the Mount Arden run at what is now Quorn. But the town did not come into existence until 1875. It was named after Quorn in Leicestershire by Governor Jervois whose private secretary came from there. South Australian Railways chose the site for the town of Quorn and in 1878 the government sold the first blocks of land. In 1879 Quorn became the first terminus of the Great Northern Railway line from Port Augusta. Then in December 1881 the first trains from Peterborough via Hammond arrived in Quorn. The current station with its charming Dutch gables was built in 1916. However Quorn’s greatest period of importance as a railway centre was between 1917 and 1937 when it was the junction for both the western line to Perth and the northern line to Oodnadatta and Alice Springs( from 1929). This importance continued during World War II when over 400 people in the town were employed by the railways as it was a major troop stop over point with the Country Women’s Association providing over 1 million meals to the servicemen. The establishment of a new standard gauge railway to Marree and the Leigh Creek coal fields west of the Flinders Ranges in 1956 saw the town decline. The various hotels in the main street located to service the needs of travelling rail passengers then became a movie set for several films including: The Sundowners, Sunday Too Far Away, Robbery under Arms, The Shiralee and more recently Gallipoli.

Quorn’s early development was similar to that of many SA towns. One of the first structures (1878) was a flour mill for the wheat farmers built by Mr Cowan. Mr Dunn the wealthy flour miller of Mt Barker built a second three storied flour mill in 1879. It was converted to a motel in the 1960s and is now a backpacker’s accommodation centre. Other early buildings were the Austral Hotel (1878), the Criterion Hotel built in 1881 and the Transcontinental Hotel in 1878. The first National Bank opened in 1878, along with the Post Office, the Court House (1879) and Matthews Emporium (1886). The first church in town was a Methodist Church in 1880, followed by the Anglican (1880 replaced in 1897), Catholic (1883), the Salvation Army Hall in 1884(now a gallery) and the Lutheran Church in 1890. Three years after its founding, Quorn had a population of 540 and was the 19th largest town north of Adelaide! A reservoir was made for the railways and the town. Other important public town buildings were the Institute (1881) and the Town Hall (1907). A school started soon after the founding of the town and in 1909 it became a Higher Primary School and then in 1914 it became a High School. It was the first high school in the north of SA. Quorn continued to grow in importance once the railway was extended from Quorn through to Oodnadatta in 1891.

Pichi Richi Railway.

In 1878 work began on constructing the great Northern railway from Port Augusta through Pichi Richi

Pass in the Flinders Ranges towards Quorn. In December 1881 a railway line was extended from Peterborough (then Petersburg) via Carrieton and Hammond to Quorn. This then provided a rail link between Adelaide/Port Adelaide and Port Augusta. The Great Northern Railway was extended from Quorn to Hawker and then Maree in 1883 and eventually Oodnadatta in 1891.It was then extended to Alice Springs in 1929 by the Commonwealth but although the Commonwealth promised a railway to Darwin when SA gave up its Northern Territory in 1911 the Commonwealth never built a railway via the Flinders Ranges to Darwin. But the Commonwealth did build another railway which was promised to Western Australia in 1901 as a condition of WA joining the Commonwealth of Australia. Work started on a railway across the Nullarbor from Port Augusta to Kalgoorlie in 1911 with it being completed in 1917. So from 1917 the Pichi Richi railway line conducted trains to Perth. This ceased in 1937 when a new direct railway line was completed from Adelaide to Port Augusta via the Adelaide Plains and from Port Pirie along the coast to Port Augusta. The Pichi Richi railway then lost much of its traffic but it still had the Ghan travelling up to Alice Springs once or twice a week. When the Great Northern Railway from Hawker to Marree was closed in 1957 the Ghan service used the new Leigh Creek railway line which connected at Leigh Creek to Marree and Oodnadatta. In 1972 the section from Stirling North through the Pichi Richi to Quorn also closed. The section from Peterborough to Quorn had closed in 1969. It was then that the Pichi Richi Railway was established by volunteers for a tourist service. The only town along the Pichi Richi Railway is Stirling North. It was originally called Minchin Wells as there were good water springs there. Local Aboriginal people camped there because of the water supply and in the 1850s the Sub-Protector of Aborigines Mr. Minchin met Aboriginal people there. All the bullock teams and drays heading into the Flinders Ranges or the Willochra Plains or to Horrocks Pass stopped at Minchin Wells for water. A stand pipe in the centre of the town was used to water stock and people. Camel teams left from here for Alice Springs and the north, and eventually trains stopped here for water for their steam engines once the Pichi Richi Pass railway was completed in 1879. The town was surveyed and laid out in 1859 on land taken from the leasehold of Robert Barr Smith and his brothers-in-law Sir Thomas Elder and Edward Stirling. Hence the name officially became Stirling North rather than Minchin Wells. About this time the first hotel opened in Stirling North, the John Bull Inn. Stirling North has primarily been a transportation centre with a water supply! More recently it has had the new Port Augusta Gaol in its vicinity. The original Port Augusta Goal opened at Stirling North around 1862.

--- Portella della Ginestra (Sicily) massacre of 1 May 1947 ---

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the slideshow

Qi Bo's photos on Flickriver

Qi Bo's photos on FlickeFlu

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The first of May, 1947, near the town of Piana degli Albanesi (a town near Palermo, in Sicily), during Labor Day, some gunmen fired on the crowd and killed 11 people (9 adults and 2 children) and injured more than 30, some of whom died later from his injuries: it was "the massacre of Portella della Ginestra", for many the first great mystery of the Italian Republic, of the post-war Italian politics.

The blows, as we learned later, were fired by Salvatore Giuliano (the legendary bandit of Montelepre, star of the post-war criminal in Sicily) and his gang; you never knew, however, the motive for the massacre, who ordered it and who covered the subsequent investigations (Officially, the responsibility for the massacre lies with Sicilian bandit, Salvatore Giuliano, but some historical sources reveals the existence of a CIA plan to dampen down communism in Sicily by scheduling the massacre for the same day as International Workers’ Day is traditionally celebrated).

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Abbreviated Existence.

Varanleg skuggar skjálfandi trefjar skip þyrlist,

Agorodd dychryn cnoi cerrig tafodau ofnau enfawr rholiau,

υπόκριση λοιμό απολιθωμένο κοιμάται μέσα διερευνηθούν,

erzürnte ergänzt schwarz Wahn Abgrund,

In ruina sepelit confusions inventa terribilis abyssus condemnans fletu,

рассуждения помещения наоборот природ гипотетические иллюстрации раздумывая,

todo performances trágicas histórias de probabilidade históricos distinções feridos,

consistente imitaties inferieure punten zwakheden heeft subjectieve geesten,

versi metafore strane licenza non prosaico effetti poetici giambici provocarono,

symbolique manifestations émanation intellect imprègne ordre de l'harmonie,

bukke prinsipper personlig universalitet etisk styrke fremtredende uavhengighet formet,

持続意識流体存在が流れて無駄な抑制熱意本格的快楽.

Steve.D.Hammond.

2002-08, 80x57 cm (31x22 inch)

Acryl auf Hartplatte

Without colors only a bleak existence.

1973. I had discovered front of the church facade a rusty cage in which a plant grew. A situation which impressed me and I made on the subject for painting.

2002. The fate of the cage I had earlier compared with that of a human. From now on, I painted pictures on the fate of colors.

Sans couleurs seulement une existence morne.

1973. Je découvrais devant l'église de Saint-Julien-le-Pauvre à Paris une cage rouillée, dans laquelle une plante poussait. Une situation qui m'a impressionné et je fait sur ce sujet des peintures.

2002. Le sort de la cage, je l'avais comparée à celle d'un humain. A partir de maintenant, je peignais des images sur le sort de couleurs.

Ohne Farben nur ein düsteres Dasein.

1973. Ich entdeckte vor der Kirche St. Julien-le-Pauvre in Paris einen rostigen Käfig, in dem eine Pflanze wuchs. Eine Situation, die mich beeindruckte und die ich zum Thema für Gemälde machte.

2002. Das Schicksal des Käfigs hatte ich früher mit dem eines Menschen verglichen. Ab jetzt malte ich Bilder über das Schicksal der Farben.

Sakharibazar, Old Dhaka, 2011

Normal people with extraordinary lifestyles

Along with smile and the gloomy, here life has its own rhyme, has its own colour.

Time passed by, humanity changed along with its history...

But these people remained here tolerating the hardest truth of existences

..........its their story of extraordinary existences.

Sakharibazar, Old Dhaka. A very interesting place for all of us to visit. Culture and customs of old Dhaka are the tribute to the ancient history of Bangladesh. Peoples still living in 100 years old building from generations after generations. With the reflection of their religious beauty Old Dhaka attracts peoples from here and abroad.

Shakhari Bazaar is one of the oldest mohallas (a traditional neighbourhood) in Puran Dhaka (Old Dhaka), located near the intersection of Islampur Road and Nawabpur Road;the two main arteries of the old city and only a block away from the Buriganga River. Shakhari Bazaar stretches along a narrow lane, lined with thin slices of richly decorated brick buildings, built during the late Mughal or Colonial period. Despite rampant modifications, accretion, extension over time, even redevelopment, many still bear the testimony of a rich tradition.

Shakhari Bazaar is the manifestation of the irrational policies, lack of adequate development control rules and distorted legal framework, all of which have left their indelible mark on this precious little mohalla that shares a long history of more than 400 years with Dhaka city itself.The history of Shakhari Bazaar goes back to the pre-Mughal days if not earlier. The first mention of Puran Dhaka can be found in the writings of Mirza Nathan, the general turned historian, who traveled with Subahdar Islam Khan. He mentioned Puran Dhaka, as the area between Dholai Khal and Buriganga river covering Shakhari Bazaar, Tanti Bazaar, Bangla Bazaar, Lakhsmi Bazaar, Bangla Bazaar, Kamar Nagar, Sutar Nagar, Goala Nagar, etc. Each mohalla belonged to separate communities depending on their craft and trade. The influences of the Mughal vocabulary in the planning of the spaces are literally evident in the use of Persian names to identify different spaces..

Was still in existence at Seaton Delaval colliery in 1955

Exploring the idea of existence on the astral plane. A space that is reached through meditation, lucid dreaming, or astral projection.

This is a vision experienced while experimenting with sensory deprivation and astral projection.

View more about this project here.

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My first ROBOT camera. I have been aware of their existence but have never held one.

It is weird - it is tiny AND heavy - it is insanely well made (a large part stainless steel) and surprisingly, a joy to use.

The format is 24x24mm which gives in excess of 55 frames on a roll of film.

The motordrive will allow you to shoot as fast as you can push and lift the finger from the shutter release (I can easily do 4 frames/sec - that is more than the 3.5 frame/sec of my Nikon MD-12 motordrive!).

With a fully wound spring, the camera can shoot 25 frames before needing to be rewound.

The Robot Star is largely based on the pre-WWII Robot II - with provisions for rewinding standard film cassettes in camera and X flash sync.

Colosseum

Following, a text, in english, from the Wikipedia the Free Encyclopedia:

The Colosseum, or the Coliseum, originally the Flavian Amphitheatre (Latin: Amphitheatrum Flavium, Italian Anfiteatro Flavio or Colosseo), is an elliptical amphitheatre in the centre of the city of Rome, Italy, the largest ever built in the Roman Empire. It is considered one of the greatest works of Roman architecture and Roman engineering.

Occupying a site just east of the Roman Forum, its construction started between 70 and 72 AD[1] under the emperor Vespasian and was completed in 80 AD under Titus,[2] with further modifications being made during Domitian's reign (81–96).[3] The name "Amphitheatrum Flavium" derives from both Vespasian's and Titus's family name (Flavius, from the gens Flavia).

Capable of seating 50,000 spectators,[1][4][5] the Colosseum was used for gladiatorial contests and public spectacles such as mock sea battles, animal hunts, executions, re-enactments of famous battles, and dramas based on Classical mythology. The building ceased to be used for entertainment in the early medieval era. It was later reused for such purposes as housing, workshops, quarters for a religious order, a fortress, a quarry, and a Christian shrine.

Although in the 21st century it stays partially ruined because of damage caused by devastating earthquakes and stone-robbers, the Colosseum is an iconic symbol of Imperial Rome. It is one of Rome's most popular tourist attractions and still has close connections with the Roman Catholic Church, as each Good Friday the Pope leads a torchlit "Way of the Cross" procession that starts in the area around the Colosseum.[6]

The Colosseum is also depicted on the Italian version of the five-cent euro coin.

The Colosseum's original Latin name was Amphitheatrum Flavium, often anglicized as Flavian Amphitheater. The building was constructed by emperors of the Flavian dynasty, hence its original name, after the reign of Emperor Nero.[7] This name is still used in modern English, but generally the structure is better known as the Colosseum. In antiquity, Romans may have referred to the Colosseum by the unofficial name Amphitheatrum Caesareum; this name could have been strictly poetic.[8][9] This name was not exclusive to the Colosseum; Vespasian and Titus, builders of the Colosseum, also constructed an amphitheater of the same name in Puteoli (modern Pozzuoli).[10]

The name Colosseum has long been believed to be derived from a colossal statue of Nero nearby.[3] (the statue of Nero itself being named after one of the original ancient wonders, the Colossus of Rhodes[citation needed]. This statue was later remodeled by Nero's successors into the likeness of Helios (Sol) or Apollo, the sun god, by adding the appropriate solar crown. Nero's head was also replaced several times with the heads of succeeding emperors. Despite its pagan links, the statue remained standing well into the medieval era and was credited with magical powers. It came to be seen as an iconic symbol of the permanence of Rome.

In the 8th century, a famous epigram attributed to the Venerable Bede celebrated the symbolic significance of the statue in a prophecy that is variously quoted: Quamdiu stat Colisæus, stat et Roma; quando cadet colisæus, cadet et Roma; quando cadet Roma, cadet et mundus ("as long as the Colossus stands, so shall Rome; when the Colossus falls, Rome shall fall; when Rome falls, so falls the world").[11] This is often mistranslated to refer to the Colosseum rather than the Colossus (as in, for instance, Byron's poem Childe Harold's Pilgrimage). However, at the time that the Pseudo-Bede wrote, the masculine noun coliseus was applied to the statue rather than to what was still known as the Flavian amphitheatre.

The Colossus did eventually fall, possibly being pulled down to reuse its bronze. By the year 1000 the name "Colosseum" had been coined to refer to the amphitheatre. The statue itself was largely forgotten and only its base survives, situated between the Colosseum and the nearby Temple of Venus and Roma.[12]

The name further evolved to Coliseum during the Middle Ages. In Italy, the amphitheatre is still known as il Colosseo, and other Romance languages have come to use similar forms such as le Colisée (French), el Coliseo (Spanish) and o Coliseu (Portuguese).

Construction of the Colosseum began under the rule of the Emperor Vespasian[3] in around 70–72AD. The site chosen was a flat area on the floor of a low valley between the Caelian, Esquiline and Palatine Hills, through which a canalised stream ran. By the 2nd century BC the area was densely inhabited. It was devastated by the Great Fire of Rome in AD 64, following which Nero seized much of the area to add to his personal domain. He built the grandiose Domus Aurea on the site, in front of which he created an artificial lake surrounded by pavilions, gardens and porticoes. The existing Aqua Claudia aqueduct was extended to supply water to the area and the gigantic bronze Colossus of Nero was set up nearby at the entrance to the Domus Aurea.[12]

Although the Colossus was preserved, much of the Domus Aurea was torn down. The lake was filled in and the land reused as the location for the new Flavian Amphitheatre. Gladiatorial schools and other support buildings were constructed nearby within the former grounds of the Domus Aurea. According to a reconstructed inscription found on the site, "the emperor Vespasian ordered this new amphitheatre to be erected from his general's share of the booty." This is thought to refer to the vast quantity of treasure seized by the Romans following their victory in the Great Jewish Revolt in 70AD. The Colosseum can be thus interpreted as a great triumphal monument built in the Roman tradition of celebrating great victories[12], placating the Roman people instead of returning soldiers. Vespasian's decision to build the Colosseum on the site of Nero's lake can also be seen as a populist gesture of returning to the people an area of the city which Nero had appropriated for his own use. In contrast to many other amphitheatres, which were located on the outskirts of a city, the Colosseum was constructed in the city centre; in effect, placing it both literally and symbolically at the heart of Rome.

The Colosseum had been completed up to the third story by the time of Vespasian's death in 79. The top level was finished and the building inaugurated by his son, Titus, in 80.[3] Dio Cassius recounts that over 9,000 wild animals were killed during the inaugural games of the amphitheatre. The building was remodelled further under Vespasian's younger son, the newly designated Emperor Domitian, who constructed the hypogeum, a series of underground tunnels used to house animals and slaves. He also added a gallery to the top of the Colosseum to increase its seating capacity.

In 217, the Colosseum was badly damaged by a major fire (caused by lightning, according to Dio Cassius[13]) which destroyed the wooden upper levels of the amphitheatre's interior. It was not fully repaired until about 240 and underwent further repairs in 250 or 252 and again in 320. An inscription records the restoration of various parts of the Colosseum under Theodosius II and Valentinian III (reigned 425–455), possibly to repair damage caused by a major earthquake in 443; more work followed in 484[14] and 508. The arena continued to be used for contests well into the 6th century, with gladiatorial fights last mentioned around 435. Animal hunts continued until at least 523, when Anicius Maximus celebrated his consulship with some venationes, criticised by King Theodoric the Great for their high cost.

The Colosseum underwent several radical changes of use during the medieval period. By the late 6th century a small church had been built into the structure of the amphitheatre, though this apparently did not confer any particular religious significance on the building as a whole. The arena was converted into a cemetery. The numerous vaulted spaces in the arcades under the seating were converted into housing and workshops, and are recorded as still being rented out as late as the 12th century. Around 1200 the Frangipani family took over the Colosseum and fortified it, apparently using it as a castle.

Severe damage was inflicted on the Colosseum by the great earthquake in 1349, causing the outer south side, lying on a less stable alluvional terrain, to collapse. Much of the tumbled stone was reused to build palaces, churches, hospitals and other buildings elsewhere in Rome. A religious order moved into the northern third of the Colosseum in the mid-14th century and continued to inhabit it until as late as the early 19th century. The interior of the amphitheatre was extensively stripped of stone, which was reused elsewhere, or (in the case of the marble façade) was burned to make quicklime.[12] The bronze clamps which held the stonework together were pried or hacked out of the walls, leaving numerous pockmarks which still scar the building today.

During the 16th and 17th century, Church officials sought a productive role for the vast derelict hulk of the Colosseum. Pope Sixtus V (1585–1590) planned to turn the building into a wool factory to provide employment for Rome's prostitutes, though this proposal fell through with his premature death.[15] In 1671 Cardinal Altieri authorized its use for bullfights; a public outcry caused the idea to be hastily abandoned.

In 1749, Pope Benedict XIV endorsed as official Church policy the view that the Colosseum was a sacred site where early Christians had been martyred. He forbade the use of the Colosseum as a quarry and consecrated the building to the Passion of Christ and installed Stations of the Cross, declaring it sanctified by the blood of the Christian martyrs who perished there (see Christians and the Colosseum). However there is no historical evidence to support Benedict's claim, nor is there even any evidence that anyone prior to the 16th century suggested this might be the case; the Catholic Encyclopedia concludes that there are no historical grounds for the supposition. Later popes initiated various stabilization and restoration projects, removing the extensive vegetation which had overgrown the structure and threatened to damage it further. The façade was reinforced with triangular brick wedges in 1807 and 1827, and the interior was repaired in 1831, 1846 and in the 1930s. The arena substructure was partly excavated in 1810–1814 and 1874 and was fully exposed under Benito Mussolini in the 1930s.

The Colosseum is today one of Rome's most popular tourist attractions, receiving millions of visitors annually. The effects of pollution and general deterioration over time prompted a major restoration programme carried out between 1993 and 2000, at a cost of 40 billion Italian lire ($19.3m / €20.6m at 2000 prices). In recent years it has become a symbol of the international campaign against capital punishment, which was abolished in Italy in 1948. Several anti–death penalty demonstrations took place in front of the Colosseum in 2000. Since that time, as a gesture against the death penalty, the local authorities of Rome change the color of the Colosseum's night time illumination from white to gold whenever a person condemned to the death penalty anywhere in the world gets their sentence commuted or is released,[16] or if a jurisdiction abolishes the death penalty. Most recently, the Colosseum was illuminated in gold when capital punishment was abolished in the American state of New Mexico in April 2009.

Because of the ruined state of the interior, it is impractical to use the Colosseum to host large events; only a few hundred spectators can be accommodated in temporary seating. However, much larger concerts have been held just outside, using the Colosseum as a backdrop. Performers who have played at the Colosseum in recent years have included Ray Charles (May 2002),[18] Paul McCartney (May 2003),[19] Elton John (September 2005),[20] and Billy Joel (July 2006).

Exterior

Unlike earlier Greek theatres that were built into hillsides, the Colosseum is an entirely free-standing structure. It derives its basic exterior and interior architecture from that of two Roman theatres back to back. It is elliptical in plan and is 189 meters (615 ft / 640 Roman feet) long, and 156 meters (510 ft / 528 Roman feet) wide, with a base area of 6 acres (24,000 m2). The height of the outer wall is 48 meters (157 ft / 165 Roman feet). The perimeter originally measured 545 meters (1,788 ft / 1,835 Roman feet). The central arena is an oval 87 m (287 ft) long and 55 m (180 ft) wide, surrounded by a wall 5 m (15 ft) high, above which rose tiers of seating.

The outer wall is estimated to have required over 100,000 cubic meters (131,000 cu yd) of travertine stone which were set without mortar held together by 300 tons of iron clamps.[12] However, it has suffered extensive damage over the centuries, with large segments having collapsed following earthquakes. The north side of the perimeter wall is still standing; the distinctive triangular brick wedges at each end are modern additions, having been constructed in the early 19th century to shore up the wall. The remainder of the present-day exterior of the Colosseum is in fact the original interior wall.

The surviving part of the outer wall's monumental façade comprises three stories of superimposed arcades surmounted by a podium on which stands a tall attic, both of which are pierced by windows interspersed at regular intervals. The arcades are framed by half-columns of the Tuscan, Ionic, and Corinthian orders, while the attic is decorated with Corinthian pilasters.[21] Each of the arches in the second- and third-floor arcades framed statues, probably honoring divinities and other figures from Classical mythology.

Two hundred and forty mast corbels were positioned around the top of the attic. They originally supported a retractable awning, known as the velarium, that kept the sun and rain off spectators. This consisted of a canvas-covered, net-like structure made of ropes, with a hole in the center.[3] It covered two-thirds of the arena, and sloped down towards the center to catch the wind and provide a breeze for the audience. Sailors, specially enlisted from the Roman naval headquarters at Misenum and housed in the nearby Castra Misenatium, were used to work the velarium.[22]

The Colosseum's huge crowd capacity made it essential that the venue could be filled or evacuated quickly. Its architects adopted solutions very similar to those used in modern stadiums to deal with the same problem. The amphitheatre was ringed by eighty entrances at ground level, 76 of which were used by ordinary spectators.[3] Each entrance and exit was numbered, as was each staircase. The northern main entrance was reserved for the Roman Emperor and his aides, whilst the other three axial entrances were most likely used by the elite. All four axial entrances were richly decorated with painted stucco reliefs, of which fragments survive. Many of the original outer entrances have disappeared with the collapse of the perimeter wall, but entrances XXIII (23) to LIV (54) still survive.[12]

Spectators were given tickets in the form of numbered pottery shards, which directed them to the appropriate section and row. They accessed their seats via vomitoria (singular vomitorium), passageways that opened into a tier of seats from below or behind. These quickly dispersed people into their seats and, upon conclusion of the event or in an emergency evacuation, could permit their exit within only a few minutes. The name vomitoria derived from the Latin word for a rapid discharge, from which English derives the word vomit.

Interior

According to the Codex-Calendar of 354, the Colosseum could accommodate 87,000 people, although modern estimates put the figure at around 50,000. They were seated in a tiered arrangement that reflected the rigidly stratified nature of Roman society. Special boxes were provided at the north and south ends respectively for the Emperor and the Vestal Virgins, providing the best views of the arena. Flanking them at the same level was a broad platform or podium for the senatorial class, who were allowed to bring their own chairs. The names of some 5th century senators can still be seen carved into the stonework, presumably reserving areas for their use.

The tier above the senators, known as the maenianum primum, was occupied by the non-senatorial noble class or knights (equites). The next level up, the maenianum secundum, was originally reserved for ordinary Roman citizens (plebians) and was divided into two sections. The lower part (the immum) was for wealthy citizens, while the upper part (the summum) was for poor citizens. Specific sectors were provided for other social groups: for instance, boys with their tutors, soldiers on leave, foreign dignitaries, scribes, heralds, priests and so on. Stone (and later marble) seating was provided for the citizens and nobles, who presumably would have brought their own cushions with them. Inscriptions identified the areas reserved for specific groups.

Another level, the maenianum secundum in legneis, was added at the very top of the building during the reign of Domitian. This comprised a gallery for the common poor, slaves and women. It would have been either standing room only, or would have had very steep wooden benches. Some groups were banned altogether from the Colosseum, notably gravediggers, actors and former gladiators.

Each tier was divided into sections (maeniana) by curved passages and low walls (praecinctiones or baltei), and were subdivided into cunei, or wedges, by the steps and aisles from the vomitoria. Each row (gradus) of seats was numbered, permitting each individual seat to be exactly designated by its gradus, cuneus, and number.

The arena itself was 83 meters by 48 meters (272 ft by 157 ft / 280 by 163 Roman feet).[12] It comprised a wooden floor covered by sand (the Latin word for sand is harena or arena), covering an elaborate underground structure called the hypogeum (literally meaning "underground"). Little now remains of the original arena floor, but the hypogeum is still clearly visible. It consisted of a two-level subterranean network of tunnels and cages beneath the arena where gladiators and animals were held before contests began. Eighty vertical shafts provided instant access to the arena for caged animals and scenery pieces concealed underneath; larger hinged platforms, called hegmata, provided access for elephants and the like. It was restructured on numerous occasions; at least twelve different phases of construction can be seen.[12]

The hypogeum was connected by underground tunnels to a number of points outside the Colosseum. Animals and performers were brought through the tunnel from nearby stables, with the gladiators' barracks at the Ludus Magnus to the east also being connected by tunnels. Separate tunnels were provided for the Emperor and the Vestal Virgins to permit them to enter and exit the Colosseum without needing to pass through the crowds.[12]

Substantial quantities of machinery also existed in the hypogeum. Elevators and pulleys raised and lowered scenery and props, as well as lifting caged animals to the surface for release. There is evidence for the existence of major hydraulic mechanisms[12] and according to ancient accounts, it was possible to flood the arena rapidly, presumably via a connection to a nearby aqueduct.

The Colosseum and its activities supported a substantial industry in the area. In addition to the amphitheatre itself, many other buildings nearby were linked to the games. Immediately to the east is the remains of the Ludus Magnus, a training school for gladiators. This was connected to the Colosseum by an underground passage, to allow easy access for the gladiators. The Ludus Magnus had its own miniature training arena, which was itself a popular attraction for Roman spectators. Other training schools were in the same area, including the Ludus Matutinus (Morning School), where fighters of animals were trained, plus the Dacian and Gallic Schools.

Also nearby were the Armamentarium, comprising an armory to store weapons; the Summum Choragium, where machinery was stored; the Sanitarium, which had facilities to treat wounded gladiators; and the Spoliarium, where bodies of dead gladiators were stripped of their armor and disposed of.

Around the perimeter of the Colosseum, at a distance of 18 m (59 ft) from the perimeter, was a series of tall stone posts, with five remaining on the eastern side. Various explanations have been advanced for their presence; they may have been a religious boundary, or an outer boundary for ticket checks, or an anchor for the velarium or awning.

Right next to the Colosseum is also the Arch of Constantine.

he Colosseum was used to host gladiatorial shows as well as a variety of other events. The shows, called munera, were always given by private individuals rather than the state. They had a strong religious element but were also demonstrations of power and family prestige, and were immensely popular with the population. Another popular type of show was the animal hunt, or venatio. This utilized a great variety of wild beasts, mainly imported from Africa and the Middle East, and included creatures such as rhinoceros, hippopotamuses, elephants, giraffes, aurochs, wisents, barbary lions, panthers, leopards, bears, caspian tigers, crocodiles and ostriches. Battles and hunts were often staged amid elaborate sets with movable trees and buildings. Such events were occasionally on a huge scale; Trajan is said to have celebrated his victories in Dacia in 107 with contests involving 11,000 animals and 10,000 gladiators over the course of 123 days.

During the early days of the Colosseum, ancient writers recorded that the building was used for naumachiae (more properly known as navalia proelia) or simulated sea battles. Accounts of the inaugural games held by Titus in AD 80 describe it being filled with water for a display of specially trained swimming horses and bulls. There is also an account of a re-enactment of a famous sea battle between the Corcyrean (Corfiot) Greeks and the Corinthians. This has been the subject of some debate among historians; although providing the water would not have been a problem, it is unclear how the arena could have been waterproofed, nor would there have been enough space in the arena for the warships to move around. It has been suggested that the reports either have the location wrong, or that the Colosseum originally featured a wide floodable channel down its central axis (which would later have been replaced by the hypogeum).[12]

Sylvae or recreations of natural scenes were also held in the arena. Painters, technicians and architects would construct a simulation of a forest with real trees and bushes planted in the arena's floor. Animals would be introduced to populate the scene for the delight of the crowd. Such scenes might be used simply to display a natural environment for the urban population, or could otherwise be used as the backdrop for hunts or dramas depicting episodes from mythology. They were also occasionally used for executions in which the hero of the story — played by a condemned person — was killed in one of various gruesome but mythologically authentic ways, such as being mauled by beasts or burned to death.

The Colosseum today is now a major tourist attraction in Rome with thousands of tourists each year paying to view the interior arena, though entrance for EU citizens is partially subsidised, and under-18 and over-65 EU citizens' entrances are free.[24] There is now a museum dedicated to Eros located in the upper floor of the outer wall of the building. Part of the arena floor has been re-floored. Beneath the Colosseum, a network of subterranean passageways once used to transport wild animals and gladiators to the arena opened to the public in summer 2010.[25]

The Colosseum is also the site of Roman Catholic ceremonies in the 20th and 21st centuries. For instance, Pope Benedict XVI leads the Stations of the Cross called the Scriptural Way of the Cross (which calls for more meditation) at the Colosseum[26][27] on Good Fridays.

In the Middle Ages, the Colosseum was clearly not regarded as a sacred site. Its use as a fortress and then a quarry demonstrates how little spiritual importance was attached to it, at a time when sites associated with martyrs were highly venerated. It was not included in the itineraries compiled for the use of pilgrims nor in works such as the 12th century Mirabilia Urbis Romae ("Marvels of the City of Rome"), which claims the Circus Flaminius — but not the Colosseum — as the site of martyrdoms. Part of the structure was inhabited by a Christian order, but apparently not for any particular religious reason.

It appears to have been only in the 16th and 17th centuries that the Colosseum came to be regarded as a Christian site. Pope Pius V (1566–1572) is said to have recommended that pilgrims gather sand from the arena of the Colosseum to serve as a relic, on the grounds that it was impregnated with the blood of martyrs. This seems to have been a minority view until it was popularised nearly a century later by Fioravante Martinelli, who listed the Colosseum at the head of a list of places sacred to the martyrs in his 1653 book Roma ex ethnica sacra.

Martinelli's book evidently had an effect on public opinion; in response to Cardinal Altieri's proposal some years later to turn the Colosseum into a bullring, Carlo Tomassi published a pamphlet in protest against what he regarded as an act of desecration. The ensuing controversy persuaded Pope Clement X to close the Colosseum's external arcades and declare it a sanctuary, though quarrying continued for some time.

At the instance of St. Leonard of Port Maurice, Pope Benedict XIV (1740–1758) forbade the quarrying of the Colosseum and erected Stations of the Cross around the arena, which remained until February 1874. St. Benedict Joseph Labre spent the later years of his life within the walls of the Colosseum, living on alms, prior to his death in 1783. Several 19th century popes funded repair and restoration work on the Colosseum, and it still retains a Christian connection today. Crosses stand in several points around the arena and every Good Friday the Pope leads a Via Crucis procession to the amphitheatre.

Coliseu (Colosseo)

A seguir, um texto, em português, da Wikipédia, a enciclopédia livre:

O Coliseu, também conhecido como Anfiteatro Flaviano, deve seu nome à expressão latina Colosseum (ou Coliseus, no latim tardio), devido à estátua colossal de Nero, que ficava perto a edificação. Localizado no centro de Roma, é uma excepção de entre os anfiteatros pelo seu volume e relevo arquitectónico. Originalmente capaz de albergar perto de 50 000 pessoas, e com 48 metros de altura, era usado para variados espetáculos. Foi construído a leste do fórum romano e demorou entre 8 a 10 anos a ser construído.

O Coliseu foi utilizado durante aproximadamente 500 anos, tendo sido o último registro efetuado no século VI da nossa era, bastante depois da queda de Roma em 476. O edifício deixou de ser usado para entretenimento no começo da era medieval, mas foi mais tarde usado como habitação, oficina, forte, pedreira, sede de ordens religiosas e templo cristão.

Embora esteja agora em ruínas devido a terremotos e pilhagens, o Coliseu sempre foi visto como símbolo do Império Romano, sendo um dos melhores exemplos da sua arquitectura. Actualmente é uma das maiores atrações turísticas em Roma e em 7 de julho de 2007 foi eleita umas das "Sete maravilhas do mundo moderno". Além disso, o Coliseu ainda tem ligações à igreja, com o Papa a liderar a procissão da Via Sacra até ao Coliseu todas as Sextas-feiras Santas.

O coliseu era um local onde seriam exibidos toda uma série de espectáculos, inseridos nos vários tipos de jogos realizados na urbe. Os combates entre gladiadores, chamados muneras, eram sempre pagos por pessoas individuais em busca de prestígio e poder em vez do estado. A arena (87,5 m por 55 m) possuía um piso de madeira, normalmente coberto de areia para absorver o sangue dos combates (certa vez foi colocada água na representação de uma batalha naval), sob o qual existia um nível subterrâneo com celas e jaulas que tinham acessos diretos para a arena; Alguns detalhes dessa construção, como a cobertura removível que poupava os espectadores do sol, são bastante interessantes, e mostram o refinamento atingido pelos construtores romanos. Formado por cinco anéis concêntricos de arcos e abóbadas, o Coliseu representa bem o avanço introduzido pelos romanos à engenharia de estruturas. Esses arcos são de concreto (de cimento natural) revestidos por alvenaria. Na verdade, a alvenaria era construída simultaneamente e já servia de forma para a concretagem. Outro tipo de espetáculos era a caça de animais, ou venatio, onde eram utilizados animais selvagens importados de África. Os animais mais utilizados eram os grandes felinos como leões, leopardos e panteras, mas animais como rinocerontes, hipopótamos, elefantes, girafas, crocodilos e avestruzes eram também utilizados. As caçadas, tal como as representações de batalhas famosas, eram efetuadas em elaborados cenários onde constavam árvores e edifícios amovíveis.

Estas últimas eram por vezes representadas numa escala gigante; Trajano celebrou a sua vitória em Dácia no ano 107 com concursos envolvendo 11 000 animais e 10 000 gladiadores no decorrer de 123 dias.

Segundo o documentário produzido pelo canal televisivo fechado, History Channel, o Coliseu também era utilizado para a realização de naumaquias, ou batalhas navais. O coliseu era inundado por dutos subterrâneos alimentados pelos aquedutos que traziam água de longe. Passada esta fase, foi construída uma estrutura, que é a que podemos ver hoje nas ruínas do Coliseu, com altura de um prédio de dois andares, onde no passado se concentravam os gladiadores, feras e todo o pessoal que organizava os duelos que ocorreriam na arena. A arena era como um grande palco, feito de madeira, e se chama arena, que em italiano significa areia, porque era jogada areia sob a estrutura de madeira para esconder as imperfeições. Os animais podiam ser inseridos nos duelos a qualquer momento por um esquema de elevadores que surgiam em alguns pontos da arena; o filme "Gladiador" retrata muito bem esta questão dos elevadores. Os estudiosos, há pouco tempo, descobriram uma rede de dutos inundados por baixo da arena do Coliseu. Acredita-se que o Coliseu foi construído onde, outrora, foi o lago do Palácio Dourado de Nero; O imperador Vespasiano escolheu o local da construção para que o mal causado por Nero fosse esquecido por uma construção gloriosa.

Sylvae, ou recreações de cenas naturais eram também realizadas no Coliseu. Pintores, técnicos e arquitectos construiriam simulações de florestas com árvores e arbustos reais plantados no chão da arena. Animais seriam então introduzidos para dar vida à simulação. Esses cenários podiam servir só para agrado do público ou como pano de fundo para caçadas ou dramas representando episódios da mitologia romana, tão autênticos quanto possível, ao ponto de pessoas condenadas fazerem o papel de heróis onde eram mortos de maneiras horríveis mas mitologicamente autênticas, como mutilados por animais ou queimados vivos.

Embora o Coliseu tenha funcionado até ao século VI da nossa Era, foram proibidos os jogos com mortes humanas desde 404, sendo apenas massacrados animais como elefantes, panteras ou leões.

O Coliseu era sobretudo um enorme instrumento de propaganda e difusão da filosofia de toda uma civilização, e tal como era já profetizado pelo monge e historiador inglês Beda na sua obra do século VII "De temporibus liber": "Enquanto o Coliseu se mantiver de pé, Roma permanecerá; quando o Coliseu ruir, Roma ruirá e quando Roma cair, o mundo cairá".

A construção do Coliseu foi iniciada por Vespasiano, nos anos 70 da nossa era. O edifício foi inaugurado por Tito, em 80, embora apenas tivesse sido finalizado poucos anos depois. Empresa colossal, este edifício, inicialmente, poderia sustentar no seu interior cerca de 50 000 espectadores, constando de três andares. Aquando do reinado de Alexandre Severo e Gordiano III, é ampliado com um quarto andar, podendo suster agora cerca de 90 000 espectadores. A grandiosidade deste monumento testemunha verdadeiramente o poder e esplendor de Roma na época dos Flávios.

Os jogos inaugurais do Coliseu tiveram lugar ano 80, sob o mandato de Tito, para celebrar a finalização da construção. Depois do curto reinado de Tito começar com vários meses de desastres, incluindo a erupção do Monte Vesúvio, um incêndio em Roma, e um surto de peste, o mesmo imperador inaugurou o edifício com uns jogos pródigos que duraram mais de cem dias, talvez para tentar apaziguar o público romano e os deuses. Nesses jogos de cem dias terão ocorrido combates de gladiadores, venationes (lutas de animais), execuções, batalhas navais, caçadas e outros divertimentos numa escala sem precedentes.

O Coliseu, como não se encontrava inserido numa zona de encosta, enterrado, tal como normalmente sucede com a generalidade dos teatros e anfiteatros romanos, possuía um “anel” artificial de rocha à sua volta, para garantir sustentação e, ao mesmo tempo, esta substrutura serve como ornamento ao edifício e como condicionador da entrada dos espectadores. Tal como foi referido anteriormente, possuía três pisos, sendo mais tarde adicionado um outro. É construído em mármore, pedra travertina, ladrilho e tufo (pedra calcária com grandes poros). A sua planta elíptica mede dois eixos que se estendem aproximadamente de 190 m por 155 m. A fachada compõe-se de arcadas decoradas com colunas dóricas, jónicas e coríntias, de acordo com o pavimento em que se encontravam. Esta subdivisão deve-se ao facto de ser uma construção essencialmente vertical, criando assim uma diversificação do espaço.

Os assentos eram em mármore e a cavea, escadaria ou arquibancada, dividia-se em três partes, correspondentes às diferentes classes sociais: o podium, para as classes altas; as maeniana, sector destinado à classe média; e os portici, ou pórticos, construídos em madeira, para a plebe e as mulheres. O pulvinar, a tribuna imperial, encontrava-se situada no podium e era balizada pelos assentos reservados aos senadores e magistrados. Rampas no interior do edifício facilitavam o acesso às várias zonas de onde podiam visualizar o espectáculo, sendo protegidos por uma barreira e por uma série de arqueiros posicionados numa passagem de madeira, para o caso de algum acidente. Por cima dos muros ainda são visíveis as mísulas, que sustentavam o velarium, enorme cobertura de lona destinada a proteger do sol os espectadores e, nos subterrâneos, ficavam as jaulas dos animais, bem como todas as celas e galerias necessárias aos serviços do anfiteatro.

O monumento permaneceu como sede principal dos espetáculos da urbe romana até ao período do imperador Honorius, no século V. Danificado por um terremoto no começo do mesmo século, foi alvo de uma extensiva restauração na época de Valentinianus III. Em meados do século XIII, a família Frangipani transformou-o em fortaleza e, ao longo dos séculos XV e XVI, foi por diversas vezes saqueado, perdendo grande parte dos materiais nobres com os quais tinha sido construído.

Os relatos romanos referem-se a cristãos sendo martirizados em locais de Roma descritos pouco pormenorizadamente (no anfiteatro, na arena...), quando Roma tinha numerosos anfiteatros e arenas. Apesar de muito provavelmente o Coliseu não ter sido utilizado para martírios, o Papa Bento XIV consagrou-o no século XVII à Paixão de Cristo e declarou-o lugar sagrado. Os trabalhos de consolidação e restauração parcial do monumento, já há muito em ruínas, foram feitos sobretudo pelos pontífices Gregório XVI e Pio IX, no século XIX.

Post-Blackfish, Sea World justifies its continued existence by extolling conservationist principles and pointing to its long history of animal rescue. One of the dolphin trainers, working this line, explained to the guests various things they could do on a small scale to assist such efforts, like picking up trash they see on the beach and disposing of it properly, so sea creatures don't wind up eating it.

I thought about responding that a far more effective plan of action would be for Sea World to install clean water fountains all over the park for the use of its guests, instead of partnering with the Coca-Cola corporation to sell a gazillion plastic bottles of Dasani a day. But I didn't want to ruin the vibe.

In any event: Dragonia pre-purchased green "Unlimited Eats" wristbands for our entire party, which allowed each of us to get a free entree, free side and free drink from any of various marked locations throughout the park, as frequently as once an hour. (Seriously?) And they worked right up until park's close, allowing her and my son to indulge their late-night pop cravings.

Tragically, the machine my son chose to use was malfunctioning, and spit out hot Hi-C.

Doubly tragically (and against my advice), he chose to drink it anyway. Bleah!

The Class 322s have had quite a nomadic existence never really found a proper home anywhere over the last thirty years since they were first introduced by Network South East for express services to Stansted Airport from Liverpool Street. After privatisation the units lost their unique variation of NSE livery in favour of the livery pictured above and took the branding 'Stansted Skytrain'. Not long after this the units became part of the WAGN common user fleet and were liable to turn up on any working. This led to most of the small class transferring to North Western Trains for their new Manchester Airport to London Euston service. After a brief return to WAGN they once again headed north but this time they went to Scotrail for use on the North Berwick line from Edinburgh, the above picture is an unknown working but it appears to be a crew training or route learning trip.They headed south once again in 2009 after the Class 380s arrived in Scotland and this time they headed to Northern and found use alongside their cousins the Class 321/9s and the newer Class 333s on local duties from Leeds. Their time now seems to be up however with the imminent arrival of new Class 331 emus.

Moves that day:

5862 & 5863 0518 Feltham-Vauxhall

3083 Vauxhall-Kings Cross

319382 & 319429 0631 Kings Cross Thameslink-Luton Airport Parkway

G-EZJA 0935 Luton-Glasgow International

334029 1113 Paisley Gilmour St-Glasgow Central

170417 1230 Glasgow Queen Street-Edinburgh Waverley

91127 & 82218 1400 Edinburgh Waverley-Newcastle

91021 & 82205 1626 Newcastle-Yok

373301 & 373302 1750 York-London Kings Cross

3186 Kings Cross-Euston

53713 Euston-Waterloo

5858 2042 London Waterloo-Feltham

at bangalore, KR Market

light is a rainbow

it hides seven colours

to bring life to our existence

life is a rainbow

it hides seven senses

to help us reach out

to the light of existence

john tiong chunghoo

june 2020

canon a-1 | fd 2.8/100 | fuji industrial 100

there were multiple inspirations for this creation..

the design is from an osho tartot card of the same name..i actually tried to recreate ths earlier in my stream with a baby in the lotus flower instead..it was not very good.. hence the re-do

and so i decided that i would 'bare all' so to speak and do a selfie ( actually i am wearing shorts that i edited out) mostly because i have been thinking about the belief that some people have about being modest.. and that somehow showing skin makes you a "whore" and is not right in the eyes of Divine..

i wholeheartedly disagree with this viewpoint...

and so this is my expression of my belief that nakedness is next to Godliness.. and that repression of the natural energies is what causes all forms of sexual dysfunction including all fetishes and rape..

having said that.. again.. i am not saying i want to walk around naked and post naked pictures on flickr.. because we don't live in a utopian world.. i'll stay happy and free enough with my tank tops and shorts.

:)

also have to mention cate loughran for inspiring me with her beautiful night life, photo based series

www.flickr.com/photos/cateloughran/4751859758/in/contacts/

In another existence, just outside our own, is the forgotten city of Dingir. Its streamlined Art Deco architecture was once filled with bright colors and rich materials, meant to reflect the beginning of a new age of consciousness. Now muted and neglected, it lies somewhere between our dreams and reality.

Dingir served as a crossroads between the human-bound Dreamers and the entities that would become humans. These creatures were known as “Those Who See and Observe”.

They entered Dreamers’ subconscious and helped guide them along on their path. However, there were some Dreamers that became too strong and aware, which gave them the ability to reach through the barrier between worlds, causing chaos and irreparable damage to Dingir, and places like it.

Sponsored by What’s Lost Spirits

Region by Stabitha (What88 Zond)

A shopping Region

This was calm room. And, there was nothing but this plant.

But, something existed there.

静かな部屋。

真ん中の存在感はたっぷりだけど。この部屋は本当は人がいなくて寂しいんじゃないかと思ったり。

from the song "existence should be singing" by The Cumshots

Arches National Park, Utah - August 2018

Forests, lakes, and rivers, clouds and winds, stars and flowers, stupendous glaciers and crystal snowflakes - every form of animate or inanimate existence, leaves its impress upon the soul of man.~

Orison Swett Marden

The Northwestern League was a professional, minor baseball league that lasted from 1905 to 1917. It was represented by teams based in Washington, Montana, Oregon and British Columbia. The league became the Pacific Coast International League in 1918 - Seattle Turks (1909), Seattle Giants (1910-1917),

The Seattle Turks were a minor league baseball team based in Seattle, Washington who played a single season (1909) in the Northwestern League. In their only year of existence, the team won a Northwestern League pennant with a record of 109-58.

The Seattle Giants were a minor league baseball team that played in various leagues from 1910 to 1920. Based in Seattle, Washington, United States, they played in the Northwestern League from 1910 to 1917, the Pacific Coast International League in 1918 and 1920, and the Northwest International League in 1919. Two of their ballparks were Yesler Way Park and Dugdale Field. In 1919, they were also known as the Seattle Drydockers.

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Rhoddy Hendrix

Position: Pitcher

Bats: Unknown • Throws: Right

Height: Tall

Weight: Medium

Born: January 28, 1887 in Detroit, Red River County, Texas

Died: January 29, 1939 (Aged 52-002d) in Seattle, WA

Full Name: Rhoddy Kirkman James Hendrix

NIckname or different spelling: Rhody (this spelling was used until the end of the 1909 season)

Rhoddy Kirkman Hendrix was born on January 28, 1887, in Detroit, Texas, USA, his father, James, was 26 and his mother, Frances, was 23. He married Alice Birk / Boyd and they had one son together. He then married Elsie L Johnson on October 3, 1924, in King, Washington, USA. He died on January 29, 1939, in Seattle, Washington, USA, at the age of 52.

Link to Rhoddy Hendrix' baseball stats - www.baseball-reference.com/register/player.fcgi?id=hendri...

(Not to be confused with another pitcher during this time period Claude Hendrix as some of the papers did)

Link to baseball stats for Claude Hendrix - www.baseball-reference.com/register/player.fcgi?id=hendri...

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(The Daily Ardmoreite, June 23, 1907) - Hendrix to Joplin - Rhody Hendrix formerly of this city, who pitched winning ball for the Wichita Western association team last season, but has been out of the game for several weeks of the present season on account of ill health, has been loaned to the Joplin team by Wichita. It is stated that Wichita wants him for use again next year, being well fortified In the box at present.

(The Topeka State Journal, July 15, 1907) - Rhody Hendrix, the little Wichita pitcher who is with Wichita, did not make good with Joplin as he has just recovered from a severe spell of sickness. However, Holland will keep him with the Wichita team and attempt to make a winner out of him for next season.

(The Topeka State Journal, July 25, 1907) - Wichita Beacon: Pitcher Rhody Hendrix of the local baseball club arrived in the city this morning from Webb City. He has been released by the local management as he was unable to get into condition. Hendrix was popular with local fans, as he did great work for the locals last season in the pinches. Hendrix stated this morning that the fans of Webb City joined with Webb City players Saturday in their assault upon Umpire Guthrie, Hendrix said the umpire had been working In good style and the assault was entirely without cause. Hendrix left early this morning for his home In Oklahoma, where he will spend a few weeks in trying to get into condition. He has had offers from two Western association teams but does not think he can do himself justice at this time.

(The Topeka State Journal, May 16, 1908) - The Wichita team will probably sell Rhody Hendrix in a few days. Hutchinson, Enid and Dubuque have all made offers for him. Wichita has a number of good pitchers at the present time and Hendrix is not needed. He is a good pitcher, however. Wichita secured him from Tulsa in the fall of 1906. Last season he was out of the game most of the time on account of sickness.

(The Topeka State Journal, May 20, 1908) - Rhody Hendrix who has been with the Jobber twirler staff for the past two seasons has been signed up by Enid and yesterday succeeded, in winning the first game Enid has won during the past two phases of the moon. - Enid defeated Oklahoma City 4 to 3. in a ten-inning game. A wild throw by Kelsey over first brought in Bold when two men were out in the last half of the tenth and gave the Railroaders the game. Hendrix' pitching was the feature of the game.

(The Topeka State Journal, August 21, 1908) - Manager Cooley yesterday negotiated the purchase of Pitcher Rhody Hendrix from the Enid team, the same place from whence came Selby, the real star of the Topeka twirling staff. Hendrix should be In some time today, but it is not known whether he will be able to make connections or not.

(The Topeka State Journal., August 22, 1908) - Pitcher Rhody Hendrix, lately secured by Cooley from Enid, arrived here this

morning and will pitch against the Jobbers tomorrow afternoon.

(The Topeka State Journal, March 22, 1909) - Hendrix First to Report. - The locals are all due to be here Thursday. One of the players, Rhody Hendrix. is already here, having reported late Saturday night. He came from Texas but stopped off at Wichita for a few days en route. Rumor has it that Rhody is interested in Wichita to a certain extent, and the Wichita Beacon announced that his interest in Wichita would probably detain him right up to the time the train left and that his interests would be at the train to say goodby to him. Hendrix looks the picture of health and says he never felt better in his life. It's a cinch that he never looked better in his life. Hendrix has been pitching since about the first of the year. He lives in Texas where the weather is always warm. Hendrix is still a youngster and should do a lot for Mr. Cooley this season. Last season Hendrix was off color. He joined the team in mid season coming here from Enid where owing to trouble with the management he had been on the suspended list for some time. Then he was suffering from malaria, all of which is enough to take the stamina from any pitcher. He has had good records in the past and the dope looks pretty good on him. It's a safe bet that he will make some of them work hard for positions this season.

(The Topeka State Journal, June 18, 1909) - HENDRIX DID IT - Topeka Pitcher Batted in Winning Run in Fourteenth - Splendid Pitching in Pinches Won From Wichita. - Mr. Rhody Hendrix was pretty much the whole show at Association park yesterday afternoon, when the home talent piloted by his brilliant pitching took the opener from the Witches in a 14 inning struggle. The defeat of the Chesty Leaders was the result the cause was too much Hendrix. For R. H. was the pitching kiddo, the pinch bitter, the cool collected master of the situation and above all the Real Hero of the afternoon. His stock is ace high already and some of his friends are talking of him for Judge of the supreme court.

(The Topeka State Journal, August 14, 1909) - Rhody Hendrix is getting away good in the Central Association. Wednesday

on the Jacksonville grounds, he held the Jacksonville team to three scattered hits, easily securing a shutout. Burlington won by a score of 6 to 0. Hendrix copped two of the eleven hits secured by Burlington.

(The Topeka State Journal, September 02, 1909) - Rhody Hendrix In a game against Kewanee at Burlington Monday, fanned 14 men, the record for that league.

(The Topeka State Journal, September 25, 1909) - COOLEY SOLD HENDRIX - Big Pitcher Goes to Seattle for Five Hundred Dollars - Manager Dick Cooley last night announced the sale of Pitcher Rhoddy Hendrix to the Seattle club of the Northwest League for $500. Hendrix will probably leave within a day or two to join that club. Shortly after supper last night D. E. Dugdale, an old friend of Cooley, who is owner of the Seattle club, wired Cooley Inquiring for an extra pitcher. Cooley wired back that he would tell Hendrix for $500 and the deal was consummated within two hours after it had been started. Seattle is in first place and the chances are that the club will win the pennant, but Dugdale wished to fortify himself with some more pitchers. Cooley does not think that Hendrix is up to the Western League standard. He gave him a good trial extending over the first half of the season, but Hendrix fell a little shy. Later he was loaned to the Burlington club of the Central Association, and his record was so good that Cooley thought it wise to give him another chance, yesterday, Hendrix didn't make a good showing. Accordingly when Dugdale's wire came, Cooley thought it a good plan to sell. Hendrix was purchased from the Enid club in 1908 for $150.

(Morning Oregonian), November 10, 1909 - The draft of Pitcher Allen of the Seattle Northwestern League Club by Memphis has been allowed. Allen is the leading pitcher of the Northwestern League for the last season. To replace Allen, Manager Dugdale, of Seattle, has purchased Pitcher Rhoddy Hendrix from the Topeka Western League Club.

(The Topeka State Journal, February 08, 1910) - "Rhody" Hendrix is already in training and by a process of his own, he is removing about four pounds a day from his manly form.

(East Oregonian, April 27, 1910) - Tacoma - April 27. The Tacoma Tigers opened the season at home yesterday before 3500 people and were beaten by the Seattle Giants in an interesting game, 3 to 2. Schmutz for Tacoma and Rhoddy Hendrix for Seattle, pitched great ball and the hits were few. Errors played an important part in the scoring. Bennett drove in the winning run for Seattle in the sixth inning.

(The Sunday Oregonian, May 01, 1910) - TACOMA POUNDS HENDRIX - Seattle Goes Down to 9 to 3 Defeat; SEATTLE, April 30. Tacoma won from Seattle by a score of 9 to 3 in a game where heavy hitting was the feature. All Hendrix had was his fast straight ball and Tacoma hammered It all over the lot.

Regular events

Continuing identity

Enunciative possibilities

Wat Arun (Temple of Dawn), Bangkok

Palermo is a city in Insular Italy, the capital of both the autonomous region of Sicily and the Province of Palermo. The city is noted for its history, culture, architecture and gastronomy, playing an important role throughout much of its existence; it is over 2,700 years old. Palermo is located in the northwest of the island of Sicily, right by the Gulf of Palermo in the Tyrrhenian Sea.

(Wikipedia)

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This place in Palermo was far much the most surprising thing we discovered during our short Sicily trip, especially since we found it more or less by mistake.

Out of all the night spots this piazza has the heart and soul of Palermo. This Piazza at one time was a beautiful place... and then World War II happened. Like a well preserved museum to WWII nothing about this piazza has changed for well over half a century. No new construction, no repairs, the decaying rubble along with the half standing buildings is practically a neon sign screaming of Palermo's problems.

What a place for a night party!

Canon EOS-1v HS. Kodak Portra160NC. Arsat-C 80mm/f2.8 (Pentacon Six Mount). Scanned print.

Trojans FC has been providing top class Southampton Rugby for 142 years! Established in 1874 Trojans operates 3 Senior Men's, a Senior Ladies and teams at every youth age group.

#proudtobeatrojan

The Trojans Club was founded in 1874 initially as a rugby club - The Trojans Football Club.

There are now four very active sporting sections, Rugby, Cricket, Hockey and Squash with a total membership of well over one thousand.

During its long and proud history, Trojans has done much to foster amateur sport and has, over the years, produced many county and international players.

The original minute books are still in existence and are held in the Southampton City archives and there are many other documents and press reports that have been used extensively to create the following documents, broken into two sections, the History and the Playing Archives.

This is not intended to be a definitive history of the Trojans Football Club, the oldest rugby club in Hampshire, but more a selection of the highlights of the early years and a brief review of the past few years.

The Beginning

On the 3rd of September 1874 a meeting was held at the Antelope Hotel, Southampton, by members of a previous club, with a view to forming the "Trojans".

The previous Club was the "Southampton Football Club" which existed for one season under that name having previous been the "Grammar School Old Boys". The earliest recorded game so far found was the Old Boys against the Shirley Club on 5th October 1872 at Porter's Meadow. The match was won by Shirley by 2 touchdowns to one. H F Gibbs was captain of both of these forerunners.

H F Gibbs was voted the first Captain of the Trojans Football Club and the Club colours were voted as blue and red. It was agreed that the first annual subscription should be five shillings per year. The first rugby games of the Club were played at Porters Mead, which is now called Queens Park, Southampton.

The first Annual Meeting of the Club took place on the 24th September 1875 when the Treasurer reported a small credit balance of five pence halfpenny (2.29p). The results for the 1874/75 season produced five victories and three defeats.

The Club joined the Rugby Football Union in 1881.

Change the Laws

At a committee Meeting on the 5th September 1874 the Playing Rules of Rugby Football were read through and the worthy members of the Trojans decided to make an amendment to Rule number 15 which read "It is lawful to run in anywhere across the goal line". The addition made by the Trojans at that stage was "except between the goal posts". The Club soon found it necessary to alter this!

The First Results

Southsea (A) lost by two punts out and seven touch downs

Salisbury (A) Won by one goal and two touch downs to nil.

Salisbury (H) Lost by one goal, one try and two touch downs to two tries and four touch downs.

Magpies Won by three tries and seven touch downs to nil.

Southsea (H) Won by one goal to nil

Springhill Won by one goal and three touch downs to one goal.

Royal Academy Gosport Lost by four tries and six touch downs to one try.

First Floodlit game

On the evening of 28th November 1878, a match was played against the Rovers Football Club by electric light, having been cancelled the night before because of rain. This was the first exhibition of electric light in Southampton, and believed to be the first ever game of rugby under lights. The local newspaper reported that "at times the light was very brilliant and players could be seen plainly".

Ban the Game!

During the 1880 season, S E Gibbs died as a result of an injury while playing against Romsey. There was much local comment and the then Mayor of Southampton issued a handbill, published in full in "The Times", condemning the game as follows:

"The Mayor in consequence of the many serious accidents and the recent deplorable death in Southampton resulting from the dangerous practice of playing football requests the Heads of Families, the Principals of Scholastic Establishments in the Town and Members of Clubs to take such steps as may be necessary for preventing the game being played in future according to Rugby Union, Association and other rules of a dangerous character. The Mayor considers it his duty to use every means in his power for prohibiting the game as hitherto played being continued in the Porters Meadow field or upon any other of the Public lands in Southampton".

At the Committee Meeting of 16th December 1880 "It was decided to play as usual unless we found out before that the Mayor had given any instruction to the police. In that case it was thought best to summons any offending "arm of the law" for assault".

The Formation of the Hampshire Rugby Football Union

At the Trojan Club's initiative, a meeting was held on 13th April 1883 to discuss the formation of "The Hampshire County Rugby Football Union". In the first season of the County Club, at least seven Trojans represented the County.

In 1901 County activities ceased and it was again the Trojans, along with United Services, who, in 1910, convened a meeting at the Trojans Club for the purpose of forming a Rugby Football Union in Hampshire.

Over 400 Trojan members have represented the county at rugby at the various levels and 140 at senior level.

“International” Football"

Although a rugby club, Trojans were known, on occasions, to play with the round ball. The following team was selected to play Curries French team (from Havre) on the New Football Ground, Archers Road (the Dell) on Tuesday 1st November 1898. Scotney, goal, Denning & Maundrell, backs, Densham, Ellerby & Colson, halfs, Ellaby, Page, Macdonald, Gamble & Hussey (councillor and later Sir George), forwards. Trojans were allowed to take half the gate money. The Echo reported this as a game against a team of French players and thus it claimed the honour of being the first international match played at the Dell.

The First Hampshire Cup

In May 1888 the Trojans Committee proposed the starting of a Rugby Union Cup Competition in the interests of Rugby Football. The County Challenge Cup (Presented by Tankerville Chamberlayne M.P., President of Trojans, and pictured here) was started in the 1889/1890 season and the Club entered the same. During this year, not only was the pitch enclosed by rope, but a charge of sixpence was made to all spectators. The Cup was duly won by Trojans in March 1890. Whether it was ever played for again is not sure as, in 1891, Trojans decided not to enter because " it was felt that it was a farce putting up the cup at the fag end of the season to be competed for by three clubs"! The present whereabouts of the grand cup is not known, although it is believed it was presented back to Tankerville Chamberlayne.

Service to the County

As well as forming the County Union (twice), Trojan members have served the County well and it can be said that there has always been a Trojan involved in Hampshire Rugby since its formation.

In particular, over the 108 active years of the Union, six Trojan members have served as President of the Union serving a total of 49 years. Six Secretaries served a total of 36 years and for the first sixty-two years of County representation on the RFU Committee the Hampshire representative was a Trojan.

Mr. Hampshire

There can be no more respected and faithful servant of the County and the Game than one particular Trojan, Dudley Kemp, as the following record illustrates -

Captain of Trojans 1927-34, 1935-38

Captain of Hampshire 1935

Played for England 1935.

Barbarian

President of the Rugby Football Union 1969

Member of the International Board 1971-77

Hampshire representative on the RFU Committee 1955-69

President HRFU 1973-76

Secretary HRFU 1946-67

Assistant Secretary HRFU 1967-68

Team Secretary HRFU 1946-53

Match Secretary HRFU 1953-56

Dudley died at his home in Devon in January 2003 aged 93.

Doggy Spectators

During a match between Trojans and Portsmouth Victoria in 1886, the ball was kicked into the Trojans' in-goal area where it rebounded off a stray dog. One of the Portsmouth players gathered it and touched down to claim a try. The Trojans protested, and claimed "dead-ball" the ball having struck a "spectator". The objection was later referred to the RFU Committee who ruled that the try should stand, as dogs could not be classed as spectators!

The Barbarians

H A Haigh-Smith was elected Trojans Captain in 1912. He was instrumental in forming the Barbarians Club and was later made president of that Club. He was also assistant Manager of the Lions tour in 1935.

Trojans played the Barbarians on January 9th 1895 but the result does not appear to have been recorded for posterity!

The Wars!

Trojans Rugby had to be suspended three times because of wars - in 1897 because of the Boer War, 1914, the Great War and 1939 the World War.

Moving Home

Although always considered a Southampton Club, Trojans actually now play in the Test Valley District. Over the years there have been many homes -

1874 the first games were played at Porters Mead, which is now called Queens Park on Queens Terrace. (by the Dock Gates)

1884 the Club donated the sum of two guineas towards the purchase of the proposed Cricket Ground in Bannister Park, until recently, the County Cricket Ground, and commenced playing rugby there in the 1884/85 season.

1897 Freemantle Ground, Stafford Road

1905 County Cricket Ground, Northlands Road

1923 G H Brown's farm in Wide Lane, Swathling with Atlantic Park (now Southampton Airport) being used for the dressing accommodation.

1929 Southampton Stadium, Banister Road

1931 Bannister Court as well as G H Brown's farm

1933 11 acres of land purchased in Cemetery Road, Swaythling (sold in 1945)

1946 County Cricket Ground, Northlands Road

1947 Sports Centre, Southampton

1958 Stoneham Park (the present ground). The ground, 22.8 acres, was purchased in 1953 for £1,205 and was another example of the members' foresight, as the timber in the ground was sold for sums almost sufficient to cover the cost of purchase! In 1958, a temporary corrugated iron changing room was completed and the foundations of the pavilion commenced. The pavilion was officially opened by A.T. Voyce, President of the Rugby Football Union, on 27th December 1960.

The Prime Years

Throughout the early and mid 1900s, Trojans went from strength to strength and provided many County Players as well a number of Internationals.

The modern peak was probably reached in the early 1960s when the Club could justifiably consider itself to be the premier civilian rugby club in the South of England (outside London). In 1961, seven rugby sides were fielded with over 200 players available for selection.

Before league tables were introduced in 1987/88, local newspapers ran Merit Tables, the Wessex Merit Table and the Hampshire Merit Table both being won in the 1978/79 and the 1980/81 seasons.

The Lean Years

There were many reasons for the decline from that peak which started in the early 80s. More local clubs, easier transport and a change of working patterns (Trojans being very much a "transit camp" in those days) were some of them. The introduction of leagues in 1987 hit the Club at the worst possible time. In the first year, the Club was put into London Division 3 but could not cope at that level and dropped straight into Hampshire Division One. Luck was also in short supply when the Club, having finished fifth, seventh from bottom (!), the team was still relegated to Hampshire Division Two (a quirk of the league structure). There the Club stayed, battling for promotion with the other strong clubs to be relegated in the mass drop, until the 1992/93 season when the league was won with a record of played 10, won 10, for 353, against 37 which included a league record win of 91-0 against Waterlooville.

Three seasons were spent in Hampshire One but the 1995/96 season saw what was probably

the strongest ever Hampshire Division 1 and relegation again befell the team. 1996/97 season saw us just lose out on promotion but success was achieved in 1997/98.

The Revival Years

Success was achieved in the 2000/2001 season when promotion was achieved to London Division 4SW (The old Division 3SW having been broken into two divisions). The first season at that level was quite successful, ending mid-table, but the next was not when Hampshire 1 again beckoned. Promotion and relegation followed over a number of seasons until London Division 1 was achieved in the 2011/12 season.

Competition is maintained throughout the Senior Club with the 2nd XV being in the Hampshire Senior merit table and the 3rd XV being in the Hampshire Division 1 merit table.

One significant advance was the introduction of Women's rugby which has developed into the strongest team in Southern England. The end of the 2006/07 season saw them promoted to the Championship 1 South (National level 2) and in 2009/10 a second team was entered into the leagues.

The Strength of Youth

One thing that has remained a strength since it's formation in the mid 70s is the Youth Section. Being one of the first clubs to introduce Mini Rugby in England (imported from Wales) the Mini and Junior Sections have encouraged many thousands of youngsters into the game and the Youth section now runs teams in every year group from under 8s to under 17s, holds annual tournaments and is generally held up to be a model of organization.

As Grove House it was in existence by 1826 when it was owned by Thomas Webster.

It was about the only house in Penny Lane.

At that time the ancient lane probably wasn't named.

By 1832 it was owned by William Kay who died there in 1846 - he was 71.

The house was then put up for sale, when the address was given as Penny's lane.

It was probably called that in the 1841 Census, when it appears as Pennis lane, presumably a mistake by the enumerator.

It was again put up for sale in 1858 and the address was still given as Penny's lane.

Scroll down.

So, if Penny Lane wasn't named after the infamous James Penny, a well-known slave trader, then who was it named after?

I can't think of another well-known Liverpool person called Penny.

The surname Penny was very rare in Liverpool.

If you check the 1820s directories (obviously after James Penny died) there's never more than 5 Pennys listed, and only a couple were "Merchants".

Slavery was finally abolished in the UK in 1833.

In 1853 (Gore's Directory) a broker (John Baron of Baron & Grey) lived at Grove House (now Dovedale Towers) - he had his office in Old Hall Street.

A broker is another name for a merchant.

Dovedale Road was laid out in the front garden.

It seems to be newish in 1905.

Dovedale Towers was originally known as Grove House, and over the years had been an art gallery, a home for sick children, an orphanage, a Russian embassy, and a guest house.

This was the period when Queen front man Freddie Mercury was in residence.

He is not the only famous musician with links to the venue though as it was when the venue was known as St Barnabus’s church hall where Sir Paul McCartney was a choir boy and later played here with the Quarry Men and subsequently became a major venue on the Mersey Beat scene.

Source: "Good Taste", October 2017.

Renamed Dovedale Towers (Hotel) in January 1967.

Regular Dinner Dances were held.

It also functioned as a guest house and Freddy Mercury rented a room there in 1969.

Original research by Philip G Mayer.

For the first two years of its existence, the Greater London Authority was based at Romney House, Marsham Street in Westminster.[2] Meetings of the London Assembly took place at Emmanuel Centre, also on Marsham Street.[3]

City Hall was constructed at a cost of £43 million [4] on a site formerly occupied by wharves serving the Pool of London. The building does not belong to the GLA but is leased under a 25-year rent.[5] Despite its name, City Hall is not in and does not serve a city (according to UK law), which often adds to the confusion of Greater London with the City of London, which has its headquarters at Guildhall. In June 2011, Mayor Boris Johnson announced that for the duration of the London 2012 Olympic Games, the building would be called London House.[6]

The predecessors of the Greater London Authority, the Greater London Council and the London County Council, had their headquarters at County Hall, upstream on the South Bank. Although County Hall's old council chamber is still intact, the building is unavailable for use by the GLA because of its conversion into, among other things, a luxury hotel, amusement arcade and aquarium.

Location: Dhaka, Bangladesh.

by basementfox ift.tt/1TZxlUs

An old amateur photograph (just 3" x 2") taken at the 'Trefor Depot' of Clynnog & Trefor (CT) bus registration XKT997 showing a 'Pwllheli' destination blind.

XKT997 comprised an AEC Reliance MU3RV chassis No. 1307 and Weymann body No. M7719 seating 42 (B42F). It was new to Maidstone & District Motor Services (fleet No. SO220 changed to S220 in 1961 and to 3220 in 1968) in Dec 1956 going into service in 1957.

Thanks to kelvin.5385 for the following.

"M&D fleet history shows it withdrawn by M&D in 1968, passing though a dealer to Clynnog in 09/69. It was withdrawn 04/77 and subsequently scrapped."

📷 Any photograph I post on Flickr is an original in my possession, nothing is ever copied/downloaded from another location. 📷

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If there are any errors in the above description please let me know. Thanks.

Any photograph, ephemera, etc I post on Flickr is in my possession, nothing is copied from another location. The original photographer may have taken copies from their original negative and passed them out (sold them?) so there may be other copies out there of your (and my) 'original' transport photo, although occasionally there may be 'holiday snaps' type photos where there are not any other photos exactly the same in existence.

If you wish to use this image (bearing in mind it may not be my copyright) or obtain a full size version (most of my uploads are small size) please contact me.

Country Friends Hack Cheats Tool

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Something about this scene--- and I can't put my finger on it--- makes me want to have a beer.

A former Montreal transit bus enjoys a second life on the streets of Havana in this grainy print from February 1996. It is a GM New Look bus,universally nicknamed "Fishbowls". The type was introduced in 1959, coincidentally the same year that Fidel Castro took power, but the US trade embargo ensured that no Fishbowls were delivered new to Cuba. GM Fishbowls, with their raucous two-stroke Detroit Diesel engines, were ubiquitous throughout North America, with over 44,000 produced during the model's long lifespan. US production ceased in 1977, but Canadian output continued until 1986. Among the last in service with their original operators were the trolleybus Fishbowls that operated in Edmonton until 2009.

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Calming Existence.

Walking along Arashiyama, I discovered this beautiful place. I was lured by the calming presence. I was met by an empty bench. So peaceful, so quiet, far from noise.

Approaching the lake, I stood there breathing in the fresh air. The birds chirping in the distance and the ducks waddling in the lake. My lungs enjoying the wonderful change and asking for more.

I put away my camera and closed my eyes, just stood there.

The place seems to have a beating heart, a warm soul with every peak and trough. Wind in the air, sun upon my face.

When I opened my eyes again it was beyond dusk. It was time to go home.

www.goderictiaphotography.com