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Astronomers have found the best evidence for the perpetrator of a cosmic homicide: a black hole of an elusive class known as "intermediate-mass," which betrayed its existence by tearing apart a wayward star that passed too close.
Weighing in at about 50,000 times the mass of our Sun, the black hole is smaller than the supermassive black holes (at millions or billions of solar masses) that lie at the cores of large galaxies, but larger than stellar-mass black holes formed by the collapse of a massive star.
These so-called intermediate-mass black holes (IMBHs) are a long-sought "missing link" in black hole evolution. Though there have been a few other IMBH candidates, researchers consider these new observations the strongest evidence yet for mid-sized black holes in the universe.
It took the combined power of two X-ray observatories and the keen vision of NASA's Hubble Space Telescope to nail down the cosmic beast.
"Intermediate-mass black holes are very elusive objects, and so it is critical to carefully consider and rule out alternative explanations for each candidate. That is what Hubble has allowed us to do for our candidate," said Dacheng Lin of the University of New Hampshire, principal investigator of the study. The results are published on March 31, 2020, in The Astrophysical Journal Letters.
The story of the discovery reads like a Sherlock Holmes story, involving the meticulous step-by-step case-building necessary to catch the culprit.
Lin and his team used Hubble to follow up on leads from NASA's Chandra X-ray Observatory and ESA's (the European Space Agency) X-ray Multi-Mirror Mission (XMM-Newton). In 2006 these satellites detected a powerful flare of X-rays, but they could not determine whether it originated from inside or outside of our galaxy. Researchers attributed it to a star being torn apart after coming too close to a gravitationally powerful compact object, like a black hole.
Surprisingly, the X-ray source, named 3XMM J215022.4−055108, was not located in a galaxy's center, where massive black holes normally would reside. This raised hopes that an IMBH was the culprit, but first another possible source of the X-ray flare had to be ruled out: a neutron star in our own Milky Way galaxy, cooling off after being heated to a very high temperature. Neutron stars are the crushed remnants of an exploded star.
Hubble was pointed at the X-ray source to resolve its precise location. Deep, high-resolution imaging provides strong evidence that the X-rays emanated not from an isolated source in our galaxy, but instead in a distant, dense star cluster on the outskirts of another galaxy — just the type of place astronomers expected to find an IMBH. Previous Hubble research has shown that the mass of a black hole in the center of a galaxy is proportional to that host galaxy's central bulge. In other words, the more massive the galaxy, the more massive its black hole. Therefore, the star cluster that is home to 3XMM J215022.4−055108 may be the stripped-down core of a lower-mass dwarf galaxy that has been gravitationally and tidally disrupted by its close interactions with its current larger galaxy host.
IMBHs have been particularly difficult to find because they are smaller and less active than supermassive black holes; they do not have readily available sources of fuel, nor as strong a gravitational pull to draw stars and other cosmic material which would produce telltale X-ray glows. Astronomers essentially have to catch an IMBH red-handed in the act of gobbling up a star. Lin and his colleagues combed through the XMM-Newton data archive, searching hundreds of thousands of observations to find one IMBH candidate.
The X-ray glow from the shredded star allowed astronomers to estimate the black hole's mass of 50,000 solar masses. The mass of the IMBH was estimated based on both X-ray luminosity and the spectral shape. "This is much more reliable than using X-ray luminosity alone as typically done before for previous IMBH candidates," said Lin. "The reason why we can use the spectral fits to estimate the IMBH mass for our object is that its spectral evolution showed that it has been in the thermal spectral state, a state commonly seen and well understood in accreting stellar-mass black holes."
This object isn't the first to be considered a likely candidate for an intermediate-mass black hole. In 2009 Hubble teamed up with NASA's Swift observatory and ESA's XMM-Newton to identify what is interpreted as an IMBH, called HLX-1, located towards the edge of the galaxy ESO 243-49. It too is in the center of a young, massive cluster of blue stars that may be a stripped-down dwarf galaxy core. The X-rays come from a hot accretion disk around the black hole. "The main difference is that our object is tearing a star apart, providing strong evidence that it is a massive black hole, instead of a stellar-mass black hole as people often worry about for previous candidates including HLX-1," Lin said.
Finding this IMBH opens the door to the possibility of many more lurking undetected in the dark, waiting to be given away by a star passing too close. Lin plans to continue his meticulous detective work, using the methods his team has proved successful. Many questions remain to be answered. Does a supermassive black hole grow from an IMBH? How do IMBHs themselves form? Are dense star clusters their favored home?
The Hubble Space Telescope is a project of international cooperation between NASA and ESA (European Space Agency). NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland, manages the telescope. The Space Telescope Science Institute (STScI) in Baltimore, Maryland, conducts Hubble science operations. STScI is operated for NASA by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy in Washington, D.C.
For more information: www.nasa.gov/feature/goddard/2020/hubble-finds-best-evide...
Credits: NASA, ESA and D. Lin (University of New Hampshire)
Joë Bousquet est né à Narbonne en 1897. Le 27 mai 1918, une balle l'atteint, lui sectionnant la moelle épinière. Il entre dans une existence immobile, à vingt-et-un ans. De 1924 à sa mort, il occupe à Carcassonne « la chambre aux volets clos ». C'est là qu'il entreprend de « naturaliser sa blessure ». Il commence à écrire. Telle une araignée noire au centre de sa toile, Joë Bousquet attend au centre de sa chambre. Au milieu des vapeurs d'opium et des parfums que de belles visiteuses laissent s'évaporer, il est là gisant, guettant les bruits du monde et échangeant des lettres avec ceux qui marchent. Lui, colonne vertébrale brisée, il peut sentir physiquement en lui la terre tourner, alors que les bien portants n'y prennent garde.
Dans cette maison de la rue de Verdun à Carcassonne, cette maison aux volets toujours clos, il y a son lit immense avec le coussin réceptacle de son corps, un petit guéridon rond plein de médicaments, une
table pour les manuscrits et la bibliothèque basse. Quelques tableaux et des lampes toujours allumées. De 1925 à sa mort, le soleil n'est jamais entré dans cette chambre, quelques amis et amies, oui. Cette chambre est maintenant un musée, « La maison des mémoires ». Joë Bousquet reste une de nos espérances. Dans cette tanière, il attend Aragon, Gide, le grand ami René Nelli qui lui parle de l'amour courtois et bien d'autres encore qui viennent se faire adouber dans la chambre close aux parfums. Car cette chambre dévouée « à la vie de l'esprit » devient l'antichambre des lettres françaises. Tapi dans la douleur, Joë Bousquet réussit à habiter la douleur. Lançant ses innombrables correspondances avec les peintres, les poètes, il a - si ce n'est sauvé le monde -, du moins, sauvé le sien. « Les miracles de l'amitié » l'ont tenu debout et éloigné des ténèbres. Dans sa chambre (l'oubliette aérienne, disait-il), il s'entoure de toiles qui l'aident à vivre (Paul Klee, Max Ernst, Fautrier, Magritte...).
Joë Bousquet meurt le 28 septembre 1950 à cinquante-trois ans, laissant une oeuvre foisonnante, curieusement totalement inachevée. Mais ces copeaux, ces étincelles, toutes ces « aumônes du soir » sont une forme de salut à tous ceux qui seraient perdus sans sa poésie.
Le Moulin à papier de Brousse et Villaret
Datant du XVIII siècle, il permet aujourd’hui la découverte des techniques ancestrales de fabrication
manuelle de papier, ainsi qu’un atelier de typographie et impression sur presse ancienne.
Joë Bousquet was born to Narbonne in 1897. On May 27th, 1918, a bullet reaches him(, splitting him the spinal cord. He enters an immovable existence, in twenty one years. Of 1924 in his death, he occupies in Carcassonne " the room in the closed shutters ". It is there that he begins " to naturalize his wound ". He begins to write. Such a black spider in the center of its painting, Joë Bousquet waits in the center of its room. In the middle of the vapors of opium and the flavors that beautiful visitors let evaporate, it is recumbent effigy there, watching for the rumours of the world and exchanging letters with those who walk(work). He, broken vertebral column, he can feel physically in him the earth turning, while good carrying are careful there.
In this house of the street from Verdun to Carcassonne, this house in shutters always closed, there is the immense bed with the pillow receptacle of the body, a small round pedestal table full of medicines, a table for manuscripts and low library. Some paintings and lamps always lit. Of 1925 in its death, the sun never entered this room, some friends and friends, yes. This room is now a museum, " The house of reports ". Joë Bousquet remains one of our expectations. In this den, he waits for Aragon, Gide, the great friend René Nelli who speaks to him about the courtly love and many others else who come be knighted in the room closed in flavors Because this room devoted " to the life of the spirit " the anteroom of the French letters becomes. Hidden in the pain, Joë Bousquet manages to live in the pain. Throwing(launching) his(its) uncountable correspondences with the painters, the poets, he(it) has - if it is not saved the world-, at least, saved his. " The miracles of the friendship " him(her,it) stood and took away the darkness. In his(her,its) room(chamber) (the air dungeon, he said), he surrounds himself with paintings(clothes) which help him(it) to live (Paul Klee, Max Ernst, Fautrier, Magritte).
Joë Bousquet dies on September 28th, 1950 in fifty three years, leaving an abundant, curiously totally unfinished work. But these shavings, these sparks, all these "evening charities" are a shape of hello to everybody those who would be lost without hispoetry.
The Mill with paper of Bush and Villaret
Dating the XVIIIth century, he allows the discovery of the ancestral techniques of manual manufacturing of paper today, as well as a workshopof typography) and impression on forme)press.
Avez-vous quelque chose
Contre la misère?
Contre la misère
On a des cache-misère
Contre la misère
On a de la poudre aux yeux
Et puis encore
Un peu de ciel bleu
Jacques Dutronc
www.dailymotion.com/video/x290uu_madame-l-existence_creation
Hot Dog Party
In Hot Dog Party, an image of rapid apocalypse is represented by a bacchanalia, an ultimate celebration of body and soul, when its participants seem to think that they are going to die the day after tomorrow.
As we come to the close of this tumultuous century it is clearer than ever that the human kind is in peril.
Our old values seem shaky and inadequate.
We try to catch the last chance of a total and final festival, as there is going to be no tomorrow.
So, today should be the fiesta. And every day is like the last day.
May be that is why every third American is overweight?
Jaisini's portrayal of the last bacchanalia is glorious and monumental, as a praise to the human flesh that is so eager to satisfy itself, as long as it exists.
The overtone of apocalypse is given by a presence of an idol and a devil, as the silent witnesses of all orgies at all times.
And, no matter for how long the Darvian evolution will go on, the human body is all the same, with its insatiable hunger, its uncertainty in the future.
Perhaps we need to seek the answers from those like Jaisini, who had retreated into a private recess of fantasy and imagination, to approach a more vivid reality.
A line connects all the picture's elements into a unity without central powers.
All the images are autonomous and equal.
The energy is everywhere, but there behind the canvas, exists the hidden central power of the artist, creator.
The work illustrates our human attachment to bodily pleasures, and the fear of physical termination. The fiesta is a way to catch a peak of eternity.
This phenomenon became an attitude of the everyday life, when each of us striving to stop the time and to gratify the body by any means, at any price.
The quest for eternal enjoyment in the outside, physical world brings the emptiness in the inside world, and therefore the man's quest is never completed. It is a closed circle.
The only reality is the individual existence of the self. Jaisini uses the motif of fiesta to portray the all human problem of temptations, pleasures and miseries of the sense world. Meanwhile, the voice of inner soul, or God, is the artist's power that is unseen.
The driving force of our existence is this warring of the high and law that invariably goes on inside us.
Each participant of the "Hot Dog Party" is absorbed in his own realm of pleasure. The orgy is at a stage of lost control. Even Beelzebub wants to drink more and his eye is popping out for more wine and anticipation moistens his jaws. Down under a man puts an earthworm in his mouth.
A bare thigh of a woman in the black stockings is almost of the same color as the tablecloth that covers the rest of her body. Three emptied bottles stay on the table's edge. A yellow back light creates a serene, separate segment of a still life. The two turndown bottles may symbolize "vanitas" as does an overturn cup in the Holland still life. One of those bottles is pointed towards the inside of spread legs which belong to another young woman who lies on the table and bends sensually.
Next, the figure is of a ballerina extending her leg all the way to the turndown bottles. Her underwear shows the red marks.
A female figure at the left lower side is painted in an intense color of gold, yellow ochre. She widely spreads her legs and examines herself.
Next is a strange flaming creature that lies on a burning charcoal being deadly drunk and unconscious. A couple of cowboys sing while eating and drinking, as in a moment of their personal glory. Above them there is a red fat body of a person whose sex is defined by a sausage on a plate, covered by his heavy stomach. He is ready to swallow a
second sausage that he observes passionately. In turn an old goddess watches him. In this part of the painting the color contrast is rendered by an image of ghostly, pale man who looks avariciously at a young woman who sits on the table's edge and drinks wine directly from a bottle.
Her body is in purple color with red reflects. The light on her face and the highlights on her hair waves are yellow the shadow is deep.
"Hot Dog Party" is painted in a challenging color range. It demonstrates the artist's great mastery and command over color.
The red dominates the painting. It is refined and elaborated with a variety of correlating colors. The color formula of the work is fabulously laconic, but rich. Some amount of yellow light is spread around.
The white tablecloth bears pinkish casts and hints of surrounding color.
Just enough of some blue and green to ignite the painting with a gemlike color game.
After a few years existence, West Midlands PTE decided it would take over the Midland Red services in the county and acquired some depots and many vehicles. One such is this Midland Red S23-type bus built by BMMO (Midland Red) and bodies panelled and fitted out by Plaxton. The PTE used the Midland Red fleet number. Having been painted in the WMPTE livery of the time, this bus is seen in Dudley in February 1978.
Moulovibazar, Bangladesh, 2013
The world is big enough and the universe is unimaginable
Only the earth posses us
......and we shout the existence of mankind.
SPEAK YOUR DREAMS INTO EXISTENCE / WEALTHY MINDS Murals by Shawn Perkins in collaboration with Billionaire P.A at Union Market District along 5th Street between Florida Avenue and Morse Street, NE, Washington DC on Monday afternoon, 31 January 2022 by Elvert Barnes Photography
SHAWN PERKINS website at www.sptheplug.com/
Elvert Barnes GRAFFITI Writings On The Wall 2022 at elvertxbarnes.com/graffiti
Elvert Barnes Public Art 2022 at elvertxbarnes.com/publicart
Trip to / from Union Market District, NE, and Columbia Heights, NW, Washington DC
Elvert Barnes January 2022 at elvertxbarnes.com/2022
Published at 51st.news/ask-a-d-c-native-im-new-here-how-can-i-make-fri...
I found this tree on a wet wall. N i'm thinking how can it grow on a rock wall. Its all about our out of eyes.
Location: Barisal, Bangladesh.
© Saiyan, [saaiyan@ovi.com]
# Advance thx for checking my photography.
# No graphics n animation plz.
'Wind farming or co-existence': detail of design (part design only). Celebrating the fusion between the traditional way of farming and the newer, industrial wind farming. My entry in Spoonflower's Farming Contest. Line art & imagination. © Su Schaefer 2014
'Wind farming or co-existence' fabric
[wind farming detail]742v8f2c-pre-g-9-10-2015-UA
If you don't know what your passion is, realize that one reason for your existence on earth is to find out. (Oprah Winfrey)
Each and every one of us has a purpose in life and once we realize such, life becomes clarified and simplified. We have a unique purpose for living and we have been given unique talents and abilities to accomplish that purpose.
Ideas rule the world; therefore the owner of ideas is the ruler of the world. Why are we here on earth? We are here to unfold the divine purpose of the universe and in view of that we can only accomplish that through two means.
1. to decide to be successful
2. To decide to be unsuccessful
Success speaks louder than words; it commands greater attention than the greatest oration any man can make. It is self inviting and attractive. Those who decide to be unsuccessful in life don't have any stress; they do not need to struggle to secure an unsuccessful future, however for those who decide to be successful lies two things, the idea(s) and reality.
Success has a compelling force around it, drawing everyone to itself, whether consciously or unconsciously. Many want to be successful, just as many have amazing principles but few work to apply those principles. Those who wait for the right thing to happen might wait for a long time If not eternity. It's like waiting for all the traffic lights to turn green before starting a 20 miles journey.
Nothing really works without someone at work, everything that work is made to work by workers.
In the world of success, information is the greatest asset for every outstanding transformation; resounding success is traceable to discovered secrets. Certain information is handed down to men and when it is properly traded with it brings out the desired end. When you dig into successful secrets you become more informed, thereby becoming better than your contemporaries.
In the school of success, fact is one of the principle pillars. It takes facts to be fat. Every great thinker is a high flyer. You can't just start selling apples without having the relevant facts about where, how and when to get apples.
If you will plan your work, the world will mind you. If you will strategize your approach, your result will be outstanding. Telling yourself "it will be done" without sitting down to do your own part of the reasoning and planning may leave the job undone forever. Every hard work is provoked by you and nothing works like hard work.
Every star carries a scar of sacrifice. You don't have to steal to become a star, just identify with the fundamental principles of life and you are there. Like I've earlier on mentioned, many have amazing principles but few work to apply such principles.
Life and history has witnessed the strong roll call of men and women who have assumed success as their trademark. Benjamin Franklin, Mary Kay, Abraham Lincoln, Samuel Adedoyin (Doyin Group Nigeria) Aliko Dangote, (Dangote groups Nigeria) Arthur McGuiness (Guinness plc) e.t.c.
In between these people lies less than 15 years of formal education, however within the constraint of their desires, they became renowned voices adding an excellence touch to every aspect of human endeavor they mingled with.
Franklin had only about three years of formal education, however he taught himself single handedly till he became a lawyer as well as a remarkable inventor. He is also regarded as one of the founding fathers of the present USA with an unparallel contribution to the drafting of the American constitution.
Adedoyin of Doyin Groups is an entrepreneur with holdings in more than 20 viable sectors, his educational career ended before he was 15 however he stands as one of Nigeria's foremost industrialists and employer of labor today.
These aforementioned people were at inception equal to everybody around them as at then. However, continuous self-improvement and development has produced men and women of deep know how about most issues.
There is a need to dig deep to find answers to issues affecting us so as to stay a step ahead of our challenges.
Success is not a gift, it is an attainment. It is not willed on people, it is earned. Every holder of success earned it by his/herself. A man's mind is where his lifting is.
Because you decide to be successful you should be ready to face challenges. Between ideas and realities of a successful individual lies a shadow and you have to pursue the shadow to get to the reality aspect. It is often said "challenges make champions" it does not really matter the number of times you keep trying or keep making mistakes. We learn by making mistakes, just as we learn to walk by falling down. If you never fall down, you would never walk, which is the same as attaining a successful living.
You must be loaded and prepare to move into the challenges of the world. If I may quote Theodore Roosevelt he said "far and away the best prize that life offers is the chance to work hard at work doing. Only experts excel and expertise is a product of training and personal development.
The battle of man in the world is that shadow, if you live your life to chance, you don't have a chance. The one you work is the one will work for you. How then can we battle the shadow?
1. Through divine help: understanding does not just drop on people. It comes through a conscious process of meditation, which is staying mentally focused on an issue, until the nitty-gritty of it is unfolded to you.
2. You secure a vision: that is having a mental picture of where you are going to, that way when you get there you knows. It one thing get a vision and another thing to get there. You don't sleep with vision you run with vision.
3. You take pride in command that is running with a passion, refusing to be discouraged and being sure and in control of all situations.
4. You have to be creative: The race of life answers to creative runners. However if you cannot be creative add something to what was created but remember the owner of ideas is the ruler of the world.
5. You have to obey the loyalty rule: this ultimately implies you have to be loyal to yourself, disloyalty to yourself is more than a murder and off course to be loyal, you must...
* o Love what you are doing.
* o Have the courage to do whatever you are embarking on e.t.c
6. Have the correct perception: that is the ability to see tomorrow and to take action now that will not make your tomorrows challenges hit at you, remember it is what you make happen that happens for you.
If success were to be a product of intelligence then the world would have been a paradise today. As far as your life situation is concerned, there may be things to be attained or acquired. Nothing real can be threaten when this is your state of being how can you not succeed.
There is no one who celebrates being a beggar. Don't eat your tomorrow today, settle down and be a good planner, plan for progress, it doesn't just drop on people. You can't watch success slip you by, go and find out what it takes to succeed. It's a new dawn.
Location: Jaleshwaritola,
Bogra, Bangladesh.
Date: 21 August, 2011
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This past weekend my wife and I went to her parents house for the weekend. It was really nice to leave the city for a few days and not have to do or worry about anything. On Saturday my Father-in-law and I went to Kasuga Taisha for the Lantern Festival. It was the first time we have ever hanged out just him and I and it went really well. I didn't expect it to be a problem as my Japanese has improved enough to where I can always convey my idea at the very least and we both love photography, so it was pretty easy. He went here the day before and staked out all the good spots, so we just moved from spot to spot shooting. Good evening of male bonding. =)
Currently Listening:
Quorn.
The first European squatters and pastoralists arrived in the Quorn area in the 1850s when White and Polhill established the Mount Arden run at what is now Quorn. But the town did not come into existence until 1875. It was named after Quorn in Leicestershire by Governor Jervois whose private secretary came from there. South Australian Railways chose the site for the town of Quorn and in 1878 the government sold the first blocks of land. In 1879 Quorn became the first terminus of the Great Northern Railway line from Port Augusta. Then in December 1881 the first trains from Peterborough via Hammond arrived in Quorn. The current station with its charming Dutch gables was built in 1916. However Quorn’s greatest period of importance as a railway centre was between 1917 and 1937 when it was the junction for both the western line to Perth and the northern line to Oodnadatta and Alice Springs( from 1929). This importance continued during World War II when over 400 people in the town were employed by the railways as it was a major troop stop over point with the Country Women’s Association providing over 1 million meals to the servicemen. The establishment of a new standard gauge railway to Marree and the Leigh Creek coal fields west of the Flinders Ranges in 1956 saw the town decline. The various hotels in the main street located to service the needs of travelling rail passengers then became a movie set for several films including: The Sundowners, Sunday Too Far Away, Robbery under Arms, The Shiralee and more recently Gallipoli.
Quorn’s early development was similar to that of many SA towns. One of the first structures (1878) was a flour mill for the wheat farmers built by Mr Cowan. Mr Dunn the wealthy flour miller of Mt Barker built a second three storied flour mill in 1879. It was converted to a motel in the 1960s and is now a backpacker’s accommodation centre. Other early buildings were the Austral Hotel (1878), the Criterion Hotel built in 1881 and the Transcontinental Hotel in 1878. The first National Bank opened in 1878, along with the Post Office, the Court House (1879) and Matthews Emporium (1886). The first church in town was a Methodist Church in 1880, followed by the Anglican (1880 replaced in 1897), Catholic (1883), the Salvation Army Hall in 1884(now a gallery) and the Lutheran Church in 1890. Three years after its founding, Quorn had a population of 540 and was the 19th largest town north of Adelaide! A reservoir was made for the railways and the town. Other important public town buildings were the Institute (1881) and the Town Hall (1907). A school started soon after the founding of the town and in 1909 it became a Higher Primary School and then in 1914 it became a High School. It was the first high school in the north of SA. Quorn continued to grow in importance once the railway was extended from Quorn through to Oodnadatta in 1891.
A bicycle, also called a cycle or bike, is a human-powered or motor-powered, pedal-driven, single-track vehicle, having two wheels attached to a frame, one behind the other. A bicycle rider is called a cyclist, or bicyclist.
Bicycles were introduced in the late 19th century in Europe, and by the early 21st century, more than 1 billion were in existence at a given time. These numbers far exceed the number of cars, both in total and ranked by the number of individual models produced. They are the principal means of transportation in many regions. They also provide a popular form of recreation, and have been adapted for use as children's toys, general fitness, military and police applications, courier services, bicycle racing and bicycle stunts.
The basic shape and configuration of a typical upright or "safety bicycle", has changed little since the first chain-driven model was developed around 1885. However, many details have been improved, especially since the advent of modern materials and computer-aided design. These have allowed for a proliferation of specialized designs for many types of cycling.
The bicycle's invention has had an enormous effect on society, both in terms of culture and of advancing modern industrial methods. Several components that eventually played a key role in the development of the automobile were initially invented for use in the bicycle, including ball bearings, pneumatic tires, chain-driven sprockets and tension-spoked wheels.
ETYMOLOGY
The word bicycle first appeared in English print in The Daily News in 1868, to describe "Bysicles and trysicles" on the "Champs Elysées and Bois de Boulogne". The word was first used in 1847 in a French publication to describe an unidentified two-wheeled vehicle, possibly a carriage. The design of the bicycle was an advance on the velocipede, although the words were used with some degree of overlap for a time.
Other words for bicycle include "bike", "pushbike", "pedal cycle", or "cycle". In Unicode, the code point for "bicycle" is 0x1F6B2. The entity 🚲 in HTML produces.
HISTORY
The "Dandy horse", also called Draisienne or Laufmaschine, was the first human means of transport to use only two wheels in tandem and was invented by the German Baron Karl von Drais. It is regarded as the modern bicycle's forerunner; Drais introduced it to the public in Mannheim in summer 1817 and in Paris in 1818. Its rider sat astride a wooden frame supported by two in-line wheels and pushed the vehicle along with his or her feet while steering the front wheel.
The first mechanically-propelled, two-wheeled vehicle may have been built by Kirkpatrick MacMillan, a Scottish blacksmith, in 1839, although the claim is often disputed. He is also associated with the first recorded instance of a cycling traffic offense, when a Glasgow newspaper in 1842 reported an accident in which an anonymous "gentleman from Dumfries-shire... bestride a velocipede... of ingenious design" knocked over a little girl in Glasgow and was fined five shillings.
In the early 1860s, Frenchmen Pierre Michaux and Pierre Lallement took bicycle design in a new direction by adding a mechanical crank drive with pedals on an enlarged front wheel (the velocipede). This was the first in mass production. Another French inventor named Douglas Grasso had a failed prototype of Pierre Lallement's bicycle several years earlier. Several inventions followed using rear-wheel drive, the best known being the rod-driven velocipede by Scotsman Thomas McCall in 1869. In that same year, bicycle wheels with wire spokes were patented by Eugène Meyer of Paris. The French vélocipède, made of iron and wood, developed into the "penny-farthing" (historically known as an "ordinary bicycle", a retronym, since there was then no other kind). It featured a tubular steel frame on which were mounted wire-spoked wheels with solid rubber tires. These bicycles were difficult to ride due to their high seat and poor weight distribution. In 1868 Rowley Turner, a sales agent of the Coventry Sewing Machine Company (which soon became the Coventry Machinists Company), brought a Michaux cycle to Coventry, England. His uncle, Josiah Turner, and business partner James Starley, used this as a basis for the 'Coventry Model' in what became Britain's first cycle factory.
The dwarf ordinary addressed some of these faults by reducing the front wheel diameter and setting the seat further back. This, in turn, required gearing - effected in a variety of ways - to efficiently use pedal power. Having to both pedal and steer via the front wheel remained a problem. Englishman J.K. Starley (nephew of James Starley), J.H. Lawson, and Shergold solved this problem by introducing the chain drive (originated by the unsuccessful "bicyclette" of Englishman Henry Lawson), connecting the frame-mounted cranks to the rear wheel. These models were known as safety bicycles, dwarf safeties, or upright bicycles for their lower seat height and better weight distribution, although without pneumatic tires the ride of the smaller-wheeled bicycle would be much rougher than that of the larger-wheeled variety. Starley's 1885 Rover, manufactured in Coventry is usually described as the first recognizably modern bicycle. Soon the seat tube was added, creating the modern bike's double-triangle diamond frame.
Further innovations increased comfort and ushered in a second bicycle craze, the 1890s Golden Age of Bicycles. In 1888, Scotsman John Boyd Dunlop introduced the first practical pneumatic tire, which soon became universal. Willie Hume demonstrated the supremacy of Dunlop's tyres in 1889, winning the tyre's first-ever races in Ireland and then England. Soon after, the rear freewheel was developed, enabling the rider to coast. This refinement led to the 1890s invention of coaster brakes. Dérailleur gears and hand-operated Bowden cable-pull brakes were also developed during these years, but were only slowly adopted by casual riders.
The Svea Velocipede with vertical pedal arrangement and locking hubs was introduced in 1892 by the Swedish engineers Fredrik Ljungström and Birger Ljungström. It attracted attention at the World Fair and was produced in a few thous and units.
In the 1870s many cycling clubs flourished. They were popular in a time when there were not cars on the market and the principal mode of transportation was horse-drawn vehicles, such the horse and buggy or the horsecar. Among the earliest clubs was The Bicycle Touring Club, which has operated since 1878. By the turn of the century, cycling clubs flourished on both sides of the Atlantic, and touring and racing became widely popular. The Raleigh Bicycle Company was founded in Nottingham, England in 1888. It became the biggest bicycle manufacturing company in the world, making over two million bikes per year.
Bicycles and horse buggies were the two mainstays of private transportation just prior to the automobile, and the grading of smooth roads in the late 19th century was stimulated by the widespread advertising, production, and use of these devices. More than 1 billion bicycles have been manufactured worldwide as of the early 21st century. Bicycles are the most common vehicle of any kind in the world, and the most numerous model of any kind of vehicle, whether human-powered or motor vehicle, is the Chinese Flying Pigeon, with numbers exceeding 500 million. The next most numerous vehicle, the Honda Super Cub motorcycle, has more than 60 million units made, while most produced car, the Toyota Corolla, has reached 35 million and counting.
USES
From the beginning and still today, bicycles have been and are employed for many uses. In a utilitarian way, bicycles are used for transportation, bicycle commuting, and utility cycling. It can be used as a 'work horse', used by mail carriers, paramedics, police, messengers, and general delivery services. Military uses of bicycles include communications, reconnaissance, troop movement, supply of provisions, and patrol. See also: bicycle infantry.
The bicycle is also used for recreational purposes, such as bicycle touring, mountain biking, physical fitness, and play. Bicycle competition includes racing, BMX racing, track racing, criterium, roller racing, sportives and time trials. Major multi-stage professional events are the Giro d'Italia, the Tour de France, the Vuelta a España, the Tour de Pologne, and the Volta a Portugal.
Bikes can be used for entertainment and pleasure, such as in organised mass rides, artistic cycling and freestyle BMX.
TECHNICAL ASPECTS
The bicycle has undergone continual adaptation and improvement since its inception. These innovations have continued with the advent of modern materials and computer-aided design, allowing for a proliferation of specialized bicycle types, improved bicycle safety, and riding comfort.
TYPES
Bicycles can be categorized in many different ways: by function, by number of riders, by general construction, by gearing or by means of propulsion. The more common types include utility bicycles, mountain bicycles, racing bicycles, touring bicycles, hybrid bicycles, cruiser bicycles, and BMX bikes. Less common are tandems, low riders, tall bikes, fixed gear, folding models, amphibious bicycles, cargo bikes, recumbents and electric bicycles.
Unicycles, tricycles and quadracycles are not strictly bicycles, as they have respectively one, three and four wheels, but are often referred to informally as "bikes" or "cycles".
DYNAMICS
A bicycle stays upright while moving forward by being steered so as to keep its center of mass over the wheels. This steering is usually provided by the rider, but under certain conditions may be provided by the bicycle itself.
The combined center of mass of a bicycle and its rider must lean into a turn to successfully navigate it. This lean is induced by a method known as countersteering, which can be performed by the rider turning the handlebars directly with the hands or indirectly by leaning the bicycle.
Short-wheelbase or tall bicycles, when braking, can generate enough stopping force at the front wheel to flip longitudinally. The act of purposefully using this force to lift the rear wheel and balance on the front without tipping over is a trick known as a stoppie, endo, or front wheelie
PERFORMANCE
The bicycle is extraordinarily efficient in both biological and mechanical terms. The bicycle is the most efficient human-powered means of transportation in terms of energy a person must expend to travel a given distance. From a mechanical viewpoint, up to 99% of the energy delivered by the rider into the pedals is transmitted to the wheels, although the use of gearing mechanisms may reduce this by 10–15%. In terms of the ratio of cargo weight a bicycle can carry to total weight, it is also an efficient means of cargo transportation.
A human traveling on a bicycle at low to medium speeds of around 16–24 km/h uses only the power required to walk. Air drag, which is proportional to the square of speed, requires dramatically higher power outputs as speeds increase. If the rider is sitting upright, the rider's body creates about 75% of the total drag of the bicycle/rider combination. Drag can be reduced by seating the rider in a more aerodynamically streamlined position. Drag can also be reduced by covering the bicycle with an aerodynamic fairing. The fastest recorded unpaced speed on a flat surface is 144.18 km/h.
In addition, the carbon dioxide generated in the production and transportation of the food required by the bicyclist, per mile traveled, is less than 1/10 that generated by energy efficient motorcars.
PARTS
FRAME
The great majority of modern bicycles have a frame with upright seating that looks much like the first chain-driven bike. These upright bicycles almost always feature the diamond frame, a truss consisting of two triangles: the front triangle and the rear triangle. The front triangle consists of the head tube, top tube, down tube, and seat tube. The head tube contains the headset, the set of bearings that allows the fork to turn smoothly for steering and balance. The top tube connects the head tube to the seat tube at the top, and the down tube connects the head tube to the bottom bracket. The rear triangle consists of the seat tube and paired chain stays and seat stays. The chain stays run parallel to the chain, connecting the bottom bracket to the rear dropout, where the axle for the rear wheel is held. The seat stays connect the top of the seat tube (at or near the same point as the top tube) to the rear fork ends.
Historically, women's bicycle frames had a top tube that connected in the middle of the seat tube instead of the top, resulting in a lower standover height at the expense of compromised structural integrity, since this places a strong bending load in the seat tube, and bicycle frame members are typically weak in bending. This design, referred to as a step-through frame or as an open frame, allows the rider to mount and dismount in a dignified way while wearing a skirt or dress. While some women's bicycles continue to use this frame style, there is also a variation, the mixte, which splits the top tube laterally into two thinner top tubes that bypass the seat tube on each side and connect to the rear fork ends. The ease of stepping through is also appreciated by those with limited flexibility or other joint problems. Because of its persistent image as a "women's" bicycle, step-through frames are not common for larger frames.
Step-throughs were popular partly for practical reasons and partly for social mores of the day. For most of the history of bicycles' popularity women have worn long skirts, and the lower frame accommodated these better than the top-tube. Furthermore, it was considered "unladylike" for women to open their legs to mount and dismount – in more conservative times women who rode bicycles at all were vilified as immoral or immodest. These practices were akin to the older practice of riding horse sidesaddle.
Another style is the recumbent bicycle. These are inherently more aerodynamic than upright versions, as the rider may lean back onto a support and operate pedals that are on about the same level as the seat. The world's fastest bicycle is a recumbent bicycle but this type was banned from competition in 1934 by the Union Cycliste Internationale.
Historically, materials used in bicycles have followed a similar pattern as in aircraft, the goal being high strength and low weight. Since the late 1930s alloy steels have been used for frame and fork tubes in higher quality machines. By the 1980s aluminum welding techniques had improved to the point that aluminum tube could safely be used in place of steel. Since then aluminum alloy frames and other components have become popular due to their light weight, and most mid-range bikes are now principally aluminum alloy of some kind. More expensive bikes use carbon fibre due to its significantly lighter weight and profiling ability, allowing designers to make a bike both stiff and compliant by manipulating the lay-up. Virtually all professional racing bicycles now use carbon fibre frames, as they have the best strength to weight ratio. A typical modern carbon fiber frame can weighs less than 1 kilogram.
Other exotic frame materials include titanium and advanced alloys. Bamboo, a natural composite material with high strength-to-weight ratio and stiffness has been used for bicycles since 1894. Recent versions use bamboo for the primary frame with glued metal connections and parts, priced as exotic models.
DRIVETRAIB AND GEARING
The drivetrain begins with pedals which rotate the cranks, which are held in axis by the bottom bracket. Most bicycles use a chain to transmit power to the rear wheel. A very small number of bicycles use a shaft drive to transmit power, or special belts. Hydraulic bicycle transmissions have been built, but they are currently inefficient and complex.
Since cyclists' legs are most efficient over a narrow range of pedaling speeds, or cadence, a variable gear ratio helps a cyclist to maintain an optimum pedalling speed while covering varied terrain. Some, mainly utility, bicycles use hub gears with between 3 and 14 ratios, but most use the generally more efficient dérailleur system, by which the chain is moved between different cogs called chainrings and sprockets in order to select a ratio. A dérailleur system normally has two dérailleurs, or mechs, one at the front to select the chainring and another at the back to select the sprocket. Most bikes have two or three chainrings, and from 5 to 11 sprockets on the back, with the number of theoretical gears calculated by multiplying front by back. In reality, many gears overlap or require the chain to run diagonally, so the number of usable gears is fewer.
An alternative to chaindrive is to use a synchronous belt. These are toothed and work much the same as a chain – popular with commuters and long distance cyclists they require little maintenance. They can't be shifted across a cassette of sprockets, and are used either as single speed or with a hub gear.
Different gears and ranges of gears are appropriate for different people and styles of cycling. Multi-speed bicycles allow gear selection to suit the circumstances: a cyclist could use a high gear when cycling downhill, a medium gear when cycling on a flat road, and a low gear when cycling uphill. In a lower gear every turn of the pedals leads to fewer rotations of the rear wheel. This allows the energy required to move the same distance to be distributed over more pedal turns, reducing fatigue when riding uphill, with a heavy load, or against strong winds. A higher gear allows a cyclist to make fewer pedal turns to maintain a given speed, but with more effort per turn of the pedals.
With a chain drive transmission, a chainring attached to a crank drives the chain, which in turn rotates the rear wheel via the rear sprocket(s) (cassette or freewheel). There are four gearing options: two-speed hub gear integrated with chain ring, up to 3 chain rings, up to 11 sprockets, hub gear built into rear wheel (3-speed to 14-speed). The most common options are either a rear hub or multiple chain rings combined with multiple sprockets (other combinations of options are possible but less common).
STEERING
The handlebars connect to the stem that connects to the fork that connects to the front wheel, and the whole assembly connects to the bike and rotates about the steering axis via the headset bearings. Three styles of handlebar are common. Upright handlebars, the norm in Europe and elsewhere until the 1970s, curve gently back toward the rider, offering a natural grip and comfortable upright position. Drop handlebars "drop" as they curve forward and down, offering the cyclist best braking power from a more aerodynamic "crouched" position, as well as more upright positions in which the hands grip the brake lever mounts, the forward curves, or the upper flat sections for increasingly upright postures. Mountain bikes generally feature a 'straight handlebar' or 'riser bar' with varying degrees of sweep backwards and centimeters rise upwards, as well as wider widths which can provide better handling due to increased leverage against the wheel.
SEATING
Saddles also vary with rider preference, from the cushioned ones favored by short-distance riders to narrower saddles which allow more room for leg swings. Comfort depends on riding position. With comfort bikes and hybrids, cyclists sit high over the seat, their weight directed down onto the saddle, such that a wider and more cushioned saddle is preferable. For racing bikes where the rider is bent over, weight is more evenly distributed between the handlebars and saddle, the hips are flexed, and a narrower and harder saddle is more efficient. Differing saddle designs exist for male and female cyclists, accommodating the genders' differing anatomies and sit bone width measurements, although bikes typically are sold with saddles most appropriate for men. Suspension seat posts and seat springs provide comfort by absorbing shock but can add to the overall weight of the bicycle.
A recumbent bicycle has a reclined chair-like seat that some riders find more comfortable than a saddle, especially riders who suffer from certain types of seat, back, neck, shoulder, or wrist pain. Recumbent bicycles may have either under-seat or over-seat steering.
BRAKES
Bicycle brakes may be rim brakes, in which friction pads are compressed against the wheel rims; hub brakes, where the mechanism is contained within the wheel hub, or disc brakes, where pads act on a rotor attached to the hub. Most road bicycles use rim brakes, but some use disk brakes. Disc brakes are more common for mountain bikes, tandems and recumbent bicycles than on other types of bicycles, due to their increased power, coupled with an increased weight and complexity.
With hand-operated brakes, force is applied to brake levers mounted on the handlebars and transmitted via Bowden cables or hydraulic lines to the friction pads, which apply pressure to the braking surface, causing friction which slows the bicycle down. A rear hub brake may be either hand-operated or pedal-actuated, as in the back pedal coaster brakes which were popular in North America until the 1960s.
Track bicycles do not have brakes, because all riders ride in the same direction around a track which does not necessitate sharp deceleration. Track riders are still able to slow down because all track bicycles are fixed-gear, meaning that there is no freewheel. Without a freewheel, coasting is impossible, so when the rear wheel is moving, the cranks are moving. To slow down, the rider applies resistance to the pedals, acting as a braking system which can be as effective as a conventional rear wheel brake, but not as effective as a front wheel brake.
SUSPENSION
Bicycle suspension refers to the system or systems used to suspend the rider and all or part of the bicycle. This serves two purposes: to keep the wheels in continuous contact with the ground, improving control, and to isolate the rider and luggage from jarring due to rough surfaces, improving comfort.
Bicycle suspensions are used primarily on mountain bicycles, but are also common on hybrid bicycles, as they can help deal with problematic vibration from poor surfaces. Suspension is especially important on recumbent bicycles, since while an upright bicycle rider can stand on the pedals to achieve some of the benefits of suspension, a recumbent rider cannot.
Basic mountain bicycles and hybrids usually have front suspension only, whilst more sophisticated ones also have rear suspension. Road bicycles tend to have no suspension.
WHEELS AND TIRES
The wheel axle fits into fork ends in the frame and fork. A pair of wheels may be called a wheelset, especially in the context of ready-built "off the shelf", performance-oriented wheels.
Tires vary enormously depending on their intended purpose. Road bicycles use tires 18 to 25 millimeters wide, most often completely smooth, or slick, and inflated to high pressure in order to roll fast on smooth surfaces. Off-road tires are usually between 38 and 64 mm wide, and have treads for gripping in muddy conditions or metal studs for ice.
ACCESSORIES
Some components, which are often optional accessories on sports bicycles, are standard features on utility bicycles to enhance their usefulness, comfort, safety and visibility. Mudguards, or fenders, protect the cyclist and moving parts from spray when riding through wet areas and chainguards protect clothes from oil on the chain while preventing clothing from being caught between the chain and crankset teeth. Kick stands keep bicycles upright when parked, and bike locks deter theft. Front-mounted baskets, front or rear luggage carriers or racks, and panniers mounted above either or both wheels can be used to carry equipment or cargo. Pegs can be fastened to one, or both of the wheel hubs to either help the rider perform certain tricks, or allow a place for extra riders to stand, or rest. Parents sometimes add rear-mounted child seats, an auxiliary saddle fitted to the crossbar, or both to transport children. Training wheels are sometimes used when learning to ride.
Toe-clips and toestraps and clipless pedals help keep the foot locked in the proper pedal position and enable cyclists to pull and push the pedals. Technical accessories include cyclocomputers for measuring speed, distance, heart rate, GPS data etc. Other accessories include lights, reflectors, mirrors, racks, trailers, bags, water bottles and cages, and bell. Bicycle lights, reflectors, and helmets are required by law in some geographic regions depending on the legal code. It is more common to see bicycles with bottle generators, dynamos, lights, fenders, racks and bells in Europe. Bicyclists also have specialized form fitting and high visibility clothing.
Bicycle helmets can reduce injury in the event of a collision or accident, and a suitable helmet is legally required of riders in many jurisdictions. Helmets may be classified as an accessory or as an item of clothing.
Bike trainers are used to enable cyclists to cycle while the bike remains stationary. They are frequently used to warm up before races or indoors when riding conditions are unfavorable.
Bicycles can also be fitted with a hitch to tow a trailer for carrying cargo, a child, or both.
STANDARDS
A number of formal and industry standards exist for bicycle components to help make spare parts exchangeable and to maintain a minimum product safety.
The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) has a special technical committee for cycles, TC149, that has the scope of "Standardization in the field of cycles, their components and accessories with particular reference to terminology, testing methods and requirements for performance and safety, and interchangeability".
The European Committee for Standardization (CEN) also has a specific Technical Committee, TC333, that defines European standards for cycles. Their mandate states that EN cycle standards shall harmonize with ISO standards. Some CEN cycle standards were developed before ISO published their standards, leading to strong European influences in this area. European cycle standards tend to describe minimum safety requirements, while ISO standards have historically harmonized parts geometry.
MAINTENANCE AND REPAIR
Maintenance of adequate tire inflation is the most frequent and troublesome concern for cyclists and many means and methods are employed to preserve pneumatic integrity. Thicker tires, thicker tubes, tire liners (of a number of rather impenetrable devices installed between the tire and tube), liquid sealing compounds squeezed into the tube, and automotive-style patch kits are all used to reliably contain the typical tire pressures of 40 to 60 pounds per square inch that are required for bicycle operation. Thin, light bicycle tires are particularly vulnerable to penetration and subsequent deflation caused by goat's heads and other burs, colloquially known as stickers. Inflation of bicycle tires to pressures higher than typical for automotive use requires special pumps. The complexity of bicycle tire maintenance and repair may cause many to not consider the bicycle for transport or leisure.
Some bicycle parts, particularly hub-based gearing systems, require considerable torque for dis-assembly and may thus need professional services. Self-service and assisted-service maintenance and repair may be available.
Some cyclists choose self-service: they maintain their own bicycles, perhaps as part of their enjoyment of the hobby of cycling or simply for economic reasons.
There exist several hundred assisted-service Community Bicycle Organizations worldwide. At a Community Bicycle Organization, laypeople bring in bicycles needing repair or maintenance; volunteers teach them how to do the required steps.
Full service is available from bicycle mechanics at a local bike shop. In areas where it is available, some cyclists purchase roadside assistance from companies such as the Better World Club or the American Automobile Association.
TOOLS
There are specialized bicycle tools for use both in the shop and on the road. Many cyclists carry tool kits. These may include a tire patch kit (which, in turn, may contain any combination of a hand pump or CO2 Pump, tire levers, spare tubes, self-adhesive patches, or tube-patching material, an adhesive, a piece of sandpaper or a metal grater (for roughing the tube surface to be patched), Special, thin wrenches are often required for maintaining various screw fastened parts, specifically, the frequently lubricated ball-bearing "cones". and sometimes even a block of French chalk.), wrenches, hex keys, screwdrivers, and a chain tool. There are also cycling specific multi-tools that combine many of these implements into a single compact device. More specialized bicycle components may require more complex tools, including proprietary tools specific for a given manufacturer.
LEGAL REQUIREMENTS
Early in its development, as with automobiles, there were restrictions on the operation of bicycles. Along with advertising, and to gain free publicity, Albert A. Pope litigated on behalf of cyclists.
The 1968 Vienna Convention on Road Traffic of the United Nations considers a bicycle to be a vehicle, and a person controlling a bicycle (whether actually riding or not) is considered an operator. The traffic codes of many countries reflect these definitions and demand that a bicycle satisfy certain legal requirements before it can be used on public roads. In many jurisdictions, it is an offense to use a bicycle that is not in a roadworthy condition.
In most jurisdictions, bicycles must have functioning front and rear lights when ridden after dark. As some generator or dynamo-driven lamps only operate while moving, rear reflectors are frequently also mandatory. Since a moving bicycle makes little noise, some countries insist that bicycles have a warning bell for use when approaching pedestrians, equestrians, and other cyclists, though sometimes a car horn can be used when a 12 volt battery is available.
Some countries require child and/or adult cyclists to wear helmets, as this may protect riders from head trauma. Countries which require adult cyclists to wear helmets include Spain, New Zealand and Australia. Mandatory helmet wearing is one of the most controversial topics in the cycling world, with proponents arguing that it reduces head injuries and thus is an acceptable requirement, while opponents argue that by making cycling seem more dangerous and cumbersome, it reduces cyclist numbers on the streets, creating an overall negative health effect (fewer people cycling for their own health, and the remaining cyclists being more exposed through a reversed safety in numbers effect).
THEFT
Bicycles are popular targets for theft, due to their value and ease of resale. The number of bicycles stolen annually is difficult to quantify as a large number of crimes are not reported. Around 50% of the participants in the Montreal International Journal of Sustainable Transportation survey were subjected to a bicycle theft in their lifetime as active cyclists. Most bicycles have serial numbers that can be recorded to verify identity in case of theft.
LONGEST BICYCLE
The worlds longest bicycle was created by Santos and University of South Australia. It measures at 41.42 m long.
WIKIPEDIA
I met this boy, age about 10 years, who is travelling with his family in search of job. They move from one place to another almost through out the year, working as daily labourer. Now a days they are working at a place near Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh, India to work in wheat field for as low as Rs 80/day. They do fishing in the near by water holes, which adds minimum protein in their diet. They roast their catch and have with dry CHAPATI (Roti).
life never depends on how you plan to lead... It totally depends how you survive on your own..your existence on the surroundings will lead you to the level of ultimate life....
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"Silence is the breath with which serenity speaks.
The sky solemn, find peace in the stillness.
To think, brood over life's worries and woes,
Return with contentment to all that is noble in your existence. "
Wrote this on a beautiful clear night while Bryan and I were driving through the mountains. Sometimes, if I'm lucky, the right words flow.
I used a space image from NASA, ESA and the Hubble Heritage Team (STScI/AURA)-ESA/Hubble Collaboration, to create this image.
Andy Biersack of Black Veil Brides, live at the Best Buy Theater NYC 11.23.14
Check out the gallery on Music Existence: musicexistence.com/blog/2014/11/25/gallery-black-veil-bri...
The church owes its existence to the castle, built by Henry II. The castle turned Orford from a quiet fishing village into an important royal centre, and the village population swelled. The larger settlement required a church, and the result was St Bartholomew's, built in the late 12th century, between 1165-1173.
The Norman church was a cruciform building with a large central tower over the crossing. Around 1320 the growing community demanded a larger nave, so the central tower and chancel were torn down, the nave enlarged, and a new tower built at the west end of the nave.
In the early 18th century the Norman chancel was walled off from the 14th-century nave and allowed to decay. The remains of the 12th-century chancel walls stand outside the east end of the church, and contain excellent examples of Norman stonework.
Please don't use this image on websites, blogs or other media without my explicit permission.
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SACEM This documentary may change your life! Watch till the end!! The sensory inputs from the 5 sense organs-eyes, ears, nose, tongue and skin are received by brain through nervous systems in the form of electromagnetic signals. There is no actual physical transfer or relocation of original light, sound, smell, taste and touch to the brain! Brain receives all sensory inputs of original light, sound, smell, taste and touch as mere electromagnetic signals! So, who is the being that watches the bright, shining and beautiful external world from the dark room inside the brain? Who is the being that hears the external world from the quiet room inside the brain? Who is the being that smells the external world from the odorless room inside the brain? Who is the being that tastes the external world from the ‘tasteless’ room inside the brain? Who is the being that touches the external world from the ‘untouched‘ room inside the brain?
DOES GOD EXIST? Our beloved atheists don’t trust that there is a God. According to them, God is created by human beings. Meanwhile, is there any simple, common-sense proof(s) for the existence of God? Read the article: rationalfaith4meaningfullife.wordpress.com/2016/10/06/doe... This article too can change your life!
Video Courtesy: HARUN YAHYA, website: www.harunyahya.com/
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The first recorded settlement at the site may have been a Viking settlement/trading camp reported in the Annals of the Four Masters to have been destroyed by Brian Boru in 977. According to local tradition, such a camp was located on a rise south-west of the current castle. However, since no actual remains of this settlement have yet been found, its exact location is unknown and its existence is not proven.[3]
Around 1250, King Henry III of England granted the cantred or district of Tradraighe (or Tradree) to Robert De Muscegros, who in 1251 cut down around 200 trees in the King's wood at Cratloe. These may have been used to construct a motte and bailey castle, which would have been the first castle at Bunratty, but again the exact position of this is unknown. A later reference in the state papers, dating to 1253 gives de Muscegros the right to hold markets and an annual fair at Bunratty. It has thus been assumed that the site was the centre of early Norman control in south-eastern Clare. Early 19th century scholars put the structure to the north-west of the current castle. However, when a hotel was constructed there in 1959, John Hunt excavated the area and thought the remains to be that of a gun emplacement from the Confederate Wars (see below).[2][3]